C: carbon, H: hydrogen, O: oxygen, N: nitrogen, T-Cl: total chloride, T-S: Total sulfurContent of some elements in dry matter (% by weight). (The numbers of materials are same as those in Materials and Methods)
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"},{slug:"intechopen-identified-as-one-of-the-most-significant-contributor-to-oa-book-growth-in-doab-20210809",title:"IntechOpen Identified as One of the Most Significant Contributors to OA Book Growth in DOAB"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"596",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Crop Plant",title:"Crop Plant",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book provides us a thorough overview of Crop Plant with current advance in research. Divided into two section based on the chapters contents. Chapter 1 provides information about markers and next generation sequencing technology and its use. Chapter 2 is about how we can use Silicon for Drought tolerance. Chapter 3 is to deal with the major problem of rising CO2 and O3 causing environmental pollution. Chapter 4 covers the phenomena of RNAi and its use, application in crop science. Chapter 5 is a review for boron deficiency in soils and how to deal with it for better crops. Chapter 6-10 provide some information regarding recent works going on in crop science.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0527-5",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5277-4",doi:"10.5772/1108",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"crop-plant",numberOfPages:254,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"8f6c77633a473d10f044598b3768e23f",bookSignature:"Aakash Goyal",publishedDate:"April 20th 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/596.jpg",numberOfDownloads:36466,numberOfWosCitations:90,numberOfCrossrefCitations:46,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:123,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:259,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 9th 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 6th 2011",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"October 11th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 10th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"March 9th 2012",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"97604",title:"Dr.",name:"Aakash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Goyal",slug:"aakash-k.-goyal",fullName:"Aakash K. Goyal",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/97604/images/system/97604.jpg",biography:"Aakash Goyal graduated with a degree in Biology from Maharshi Dayanand Saraswati University (MDSU), Ajmer, in 1999. He obtained a master’s in Biotechnology with a specialization in Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Breeding from Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology (GJUS&T), Hissar, in 2002, and a Ph.D. in Genetics and Plant Breeding with a specialization in Wheat Breeding from Chaudhary Charan Singh Universit (CCSU), Meerut, in 2007. After earning his Ph.D., Dr. Goyal completed a visiting fellowship with the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) and joined the wheat and triticale breeding program at Lethbridge Research Center, Agriculture and Agri Food Canada (AAFC), Lethbridge. In 2012, he received an honorable position of Wheat Breeder for Bayer Crop Science, Saskatoon, Canada. In 2014, he took a senior research scientist position with the International Center of Agriculture Research in Dry Areas (ICARDA). In 2017, he moved back to Canada and joined InnoTech Alberta as a Native Plant Research Scientist. Since November 2019 he has been working as an agriculture specialist with Palm Gardens, Inc. In July 2021, he joined RAYN Cultivation Inc., Edmonton, Alberta, Canada as Chief Executive Officer (CEO). Dr. Goyal has published ten books and fifty research papers, review articles, book chapters, and book reviews. He is also an elected fellow member of the International College of Nutrition (FICN) and Society of Applied Biotechnology (FSAB).",institutionString:"RAYN Cltivation Inc.",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"5",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"351",title:"Agrometeorology",slug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences-plant-biology-agrometeorology"}],chapters:[{id:"35606",title:"Progression of DNA Marker and the Next Generation of Crop Development",doi:"10.5772/29674",slug:"progression-of-dna-marker-and-the-next-generation-of-crop-development",totalDownloads:2618,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Herry S. Utomo, Ida Wenefrida and Steve D. Linscombe",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/35606",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/35606",authors:[{id:"78863",title:"Dr.",name:"Herry",surname:"Utomo",slug:"herry-utomo",fullName:"Herry Utomo"},{id:"86803",title:"Prof.",name:"Ida",surname:"Wenefrida",slug:"ida-wenefrida",fullName:"Ida Wenefrida"},{id:"86805",title:"Prof.",name:"Steve",surname:"Linscombe",slug:"steve-linscombe",fullName:"Steve Linscombe"}],corrections:null},{id:"35608",title:"Silicon the Non-Essential Beneficial Plant Nutrient to Enhanced Drought Tolerance in Wheat",doi:"10.5772/45647",slug:"silicon-the-non-essential-beneficial-plant-nutrient-to-enhanced-drought-tolerance-in-wheat",totalDownloads:4047,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:12,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Mukhtar Ahmed, Muhammad Asif and Aakash Goyal",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/35608",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/35608",authors:[{id:"153188",title:"Mr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Asif",slug:"muhammad-asif",fullName:"Muhammad Asif"}],corrections:null},{id:"35609",title:"Impacts of Ozone (O3) and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Environmental Pollutants on Crops: A Transcriptomics Update",doi:"10.5772/36116",slug:"impacts-of-rising-co2-and-o3-environmental-pollutants-on-crops-a-transcriptomics-update",totalDownloads:2521,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Abhijit Sarkar, Ganesh Kumar Agrawal, Kyoungwon Cho, Junko Shibato and Randeep Rakwal",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/35609",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/35609",authors:[{id:"107134",title:"Prof.",name:"Randeep",surname:"Rakwal",slug:"randeep-rakwal",fullName:"Randeep Rakwal"}],corrections:null},{id:"35611",title:"Phenomenal RNA Interference: From Mechanism to Application",doi:"10.5772/45782",slug:"phenomenal-rna-interference-from-mechanism-to-application-",totalDownloads:3399,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Pallavi Mittal, Rashmi Yadav, Ruma Devi, Shubhangini Sharma and Aakash Goyal",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/35611",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/35611",authors:[{id:"97604",title:"Dr.",name:"Aakash K.",surname:"Goyal",slug:"aakash-k.-goyal",fullName:"Aakash K. Goyal"}],corrections:null},{id:"35614",title:"Boron Deficiency in Soils and Crops: A Review",doi:"10.5772/36702",slug:"boron-deficiency-in-soils-and-crops-a-review",totalDownloads:7900,totalCrossrefCites:27,totalDimensionsCites:53,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Waqar Ahmad, Munir H. Zia, Sukhdev S. Malhi, Abid Niaz and Saifullah",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/35614",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/35614",authors:[{id:"109417",title:"Dr.",name:"Sukhdev",surname:"Malhi",slug:"sukhdev-malhi",fullName:"Sukhdev Malhi"}],corrections:null},{id:"35616",title:"Leaves Material Decomposition from Leguminous Trees in an Enriched Fallow",doi:"10.5772/35129",slug:"leaves-material-decomposition-from-leguminous-trees-in-an-enriched-fallow",totalDownloads:2017,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"José Henrique Cattanio",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/35616",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/35616",authors:[{id:"103088",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Henrique",surname:"Cattanio",slug:"jose-henrique-cattanio",fullName:"Jose Henrique Cattanio"}],corrections:null},{id:"35618",title:"Comparative Analyses of Extracellular Matrix Proteome: An Under-Explored Area in Plant Research",doi:"10.5772/37502",slug:"comparative-analyses-of-extracellular-matrix-proteome-an-under-explored-area-in-plant-research",totalDownloads:1705,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Kanika Narula, Eman Elagamey, Asis Datta, Niranjan Chakraborty and Subhra Chakraborty",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/35618",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/35618",authors:[{id:"113003",title:"Dr.",name:"Subhra",surname:"Chakraborty",slug:"subhra-chakraborty",fullName:"Subhra Chakraborty"},{id:"139392",title:"Ms.",name:"Kanika",surname:"Narula",slug:"kanika-narula",fullName:"Kanika Narula"},{id:"139395",title:"Ms.",name:"Eman",surname:"Elagamy",slug:"eman-elagamy",fullName:"Eman Elagamy"},{id:"139396",title:"Prof.",name:"Asis",surname:"Datta",slug:"asis-datta",fullName:"Asis Datta"},{id:"139397",title:"Dr.",name:"Niranjan",surname:"Chakraborty",slug:"niranjan-chakraborty",fullName:"Niranjan Chakraborty"}],corrections:null},{id:"35621",title:"The Shade Avoidance Syndrome Under the Sugarcane Crop",doi:"10.5772/35980",slug:"the-shade-avoidance-syndrome-under-the-sugarcane-crop",totalDownloads:2791,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Jocelyne Ascencio and Jose Vicente Lazo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/35621",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/35621",authors:[{id:"106601",title:"Dr.",name:"Jocelyne",surname:"Ascencio",slug:"jocelyne-ascencio",fullName:"Jocelyne Ascencio"},{id:"137597",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Vicente",surname:"Lazo",slug:"jose-vicente-lazo",fullName:"Jose Vicente Lazo"}],corrections:null},{id:"35623",title:"Molecular Genetics of Glucosinolate Biosynthesis in Brassicas: Genetic Manipulation and Application Aspects",doi:"10.5772/45646",slug:"molecular-genetics-of-glucosinolate-biosynthesis-in-brassicas",totalDownloads:4860,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:13,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Arvind H. Hirani, Genyi Li, Carla D. Zelmer, Peter B.E. McVetty, M. Asif and Aakash Goyal",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/35623",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/35623",authors:[{id:"97604",title:"Dr.",name:"Aakash K.",surname:"Goyal",slug:"aakash-k.-goyal",fullName:"Aakash K. Goyal"}],corrections:null},{id:"35625",title:"Legume Crops, Importance and Use of Bacterial Inoculation to Increase Production",doi:"10.5772/37413",slug:"legume-crops-importance-and-use-of-bacterial-inoculation-to-increase-production",totalDownloads:4610,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:35,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"María A. Morel, Victoria Braña and Susana Castro-Sowinski",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/35625",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/35625",authors:[{id:"112646",title:"Prof.",name:"Susana",surname:"Castro-Sowinski",slug:"susana-castro-sowinski",fullName:"Susana Castro-Sowinski"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5137",title:"Grain Legumes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9af17ac91fc66472889985bd48d3fdb3",slug:"grain-legumes",bookSignature:"Aakash Kumar Goyal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5137.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"97604",title:"Dr.",name:"Aakash K.",surname:"Goyal",slug:"aakash-k.-goyal",fullName:"Aakash K. Goyal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3357",title:"Crop Production",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6ed9774e3d9e1d7664640db03e659146",slug:"crop-production",bookSignature:"Aakash Goyal and Muhammad Asif",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3357.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"97604",title:"Dr.",name:"Aakash K.",surname:"Goyal",slug:"aakash-k.-goyal",fullName:"Aakash K. Goyal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11571",title:"Cereal Grains",subtitle:"Volume 2",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c4003ff225208126f1e2386eefa4d5a",slug:"cereal-grains-volume-2",bookSignature:"Aakash Kumar Goyal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11571.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"97604",title:"Dr.",name:"Aakash K.",surname:"Goyal",slug:"aakash-k.-goyal",fullName:"Aakash K. Goyal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9651",title:"Cereal Grains",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"918540a77975243ee748770aea1f4af2",slug:"cereal-grains-volume-1",bookSignature:"Aakash Kumar Goyal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9651.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"97604",title:"Dr.",name:"Aakash K.",surname:"Goyal",slug:"aakash-k.-goyal",fullName:"Aakash K. Goyal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"901",title:"Transgenic Plants",subtitle:"Advances and Limitations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eaa4d0024fab56af74d9e3d0624bec11",slug:"transgenic-plants-advances-and-limitations",bookSignature:"Yelda Özden Çiftçi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/901.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"95553",title:"Prof.",name:"Yelda",surname:"Ozden Çiftçi",slug:"yelda-ozden-ciftci",fullName:"Yelda Ozden Çiftçi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1956",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:"Bioactivities and Impact on Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bca0d717264e92e4863937bdcf16e06b",slug:"phytochemicals-bioactivities-and-impact-on-health",bookSignature:"Iraj Rasooli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1956.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"61446",title:"Prof.",name:"Iraj",surname:"Rasooli",slug:"iraj-rasooli",fullName:"Iraj Rasooli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2032",title:"Applied Photosynthesis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eae1ef7b02301a595a17071b934bb94b",slug:"applied-photosynthesis",bookSignature:"Mohammad Mahdi Najafpour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2032.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"65280",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",surname:"Najafpour",slug:"mohammad-najafpour",fullName:"Mohammad Najafpour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1489",title:"Plants and Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"612a067a1255855ede4af6c7837d4353",slug:"plants-and-environment",bookSignature:"Hemanth KN. Vasanthaiah and Devaiah Kambiranda",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1489.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"65633",title:"Dr.",name:"Hemanth",surname:"Vasanthaiah",slug:"hemanth-vasanthaiah",fullName:"Hemanth Vasanthaiah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2969",title:"Protected Area Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"70efb527b6cd48bf087444c27ac16d76",slug:"protected-area-management",bookSignature:"Barbara Sladonja",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2969.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88464",title:"Dr.",name:"Barbara",surname:"Sladonja",slug:"barbara-sladonja",fullName:"Barbara Sladonja"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79244",slug:"corrigendum-to-vascular-repair-and-remodeling-a-review",title:"Corrigendum to: Vascular Repair and Remodeling: A Review",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/79244.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79244",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79244",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/79244",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/79244",chapter:{id:"54438",slug:"vascular-repair-and-remodeling-a-review",signatures:"Nicolás F. Renna, Rodrigo Garcia, Jesica Ramirez and Roberto M.\nMiatello",dateSubmitted:"May 26th 2016",dateReviewed:"January 16th 2017",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"April 5th 2017",book:{id:"5682",title:"Physiologic and Pathologic Angiogenesis",subtitle:"Signaling Mechanisms and Targeted Therapy",fullTitle:"Physiologic and Pathologic Angiogenesis - Signaling Mechanisms and Targeted Therapy",slug:"physiologic-and-pathologic-angiogenesis-signaling-mechanisms-and-targeted-therapy",publishedDate:"April 5th 2017",bookSignature:"Dan Simionescu and Agneta Simionescu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5682.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"66196",title:"Dr.",name:"Dan",middleName:"T.",surname:"Simionescu",slug:"dan-simionescu",fullName:"Dan Simionescu"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"192616",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicolás",middleName:null,surname:"Renna",fullName:"Nicolás Renna",slug:"nicolas-renna",email:"nicolasfede@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"National University of Cuyo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}},{id:"202536",title:"Dr.",name:"Rodrigo",middleName:"Damián",surname:"García",fullName:"Rodrigo García",slug:"rodrigo-garcia",email:"rodridg@hotmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"202537",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesica",middleName:null,surname:"Ramirez",fullName:"Jesica Ramirez",slug:"jesica-ramirez",email:"jesicamagali@hotmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"202539",title:"Dr.",name:"Roberto M.",middleName:null,surname:"Miatello",fullName:"Roberto M. Miatello",slug:"roberto-m.-miatello",email:"rmmiatello@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"54438",slug:"vascular-repair-and-remodeling-a-review",signatures:"Nicolás F. Renna, Rodrigo Garcia, Jesica Ramirez and Roberto M.\nMiatello",dateSubmitted:"May 26th 2016",dateReviewed:"January 16th 2017",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"April 5th 2017",book:{id:"5682",title:"Physiologic and Pathologic Angiogenesis",subtitle:"Signaling Mechanisms and Targeted Therapy",fullTitle:"Physiologic and Pathologic Angiogenesis - Signaling Mechanisms and Targeted Therapy",slug:"physiologic-and-pathologic-angiogenesis-signaling-mechanisms-and-targeted-therapy",publishedDate:"April 5th 2017",bookSignature:"Dan Simionescu and Agneta Simionescu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5682.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"66196",title:"Dr.",name:"Dan",middleName:"T.",surname:"Simionescu",slug:"dan-simionescu",fullName:"Dan Simionescu"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"192616",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicolás",middleName:null,surname:"Renna",fullName:"Nicolás Renna",slug:"nicolas-renna",email:"nicolasfede@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"National University of Cuyo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}},{id:"202536",title:"Dr.",name:"Rodrigo",middleName:"Damián",surname:"García",fullName:"Rodrigo García",slug:"rodrigo-garcia",email:"rodridg@hotmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"202537",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesica",middleName:null,surname:"Ramirez",fullName:"Jesica Ramirez",slug:"jesica-ramirez",email:"jesicamagali@hotmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"202539",title:"Dr.",name:"Roberto M.",middleName:null,surname:"Miatello",fullName:"Roberto M. Miatello",slug:"roberto-m.-miatello",email:"rmmiatello@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"5682",title:"Physiologic and Pathologic Angiogenesis",subtitle:"Signaling Mechanisms and Targeted Therapy",fullTitle:"Physiologic and Pathologic Angiogenesis - Signaling Mechanisms and Targeted Therapy",slug:"physiologic-and-pathologic-angiogenesis-signaling-mechanisms-and-targeted-therapy",publishedDate:"April 5th 2017",bookSignature:"Dan Simionescu and Agneta Simionescu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5682.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"66196",title:"Dr.",name:"Dan",middleName:"T.",surname:"Simionescu",slug:"dan-simionescu",fullName:"Dan Simionescu"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"10827",leadTitle:null,title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tMaintaining oral health is supposed to be a lifelong commitment. According to the World Health Organization, nearly 100% of the adult population has at least one cavity, and 20% suffer from severe gum disease. Proper oral hygiene habits such as brushing, flossing, and limited sugar intake will help to avoid oral health issues and costly dental procedures. Poor oral hygiene usually leads to dental cavities and gum disease, and it is linked to general health issues like heart disease, cancer, and diabetes. The treatment, depending on the oral health issue, involves using different types of materials and techniques. All dental materials are supposed to be biocompatible, the other characteristics and properties being strongly dependent on their purpose. The range of modern dental materials is quite vast and in constant development. The techniques used are, nevertheless, being more complex, including lasers, microscopy, and 3D-bioprinting.
\r\n\r\n\tThis book intends to provide an overview of the current state-of-the-art in the comprehensive field of oral health.
",isbn:"978-1-80355-124-1",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-123-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-125-8",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,hash:"9a0ceb9ced4598aea3f3723f6dc4ea04",bookSignature:"Dr. Lavinia Ardelean and Prof. Laura Cristina Rusu",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",keywords:"Cavities, Prevention, Oral Cancer, Risk Factors, Dental Materials, Fillings, Implants, General Health, Heart Disease, Gum Disease, Grafting, Modern Technologies",numberOfDownloads:1687,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"July 7th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"August 4th 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"October 3rd 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 22nd 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 20th 2022",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"9 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Prof. Lavinia Cosmina Ardelean is Head of Department, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Department of Technology of Dental Materials and Devices in Dental Medicine.",coeditorOneBiosketch:'Head of Oral Pathology Department, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timişoara.\r\nPh.D. thesis focused on allergens in dental materials. Owner of the degree of doctor habilitates and was confirmed as Ph.D. coordinator in the field of dental medicine.',coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"180569",title:"Dr.",name:"Lavinia",middleName:null,surname:"Ardelean",slug:"lavinia-ardelean",fullName:"Lavinia Ardelean",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180569/images/system/180569.png",biography:"Prof. Lavinia Cosmina obtained her DDS from the DMD Faculty of Dental Medicine of the \\'Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara. She graduated with honors, with an average of 10 (out of 10 possible)\nIn 2000 Prof. Cosmina obtained her Ph.D. in Dental Medicine from the \\'Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara.\nHer current position is Professor - Head of Department at the \\'Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Department of Technology of Dental Materials and Devices in Dental Medicine.\n\nProf. Cosmina acted as the president of the International Congress \\'Interdisciplinarity in Present Dental Medicine”, first edition, Timisoara, Romania, 2008 and \\'Timmedica” International Congress, 4th edition, Timisoara, Romania, 2011. She is a Member of the Editorial Board of Medicine in Evolution Journal, Journal of Research and Practices in Dentistry, International Journal of Dental Medicine, SCIREA Journal of Materials, PHAB Linx Journal of Dental Sciences, CPQ Dentistry, EC Dental Science, Mechanobiology Journal, SciMedicine Journal.\n\nProf. Cosmina is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of MDPI Materials, MDPI Prosthesis, MDPI Metals, and the Topics Board of MDPI Coatings. Her research interests are dentistry, dental materials/biomaterials, alloys, corrosion assessment, thermoplastic resins, ceramics, SLS in dentistry, CAD/CAM milling, 3D printing/bioprinting, laser welding, scanning.",institutionString:"Victor Babeș University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"7",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Victor Babeș University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"174262",title:"Prof.",name:"Laura",middleName:"Cristina",surname:"Rusu",slug:"laura-rusu",fullName:"Laura Rusu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/174262/images/system/174262.png",biography:'Professor Laura Cristina Rusu, DMD, Ph.D., is the mother of two lovely boys and a full-time professor and head of the Oral Pathology Department, Faculty of Dental Medicine, \\"Victor Babes\\" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania. Her Ph.D. thesis was centered on allergens in dental materials. In 2017 she obtained a Dr. Habil and was confirmed as a Ph.D. coordinator in the field of dental medicine. She took part in 10 research projects, including FP7 COST Action MP 1005, and authored 140 peer-reviewed papers. She has published eight books and book chapters as an author and co-author. Her main scientific interests are oral pathology and oral diagnosis in dental medicine, with a focus on oral cancer.',institutionString:"Victor Babeș University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Victor Babeș University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"996",title:"Dental Public Health",slug:"dental-public-health"}],chapters:[{id:"80295",title:"Preventive Methods and Treatments of White Spot Lesions in Orthodontics",slug:"preventive-methods-and-treatments-of-white-spot-lesions-in-orthodontics",totalDownloads:53,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"79297",title:"Oral Health and Prevention in Older Adults",slug:"oral-health-and-prevention-in-older-adults",totalDownloads:94,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"80441",title:"Periodontitis and Heart Disease: Current Perspectives on the Associative Relationships and Preventive Impact",slug:"periodontitis-and-heart-disease-current-perspectives-on-the-associative-relationships-and-preventive",totalDownloads:47,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"80964",title:"Upper Airway Expansion in Disabled Children",slug:"upper-airway-expansion-in-disabled-children",totalDownloads:28,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"79371",title:"The Contrasting Effects between Caffeine and Theobromine on Crystallization: How the Non-fluoride Dentifrice Was Developed",slug:"the-contrasting-effects-between-caffeine-and-theobromine-on-crystallization-how-the-non-fluoride-den",totalDownloads:118,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"80020",title:"Alternative Denture Base Materials for Allergic Patients",slug:"alternative-denture-base-materials-for-allergic-patients",totalDownloads:130,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"79699",title:"Metabolomics Distinction of Cigarette Smokers from Non-Smokers Using Non-Stationary Benchtop Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Analysis of Human Saliva",slug:"metabolomics-distinction-of-cigarette-smokers-from-non-smokers-using-non-stationary-benchtop-nuclear",totalDownloads:47,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"79498",title:"Oral Aspects and Dental Management of Special Needs Patient",slug:"oral-aspects-and-dental-management-of-special-needs-patient",totalDownloads:59,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"272237",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",surname:"Karataban",slug:"pinar-karataban",fullName:"Pinar Karataban"}]},{id:"73626",title:"Variability of Saliva Viscosity - Potential Impact",slug:"variability-of-saliva-viscosity-potential-impact",totalDownloads:245,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"80839",title:"Herbs and Oral Health",slug:"herbs-and-oral-health",totalDownloads:44,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"78767",title:"Oral Health Problems of Thai People Reported by Khon Kaen University Staffs during 1984 to 2020",slug:"oral-health-problems-of-thai-people-reported-by-khon-kaen-university-staffs-during-1984-to-2020",totalDownloads:65,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"79903",title:"Molecular Docking of Phytochemicals against Streptococcus mutans Virulence Targets: A Proteomic Insight into Drug Planning",slug:"molecular-docking-of-phytochemicals-against-streptococcus-mutans-virulence-targets-a-proteomic-insig",totalDownloads:96,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"79876",title:"Management and Prevention Strategies for Treating Dentine Hypersensitivity",slug:"management-and-prevention-strategies-for-treating-dentine-hypersensitivity",totalDownloads:68,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"79387",title:"Ulcerative Lesions of the Oral Cavity",slug:"ulcerative-lesions-of-the-oral-cavity",totalDownloads:121,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"79515",title:"White Spot Lesions and Remineralization",slug:"white-spot-lesions-and-remineralization",totalDownloads:60,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"79754",title:"Evaluation of Trans-Resveratrol as a Treatment for Periodontitis",slug:"evaluation-of-trans-resveratrol-as-a-treatment-for-periodontitis",totalDownloads:88,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"79319",title:"Empirical Study on Medical Information and Communication Technology System in Dentistry in Southeast Asia",slug:"empirical-study-on-medical-information-and-communication-technology-system-in-dentistry-in-southeast",totalDownloads:126,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"79298",title:"Oral Cancer around Dental Implants: Are the Clinical Manifestations and the Oncogenic Mechanisms Unique?",slug:"oral-cancer-around-dental-implants-are-the-clinical-manifestations-and-the-oncogenic-mechanisms-uniq",totalDownloads:107,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"79409",title:"The Dental Implant Maintenance",slug:"the-dental-implant-maintenance",totalDownloads:92,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"280415",firstName:"Josip",lastName:"Knapic",middleName:null,title:"Mr.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/280415/images/8050_n.jpg",email:"josip@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copy-editing and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6550",title:"Cohort Studies in Health Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"01df5aba4fff1a84b37a2fdafa809660",slug:"cohort-studies-in-health-sciences",bookSignature:"R. Mauricio Barría",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88861",title:"Dr.",name:"R. Mauricio",surname:"Barría",slug:"r.-mauricio-barria",fullName:"R. Mauricio Barría"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9500",title:"Recent Advances in Bone Tumours and Osteoarthritis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea4ec0d6ee01b88e264178886e3210ed",slug:"recent-advances-in-bone-tumours-and-osteoarthritis",bookSignature:"Hiran Amarasekera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9500.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67634",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiran",surname:"Amarasekera",slug:"hiran-amarasekera",fullName:"Hiran Amarasekera"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3828",title:"Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"51a27e7adbfafcfedb6e9683f209cba4",slug:"application-of-nanotechnology-in-drug-delivery",bookSignature:"Ali Demir Sezer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3828.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"17503",title:"Biomethanol Production from Forage Grasses, Trees, and Crop Residues",doi:"10.5772/18168",slug:"biomethanol-production-from-forage-grasses-trees-and-crop-residues",body:'\n\t\tAbout 12 billion tons of fossil fuels (oil equivalent) are consumed in the world in 2007 (OECD 2010) and these fuels influence the production of acid rain, photochemical smog, and the increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). Researchers warn that the rise in the earth’s temperature resulting from increasing atmospheric concentrations of CO2 is likely to be at least 1°C and perhaps as much as 4°C if the CO2 concentration doubles from pre-industrial levels during the 21st century (Brown et al. 2000). A second global problem is the likely depletion of fossil fuels in several decades even though new oil resources are being discovered. To address these issues, we need to identify alternative fuel resources.
\n\t\t\tStabilizing the earth’s climate depends on reducing carbon emissions by shifting from fossil fuels to the direct or indirect use of solar energy. Among the latter, utilization of biofuel is most beneficial because; 1) the solar energy that produces biomass is the final sustainable energy resource; 2) it reduces atmospheric CO2 through photosynthesis and carbon sequestration; 3) even though combustion produces CO2, it does not increase total global CO2; 4) liquid fuels, especially bioethanol and biomethanol, provide petroleum fuel alternatives for various engines and machines; 5) it can be managed to eliminate output of soot and SOx; and 6) in terms of storage, it ranks second to petroleum and is far easier to store than batteries, natural gas and hydrogen.
\n\t\t\tUtilization of biomass to date has been very limited and has primarily included burning wood and the production of bioethanol from sugarcane in Brazil or maize in the USA. The necessary raw materials for bioethanol production by fermentation are obtained from crop plants with high sugar or high starch content. Since these crops are primary sources of human nutrition, we cannot use them indiscriminately for biofuel production when the demand for food keeps increasing as global population increases. Although fermentation of lignocellulosic materials, such as wood of poplar (
The idea and technology of gasification systems that generate soot and tar is not new. Our methods of gasification technology through partial oxidation and implementation of a new high calorie gasification technology, has been developed focusing on the perfect gasification at 900-1,000°C without the production of soot and tar. The result of these technologies is the production of a superior mixture of biogases for producing liquid biofuels through thermo-chemical reaction with Zn/Cu-based catalyst or electricity through generator. The first test plant, named “Norin Green No. 1 (the “Norin” means Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries in Japanese; later renamed as “Norin Biomass No. 1”)” was completed on April 18, 2002 and second plant with a new high calorie gasification technology, named “Norin Biomass No. 3” was completed in March in 2004.
\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tFigure 1 shows the concept of our new method of gasification by partial oxidation. This production of biomethanol from carbohydrate (Sakai 2001) has been given the term “C1
\n\t\t\t\tPrinciple of methanol synthesis by gasification method (the C1 chemical transformation technology)
chemical transformation technology”. In this process, the biomass feedstock must be dried and crushed into powder (ca. 1mm in diameter). When the crushed materials are gasified at 900-1000°C with gasifying agent (steam and oxygen), all carbohydrates are transformed to hydrogen (H2), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and vapor (H2O). The mixture of gases is readily utilized for generating electricity. The mixture of gases is transformed by thermo-chemical reaction to biomethanol under pressure (40-80 atm) with Cu/Zn-based catalyst, too. That is,
\n\t\t\t\tAll the ash contained in the materials is collected in the process (Fig. 2). This process enables any source of biomass to be used as a raw material for biomethanol production.
\n\t\t\t\tGasification and biomethanol synthesis system (
Twenty materials were tested: 1) sawdust (wood of Japanese cedar (
Characteristics important for gasification were evaluated for the above materials: 1) Water content and ash were measured following drying at 107 ± 10°C for 1 hour; then followed by combustion at 825 ± 10°C for 1 hour; 2) Percent carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), total sulfur (T-S), and total chloride (T-Cl): C and H weights were estimated by CO2 and H2O weight after combustion at 1,000 ± 10°C by adding oxygen. The estimate of O was calculated by the equation, O = 100 – (C + H + T-S + T-Cl); estimates of N were determined by the amount of ammonia produced by oxidation with sulfuric acid to generate ammonium sulfate. Following distillation, total sulfur was estimated by SO2 following combustion at 1,350°C with oxygen. Total chloride was estimated by the water soluble remains following combustion with reagent and absorption of the gas; 3) The higher heating values were measured by the rise in temperature in water from all the heat generated through combustion. The lower heating value was estimated by the calculation (the higher heating value – (9×h+w)×5.9) [h: hydrogen content (%); w: water content (%)]; 4) Chemical composition (molecular) of the biomass was calculated based on molecular weight of the elements; 5) Size distribution of the various biomass types was measured (diameter, density of materials [g/ml]); 6) Gas yield and generated heat gas were estimated by the process calculation on the basis of chemical composition and the heating value. Heat yield or cold gas efficiency was calculated by (total heating value of synthesized gases)/(total heating value of supplied biomass); 7) The weight and calories generated as methanol, given a production gasifier capacity of 100 tons dry biomass/day, were estimated by the process calculation. These data were obtained in different years.
\n\t\t\t\tWater and ash content for some materials evaluated are shown in Fig. 3. The materials were prepared in various ways. Water contents ranged from 3.4% (wood waste) to 13.1% (bark). Water content of sorghum was low (4.6%) because this material was dried in a mechanical drier. The other materials were not mechanically dried and the water content averaged ca. 10%. Although individual elements are not reported, the ash content of wood materials, such as sawdust, bark, chip, and bamboo was very low, 0.3% for sawdust, 1.8% for bark, and 2.2% for wood waste. Although the ash content of rice straw and husks was very high (22.6% and 14.6%), probably due to the high Si content of rice plants, the ash content of rice bran was much lower (8.1%). The ash content of sorghum plantwas 5.8%.
\n\t\t\t\t\tThe percent by weight of some elements in the raw materials are shown in Fig. 4 and Table 1. Carbon content was high in wood materials and averaged 48.3% for wood waste and 51.8% for bark. Rice bran carbon content was 48.3% and sorghum carbon content was ca. 45%. Carbon content of rice straw and husks were lower at 36.9 and 40.0%, respectively. Four sorghum cultivars with different plant types exhibited a narrow range of carbon content (45.5 - 46.1%). Carbon content of the sorghum heads (with seeds), is higher than leaf and stem of sorghum (with lignin) by 2.3%. Rye, Japanese lawngrass and Erianthus exhibited slightly higher carbon content and guineagrass was at the lower end of the range.
\n\t\t\t\t\tThe numbers of materials are same as those in Materials and Methods.Saw dust (1); Bark (16); Chip (17); Bamboo (18); Salix (19); Waste (20); Rice Bran (2); Rice straw (3); sorghum (7).Content of water and ash in materials (
The numbers of materials are same as those in Materials and Methods.C: carbon; H: hydrogen; O: oxygen; N: nitrogen; T-S: total sulfur; T-Cl: total chloride; Saw dust (1); Bark (16); Chip (17); Bamboo (18); Salix (19); Waste (20); Rice Bran (2); Rice straw (3); sorghum (7) Content of some elements in materials without water (% by weight) (
Hydrogen content ranged from 4.7 to 7.0% for rice straw and rice bran, respectively. Although rice bran had the highest hydrogen content, the others were only marginally different and the range of wood materials was narrow (from 5.6 to 5.9% for bark and salix, respectively). Oxygen content ranged between 32.5% and 43.9% for rice straw and salix, respectively with wood materials and sorghum in the higher range. Nitrogen content was between 0.12% (sawdust) and 2.44% (rice bran), with wood materials exhibiting low values except for wood waste (1.92%). Nitrogen contents of sorghum cultivars ranged from 0.80 to 1.30 % and sorghum heads exhibited 1.68%. The sulfur content was very low in all of the materials and ranged between 0.02% (sawdust) and 0.30% (Japanese lawngrass). Chlorine content ranged from 0.01% (sawdust) to 1.31% (rye). These data demonstrates that these materials are much cleaner than coal and other fossil fuels and, we expect chemical properties of harvested tropical grasses to be similar to the grasses used in this report.
\n\t\t\t\t\tBiomass Materials | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tO | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT-Cl | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT-S | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAsh | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Sawdust (1) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t51.1 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t5.9 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t42.5 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.12 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.01 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.02 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.3 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Rice bran (2) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t48.3 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t7.0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t33.0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t2.44 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.05 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.21 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t8.1 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Rice straw (3) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t36.9 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t4.7 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t32.5 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.30 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.08 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.06 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t22.6 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Rice husk (4) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t40.0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t5.2 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t37.3 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.76 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.41 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.22 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t14.6 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Sorghum Head(5) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t46.7 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t6.1 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t40.7 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1.68 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.08 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.14 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t4.3 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Leaf and Stem of Sorghum (6) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t44.4 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t5.8 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t42.9 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.45 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.23 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.15 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t5.8 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Sorghum ‘Kazetachi’ (8) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t45.7 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t5.8 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t39.5 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1.30 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.78 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.08 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t6.2 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Sorghum ‘Ultra sorgo’ (9) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t45.5 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t5.7 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t41.6 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.80 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.79 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.03 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t5.4 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Sorghum ‘Green A’ (10) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t46.1 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t5.7 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t40.6 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1.20 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.57 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.04 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t5.5 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Sorghum ‘Big sugar’ (11) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t45.9 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t5.7 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t41.2 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1.00 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.50 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.05 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t5.4 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Guineagrass (12) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t42.8 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t5.4 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t37.9 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1.50 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.89 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.11 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t10.4 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Rye ‘Haruichiban’ (13) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t45.7 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t5.8 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t39.2 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1.40 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1.21 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.07 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t6.2 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Japanese lawngrass ‘Asamoe’ (14) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t46.4 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t6.1 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t37.9 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t2.15 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.43 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.30 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t6.4 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t47.1 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t6.1 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t42.3 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.80 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.22 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t3.5 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
C: carbon, H: hydrogen, O: oxygen, N: nitrogen, T-Cl: total chloride, T-S: Total sulfurContent of some elements in dry matter (% by weight). (The numbers of materials are same as those in Materials and Methods)
The higher and lower heating values of materials are shown in Fig. 5 and Table 2. Among the materials tested, the higher heating values of wood materials were high and ranged between 4,570 kcal/kg (sawdust: 19.13 MJ/kg) and 4,320 kcal/kg (bark: 18.08 MJ/kg). Rice bran was also high (4,520 kcal/kg: 18.92 MJ/kg), although rice straw and husks were at the low end, 3,080 kcal/kg (12.89 MJ/kg) and 3,390 kcal/kg (14.19 MJ/kg), respectively. The higher heating value of total sorghum plant of Chugoku Kou 34 was intermediate among the materials evaluated and 3,940 kcal/kg. Sorghum cultivars exhibited mostly similar higher heating value of 17.4 MJ/kg.
\n\t\t\t\t\tMolecular ratios of C, H and O in various materials are shown in Table 3. Most of the materials had similar ratios for CnH2Om (n between 1.28 and 1.54, and m between 0.87 and 0.93) except for rice bran which contains considerable quantities of lipid resulting in an n = 1.15 and m = 0.59. This ratio is important since it will affect the condition of gasification when oxygen and steam are added as gasifying agents.
\n\t\t\t\t\tThe numbers of materials are same as those in Materials and Methods. Sawdust (1) ; Bark (16); Chip (17); Bamboo (18); Salix (19); Waste (20); Rice Bran (2); Rice straw (3); sorghum (7)Higher and lower heating value of materials (
Biomass Materials | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHHV (MJ/kg) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLHV (MJ/kg) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Sawdust (1) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t19.13 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t17.66 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Bark of Japanese Cedar (16) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t18.08 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t16.65 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Waste Wood (20) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t19.08 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t17.91 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Rice Bran (2) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t18.92 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t17.25 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Rice Straw (3) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t12.89 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t11.64 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Rice Husk (4) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t14.19 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t12.89 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Sorghum Head(5) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t17.41 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t15.99 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Leaf and Stem of Sorghum (6) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t16.49 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t15.15 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Sorghum ‘Kazetachi’ (8) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t17.04 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t15.56 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Sorghum ‘Ultra sorgo’ (9) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t17.50 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t16.12 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Sorghum ‘Green A’ (10) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t17.41 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t16.03 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Sorghum ‘Big sugar’ (11) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t17.45 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t16.11 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Guineagrass (12) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t15.82 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t14.48 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Rye ‘Haruichiban’ (13) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t17.58 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t15.57 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Japanese Lawngrass cv. ‘Asamoe’ (14) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t18.59 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t17.17 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t18.56 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t17.16 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Higher and lower heating value of Materials. (The numbers of materials are same as those in Materials and Methods)
Material | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC (n) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tO (m) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Sawdust (1) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1.44 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t2 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.90 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Bark (16) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1.54 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t2 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.90 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Chips (17) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1.39 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t2 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.88 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Bamboo (18) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1.42 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t2 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.93 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Salix (19) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1.38 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t2 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.93 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Waste (20) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1.42 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t2 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.90 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Rice Bran (2) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1.15 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t2 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.59 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Rice Straw (3) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1.31 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t2 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.87 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Sorghum (7) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1.28 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t2 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.93 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Molecular ratios of C, H, O (CnH2Om) in the materials (The numbers of materials are same as those in Materials and Methods)
Estimated volume percent for each gas in the gas mixtures produced from various materials using the gasification by partial oxidation process are shown in Fig. 6 and Table 4. In the mixture of produced gases, contents of hydrogen (H2) and carbon monoxide (CO) are the most important compounds for methanol production. Although the variation across values is small, H2 percentage and CO percentage are high in wood materials, ranging from 46.8% for bark, 47.9% for wood waste, 47.3% for salix, and 47.7% for sawdust, respectively, for H2, and 18.3% for bark, 18.2% for wood waste, 17.9% for salix, and 18.7% for sawdust, respectively, for CO. The H2 percentage of rice straw and husks was the same (44.7%) and CO percentage was 17.1% and 17.3%, respectively. H2 and CO values of sorghum were intermediate among these materials tested, and those of sorghum varieties have narrow range such as 46.3-47.0% for H2 and 17.7-17.8% for CO. Japanese lawngrass and Erianthus exhibited a slightly elevated CO percentage than sorghum and approximated that of the wood materials.
\n\t\t\t\t\tThe numbers of materials are same as those in Materials and MethodsSawdust (1) ; Bark (16); Chip (17); Bamboo (18); Salix (19); Waste (20); Rice Bran (2); Rice straw (3); sorghum (7)Volume % of H2, CO, CO2, H2O and other gasses produced from some materials (before the entrance to methanol synthetic system) (
Biomass Materials | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH2\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t (vol%) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCO (vol%) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCO2\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t (vol%) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH2O (vol%) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHHV (MJ/kg-wet) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Sawdust (1) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t47.7 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t18.7 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t29.3 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t4.2 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t9.54 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Rice Bran (2) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t48.3 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t18.2 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t28.3 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t4.2 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t9.67 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Rice Straw (3) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t44.7 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t17.1 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t33.7 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t4.2 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t8.25 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Rice Husk (4) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t44.7 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t17.3 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t33.4 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t4.2 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t8.29 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Sorghum Head(5) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t46.1 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t17.7 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t31.3 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t4.2 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t8.83 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Leaf and Stem of Sorghum (6) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t45.3 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t17.5 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t32.9 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t4.2 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t8.50 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Sorghum ‘Kazetachi’ (8) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t46.3 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t17.7 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t31.1 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t4.2 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t8.92 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Sorghum ‘Ultra sorgo’ (9) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t47.0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t17.7 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t30.7 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t4.2 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t9.13 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Sorghum ‘Green A’ (10) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t46.7 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t17.8 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t30.8 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t4.2 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t9.00 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Sorghum ‘Big sugar’ (11) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t46.6 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t17.7 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t31.1 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t4.2 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t8.96 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Guineagrass (12) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t46.2 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t17.7 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t31.1 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t4.2 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t8.92 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Rye ‘Haruichiban’ (13) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t46.9 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t17.8 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t30.5 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t4.2 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t9.13 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Japanese Lawngrass ‘Asamoe’ (14) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t47.6 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t18.0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t29.3 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t4.2 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t9.00 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t46.6 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t18.6 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t30.3 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t4.2 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t8.96 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
HV: higher heating value.Composition and higher heating value of product gas derived from biomass gasification for methanol synthesis. (The numbers of materials are same as those in Materials and Methods)
The estimated methanolyield by weight and by heating value for each material tested, calculated from the contents of the gas mixtures produced by gasification, are shown in Fig. 7 and Table 5. The values are correlated to carbon content and heat emission. Wood materials exhibited high methanol yield by weight and ranged from 53.0% (salix) to 55.8% (sawdust) based on dry biomass weight. This means that 530 kg and 558 kg of methanol will be produced through the gasification of 1 ton of dry salix and sawdust, respectively. Rice bran also exhibited a high methanol yield potential (ca. 55%) but rice straw and rice husks had considerably lower potentials, 35.8% and 39.4%, respectively. Sorghum varieties with different plant types exhibited similar potentials (ca. 47 - 49%). Interestingly, methanol yield potential of sorghum heads (with starch of the grain) exhibited 48.6% and higher than that of leaf and stem of sorghum (with higher amount of lignin) at the ripening stage (44.1%) but the difference is only 4.5%. This means that there is little difference in methanol yield between starch and lignin. This suggests that there may be little need to utilize food starch resources and competitive methanol yields can be generated through the utilization of crude lignocellulosic materials. This indicates that significant levels of methanol can be produced from previously cast-off residues and byproducts of agriculture and forest industries. Japanese lawngrass and Erianthus exhibited higher methanol yield potentials than sorghum cultivars. Although estimated methanol yield by weight differed among materials, the estimated heat yield of 54 – 59% by heating value was rather constant in the different materials. Heat yield of the various materials tested, regardless of their heating values, was high and demonstrate the efficiency of this technology.
\n\t\t\t\t\tThe numbers of materials are same as those in Materials and Methods.Sawdust (1) ; Bark (16); Chip (17); Bamboo (18); Salix (19); Waste (20); Rice Bran (2); Rice straw (3); sorghum (7) daf: percentage of methanol weight to dry biomass weight without ashEstimated methanol yield (weight %) and heat yield of various biomass materials (
Biomass Materials | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tmethanol yield | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t|
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | daf | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tdry | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Sawdust (1) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t56.0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t55.8 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Rice Bran (2) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t60.0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t54.5 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Rice Straw (3) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t48.0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t35.8 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Rice Husk (4) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t47.0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t39.4 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Sorghum Head (5) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t51.0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t48.6 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Leaf and Stem of Sorghum (6) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t47.0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t44.1 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Sorghum ‘Kazetachi’ (8) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t51.1 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t47.7 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Sorghum ‘Ultra sorgo’ (9) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t51.3 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t48.4 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Sorghum ‘Green A’ (10) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t52.0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t49.0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Sorghum ‘Big sugar’ (11) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t51.0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t48.1 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Guineagrass (12) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t51.0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t45.2 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Rye ‘Haruichiban’ (13) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t55.9 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t52.2 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Japanese Lawngrass ‘Asamoe’ (14) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t55.1 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t51.4 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t53.4 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t51.5 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Daf: based on dry ash free biomass weight, dry: based on total dry biomass weight with ashEstimated methanol yield (% by weight) (The numbers of materials are same as those in Materials and Methods).
For perfect gasification of any biomass material, it is necessary to convert the materials into ca. 0.1-0.9 mm in diameter powder through micro-crushing. The physical characteristics of the raw materials and the handling procedures needed to prepare these raw materials for biomethanol production are shown in Table 6. As rice bran is very fine, there was no need for any prior preparation. Although the diameter of sawdust is ca. 0.8 mm, we can utilize the powder smaller than ca. 1 mm directly for the gasification. Though the rice straw dried in the field was long in length, it required only micro-crushing without extra-drying in a dryer. Sorghum was harvested at the ripened stage with sickles, cut to a length of 30 cm and dried in a dryer. This procedure made this material very hard to process and both rough-crushing (1.0-3.0 mm) and micro-crushing were needed to prepare sorghum for gasification. Usually, a mechanical harvester is used to cut sorghum plants into lengths of less than 10 cm. This latter harvest method will require much less subsequent preparation than was needed in this study.
\n\t\t\t\t\tMaterial | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSize (mm) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDensity | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHandling | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t|
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | Diameter | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLength | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t(g/ml) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCharacteristics | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Sawdust (1) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.78 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t- | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.07 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNo micro-crushing needed | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Rice Bran (2) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.31 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t- | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.31 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNo micro-crushing needed | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Rice Straw (3) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t3.0-4.0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t400 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t- | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMicro-crushing needed | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Rice Husk (4) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t2.05 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t- | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0.11 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMicro-crushing needed | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Sorghum head (5) Leaf and Stem of Sorghum (6) \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t Sorghum (7) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t15.0 20 (width) 0.5 (thickness) 7.9 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t250 300 \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t 50 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t- - \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t 0.07 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRough- and micro-crushing needed Rough- and micro-crushing needed \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t Rough- and micro-crushing needed | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Size and handling characteristics of various materials (The numbers of materials are same as those in Materials and Methods) (Nakagawa et al., 2000).
The test plant, named “Norin Green No. 1” (Fig. 8), was utilized to obtain data for heat yield and methanol yield through the gasification and biomethanol synthesis system shown in Fig. 2. The test plant comprises a supplier of crushed biomass, a gasifier for gasification, and an apparatus for gas purification and methanol synthesis by the use of a Cu/Zn-based catalyst.The practical methanol yield of crushed waste wood (ca. 1 mm in diameter) produced by pin-type-mill was also measured by operating both “Norin Green No. 1” test plant at Nagasaki Research and Development Center, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries ltd. with a gasifier capacity of 240 kg dry biomass/day and another test plant at Kawagoe Power Station of Chubu Electric Power Co., Inc. with a gasifier capacity of 2 t dry biomass/day (Matsumoto et al. 2008).
\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\tTable 7 indicates the heat yield and methanol yield of the two test plants (the test plant gasifier can process 240 kg/day (Norin Green No. 1 test plant) or 2t/day (a test plant constructed by Chubu Electric Power Co., Inc) of dry biomass) by operating these plants, when crushed waste wood is utilized as a raw material, and the estimated capacity of a commercial scale plant (a gasifier capable of processing 100 t/day of dry biomass). The commercial scale plant would be large enough (larger than 100 t/day) to maintain critical temperature (900 to 1,000°C) within the gasifier by adding the raw materials into the gasifier without the addition of supplemental heat. Our data indicate that the estimated heat yield of methanol production by commercial scale plants is 54 - 59 % (Fig. 7). However, the real heat yield of a commercial scale plant after reducing the energy needed for crushing of the biomass (1.0 - 5.0 % of the quantity of heat; biomass feedstock with 2-3 mm in diameter is available), operation of the plant (5 - 10 %), and heat loss from the surface of the gasifier (1-2 %), estimated by simulation using the test plant data will be ca. 40 %.
\n\t\t\t\t\tThe cold gas efficiency, that represents a percentage of the total heating value of synthesized gases by gasification divided by the total heating value of supplied biomass of the test plant, varies from 65 to 70% and methanol yield varied from 9 to 13% in the “Norin Green No. 1” test plant. Heat yield and methanol yield of another test plant capable of processing 2 t/day constructed by Chubu Electric Power Co., Inc. with the support of New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) Project, has, however, achieved ca. 20% of methanol yield by weight by its operation (Ishii et al. 2005; Matsumoto et al. 2008; Ogi et al. 2008).
\n\t\t\t\t\tItem | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTest Plant | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPractical Plant | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t|
(Gasifier Size: Dry biomass to be processed) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t(240kg/day) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t(2t/day) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t(100t/day) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Heat Yield (Heating Value %) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t60-70% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t65% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t70-75% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Methanol Yield (by weight) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t9-13% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t20% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t40-50% | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Ability of test plants and estimated practical plant.
The above data indicate that the most important advantage of this technology is that it can utilize any form of biomass feedstock for H2 and CO generation. The mixture of gases can be utilized as direct burning both for heat and for electricity generation. High yields of methanol will be efficiently produced from the mixture of gases by using a Cu/Zn-based catalyst. The disadvantage of the system is with the size of the processing facility. The larger the plant, the higher the efficiency. The biomethanol yield from a 100 t/day gasifier would be more than twice that of the 2 t/day gasifier from the same raw materials. Although it is feasible to construct a biomethanol plant of this size, it may be very difficult to collect and provide the required 100 dry matter tons of biomass each day for the operation; with the possible exception of large sugarcane mills and palm oil industry in Southeast Asian countries. In addition, required permits and a license of boiler operation to operate such a large-scale gasifier in Japan, would add additional costs.
\n\t\t\t\t\tProf. Sakai, of the Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science, one of the authors of this report, has developed another type of plant in the university, named “Norin Biomass No. 3” test plant (Fig. 9) by using another gasification technology, called as “high-calorie gasification reaction”, that is introduced in the following sentence.
\n\t\t\t\tThe “Norin Biomass No. 3” Test Plant (Fig. 9, 10), which represents a “Suspension/external heating type” with a boiler (1-2 Dry t/day) was newly developed for improving the disadvantages associated with the “Norin Green No. 1” test plant through the introduction of a new type of gasification called “high-calorie gasification reaction”.
\n\t\t\t\t“Norin Green No. 1”, a test plant of gasification and biomethanol production, located in Nagasaki Research & Development Center, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries ltd, Nagasaki, Japan.
“Norin Biomass No. 3” test plant located in Sakai Kougyo, ltd., Isahaya City, Nagasaki, Japan.
In the high-calorie gasification method, finely crushedbiomass of 1-3 mm in diameter is subjected to the gasification reaction together with steam in an atmosphere of 800-1000°C within the reaction tube. At this time, the reaction tube is heated using high-temperature combustion gas that is separately combusted using additional biomass. The introduced biomass raw materials leave only ash, and all organic content is gasified, resulting in a clean, high-calorie gas (ca. 12MJ/Nm3) composed of H2, CO, CH4, etc. The basic principle of the technology is illustrated in Fig. 10.
\n\t\t\t\t\tSuspension/external heating type high-calorie gasification.
The gas composition varies with gasification reaction conditions such as reaction temperature, residence time (reaction time), and the [steam]/[biomass carbon] mode ratio, but an example is represented by the following reaction formula.
\n\t\t\t\t\tIn this process, the total biomass material reacts with steam and is converted to an [H2, CO, CH4, CO2] gas mixture.The application of external heat is required due to the fact that the gasification reaction is endothermic. However, the potential heat stored in the gas mixturegenerated in the reaction is greater than that contained in the raw biomass material, such that the cold gas efficiency surpasses 100%. In the formula shown above, a figure of ca. 115% is obtained by solving for cold gas efficiency (Ec). On the other hand, the externally supplied heat used in the reaction, is not considered in the calculation of Ec, and the total gasification efficiency is ca. 85% when this external heat is taken into account.
\n\t\t\t\t\tWhile the previous biomass gasification technology of “Norin Green No. 1” test plant mentioned above uses the partial oxidationtechnology, thishigh-calorie gasification technology enables the production of a high-calorie gas fuel that was not possible with the conventional method due to the formation of an exhaust gas. The principle is illustrated in Fig. 11.
\n\t\t\t\t\tPrinciple of a new high calorie gasification technology compared with gasification by partial oxidation technology.
Composition (bar chart) and higher heating value (line chart) of high calorie gasification gas (No. 3), partial oxidation (No. 1) and conventional gas generated by partial oxidation with air as gasifying agent.No.1: “Norin Green No. 1”: gasification by partial oxidation using O2 and H2O as gasifying agents.No. 3: “Norin Biomass No. 3”: highcalorie gasification using only H2O as a gasifying agent at 800, 900, and 1000°CConventional gasification: gasification using air as a gasifying agent.
According to the results obtained by the operation, it has been confirmed that the output gas mixture possesses the properties indicated in Fig. 12. As shown in the figure, high-calorie gas featuring 15-18MJ/Nm3, that could not be achieved by gasification by “Norin Green No. 1” test plant through partial oxidation (ca. 10 MJ/Nm3; using O2 and H2O as gasifying agents) or conventional gasification using air as a gasifying agent (ca. 5 MJ/Nm3), can be produced when the reaction temperature is 800-900°C, H2O/C mole ratio is lower than 5.0, and the reaction time is ca. 2 seconds. In addition, this gas mixture contains over 20% hydrogen (H2). This value is higher than the threshold value of 10% for applicability in terms of ignition and combustion rate for gas engines and micro gas turbines, which indicate that the gas mixture is a high-quality gas fuel. Besides, given that the compositional ratio of H2 to CO is higher, the threshold combustion temperature is 90°C higher than that of methane. Figure 13 explains a comparison of theoretical combustion temperatures of this gas mixture and various fuels, such as methane, gasoline, propane, methanol and ethanol.
\n\t\t\t\t\tComparison of theoretical combustion temperature for gasified gas generated by Norin Biomass No. 3 Test Plant and various fuels.
Biomass means any form of lignocellulosic materials.
\n\t\t\t\tAs the gas mixture generated with “Norin Green No. 1” test plant and high-calorie gas produced with “Norin Biomass No. 3” test plant using the high calorie gasification technology is temporarily stored in a cold gas state, it can be used in a manner similar to natural or city gas, with widespread applications.
\n\t\t\tObviously, since “Norin Biomass No. 3” plant, which efficiently converts biomass into high calorie gas mixture with a small system, can be easily used as a fuel for gas engines and micro gas turbines, it can also be used for small-scale power generation and co-generation. Accordingly, high-efficiency and small-scale power generation can be achieved.
\n\t\t\tThe potential applications of the gas mixture generated by gasification through high-calorie gas production are as follows;
\n\t\t\tCo-generation in buildings, hospitals, industrial parks, factories, etc.
Commercial power (targeted efficiency of 25-35%, with at least 1 million kWh/year)
Peak cut (reduction of contracted power) and emergency use for large-scale factories
Gas fuel for industrial parks (e.g. ceramics and porcelain)
Supplementary fuel for incinerator (dioxin countermeasure for industrial waste processing)
Fuel for boilers of greenhouse agriculture
Fuel for food processing industries by the use of residues produced in the process.
Synthesis of biomethanol for BDF production, for batteries of direct methanol fuel cell (DMFT), and a liquid fuel mixed with gasoline for flexible fuel vehicles (FFV).
Three “Norin biomass No. 3” plants processing 4-6 dry t/day of biomass feedstock are under construction by private companies and local government with the 50% financial support from the Government.
\n\t\t\tThis study demonstrates that the gasification of readily available biomass materials both by partial oxidation technology and by high calorie gasification technology could be optimized for generation of gas mixtures primarily composed of H2, CO and producing methanol yields ranging theoretically from ca
The potentially positive economic impact of biomethanol production on Japanese farming and social systems from planting grasses and trees in unutilized land is immense (Nakagawa 2001; Harada 2001). Reduced CO2 emissions, recycling of abandoned upland and paddy field and woodland in mountainous areas, and recycling of wastes of agricultural products would all be possible by promoting biofuel production system based on the gasification technologies. This technology is particularly attractive since biomethanol can be produced from a wide range of biomass raw materials.
\n\t\tAuthors would like to express their sincere thanks to Dr. Bryan Kindiger, USDA-ARS, Grazinglands Research Laboratory for his critical reading of the manuscript.
\n\t\t\tThis researches were supported by a grant from Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan, named “Development of sustainable ecosystem for primary industries towards the 21st century” (2000-2002), “Bio-recycle of wastes from agriculture, forestry, and fisheries” (2003-2005), and “Rural Biomass Research Project,BEC (Biomass Ethanol Conversion)” (2006-2010).
\n\t\tAlginate is a natural heteropolysaccharide extracted from brown seaweed. Due to the abundantly available in nature and less expensive,
Alginate and its derivatives show outstanding properties, such as biocompatibility, biodegradation, gel-forming ability, being suitable for sterilization and storage. Owing to its unique characteristics, alginate has been widely used in diverse fields, including wound dressings, drug delivery, tissue regeneration. In this chapter, the characteristics and wide applications of alginate will be introduced.
Alginate with molecular weight between 32,000 to 400,000 g/mol is mainly comprised of a sequence of liner polymers of β-(1–4)-D-mannuronic (M-blocks), α-L-guluronic acid (G-blocks), and inserted MG sequences (MG-blocks), with varying proportions and linear arrangements [4]. That organized in homogenous patterns with repeated G residues, repeated M residues, and heterogenous patterns with alternating G and M residues [5]. Alginate derived from different sources displays different M/G ratios and contents in M and G [6], leading to the change of molecule weight and physicochemical properties. These parameters are related to the characteristics and applications of alginate. Generally, alginate with high M units shows good biocompatibility and more immunogenic [7]. Alginate with high M units has soft and elastic properties, G-rich alginate exhibits hard and brittle characteristics [8, 9]. The rigidity of the chains increases in a sequence, MG < MM < GG, due to the electrostatic repulsion between charged groups. G-rich alginate gels have better mechanical stability (Figure 1) [5].
Chemical structure of alginate [
The electrostatic interactions between the carboxylate groups of G units and divalent cations, such as Ca2+, Fe2+, Mg2+, form an “egg-box” structure, which crosslinks to obtain the hydrogels. There are several hydroxy and carboxyl groups in the molecular structure of alginate. As the active site, more groups and side-chain molecules were introduced into the main chain to decorate the structure, which endow more features and expand its applications [10].
Sodium alginate exhibits slowly water-soluble and forms viscous and stable solution. At low solvent pH, more heterogeneous MG-blocks contribute to solute than M-rich and G-rich alginate [11]. With the decrease of pH, the viscosity of alginate solution increase. When the range of pH is 3–3.5, the viscosity has the maximum. In the Mark-Houwink relationship ([
The primary structure is associated with different amounts and sequential distribution of M and G, which affects the molecular weight and properties. For example, the viscous behavior is remarkably relevant to molecular weight during the preparation. Alginate with high molecular weight polymer could form an obviously viscous solution [13] and result in a higher elastic modulus in the gels [14]. Meanwhile, the alginate with a long chain shows a higher solution viscosity. For example, G-rich alginate displays more excellent water solubility than M-rich alginate [15].
Alginate has excellent biocompatibility, that has been widely assessed. However, some gaps of biocompatibility between alginate and alginate complex still exist. For purified alginate gels, the relative amounts and distribution of M and G have an effect on biocompatibility [16]. For example, M. Otterlei et al. reported that alginates with low G were approximately 10 times more potent inducing cytokine production compared with high G alginates [7]. S.K. Tam et al. found that gel beads prepared with alginate contenting intermediate guluronate (IntG, 44% G) exhibited better biocompatible than high guluronate content (HiG, 71% G). There are no inflammatory reactions around alginate implants [17]. For the alginate complex, the impurities from alginate-based materials, such as heavy metals, proteins, and polyphenolic compounds, have the potential to cause an immunogenic response. A multi-step extraction procedure reduces the concentration of impurities and will not cause foreign body reactions. Meanwhile, the biocompatibility properties of alginate are attributed to hydrophilicity, chain migration, and water-absorbing [18]. Swelling properties contribute to enhance biocompatibility, that limiting the adsorption of proteins and cells of immune response [19].
Degradability of biomaterials, as a critical property, contributes to providing a biomimetic microenvironment for use in cell delivery, survival, and expansion [20]. Hydrolytic is the main reason for degradation, which will be initiated spontaneously after contacting water-based fluids [21]. The degradation rate is related to the molecular weight of alginate. Generally, with the increase of molecular weight, the amounts of reactive sites for hydrolysis degradation decrease, that reduce the degradation rate [22]. Degradation, accompanied by adjusting the structure and molecular weight distribution, has an effect on the mechanical properties. In the physiological environment, alginate will undergo rapid degradation [23]. For alginate hydrogel, the degradation process will be accomplished by releasing the divalent ions into the surrounding environment. However, some residues of alginate still exist and will not be removed [24]. Many physical and chemical methods have been used to control alginate degradation, including ultrasonic, ultraviolent, gamma irradiation, and partial oxidation.
The various physicochemical properties of alginate are favorable to extensive usages, such as the ability to form a gel and the ability to maintain a moist environment, which has been confirmed by the literature. Due to the biocompatibility and nontoxic, alginate has been applied in biomedical applications, such as wound dressing, drug delivery, and tissue engineering.
Skin, as the largest human organ, plays a vital role in protecting the human body from outside germs [25]. It is also a vulnerable organ. Once the skin is damaged, all kinds of microbes and pathogens will gather around the wound site to affect the wound closure cause bacterial infection. For severe wounds with large, deep, or bleeding, handling and management are essential [26]. Wound healing is a complex process, involving the treatment of infectious, germs. Therefore, wound dressing has been attracted extensive attention and is widely used to accelerate wounding recovery and to control infection. Traditional dressing, consisting of sterile pad and gauze, has the features of preventing the invasion of germ into the wound site and keeping dry [27]. Some disadvantages of these dressings are displayed during the application, such as poor vapor transmission, susceptiblity to bacterial infection, and easy adhesion, which seriously interfere with wound healing. With the rapid development of technology, some biomaterials such as polysaccharides, proteoglycans, and proteins have been investigated for wound healing owing to their ability to accelerate healing and control infection [28, 29]. These polymers have been utilized to develop modern dressing due to its high water-content, biodegradable, and biocompatibility. Therefore, modern wound dressing effectively mimics the features of natural tissue and offers a moist environment, better water vapor permeation, autolytic debridement, which cause to promote re-epithelialization and accelerate wound healing [30].
Alginate, as one of these biomaterials, has been widely concentrated and investigated because of its biocompatibility and water-retaining capacity [31]. It has the ability to carry pro-inflammatory signals and initiate or accelerate the healing of chronic wounds [32]. Currently, there are several forms of alginate dressing on the market, including hydrogel, films, membrane, and sponges. Ionic cross-linking is a representative fabrication method of alginate dressings. Multivalent ions are chosen to fabricate gel, such as calcium [33], magnesium [34], iron [35]. Free-dried porous sheets and fibrous dressing that followed are formed. Alginate dressings are characterized by absorbing wound fluid, physiologically moist environment, maintain the optimal pH, and reduced bacterial infections, that improve the physicochemical stability [36, 37].
Alginate wound dressings with multifunctional properties have been investigated for nearly 40 years. Kaltostat® alginate dressing, as a famous wound dressing, has been designed and applied to absorb exudate and avoid infections, especially calcium sodium alginate dressing. Nevertheless, only 70% wound closure is exhibited [38]. Considering that single alginate dressing could not completely prevent infections and moderate wound healing, the development of effective alginate dressing, based on biopolymers and nanoparticles, draw much attention and expanded research.
Alginate composites combining natural polymer and synthetic polymer are utilized to prepare dressing hydrogel via physical or chemical methods. Chitosan, as a typical natural polymer, has several advantages, such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, ionic character, and hemostatic properties. It could be incorporated with alginate to create bioactive interpolymer (polyelectrolyte) complexes and promising wound dressing. Wound dressing formed with this method exhibited superior water uptake of 4343.4% over 24 h and 78% biodegradation than commercial Pharma-Algi wound dressing [39]. Mudlovu et al. fabricated an alginate-chitosan bioplatform through a three-step method; partial-crosslinking of polymers, lyophilization, and pulverization (Figure 2) [39]. These wound dressings showed a higher degree and rate of fluid uptake (3306.61%, 4343.4%) than Pharma-Algi® (2168.21%; 1612.56%). For chitosan with high (MW ~ 800 000) and low (MW ~ 3000) molecular weight, it was mixture as a coating to develop calcium alginate dressing. The results showed that chitosan promotes angiogenesis by increasing VEGF and exhibits better wound healing than pure calcium alginate dressing [40]. In addition to the natural polymer, poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA), as a type of common synthetic polymer, has the inherent characteristics of non-toxic, non-carcinogenic, biocompatibility. PVA hydrogel formed with cross-linking method has desirable properties such as high swelling rate, keeping the moist environment. Therefore, PVA has been attracted attention and explored for wound dressing. PVA-alginate hydrogel enhanced swelling properties and protein adsorption. When alginate has a high ratio in the PVA/Calcium alginate wound dressing, high a water vapor transmission rate, 2725.8 g/m2/2h, was obtained, which contributes to holding a moist environment [41].
(A) Schematic representation of the three-step method of partial-crosslinking and interpolymer complexation of the polymers. (B) (a) biodegradation and (b) water uptake behavior of the pristine polymers, bioplatforms and pharma-Algi® in PBS (pH 7.4) solution at 37°C at 50 rpm [
In order to endow the additional effects and accelerate wound healing, the antimicrobial agent has been incorporated into the wound dressing. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), as a promising wide-spread local antibacterial agent, have demonstrated huge potential and received more attention in the area of microbial resistance. Wound dressing carried with AgNPs is considered to control and treat acute and chronic wounds, accompanied by rapid healing via accelerating reepithelialization [42]. Alginate dressings incorporated with silver have highly absorbent features of alginate and antimicrobial efficacy of silver. Silver-loaded hydrogel has a uniform pore structure, had excellent water absorption and water retention, maintaining a moist wound environment for wounds [43]. The antibacterial performance is also improved. Alginate/carboxymethyl cellulose silver dressing was found to have a sustained antimicrobial effect against microorganisms, for up to 21 days [44]. The sustain and stable release of sliver minimize clinical treatment time and relieve the patient’s pain. Compared with pure alginate, alginate dressings incorporating ionic silver and nanocrystalline silver were confirmed to enhanced antimicrobial effect, improved the binding for elastase, matrix metalloproteases-2, and proinflammatory cytokines, and boosted the antioxidant capacity [45].
Drug delivery systems could transport and release drug molecules to a target position under the microenvironment, especially for poorly water-soluble drug molecules. Many polymers have been explored and investigated for drug delivery. Due to the outstanding biocompatibility and gelation properties, alginate has been received wide attraction and utilized in drug delivery applications. Alginate could be prepared excipient. Three forms of participation are exhibited, such as solid dosage, semisolid dosage, liquid dosage. Solid dosage form contains tablets and capsules, while, gels and buccal patches are the most common semisolid dosage. Liquid dosage usually includes emulsions and suspensions. Alginate could be decorated to adjust the properties for novel drug release. Due to the facility to bond with drug molecules and rapid gelation in a mild environment, alginate could be utilized to modulate the drug release properties. D.J. Mooney et al. found that the pore size of alginate gel is about 5–6 nm [46], which contributes to the diffusion and release of drug molecules.
Alginate could be utilized to design microcapsules for sustained release of the drug, which has attracted extraordinary attention by the reason of outstanding advantages, including high drug loading rate, satisfactory biodegradable, non-immunogenic, and non-toxicity. Stimuli-responsive alginate-based microcapsules had shown a potential for targeted delivery and release drugs. Drug delivery system using magnetic nanoparticles was reported. Magnetic nanoparticles have the ability to control movement and aggregation at the target sites during the process of the external magnetic field. Therefore, the system could obtain a high local concentration at the target sites. It is demonstrated that magnetic reduction-responsive alginate-based microcapsules (MRAMCs) systems exhibited good magnetic targeted ability owing to the superparamagnetism of OA-Fe3O4 nanoparticles [47]. In addition, alginate microcapsules encapsulated glucocorticoid is a novel method for the treatment of osteoarthritis.
Alginate, as a well-known drug carrier, is utilized to prepare wound dressing. Antimicrobial agents or drugs are encapsulated into the hydrogel. Wound dressing provides a moist environment, and more importantly, drugs release to the wound and facilitate the healing. For example, alginate-based dressing encapsulated with vancomycin has a 44% drug release rate after 24 h, and the antimicrobial activity against various bacteria was confirmed [49]. Recently, double-membrane hydrogel formed with alginate and cellulose nanocrystals was developed. The results showed good release behaviors for complexing antibiotic drugs. The rapid drug release was completed by outer neat alginate hydrogel, meanwhile, the prolonged-release behavior corresponded to the inner hydrogel [50]. Another dual-drug delivery system, poly (D, L-lactic) (PDLLA) microspheres embedded in calcium alginate hydrogel beads, was developed by D.G. Zhong et al. [51]. The microspheres encapsulated glycyrrhetinic acid showed a sustained release, and hydrogel loaded with BSA exhibited a rapid release.
pH-sensitive alginate carrier was investigated to enhance the efficacy, especially for localized drug delivery systems. The pH-sensitive reversible bond can control the drug delivery. C. H. Park and C. S. Kim prepared AlgPD-BTZ hydrogel using alginate-conjugated polydopamine as a building block polymer (Figure 3) [52]. The catechol group binds to the boronic acid group of BTZ drug, that covalent bond is a pH-sensitive reversible bond. Therefore, the system showed that BTZ was selectively released in cancer cells with a pH-dependent method. Sodium alginate could be used as a pH-sensitive bilayer coating on iron oxide nanoparticles by combining hydroxyapatite to deliver drug molecules. The higher encapsulation efficiency was detected, 93.03 ± 0.23% for curcumin and 98.78 ± 0.05% for 6-gingerol [53]. The electrostatic interactions of molecules could act as an adjustable gate to hold and release the drug molecules depending on the pH. The pH triggered drug-releasing mechanism play a virtual role in the releasing of tumor drug owing to the leaky vasculature [54].
The synthesis of AlgPD-BTZ hydrogel and drug release properties. (a) Schematic of the synthesis process of AlgPD-BTZ hydrogel by the conjugation of dopamine to the alginate backbone, and subsequent oxidation of catechol groups for cross-linking; (b) pH sensitive cumulative drug release from AlgPD-BTZ hydrogel; (c) scheme shows pH sensitive boronic ester bond of BTZ with the polymeric catechol group and the drug release mechanism [
In addition, alginate hydrogels are an excellent candidate and have been studied for protein drug delivery. Protein incorporated into hydrogels is protected, which reduces the denaturation and avoids degradation. Alginate hydrogels containing adjusting factors of neovascularization, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), exhibited a sustained release, within 7 days approximately 60% of the total VEGF [55]. The protein release rate can be controlled by altering the degradation rate of alginate hydrogel. Also, sodium alginate-bacterial cellulose hydrogels had shown promising potential for carrying protein-based drugs, lysozyme (LYZ), via electrostatic adsorption [56].
Tissue engineering, proposed by National Science Foundation in 1987, belongs to the field of biomedical engineering, which is a valuable approach and can be used to restore, maintain, enhance tissues and organs [57]. Tissue engineering involves the getting of seed cells, biological scaffold materials, preparation of tissue and organs, and its clinical application. The biological scaffold materials were utilized to encapsulate and support the propagation of cells. Afterward, these materials were transferred into the body and the target tissues were eventually formed. The research principal field contains bone [58], cartilage [59], vascular [60], ocular tissues [61], skin [62], and other tissues [63].
Alginate, as a most commonly known biomaterial with outstanding properties of scaffold-forming, has been extensively investigated and developed to treat the loss or failure of organs in tissue engineering. It usually combines with other substances to form new alginate derivative materials with the methods of physical or chemical. The different features and functions are obtained, accompanied by improved properties for tissue engineering, such as mechanical strength, cell affinity, and gel-forming ability. Therefore, alginate and its composite have received much attention in tissue engineering.
Bone has the hierarchical structure forming with 70% of nano-hydroxyapatite (HA, Ca10(PO4)6(OH2)) and 30% of collagen by weight [64]. It is a rigid connective organ and plays a major role in the movement of organs, involving affording structural framework, mechanical support and protection, mineral storage, and homeostasis [65]. There are several ways to cause bone defects or fractures in daily life, involving sports injury, accident damage, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, bone neoplasm, and so on. Bone tissue engineering, as an effective alternative treatment for restoring bone defects, has addressed much attention. Several therapies have been available to treat bone defects or loss, including autograft (bone from patient’s own healthy tissue), allograft (bone from the human donor), and xenograft (from other species) [66]. The final goal of bone tissue engineering is to construct bone tissue that should have the same qualities of structurally, physical, and chemical features as natural bone tissue. Alginate has been extensively investigated to synthetic scaffolding materials for bone reconstruction and transfer cells for bone tissue engineering [67].
Sufficient mechanical strength of scaffold in bone tissue engineering is essential to support bone regeneration. To obtain enough mechanical properties, alginate composite scaffolds were prepared mixing other polymers or inorganic components, such as chitosan, collagen, and hydroxyapatite. Chitosan, as a most abundant cationic polysaccharide, is selected to form alginate-chitosan composites. Chitosan/alginate composite scaffolds are extensively investigated for bone tissue engineering. The rigid strength and structural stability are obtained. S. J. Florczyk et al. prepared a chitosan-alginate scaffold with enhanced compressive strength, 0.79 ~ 1.41 MPa [68]. It has the homogeneous pore structure, and the pore size depends on acetic acid and alginate concentration (Figure 4). The cell proliferation potential was also improved when the viscosity was below 300 Pas. The greatest defect closure (71.56 ± 19.74%) was observed at 16 weeks [69]. Chitosan/alginate scaffolds present advantages in stimulating osteogenesis and vascularization [70]. Collagen is usually utilized to prepare scaffolds because of its specific properties, such as inducing cell adhesion and degradation [71]. Collagen I, as the essential component of bone tissue’s ECM, contributes to migrant and penetration of osteoblasts and vessels [71, 72]. Therefore collagen/alginate hybrid scaffolds have an effect on the osteogenic ability of osteoblasts. It could promote cell spreading, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation. S. Sotome et al. demonstrated that hydroxyapatite/collagen-alginate could deliver recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (rh-BMP2) efficiently [73]. There is bone formation within 5 weeks after implantation, accompanied with no obvious deformation. Hydroxyapatite (HA) is the main component of bone. The structure of alginate combined HA composites is similar to the native extracellular matrix of bone. The interconnected porous structures and high porosity promote good cell viability, proliferation rate, adhesion, maintenance of osteoblastic phenotype, and bone regeneration [74]. The results of Lin et al. showed that alginate/HA is the better composite porous scaffold with an average pore size of 150 μm and over 82% porosity [75]. In another report, the alginate/HA composite scaffolds have 84% porosity [76]. The uniform pore morphology is favorable to improve compressive strength and elastic modulus, which is proportional to the content of HA. The satisfactory scaffold should have excellent performance to promote bone tissue growth, such as mechanical strength, cell proliferation, and morphology [77]. N. Firouzi et al. found that the addition of HA in alginate-based hydrogel could reduce degradation rate to 41.5%, and significantly improve compressive modulus, reaching 294 ± 2.5 kPa [78]. Meanwhile, microencapsulated osteoblast-like cells showed more proliferation as well as metabolic activities when they were cultured in Alg-Gel Ph-nHA microcapsules during the culture period.
(A) SEM images of CA PEC scaffold pore structures made from CA solutions (4 wt % chitosan and 3.75 wt % alginate) with acetic acid concentrations of (a) 0.75 wt %, (b) 1.0 wt %, (c) 1.25 wt %, (d) 1.5 wt %, (e) 1.75 wt %, and (f) 2.0 wt %. The arrows indicate incomplete interconnects and scale bars are 100 μm. (B) Compressive Young’s moduli of CA PEC scaffolds prepared from CA solutions (4 wt % chitosan and 3.75 wt % alginate) with varying acetic acid concentrations. *the significant differences between the scaffold groups for the modulus measurements. (C) Influence of mixing temperature on viscosity of CA PEC solution (1.0 wt % acetic acid, 4 wt % chitosan, and 3.75 wt % alginate) at zero shear rate [
The articular cartilage is an organized and specialized tissue that is highly hydrated (up to 80%), aneural, devoid of blood or lymphatic vessels [79]. It is the connective tissue covering the surface of articulating bones, that provides the lubrication and mechanical strength for body weight and movement. Other body organs are also made by cartilage, such as the ear, nose, bronchial tubes, and so on. Cartilage has a restricted self-repair and regenerative capacity because of lacking nerves and blood vessels. It cannot heal appropriately after the injury, which eventually causes osteoarthritis and cartilage damage. Therefore, repair or reconstruction of damaged cartilage is still a major challenge. Tissue engineering is the potential approach to solve damaged or degraded cartilage. It could mimic the structure and function of body cartilage tissue, stimulating cartilage growth and restoration at the damaged sites. The tissue engineering scaffold has the three-dimensional structure for cell attachment/proliferation.
Alginate scaffolds have been proved to apply for the regeneration of cartilage tissue. It can induce redifferentiation of 2D culture-expanded dedifferentiated chondrocytes [80], therefore alginate could promote the growth of chondrocytes cells, restore damaged cartilage, and keep chondrocyte properties [81]. Chitosan-alginate scaffold effectively promotes the culture of osteogenic and chondrogenic cells. A.E. Erickson et reported that alginate-chitosan + hydroxyapatite scaffolds displayed a defined, interconnected porous network structure [82]. The compressive modulus and stiffness increased with polymer content. After culturing with chondrocyte-like (mesenchymal stem cells, MSC), the number of cells on 4% CHA scaffolds was significantly higher than the number of MSCs on 6% CHA scaffolds at day 10 (Figure 5) [80]. Hyaluronate, in addition, was explored to reinforce alginate to improve chondrocyte proliferation. It is demonstrated that alginate-hyaluronic acid hydrogel has stable physicochemical properties. C. Mahapatra et reported that alginate-hyaluronic acid-collagen hydrogel provided a binding motif for chondrocytes [83]. These gels effectively protected chondrogenic phenotypes after three weeks of cultivation. The results demonstrated the efficient expression of chondrogenic genes and the formation of cartilage ECMs. Another alginate hybrid gel made combining with polyacrylamide was confirmed to have remarkable mechanical strength, such as high toughness (up to 9000 J/m2) and stretch ratio [84, 85]. It has also been proved that alginate-polyacrylamide showed good tribological behavior, ultra-low coefficient, and high wear-resistance [86]. After transplantation, chondrocytes displayed an organized distribution and superior integration with surrounding tissue (Figure 6) [87]. Alginate and its composites provide chondrogenic differentiation and cell proliferation, therefore, these hybrid gels can be used as cartilage implants.
Effect of HAp concentration on 6% CA scaffold properties. a, b visualization of HAp nanorods with TEM. Scale bars represent 200 nm, and 100 nm, respectively, in (a) and (b). c SEM images of scaffold pore morphology with varying HAp (HAp concentration increases from left to right). Scale bar represents 200 μm. d density of CA + HAp composite scaffolds (
Liver disease is a great threat to human health, and it is one of the major reasons for the increased mortality. There are about 2 million deaths all over the world every year [88]. Liver transplantation is the most effective way to solve this problem. Yet, this is a very difficult process because of lacking suitable liver donors. Liver tissue engineering is considered the best way to provide liver to meet the excessive requirement of the liver. It could improve the function of the liver and form a complete organ.
Alginate composites can be used for hepatocyte growth in liver tissue engineering. For example, R. Rajalekshmi et al. reported that fibrin (FIB) incorporated injectable alginate dialdehyde (ADA) - gelatin (G) hydrogel effectively supports growth, proliferation, and functions of hepatic cells [89]. The reason is that fibrin provides several cell adhesion pockets for cell attachment. Liver tissue engineering scaffold, extracellular matrix (ECM), were synthesized with oxidized alginate and galactosylated chitosan via Schiff base reaction. After being cultured in the scaffolds, the hepatocytes exhibited spheroidal morphology. And the multi-cellular aggregates and perfect integration were observed [90]. In addition, the formation of microcapsules is another method for liver tissue engineering. Microcapsules have the ability to encapsulate cells into microbeads. Subsequently, microbeads were covered by the semipermeable membrane to form microcapsules [91]. Microcapsules provide safety microenvironment for cells and protect the cell from interference. After encapsulated HepG2 cells into alginate-based microbeads, the proliferate and protein were clearly observed for at least 12 d [92]. These researches suggested that alginate is a potential candidate for LTE strategies.
Alginate, as a potential biomaterial, has been successfully explored in different applications such as wound dressing, drug delivery, bone, cartilage. It could afford a moist microenvironment for wound dressing, serve as the carrier for drug delivery, and act as a scaffold for tissue engineering. The outstanding characteristic of alginate for its applications contains biocompatibility, degradable properties, gelatinization capacity, and effective modification to obtain new performances. However, alginate gel suffers from the lack of cell adhesive and mechanical properties, that cause the structural deformation of the scaffold. Despite some strategies that have been carried out to solve these problems, the disadvantages still exist such as lower mechanical properties compared with nature cartilage and lower drug delivery efficiency. For wound dressing, it lacks enough robust and flexible to allow adherence to the skin for a period of time, which maximizing patient uncomfortable and inconvenience. In the future, more novel alginate composites with controlled properties should be constructed by chemical or physical modification. That will play a vital role in intricating drug or cell-loading. Novel alginate composites also could provide mild and targeted degradation properties.
This research was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20200791). Oseweuba also gratefully acknowledges the financial support of Wallonia-Brussels International via the Wallonie-Bruxelles International (WBI) excellence Postdoctoral fellowship.
All publications on this website are published under the Open Access model, without any subscription, registration, or access fees required from the user or his/her institution. In accordance with the Budapest Open Access Initiative's (BOAI) definition of Open Access, users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, and link to the full text versions of all Chapters. To read more about our Open Access Statement click here.
\n\nFor Editorial Policies for journals please consult individual journal pages.
',metaTitle:"Editorial policies",metaDescription:"Editorial policies",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/editorial-policies",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"All published Book Chapters are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Monographs are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license granted to all others. Our Copyright Policy aims to guarantee that original material is published while at the same time giving significant freedom to our Authors. IntechOpen upholds a flexible Copyright Policy meaning that there is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors hold exclusive copyright to their work.
\\n\\n\\n\\nWith the purpose of protecting our Authors' copyright and the transparent reuse of Open Access content, IntechOpen has developed an Attribution Policy for works published under Creative Commons licenses.
\\n\\n\\n\\nIntechOpen is committed to disseminating high-quality scientific research in a manner that exemplifies the best practice in scholarly publishing. IntechOpen is an official member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), which advocates the maintenance of the highest ethical standards for all parties involved in the act of publishing, including Authors, Academic Editors of the book, Peer Reviewers, the publisher and Societies, where applicable.
\\n\\nIn line with publication ethics practices recommended by COPE, ICMJE, and other similar organizations, IntechOpen's contributing Authors, Academic Editors, and Peer Reviewers are required to declare fully all possible conflicts of interest.
\\n\\n\\n\\nIntechOpen's Authorship Policy is based on ICMJE criteria for authorship. In order to be identified as an Author, the following requirements must be met:
\\n\\nAll scientific works are subject to Peer Review prior to publishing. IntechOpen is a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) and all participating referees and Academic Editors are expected to review submitted scientific works in line with the COPE Ethical Guidelines for Peer Reviewers where applicable.
\\n\\n\\n\\nThe Internet has changed the dynamics of scholarly communication and publishing which is why we find it necessary to clearly indicate our stance on what we consider to be a published scientific work. A significant number of working papers, early drafts, and similar works in progress are shared openly online between members of the scientific community. It has become common practice for researchers to announce their work on a personal website or a blog in order to gather comments and suggestions from other researchers. Such works and online postings are ‘published’ in the sense that they are made publicly available, but this does not mean that if submitted for publication by IntechOpen they are not original works. We differentiate between reviewed and non-reviewed works when determining whether a work is original and has been published in a scholarly sense or not.
\\n\\n\\n\\nTo identify instances of fraud and misconduct during the publishing process, IntechOpen implements a robust policy governing such occurrences. In line with our general commitment to openness, and in order to maintain the highest scientific standards, we are committed to transparency about our editorial policy regarding retractions and corrections.
\\n\\n\\n\\nWhen faced with potential misconduct, IntechOpen accepts its responsibility to maintain the integrity of the academic record. For particularly complex cases, IntechOpen might ask for the assistance of formal industry bodies or seek advice from an appropriate team of advisors.
\\n\\nIntechOpen's advisors are professionals and scholars with broad knowledge and understanding of different aspects of the scientific publishing process: editorial, authorship, and reviewing roles; publication ethics, copyright, and general legal issues; as well as bibliographic and technical standards.
\\n\\nIn order to provide us with unbiased insights, without compromising the privacy of third parties, IntechOpen presents problematic cases to its advisors in an anonymized format.
\\n\\nIntechOpen publishes books in the English language. If you are interested in the translation of Book Chapters, please check IntechOpen's Translation Policy.
\\n\\n\\n\\nIn line with the Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing, you can access a more detailed description of IntechOpen's Advertising Policy.
\\n\\n\\n\\nAt IntechOpen we realize that exceptional circumstances can occur, resulting in a request for a refund. We will honor all justified requests in the specific instances outlined in our Refund Policy.
\\n\\n\\n\\nAll chapters will be published via IntechOpen's 'Online First' service meaning chapters will be published individually, immediately after review and before the entire book is ready for publication, allowing content to be shared, searched and cited straightaway, thereby generating early stage interest and momentum for your research
\\n\\nOnline First Chapters are considered published on the day they are posted and are citable from that date.
\\n\\nChapters will remain listed as Online First until the final versions of the books are published online. Following publication of the full monograph, Chapters will be redirected from the Online First version and will be available only through the final link of the official published page.
\\n\\nYou are invited to download, use, reproduce, make derivative works of, display, distribute and cite the Online First works. You can find "How to Cite and Reference" by following the link at the end of each online book chapter. Please be aware that it is possible that further editing and changes might be made before the final release of the book.
\\n\\nIf there are supplemental materials to the chapter, these will be published at the time the final book is published online.
\\n\\nReaders and Authors can notify us if they find any errors in the works published under Online First. All major errors will be accompanied by a separate correction notice, erratum or corrigendum (Retraction and Correction Policy.)
\\n\\nIntechOpen books are available online by accessing all published content on a chapter level.
\\n\\n\\n\\nIntechOpen publishes different types of publications.
\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
All published Book Chapters are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Monographs are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license granted to all others. Our Copyright Policy aims to guarantee that original material is published while at the same time giving significant freedom to our Authors. IntechOpen upholds a flexible Copyright Policy meaning that there is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors hold exclusive copyright to their work.
\n\n\n\nWith the purpose of protecting our Authors' copyright and the transparent reuse of Open Access content, IntechOpen has developed an Attribution Policy for works published under Creative Commons licenses.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen is committed to disseminating high-quality scientific research in a manner that exemplifies the best practice in scholarly publishing. IntechOpen is an official member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), which advocates the maintenance of the highest ethical standards for all parties involved in the act of publishing, including Authors, Academic Editors of the book, Peer Reviewers, the publisher and Societies, where applicable.
\n\nIn line with publication ethics practices recommended by COPE, ICMJE, and other similar organizations, IntechOpen's contributing Authors, Academic Editors, and Peer Reviewers are required to declare fully all possible conflicts of interest.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen's Authorship Policy is based on ICMJE criteria for authorship. In order to be identified as an Author, the following requirements must be met:
\n\nAll scientific works are subject to Peer Review prior to publishing. IntechOpen is a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) and all participating referees and Academic Editors are expected to review submitted scientific works in line with the COPE Ethical Guidelines for Peer Reviewers where applicable.
\n\n\n\nThe Internet has changed the dynamics of scholarly communication and publishing which is why we find it necessary to clearly indicate our stance on what we consider to be a published scientific work. A significant number of working papers, early drafts, and similar works in progress are shared openly online between members of the scientific community. It has become common practice for researchers to announce their work on a personal website or a blog in order to gather comments and suggestions from other researchers. Such works and online postings are ‘published’ in the sense that they are made publicly available, but this does not mean that if submitted for publication by IntechOpen they are not original works. We differentiate between reviewed and non-reviewed works when determining whether a work is original and has been published in a scholarly sense or not.
\n\n\n\nTo identify instances of fraud and misconduct during the publishing process, IntechOpen implements a robust policy governing such occurrences. In line with our general commitment to openness, and in order to maintain the highest scientific standards, we are committed to transparency about our editorial policy regarding retractions and corrections.
\n\n\n\nWhen faced with potential misconduct, IntechOpen accepts its responsibility to maintain the integrity of the academic record. For particularly complex cases, IntechOpen might ask for the assistance of formal industry bodies or seek advice from an appropriate team of advisors.
\n\nIntechOpen's advisors are professionals and scholars with broad knowledge and understanding of different aspects of the scientific publishing process: editorial, authorship, and reviewing roles; publication ethics, copyright, and general legal issues; as well as bibliographic and technical standards.
\n\nIn order to provide us with unbiased insights, without compromising the privacy of third parties, IntechOpen presents problematic cases to its advisors in an anonymized format.
\n\nIntechOpen publishes books in the English language. If you are interested in the translation of Book Chapters, please check IntechOpen's Translation Policy.
\n\n\n\nIn line with the Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing, you can access a more detailed description of IntechOpen's Advertising Policy.
\n\n\n\nAt IntechOpen we realize that exceptional circumstances can occur, resulting in a request for a refund. We will honor all justified requests in the specific instances outlined in our Refund Policy.
\n\n\n\nAll chapters will be published via IntechOpen's 'Online First' service meaning chapters will be published individually, immediately after review and before the entire book is ready for publication, allowing content to be shared, searched and cited straightaway, thereby generating early stage interest and momentum for your research
\n\nOnline First Chapters are considered published on the day they are posted and are citable from that date.
\n\nChapters will remain listed as Online First until the final versions of the books are published online. Following publication of the full monograph, Chapters will be redirected from the Online First version and will be available only through the final link of the official published page.
\n\nYou are invited to download, use, reproduce, make derivative works of, display, distribute and cite the Online First works. You can find "How to Cite and Reference" by following the link at the end of each online book chapter. Please be aware that it is possible that further editing and changes might be made before the final release of the book.
\n\nIf there are supplemental materials to the chapter, these will be published at the time the final book is published online.
\n\nReaders and Authors can notify us if they find any errors in the works published under Online First. All major errors will be accompanied by a separate correction notice, erratum or corrigendum (Retraction and Correction Policy.)
\n\nIntechOpen books are available online by accessing all published content on a chapter level.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen publishes different types of publications.
\n\n\n\n\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6581},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5888},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2381},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12507},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1006},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17528}],offset:12,limit:12,total:132501},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11254",title:"Optical Coherence Tomography",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a958c09ceaab1fc44c1dd0a817f48c92",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11254.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11436",title:"Beauty",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0e15ba86bab1a64f950318f3ab2584ed",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11436.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11438",title:"Fake News in the Era of Pandemics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"bc9e4cab86c76f35cd70b39086d9b69e",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11438.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11472",title:"21st Century Slavery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b341f3fc3411ced881e43ce007a892b8",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11472.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11473",title:"Social Inequality",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"20307129f7fb39aa443d5449acb6a784",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11473.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11500",title:"Multi-Objective Optimization",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"221a460c3b8962d71cab3475f0b22e93",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11500.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11546",title:"Smart and Sustainable Transportation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e8ea27a1ff85cde00efcb6f6968c20f8",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11546.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11554",title:"Information Systems Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3134452ff2fdec020663f241c7a9a748",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11554.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11588",title:"Autism",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0c5043c6174db167599cb3f762e8bba8",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11588.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11605",title:"Bamboo",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"378d957561b27c86b750a9c7841a5d18",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11605.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11612",title:"Landraces",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"06316c41a6f6317ad2bee244dc98c6a4",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11612.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11616",title:"Foraging",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"955b60bb658c8d1a09dd4efc9bf6674b",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11616.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:41},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:20},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:20},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:59},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:27},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:124},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:12,limit:12,total:691},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10584",title:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"421757c56a3735986055250821275a51",slug:"engineered-wood-products-for-construction",bookSignature:"Meng Gong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10584.jpg",editors:[{id:"274242",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",slug:"meng-gong",fullName:"Meng Gong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10222",title:"Demyelination Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6c26ceccacdde70c41c587361bd5558",slug:"demyelination-disorders",bookSignature:"Stavros J. Baloyannis, Fabian H. Rossi and Welwin Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10222.jpg",editors:[{id:"156098",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Stavros J.",middleName:"J.",surname:"Baloyannis",slug:"stavros-j.-baloyannis",fullName:"Stavros J. Baloyannis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9544",title:"Global Trade in the Emerging Business Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb8cb09b9599246add78d508a98273d5",slug:"global-trade-in-the-emerging-business-environment",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Jingbin Wang , Md. Samim Al Azad and Selim Ahmed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9544.jpg",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10979",title:"Parenting",subtitle:"Challenges of Child Rearing in a Changing Society",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f345ebcf4fd61e73643c69063a12c7b",slug:"parenting-challenges-of-child-rearing-in-a-changing-society",bookSignature:"Sayyed Ali Samadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10979.jpg",editors:[{id:"52145",title:"Dr.",name:"Sayyed Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Samadi",slug:"sayyed-ali-samadi",fullName:"Sayyed Ali Samadi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9808",title:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb6371607c2c6c02c6a2af8892765aba",slug:"contemporary-topics-in-patient-safety-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki and Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9808.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10681",title:"Biodegradation Technology of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a6e10e02788092872fd249436898e97",slug:"biodegradation-technology-of-organic-and-inorganic-pollutants",bookSignature:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Kamila Cabral Mielke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10681.jpg",editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10764",title:"Antenna Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2fbf1c7a5d92723f08198fc9b526a8ad",slug:"antenna-systems",bookSignature:"Hussain Al-Rizzo and Said Abushamleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10764.jpg",editors:[{id:"153384",title:"Prof.",name:"Hussain",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Rizzo",slug:"hussain-al-rizzo",fullName:"Hussain Al-Rizzo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10668",title:"Sustainability of Concrete With Synthetic and Recycled Aggregates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"55856c6a8bc3a5b21dae5a1af09a56b6",slug:"sustainability-of-concrete-with-synthetic-and-recycled-aggregates",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10668.jpg",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-saleh",fullName:"Hosam Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9032",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f609bf3251d7cc7bae0099a4374adfc3",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Beatrice Orlando",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9032.jpg",editors:[{id:"232969",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Orlando",slug:"beatrice-orlando",fullName:"Beatrice Orlando"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10351",title:"Enhanced Liposuction",subtitle:"New Perspectives and Techniques",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f08ed6de16da357614586c5b58ed4dfa",slug:"enhanced-liposuction-new-perspectives-and-techniques",bookSignature:"Diane Irvine Duncan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10351.jpg",editors:[{id:"279869",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane Irvine",middleName:null,surname:"Duncan",slug:"diane-irvine-duncan",fullName:"Diane Irvine Duncan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10779",title:"21st Century Nanostructured Materials",subtitle:"Physics, Chemistry, Classification, and Emerging Applications in Industry, Biomedicine, and Agriculture",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"72c67f97f9bef68200df115b5fd79884",slug:"21st-century-nanostructured-materials-physics-chemistry-classification-and-emerging-applications-in-industry-biomedicine-and-agriculture",bookSignature:"Phuong V. Pham",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10779.jpg",editors:[{id:"236073",title:"Dr.",name:"Phuong",middleName:"Viet",surname:"Pham",slug:"phuong-pham",fullName:"Phuong Pham"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4386},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10584",title:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"421757c56a3735986055250821275a51",slug:"engineered-wood-products-for-construction",bookSignature:"Meng Gong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10584.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3665,editors:[{id:"274242",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",slug:"meng-gong",fullName:"Meng Gong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10222",title:"Demyelination Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6c26ceccacdde70c41c587361bd5558",slug:"demyelination-disorders",bookSignature:"Stavros J. Baloyannis, Fabian H. Rossi and Welwin Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10222.jpg",publishedDate:"May 4th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1713,editors:[{id:"156098",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Stavros J.",middleName:"J.",surname:"Baloyannis",slug:"stavros-j.-baloyannis",fullName:"Stavros J. Baloyannis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9544",title:"Global Trade in the Emerging Business Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb8cb09b9599246add78d508a98273d5",slug:"global-trade-in-the-emerging-business-environment",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Jingbin Wang , Md. Samim Al Azad and Selim Ahmed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9544.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2481,editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10979",title:"Parenting",subtitle:"Challenges of Child Rearing in a Changing Society",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f345ebcf4fd61e73643c69063a12c7b",slug:"parenting-challenges-of-child-rearing-in-a-changing-society",bookSignature:"Sayyed Ali Samadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10979.jpg",publishedDate:"May 4th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1107,editors:[{id:"52145",title:"Dr.",name:"Sayyed Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Samadi",slug:"sayyed-ali-samadi",fullName:"Sayyed Ali Samadi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9808",title:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb6371607c2c6c02c6a2af8892765aba",slug:"contemporary-topics-in-patient-safety-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki and Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9808.jpg",publishedDate:"April 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3307,editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10681",title:"Biodegradation Technology of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a6e10e02788092872fd249436898e97",slug:"biodegradation-technology-of-organic-and-inorganic-pollutants",bookSignature:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Kamila Cabral Mielke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10681.jpg",publishedDate:"April 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3266,editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10764",title:"Antenna Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2fbf1c7a5d92723f08198fc9b526a8ad",slug:"antenna-systems",bookSignature:"Hussain Al-Rizzo and Said Abushamleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10764.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1868,editors:[{id:"153384",title:"Prof.",name:"Hussain",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Rizzo",slug:"hussain-al-rizzo",fullName:"Hussain Al-Rizzo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10668",title:"Sustainability of Concrete With Synthetic and Recycled Aggregates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"55856c6a8bc3a5b21dae5a1af09a56b6",slug:"sustainability-of-concrete-with-synthetic-and-recycled-aggregates",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10668.jpg",publishedDate:"May 4th 2022",numberOfDownloads:856,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-saleh",fullName:"Hosam Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1704,editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9032",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f609bf3251d7cc7bae0099a4374adfc3",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Beatrice Orlando",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9032.jpg",publishedDate:"March 16th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7489,editors:[{id:"232969",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Orlando",slug:"beatrice-orlando",fullName:"Beatrice Orlando"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8737",title:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49cce3f548da548c718c865feb343509",slug:"rabies-virus-at-the-beginning-of-21st-century",bookSignature:"Sergey Tkachev",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8737.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"61139",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Tkachev",slug:"sergey-tkachev",fullName:"Sergey Tkachev"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10861",title:"Furan Derivatives",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fdfc39cecd82f91b0effac994f75c877",slug:"furan-derivatives-recent-advances-and-applications",bookSignature:"Anish Khan, Mohammed Muzibur Rahman, M. Ramesh, Salman Ahmad Khan and Abdullah Mohammed Ahmed Asiri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10861.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"293058",title:"Dr.",name:"Anish",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"anish-khan",fullName:"Anish Khan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10356",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"943e56ccaaf19ff696d25aa638ae37d6",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10870",title:"Ultrasound Imaging",subtitle:"Current Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2f0bc3733ab226d67fa73759ef0e12ad",slug:"ultrasound-imaging-current-topics",bookSignature:"Felix Okechukwu Erondu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10870.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"68312",title:"Prof.",name:"Felix",middleName:null,surname:"Okechukwu Erondu",slug:"felix-okechukwu-erondu",fullName:"Felix Okechukwu Erondu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11392",title:"Leadership in a Changing World",subtitle:"A Multidimensional Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"86a6d33cf601587e591064ce92effc02",slug:"leadership-in-a-changing-world-a-multidimensional-perspective",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Bilal Khalid, Md. Samim Al Azad and Slimane Ed-dafali",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11392.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10400",title:"The Application of Ant Colony Optimization",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f4fdfd07ee1ab99fb7c740d6d0c144c6",slug:"the-application-of-ant-colony-optimization",bookSignature:"Ali Soofastaei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10400.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"257455",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Soofastaei",slug:"ali-soofastaei",fullName:"Ali Soofastaei"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10915",title:"Leadership",subtitle:"New Insights",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0d72e79892f2a020cee66a52d09de5a4",slug:"leadership-new-insights",bookSignature:"Mário Franco",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10915.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"105529",title:"Dr.",name:"Mário",middleName:null,surname:"Franco",slug:"mario-franco",fullName:"Mário Franco"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10683",title:"Technological Innovations and Advances in Hydropower Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ce7ad8768bd2cad155470fe1fd883f4",slug:"technological-innovations-and-advances-in-hydropower-engineering",bookSignature:"Yizi Shang, Ling Shang and Xiaofei Li",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10683.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"349630",title:"Dr.",name:"Yizi",middleName:null,surname:"Shang",slug:"yizi-shang",fullName:"Yizi Shang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7102",title:"Pneumonia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9fd70142814192dcec58a176749f1b60",slug:"pneumonia",bookSignature:"Nima Rezaei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7102.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9670",title:"Current Trends in Wheat Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"89d795987f1747a76eee532700d2093d",slug:"current-trends-in-wheat-research",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9670.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman",middleName:null,surname:"Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1350",title:"System Engineering",slug:"technology-design-engineering-system-engineering",parent:{id:"285",title:"Design Engineering",slug:"technology-design-engineering"},numberOfBooks:2,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:70,numberOfWosCitations:110,numberOfCrossrefCitations:52,numberOfDimensionsCitations:101,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"1350",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"7030",title:"Satellite Systems",subtitle:"Design, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9db6d2645ef248ceb1b33ea75f38e88",slug:"satellite-systems-design-modeling-simulation-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Tien Nguyen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7030.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"210657",title:"Dr.",name:"Tien M.",middleName:"Manh",surname:"Nguyen",slug:"tien-m.-nguyen",fullName:"Tien M. Nguyen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1942",title:"Applied Measurement Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"64893485e869fc18f5520846648ea70c",slug:"applied-measurement-systems",bookSignature:"Md. Zahurul Haq",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1942.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"104292",title:"Prof.",name:"Md. Zahurul",middleName:null,surname:"Haq",slug:"md.-zahurul-haq",fullName:"Md. Zahurul Haq"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:2,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"29364",doi:"10.5772/36302",title:"Planar Microwave Sensors for Complex Permittivity Characterization of Materials and Their Applications",slug:"planar-microwave-sensors-for-complex-permittivity-characterization-of-materials-and-their-applicatio",totalDownloads:4854,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:26,abstract:null,book:{id:"1942",slug:"applied-measurement-systems",title:"Applied Measurement Systems",fullTitle:"Applied Measurement Systems"},signatures:"Kashif Saeed, Muhammad F. Shafique, Matthew B. Byrne and Ian C. Hunter",authors:[{id:"107789",title:"Dr.",name:"Kashif",middleName:null,surname:"Saeed",slug:"kashif-saeed",fullName:"Kashif Saeed"},{id:"108133",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:"Farhan",surname:"Shafique",slug:"muhammad-shafique",fullName:"Muhammad Shafique"},{id:"112179",title:"Dr.",name:"Matthew",middleName:null,surname:"Byrne",slug:"matthew-byrne",fullName:"Matthew Byrne"},{id:"148470",title:"Dr.",name:"Ian C.",middleName:null,surname:"Hunter",slug:"ian-c.-hunter",fullName:"Ian C. Hunter"}]},{id:"29365",doi:"10.5772/37195",title:"Basics on Radar Cross Section Reduction Measurements of Simple and Complex Targets Using Microwave Absorbers",slug:"basics-on-radar-cross-section-reduction-measurements-of-simple-and-complex-targets-using-microwave-a",totalDownloads:12502,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:null,book:{id:"1942",slug:"applied-measurement-systems",title:"Applied Measurement Systems",fullTitle:"Applied Measurement Systems"},signatures:"Marcelo A. S. Miacci and Mirabel C. Rezende",authors:[{id:"111727",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo",middleName:"A. S.",surname:"Miacci",slug:"marcelo-miacci",fullName:"Marcelo Miacci"},{id:"112158",title:"Dr.",name:"Mirabel",middleName:null,surname:"Rezende",slug:"mirabel-rezende",fullName:"Mirabel Rezende"}]},{id:"29351",doi:"10.5772/37889",title:"Internal Combustion Engine Indicating Measurements",slug:"internal-combustion-engine-indicating-measurements",totalDownloads:18740,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:null,book:{id:"1942",slug:"applied-measurement-systems",title:"Applied Measurement Systems",fullTitle:"Applied Measurement Systems"},signatures:"André V. Bueno, José A. Velásquez and Luiz F. Milanez",authors:[{id:"114679",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose",middleName:"Antonio",surname:"Velasquez",slug:"jose-velasquez",fullName:"Jose Velasquez"},{id:"114686",title:"Dr.",name:"Andre Valente",middleName:null,surname:"Bueno",slug:"andre-valente-bueno",fullName:"Andre Valente Bueno"},{id:"114687",title:"Dr.",name:"Luiz Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Milanez",slug:"luiz-fernando-milanez",fullName:"Luiz Fernando Milanez"}]},{id:"29360",doi:"10.5772/37591",title:"Determining Exact Point Correspondences in 3D Measurement Systems Using Fringe Projection – Concepts, Algorithms and Accuracy Determination",slug:"determining-exact-point-correspondences-in-3d-measurement-systems-using-fringe-projection-concepts-a",totalDownloads:3269,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:null,book:{id:"1942",slug:"applied-measurement-systems",title:"Applied Measurement Systems",fullTitle:"Applied Measurement Systems"},signatures:"Christian Bräuer-Burchardt, Max Möller, Christoph Munkelt, Matthias Heinze, Peter Kühmstedt and Gunther Notni",authors:[{id:"113426",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Braeuer-Burchardt",slug:"christian-braeuer-burchardt",fullName:"Christian Braeuer-Burchardt"},{id:"136989",title:"Mr.",name:"Max",middleName:null,surname:"Möller",slug:"max-moller",fullName:"Max Möller"},{id:"136990",title:"Mr.",name:"Christoph",middleName:null,surname:"Munkelt",slug:"christoph-munkelt",fullName:"Christoph Munkelt"},{id:"136992",title:"Mr.",name:"Matthias",middleName:null,surname:"Heinze",slug:"matthias-heinze",fullName:"Matthias Heinze"},{id:"136993",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kühmstedt",slug:"peter-kuhmstedt",fullName:"Peter Kühmstedt"},{id:"136994",title:"Dr.",name:"Gunther",middleName:null,surname:"Notni",slug:"gunther-notni",fullName:"Gunther Notni"}]},{id:"29356",doi:"10.5772/36127",title:"Shape Measurement by Phase-Stepping Method Using Multi-Line LEDs",slug:"shape-measurement-by-light-source-stepping-method-using-leds",totalDownloads:3094,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:null,book:{id:"1942",slug:"applied-measurement-systems",title:"Applied Measurement Systems",fullTitle:"Applied Measurement Systems"},signatures:"Yoshiharu Morimoto, Akihiro Masaya, Motoharu Fujigaki and Daisuke Asai",authors:[{id:"28776",title:"Dr.",name:"Yoshiharu",middleName:null,surname:"Morimoto",slug:"yoshiharu-morimoto",fullName:"Yoshiharu Morimoto"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"72725",title:"Communication Subsystems for Satellite Design",slug:"communication-subsystems-for-satellite-design",totalDownloads:1302,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"The objective of this chapter is to provide a comprehensive end-to-end overview of existing communication subsystems residing on both the satellite bus and payloads. These subsystems include command and mission data handling, telemetry and tracking, and the antenna payloads for both command, telemetry and mission data. The function of each subsystem and the relationships to the others will be described in detail. In addition, the recent application of software defined radio (SDR) to advanced satellite communication system design will be looked at with applications to satellite development, and the impacts on how SDR will affect future satellite missions are briefly discussed.",book:{id:"7030",slug:"satellite-systems-design-modeling-simulation-and-analysis",title:"Satellite Systems",fullTitle:"Satellite Systems - Design, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis"},signatures:"Hung H. Nguyen and Peter S. Nguyen",authors:[{id:"316857",title:"Dr.",name:"Hung H.",middleName:null,surname:"Nguyen",slug:"hung-h.-nguyen",fullName:"Hung H. Nguyen"},{id:"316861",title:"Mr.",name:"Peter S.",middleName:null,surname:"Nguyen",slug:"peter-s.-nguyen",fullName:"Peter S. Nguyen"}]},{id:"75110",title:"Compression of High-Resolution Satellite Images Using Optical Image Processing",slug:"compression-of-high-resolution-satellite-images-using-optical-image-processing",totalDownloads:508,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"This chapter presents a novel method for compressing satellite imagery using phase grating to facilitate the optimization of storage space and bandwidth in satellite communication. In this research work, each Satellite image is first modulated with high grating frequency in a fixed orientation. Due to this modulation, three spots (spectrum) have been generated. From these three spots, by applying Inverse Fourier Transform in any one band, we can recover the image. Out of these three spots, one is center spectrum spot and other spots represent two sidebands. Care should be taken during the spot selection is to avoid aliasing effect. At the receiving end, to recover image we use only one spectrum. We have proved that size of the extracted image is less than the original image. In this way, compression of satellite image has been performed. To measure quality of the output images, PSNR value has been calculated and compared this value with previous techniques. As high-resolution satellite image contains a lot of information, therefore to get detail information from extracted image, compression ratio should be as minimum as possible.",book:{id:"7030",slug:"satellite-systems-design-modeling-simulation-and-analysis",title:"Satellite Systems",fullTitle:"Satellite Systems - Design, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis"},signatures:"Anirban Patra, Arijit Saha, Debasish Chakraborty and Kallol Bhattacharya",authors:[{id:"307075",title:"Dr.",name:"Debasish",middleName:null,surname:"Chakraborty",slug:"debasish-chakraborty",fullName:"Debasish Chakraborty"},{id:"319415",title:"Mr.",name:"Anirban",middleName:null,surname:"Patra",slug:"anirban-patra",fullName:"Anirban Patra"},{id:"320110",title:"Dr.",name:"Arijit",middleName:null,surname:"Saha",slug:"arijit-saha",fullName:"Arijit Saha"},{id:"320111",title:"Dr.",name:"Kallol",middleName:null,surname:"Bhattacharya",slug:"kallol-bhattacharya",fullName:"Kallol Bhattacharya"}]},{id:"72443",title:"Effective Algorithms for Detection Outliers and Cycle Slip Repair in GNSS Data Measurements",slug:"effective-algorithms-for-detection-outliers-and-cycle-slip-repair-in-gnss-data-measurements",totalDownloads:558,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The chapter describes effective algorithms that are often used in processing data measurements in Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSSs). Existing effective algorithm was developed for detection and elimination of outliers from GNSS data measurements. It is based on searching for a so-called optimal solution for which standard deviation and maximum absolute deviation of the measured data from mean values do not exceed specified threshold values, and the number of the detected outliers is minimal. A modification of this algorithm with complexity of Nlog2N is discussed. Generalization of the existing algorithm to the case when data series included some unknown trend will be presented. The processing trend is assumed to be described by an unknown function of time. The generalized algorithm includes the outlier detection algorithm and trend searching algorithm that has been tested using simulated data. A new algorithm will be presented for cycle slip repair using Melbourne-Wübbena linear combination formed from GNSS data measurements on two carrier frequencies. Test results for repair data in the case of multiple (cascade) cycle slips in actual observation data will also be presented in this chapter.",book:{id:"7030",slug:"satellite-systems-design-modeling-simulation-and-analysis",title:"Satellite Systems",fullTitle:"Satellite Systems - Design, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis"},signatures:"Igor V. Bezmenov",authors:[{id:"316406",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor V.",middleName:null,surname:"Bezmenov",slug:"igor-v.-bezmenov",fullName:"Igor V. Bezmenov"}]},{id:"72147",title:"Future Satellite System Architectures and Practical Design Issues: An Overview",slug:"future-satellite-system-architectures-and-practical-design-issues-an-overview",totalDownloads:708,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"This chapter discusses existing and future trends on the design and build of “Modular” and “Open” satellite Bus and mission payload along with practical design issues associated with the use of Modular Open System Approach (MOSA). Existing modular Bus and mission payload architectures for typical commercial, civilian, and military satellite systems will be discussed. The chapter provides space industry views on “Open” versus “Close” interfaces design and addresses the challenges associated with open interfaces using Open System Architecture (OSA) approach using MOSA principles. The system interfaces discuss in this chapter include (i) internal to satellite Bus and mission Payload (PL), (2) between satellite Bus and mission payload, and (3) external to both satellite Bus and mission payload.",book:{id:"7030",slug:"satellite-systems-design-modeling-simulation-and-analysis",title:"Satellite Systems",fullTitle:"Satellite Systems - Design, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis"},signatures:"Tien M. Nguyen",authors:[{id:"210657",title:"Dr.",name:"Tien M.",middleName:"Manh",surname:"Nguyen",slug:"tien-m.-nguyen",fullName:"Tien M. Nguyen"}]},{id:"72839",title:"Overview of Existing and Future Advanced Satellite Systems",slug:"overview-of-existing-and-future-advanced-satellite-systems",totalDownloads:669,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"This chapter presents an overview of legacy, existing, and future advanced satellite systems for future wireless communications. The overview uses top-down approach, starting with a comparison between a typical commercial regular satellite system and a high-throughput satellite (HTS) system, following by a discussion on commonly used satellite network topologies. A discussion on the design of satellite payload architectures supporting both typical regular satellite and HTS with associated network topologies will be presented. Four satellite payload architectures will be discussed, including legacy analog bent-pipe satellite (ABPS); existing digital bent-pipe satellite (DBPS) and advanced digital bent-pipe satellite using digital channelizer and beamformer (AdDBPS-DCB); and future advanced regenerative on-board processing satellite (AR-OBPS) payload architectures. Additionally, various satellite system architectures using AdBP-DCBS and AR-OBPS payloads for the fifth-generation (5G) cellular phone applications will also be presented.",book:{id:"7030",slug:"satellite-systems-design-modeling-simulation-and-analysis",title:"Satellite Systems",fullTitle:"Satellite Systems - Design, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis"},signatures:"John Nguyen",authors:[{id:"316500",title:"M.Sc.",name:"John D.",middleName:null,surname:"Nguyen",slug:"john-d.-nguyen",fullName:"John D. Nguyen"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1350",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:286,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:101,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 15th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:27,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:48,paginationItems:[{id:"81799",title:"Cross Talk of Purinergic and Immune Signaling: Implication in Inflammatory and Pathogenic Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104978",signatures:"Richa Rai",slug:"cross-talk-of-purinergic-and-immune-signaling-implication-in-inflammatory-and-pathogenic-diseases",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81764",title:"Involvement of the Purinergic System in Cell Death in Models of Retinopathies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103935",signatures:"Douglas Penaforte Cruz, Marinna Garcia Repossi and Lucianne Fragel Madeira",slug:"involvement-of-the-purinergic-system-in-cell-death-in-models-of-retinopathies",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81756",title:"Alteration of Cytokines Level and Oxidative Stress Parameters in COVID-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104950",signatures:"Marija Petrusevska, Emilija Atanasovska, Dragica Zendelovska, Aleksandar Eftimov and Katerina Spasovska",slug:"alteration-of-cytokines-level-and-oxidative-stress-parameters-in-covid-19",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}},{id:"81681",title:"Immunomodulatory Effects of a M2-Conditioned Medium (PRS® CK STORM): Theory on the Possible Complex Mechanism of Action through Anti-Inflammatory Modulation of the TLR System and the Purinergic System",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104486",signatures:"Juan Pedro Lapuente",slug:"immunomodulatory-effects-of-a-m2-conditioned-medium-prs-ck-storm-theory-on-the-possible-complex-mech",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:27,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7006",title:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7006.jpg",slug:"biochemistry-and-health-benefits-of-fatty-acids",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",hash:"c93a00abd68b5eba67e5e719f67fd20b",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. Waisundara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194281/images/system/194281.jpg",biography:"Dr. Viduranga Waisundara obtained her Ph.D. in Food Science and Technology from the Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, in 2010. She was a lecturer at Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore from July 2009 to March 2013. She relocated to her motherland of Sri Lanka and spearheaded the Functional Food Product Development Project at the National Institute of Fundamental Studies from April 2013 to October 2016. She was a senior lecturer on a temporary basis at the Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Technology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. She is currently Deputy Principal of the Australian College of Business and Technology – Kandy Campus, Sri Lanka. She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI) Ambassador to Sri Lanka.",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7978",title:"Vitamin A",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7978.jpg",slug:"vitamin-a",publishedDate:"May 15th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",hash:"dad04a658ab9e3d851d23705980a688b",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Vitamin A",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka is currently an associate professor in the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. She has more than fifteen years of teaching and research experience. She has published more than 550 scientific publications/communications, including 15 books, 50 book chapters, 100 original research papers, 380 research communications in national and international conferences, and 12 patents. She is a member of the editorial board of five journals and acts as a reviewer for several national and international journals. Her research interests include microalgal biotechnology with an emphasis on microalgae-based products.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7953",title:"Bioluminescence",subtitle:"Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7953.jpg",slug:"bioluminescence-analytical-applications-and-basic-biology",publishedDate:"September 25th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hirobumi Suzuki",hash:"3a8efa00b71abea11bf01973dc589979",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Bioluminescence - Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",editors:[{id:"185746",title:"Dr.",name:"Hirobumi",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"hirobumi-suzuki",fullName:"Hirobumi Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185746/images/system/185746.png",biography:"Dr. Hirobumi Suzuki received his Ph.D. in 1997 from Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan, where he studied firefly phylogeny and the evolution of mating systems. He is especially interested in the genetic differentiation pattern and speciation process that correlate to the flashing pattern and mating behavior of some fireflies in Japan. He then worked for Olympus Corporation, a Japanese manufacturer of optics and imaging products, where he was involved in the development of luminescence technology and produced a bioluminescence microscope that is currently being used for gene expression analysis in chronobiology, neurobiology, and developmental biology. Dr. Suzuki currently serves as a visiting researcher at Kogakuin University, Japan, and also a vice president of the Japan Firefly Society.",institutionString:"Kogakuin University",institution:null}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"11675",title:"Advances in Skeletal Muscle Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11675.jpg",hash:"e1d9662c334dd78ab35bfb57c3bf106e",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"April 19th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"281317",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabio",surname:"Iannotti",slug:"fabio-iannotti",fullName:"Fabio Iannotti"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11677",title:"New Insights in Mammalian Endocrinology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11677.jpg",hash:"c59dd0f87bbf829ca091c485f4cc4e68",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 5th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"321396",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad Subhan",surname:"Qureshi",slug:"muhammad-subhan-qureshi",fullName:"Muhammad Subhan Qureshi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11676",title:"Recent Advances in Homeostasis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11676.jpg",hash:"63eb775115bf2d6d88530b234a1cc4c2",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"June 10th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"203015",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaffar",surname:"Zaman",slug:"gaffar-zaman",fullName:"Gaffar Zaman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:43,paginationItems:[{id:"81796",title:"Apoptosis-Related Diseases and Peroxisomes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105052",signatures:"Meimei Wang, Yakun Liu, Ni Chen, Juan Wang and Ye Zhao",slug:"apoptosis-related-diseases-and-peroxisomes",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"The Metabolic Role of Peroxisome in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10837.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81723",title:"Peroxisomal Modulation as Therapeutic Alternative for Tackling Multiple Cancers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104873",signatures:"Shazia Usmani, Shadma Wahab, Abdul Hafeez, Shabana Khatoon and Syed Misbahul Hasan",slug:"peroxisomal-modulation-as-therapeutic-alternative-for-tackling-multiple-cancers",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"The Metabolic Role of Peroxisome in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10837.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81638",title:"Aging and Neuropsychiatric Disease: A General Overview of Prevalence and Trends",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103102",signatures:"Jelena Milić",slug:"aging-and-neuropsychiatric-disease-a-general-overview-of-prevalence-and-trends",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Senescence",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10935.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81566",title:"New and Emerging Technologies for Integrative Ambulatory Autonomic Assessment and Intervention as a Catalyst in the Synergy of Remote Geocoded Biosensing, Algorithmic Networked Cloud Computing, Deep Learning, and Regenerative/Biomic Medicine: Further Real",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104092",signatures:"Robert L. Drury",slug:"new-and-emerging-technologies-for-integrative-ambulatory-autonomic-assessment-and-intervention-as-a-",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"81576",title:"Carotenoids in Thermal Adaptation of Plants and Animals",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104537",signatures:"Ivan M. Petyaev",slug:"carotenoids-in-thermal-adaptation-of-plants-and-animals",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Ivan",surname:"Petyaev"}],book:{title:"Carotenoids - New Perspectives and Application",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10836.jpg",subseries:{id:"13",title:"Plant Physiology"}}},{id:"81358",title:"New Insights on Carotenoid Production by Gordonia alkanivorans Strain 1B",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103919",signatures:"Tiago P. Silva, Susana M. Paixão, Ana S. Fernandes, José C. Roseiro and Luís Alves",slug:"new-insights-on-carotenoid-production-by-gordonia-alkanivorans-strain-1b",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Carotenoids - New Perspectives and Application",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10836.jpg",subseries:{id:"13",title:"Plant Physiology"}}},{id:"81298",title:"Roles of Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer Metastasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103798",signatures:"Eman Helmy Thabet",slug:"roles-of-extracellular-vesicles-in-cancer-metastasis",totalDownloads:18,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Extracellular Vesicles - Role in Diseases Pathogenesis and Therapy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81290",title:"Musculoskeletal Abnormalities Caused by Cystic Fibrosis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104591",signatures:"Mark Lambrechts",slug:"musculoskeletal-abnormalities-caused-by-cystic-fibrosis",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Advances in Skeletal Muscle Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11675.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81286",title:"Potassium Derangements: A Pathophysiological Review, Diagnostic Approach, and Clinical Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103016",signatures:"Sairah Sharif and Jie Tang",slug:"potassium-derangements-a-pathophysiological-review-diagnostic-approach-and-clinical-management",totalDownloads:24,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Potassium in Human Health",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10794.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"81246",title:"Role of Carotenoids in Cardiovascular Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102750",signatures:"Arslan Ahmad, Sakhawat Riaz, Muhammad Shahzaib Nadeem, Umber Mubeen and Khadija Maham",slug:"role-of-carotenoids-in-cardiovascular-disease",totalDownloads:26,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Carotenoids - New Perspectives and Application",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10836.jpg",subseries:{id:"13",title:"Plant Physiology"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Plant Physiology",value:13,count:5,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Human Physiology",value:12,count:13,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Cell Physiology",value:11,count:25,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:8,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10859",title:"Data Mining",subtitle:"Concepts and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10859.jpg",slug:"data-mining-concepts-and-applications",publishedDate:"March 30th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Ciza Thomas",hash:"63a4e514e537d3962cf53ef1c6b9d5eb",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Data Mining - Concepts and Applications",editors:[{id:"43680",title:"Prof.",name:"Ciza",middleName:null,surname:"Thomas",slug:"ciza-thomas",fullName:"Ciza Thomas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/43680/images/system/43680.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government of Kerala",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10651",title:"Machine Learning",subtitle:"Algorithms, Models and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10651.jpg",slug:"machine-learning-algorithms-models-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jaydip Sen",hash:"6208156401c496e0a4ca5ff4265324cc",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Machine Learning - Algorithms, Models and Applications",editors:[{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9869",title:"Self-Driving Vehicles and Enabling Technologies",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9869.jpg",slug:"self-driving-vehicles-and-enabling-technologies",publishedDate:"September 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marian Găiceanu",hash:"fd451ca2e4785ef098e04b7d695a18d9",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Self-Driving Vehicles and Enabling Technologies",editors:[{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9958",title:"Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:"Latest Advances, New Paradigms and Novel Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9958.jpg",slug:"artificial-intelligence-latest-advances-new-paradigms-and-novel-applications",publishedDate:"September 1st 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Eneko Osaba, Esther Villar, Jesús L. Lobo and Ibai Laña",hash:"39648fbfdaa11385097d62b1f13aad54",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Artificial Intelligence - Latest Advances, New Paradigms and Novel Applications",editors:[{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9963",title:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9963.jpg",slug:"advances-and-applications-in-deep-learning",publishedDate:"December 9th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"0d51ba46f22e55cb89140f60d86a071e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7656",title:"Fuzzy Logic",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7656.jpg",slug:"fuzzy-logic",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Constantin Volosencu",hash:"54f092d4ffe0abf5e4172a80025019bc",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Fuzzy Logic",editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7726",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7726.jpg",slug:"swarm-intelligence-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Javier Del Ser, Esther Villar and Eneko Osaba",hash:"e7ea7e74ce7a7a8e5359629e07c68d31",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",editors:[{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7723",title:"Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:"Applications in Medicine and Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7723.jpg",slug:"artificial-intelligence-applications-in-medicine-and-biology",publishedDate:"July 31st 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"a3852659e727f95c98c740ed98146011",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Artificial Intelligence - Applications in Medicine and Biology",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Evolutionary Computation",value:25,count:1},{group:"subseries",caption:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",value:26,count:3},{group:"subseries",caption:"Applied Intelligence",value:22,count:4}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:1},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:2}],authors:{paginationCount:249,paginationItems:[{id:"274452",title:"Dr.",name:"Yousif",middleName:"Mohamed",surname:"Abdallah",slug:"yousif-abdallah",fullName:"Yousif Abdallah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274452/images/8324_n.jpg",biography:"I certainly enjoyed my experience in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, particularly it has been in different institutions and hospitals with different Medical Cultures and allocated resources. Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait. His research interests include optimization, computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, and intelligent systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker at various platforms around the globe. He has advised/supervised more than 110 students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He has authored and/or edited around seventy books. Prof. Sarfraz is a member of various professional societies. He is a chair and member of international advisory committees and organizing committees of numerous international conferences. He is also an editor and editor in chief for various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:"Beijing University of Technology",institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Lakhno Igor Victorovich was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPhD – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSc – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nLakhno Igor has been graduated from an international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held in Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s a professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education . He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 17 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Lakhno Igor is a rewiever of Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for DSc degree \\'Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention and treatment”. Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, cardiovascular medicine.",institutionString:"V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University",institution:{name:"Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education",country:{name:"Ukraine"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZkkQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-09T12:55:18.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"338222",title:"Mrs.",name:"María José",middleName:null,surname:"Lucía Mudas",slug:"maria-jose-lucia-mudas",fullName:"María José Lucía Mudas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"147824",title:"Mr.",name:"Pablo",middleName:null,surname:"Revuelta Sanz",slug:"pablo-revuelta-sanz",fullName:"Pablo Revuelta Sanz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"22",type:"subseries",title:"Applied Intelligence",keywords:"Machine Learning, Intelligence Algorithms, Data Science, Artificial Intelligence, Applications on Applied Intelligence",scope:"This field is the key in the current industrial revolution (Industry 4.0), where the new models and developments are based on the knowledge generation on applied intelligence. The motor of the society is the industry and the research of this topic has to be empowered in order to increase and improve the quality of our lives.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11418,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403"},editorialBoard:[{id:"13633",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdelhamid",middleName:null,surname:"Mellouk",slug:"abdelhamid-mellouk",fullName:"Abdelhamid Mellouk",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/13633/images/1567_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Paris 12 Val de Marne University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"109268",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Ataby",slug:"ali-al-ataby",fullName:"Ali Al-Ataby",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/109268/images/7410_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Liverpool",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"3807",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmelo",middleName:"Jose Albanez",surname:"Bastos-Filho",slug:"carmelo-bastos-filho",fullName:"Carmelo Bastos-Filho",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/3807/images/624_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Pernambuco",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"38850",title:"Dr.",name:"Efren",middleName:null,surname:"Gorrostieta Hurtado",slug:"efren-gorrostieta-hurtado",fullName:"Efren Gorrostieta Hurtado",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/38850/images/system/38850.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"239041",title:"Prof.",name:"Yang",middleName:null,surname:"Yi",slug:"yang-yi",fullName:"Yang Yi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/239041/images/system/239041.jpeg",institutionString:"Virginia Tech",institution:{name:"Virginia Tech",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{id:"81493",title:"Rust Disease Classification Using Deep Learning Based Algorithm: The Case of Wheat",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104426",signatures:"Shivani Sood, Harjeet Singh and Suruchi Jindal",slug:"rust-disease-classification-using-deep-learning-based-algorithm-the-case-of-wheat",totalDownloads:35,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"81428",title:"Observatory of Sustainable Development in Postgraduate Study Programs in Baja California",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104641",signatures:"Rodolfo Martinez-Gutierrez, Maria Marcela Solis-Quinteros, Maria Esther Ibarra-Estrada and Angel Ernesto Jimenez-Bernardino",slug:"observatory-of-sustainable-development-in-postgraduate-study-programs-in-baja-california",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"81235",title:"Global Food System Transformation for Resilience",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102749",signatures:"Jasper Okoro Godwin Elechi, Ikechukwu U. Nwiyi and Cornelius Smah Adamu",slug:"global-food-system-transformation-for-resilience",totalDownloads:30,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"80749",title:"Analysis of the Nexus Between Coping Strategies and Resilience to Food Insecurity Shocks: The Case of Rural Households in Boricha Woreda, Sidama National Regional State, Ethiopia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102613",signatures:"Adane Atara Debessa, Degefa Tolossa and Berhanu Denu",slug:"analysis-of-the-nexus-between-coping-strategies-and-resilience-to-food-insecurity-shocks-the-case-of",totalDownloads:45,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"80753",title:"Toward Safe Food Systems: Analyses of Mycotoxin Contaminants in Food and Preventive Strategies Thereof for Their Formation and Toxicity",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101461",signatures:"Dikabo Mogopodi, Mesha Mbisana, Samuel Raditloko, Inonge Chibua and Banyaladzi Paphane",slug:"toward-safe-food-systems-analyses-of-mycotoxin-contaminants-in-food-and-preventive-strategies-thereo",totalDownloads:57,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"80388",title:"Social Resilience in Local Food Systems: A Foundation for Food Security during a Crisis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101998",signatures:"Tanya Zerbian, Mags Adams and Neil Wilson",slug:"social-resilience-in-local-food-systems-a-foundation-for-food-security-during-a-crisis",totalDownloads:52,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"80098",title:"Bundling Weather Index Insurance with Microfinance: Trekking the Long Road between Expectations and Reality. A Study on Sub-Saharan Africa",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101742",signatures:"Dorcas Stella Shumba",slug:"bundling-weather-index-insurance-with-microfinance-trekking-the-long-road-between-expectations-and-r",totalDownloads:67,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"79696",title:"How to Build Food Safety Resilience in Commercial Restaurants?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101481",signatures:"Rayane Stephanie Gomes De Freitas and Elke Stedefeldt",slug:"how-to-build-food-safety-resilience-in-commercial-restaurants",totalDownloads:107,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"79604",title:"Perspective Chapter: Food System Resilience - Towards a Joint Understanding and Implications for Policy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99899",signatures:"Bart de Steenhuijsen Piters, Emma Termeer, Deborah Bakker, Hubert Fonteijn and Herman Brouwer",slug:"perspective-chapter-food-system-resilience-towards-a-joint-understanding-and-implications-for-policy",totalDownloads:121,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"9869",title:"Self-Driving Vehicles and Enabling Technologies",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9869.jpg",slug:"self-driving-vehicles-and-enabling-technologies",publishedDate:"September 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marian Găiceanu",hash:"fd451ca2e4785ef098e04b7d695a18d9",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Self-Driving Vehicles and Enabling Technologies",editors:[{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9958",title:"Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:"Latest Advances, New Paradigms and Novel Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9958.jpg",slug:"artificial-intelligence-latest-advances-new-paradigms-and-novel-applications",publishedDate:"September 1st 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Eneko Osaba, Esther Villar, Jesús L. Lobo and Ibai Laña",hash:"39648fbfdaa11385097d62b1f13aad54",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Artificial Intelligence - Latest Advances, New Paradigms and Novel Applications",editors:[{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7656",title:"Fuzzy Logic",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7656.jpg",slug:"fuzzy-logic",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Constantin Volosencu",hash:"54f092d4ffe0abf5e4172a80025019bc",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Fuzzy Logic",editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7723",title:"Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:"Applications in Medicine and Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7723.jpg",slug:"artificial-intelligence-applications-in-medicine-and-biology",publishedDate:"July 31st 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"a3852659e727f95c98c740ed98146011",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Artificial Intelligence - Applications in Medicine and Biology",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.jpg",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:286,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:101,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",scope:"Fungi are ubiquitous and there are almost no non-pathogenic fungi. Fungal infectious illness prevalence and prognosis are determined by the exposure between fungi and host, host immunological state, fungal virulence, and early and accurate diagnosis and treatment. \r\nPatients with both congenital and acquired immunodeficiency are more likely to be infected with opportunistic mycosis. Fungal infectious disease outbreaks are common during the post- disaster rebuilding era, which is characterised by high population density, migration, and poor health and medical conditions.\r\nSystemic or local fungal infection is mainly associated with the fungi directly inhaled or inoculated in the environment during the disaster. The most common fungal infection pathways are human to human (anthropophilic), animal to human (zoophilic), and environment to human (soilophile). Diseases are common as a result of widespread exposure to pathogenic fungus dispersed into the environment. \r\nFungi that are both common and emerging are intertwined. In Southeast Asia, for example, Talaromyces marneffei is an important pathogenic thermally dimorphic fungus that causes systemic mycosis. Widespread fungal infections with complicated and variable clinical manifestations, such as Candida auris infection resistant to several antifungal medicines, Covid-19 associated with Trichoderma, and terbinafine resistant dermatophytosis in India, are among the most serious disorders. \r\nInappropriate local or systemic use of glucocorticoids, as well as their immunosuppressive effects, may lead to changes in fungal infection spectrum and clinical characteristics. Hematogenous candidiasis is a worrisome issue that affects people all over the world, particularly ICU patients. CARD9 deficiency and fungal infection have been major issues in recent years. Invasive aspergillosis is associated with a significant death rate. Special attention should be given to endemic fungal infections, identification of important clinical fungal infections advanced in yeasts, filamentous fungal infections, skin mycobiome and fungal genomes, and immunity to fungal infections.\r\nIn addition, endemic fungal diseases or uncommon fungal infections caused by Mucor irregularis, dermatophytosis, Malassezia, cryptococcosis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidiosis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, and other fungi, should be monitored. \r\nThis topic includes the research progress on the etiology and pathogenesis of fungal infections, new methods of isolation and identification, rapid detection, drug sensitivity testing, new antifungal drugs, schemes and case series reports. It will provide significant opportunities and support for scientists, clinical doctors, mycologists, antifungal drug researchers, public health practitioners, and epidemiologists from all over the world to share new research, ideas and solutions to promote the development and progress of medical mycology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",keywords:"Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Invasive Infections, Epidemiology, Cell Membrane, Fungal Virulence, Diagnosis, Treatment"},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",scope:"Parasitic diseases have evolved alongside their human hosts. In many cases, these diseases have adapted so well that they have developed efficient resilience methods in the human host and can live in the host for years. Others, particularly some blood parasites, can cause very acute diseases and are responsible for millions of deaths yearly. Many parasitic diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases because they have received minimal funding over recent years and, in many cases, are under-reported despite the critical role they play in morbidity and mortality among human and animal hosts. The current topic, Parasitic Infectious Diseases, in the Infectious Diseases Series aims to publish studies on the systematics, epidemiology, molecular biology, genomics, pathogenesis, genetics, and clinical significance of parasitic diseases from blood borne to intestinal parasites as well as zoonotic parasites. We hope to cover all aspects of parasitic diseases to provide current and relevant research data on these very important diseases. In the current atmosphere of the Coronavirus pandemic, communities around the world, particularly those in different underdeveloped areas, are faced with the growing challenges of the high burden of parasitic diseases. At the same time, they are faced with the Covid-19 pandemic leading to what some authors have called potential syndemics that might worsen the outcome of such infections. Therefore, it is important to conduct studies that examine parasitic infections in the context of the coronavirus pandemic for the benefit of all communities to help foster more informed decisions for the betterment of human and animal health.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",keywords:"Blood Borne Parasites, Intestinal Parasites, Protozoa, Helminths, Arthropods, Water Born Parasites, Epidemiology, Molecular Biology, Systematics, Genomics, Proteomics, Ecology"},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",scope:"The Viral Infectious Diseases Book Series aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends and discoveries in various viral infectious diseases emerging around the globe. The emergence of any viral disease is hard to anticipate, which often contributes to death. A viral disease can be defined as an infectious disease that has recently appeared within a population or exists in nature with the rapid expansion of incident or geographic range. This series will focus on various crucial factors related to emerging viral infectious diseases, including epidemiology, pathogenesis, host immune response, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical recommendations for managing viral infectious diseases, highlighting the recent issues with future directions for effective therapeutic strategies.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",keywords:"Novel Viruses, Virus Transmission, Virus Evolution, Molecular Virology, Control and Prevention, Virus-host Interaction"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 15th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:286,numberOfPublishedBooks:27,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRqB9QAK/Profile_Picture_1626163237970",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/420104",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"420104"},fullPath:"/profiles/420104",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()