Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\n
This achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\n
We are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\n
Thank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5103",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Current Topics in Chikungunya",title:"Current Topics in Chikungunya",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Chikungunya, an arbovirus, is a major global threat affecting multiple areas of the world, even Europe, but recently (2014 - 2015) with large epidemics in Latin America, causing an important acute and chronic morbidity with a low, but present, mortality. This book tries to update the significant epidemiological and clinical research in many aspects with a multinational perspective. This book has been organized in two major sections: (I) ''Clinical and Epidemiological Aspects'' and (II) ''Entomology.'' Section I includes topics covering experiences and studies in different countries, including the infection during pregnancy and children, imported cases, ocular manifestations, coinfections, and therapeutics. Section II includes topics on entomological aspects, related to vector control, and new options for biological control of Aedes aegypti.",isbn:"978-953-51-2595-2",printIsbn:"978-953-51-2594-5",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-7302-1",doi:"10.5772/60827",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"current-topics-in-chikungunya",numberOfPages:162,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"6d9bf9299753de5071c9bb65eb2612cd",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",publishedDate:"August 24th 2016",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5103.jpg",numberOfDownloads:13447,numberOfWosCitations:16,numberOfCrossrefCitations:12,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:2,numberOfDimensionsCitations:25,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:2,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:53,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 18th 2015",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 30th 2015",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"October 10th 2015",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"January 8th 2016",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 7th 2016",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"11",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1046",title:"Infectious Diseases",slug:"infectious-diseases"}],chapters:[{id:"51730",title:"Chikungunya, a Global Threat Currently Circulating in Latin America",doi:"10.5772/64808",slug:"chikungunya-a-global-threat-currently-circulating-in-latin-america",totalDownloads:1675,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Chikungunya fever (CHIK) is a highly important arbovirosis currently established in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC); its acute and chronic burden is an overlooked issue for policy makers. Disease spread control and proper management of chronic-derived sequelae do not seem like a realistic goal in short- and mid-term. The CHIKV circulating in the Western Hemisphere is closely related to strains from Philippines, China, and Yap (Federated States of Micronesia), and vertical and horizontal transmission of infection has been reported. Pathogenesis is still not well understood, and vaccines are under development yet. Here, we provide a summary of information regarding LAC spread of the disease from a public health, clinical and molecular perspective, particularly from the experience in Colombia.",signatures:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales, Jaime Andrés Cardona-Ospina and\nWilmer E. Villamil-Gómez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51730",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51730",authors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales"}],corrections:null},{id:"51665",title:"Chikungunya Fever During Pregnancy and in Children: An Overview on Clinical and Research Perspectives",doi:"10.5772/64424",slug:"chikungunya-fever-during-pregnancy-and-in-children-an-overview-on-clinical-and-research-perspectives",totalDownloads:1926,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Chikungunya fever (CF) is an arboviral disease in worldwide expansion due to the plasticity of its pathogen and vector. Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA alphavirus, is transmitted by Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes, two hegemonic anthropophilic day-biting mosquitoes capable of colonizing very different environments. This expert review discusses the molecular epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, management, and prevention of CF during pregnancy, infancy, and childhood. Specifically, it will focus not only on the issue and challenges of perinatal mother-to-child transmission of CHIKV, its pathogenesis, and effects on neurodevelopment, but also on CHIKV-associated central nervous system disease in children, two previously ill-characterized features of the infection.",signatures:"Patrick Gérardin, Angelle D. LaBeaud, Nicole Ritz and Xavier Fritel",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51665",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51665",authors:[{id:"177580",title:"Dr.",name:"Patrick",surname:"Gérardin",slug:"patrick-gerardin",fullName:"Patrick Gérardin"},{id:"204284",title:"Dr.",name:"Desiree",surname:"LaBeaud",slug:"desiree-labeaud",fullName:"Desiree LaBeaud"}],corrections:null},{id:"51294",title:"Imported Cases in Continental Chile and Autochthonous In Easter Island",doi:"10.5772/63996",slug:"imported-cases-in-continental-chile-and-autochthonous-in-easter-island",totalDownloads:1281,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Aedes aegypti is the main vector for several arboviruses including dengue, chikungunya and Zika virus. The emergence of these viruses’ transmission is possible in places where the vector exists. In Chile, A. aegypti was introduced in the year 2000 to Easter Island, being the responsible of the first dengue outbreak by dengue 1 serotype in the country in 2002. Just recently April 2016 Aedes aegypti has been found in Arica, the northernmost city of the country. On Easter Island, at the beginning of 2014, Zika outbreak was diagnosed with about 170 cases reported.",signatures:"Cecilia Perret P.",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51294",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51294",authors:[{id:"177358",title:"Prof.",name:"Cecilia",surname:"Perret",slug:"cecilia-perret",fullName:"Cecilia Perret"}],corrections:null},{id:"51662",title:"The Eye and the Chikungunya Virus",doi:"10.5772/64474",slug:"the-eye-and-the-chikungunya-virus",totalDownloads:1596,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Ocular involvement in chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection can be present as mild and vision-threatening ocular complications with unilateral or bilateral compromise in both gender and all ages. Precise prevalence and incidence are unknown, but ocular involvement of CHIKV infection is uncommon. Anterior uveitis is the most common syndromic manifestation; nevertheless the infection could manifest posterior segment repercussion, such as retinitis which is the other most usual clinical manifestation. At the beginning of the systemic disease, main ophthalmologic symptoms are conjunctival injection, retro-ocular pain, and photophobia. Ocular pathogenesis of CHIKV infection is not totally clarified; however, findings related to an immune dysregulation and proinflammatory processes are the most accepted theories. The diagnosis of CHIKV is based on polymerase chain reaction, virus isolation, or detection of viral antigens which should be used before the eighth day of systemic illness. After 8 days, chikungunya serologic tests such as IgM ELISA/rapid tests or IgG paired must be used. Actual management is focused according to the clinical context of each patient. While in most instances recovery of vision to normal occurs, CHIKV infection can result in blindness, the visual prognosis depends on various factors, but the common one is the early onset of corticosteroid treatment.",signatures:"Dayron Fernando Martínez-Pulgarín, Diana Marcela Muñoz-Urbano\nand Diego Zamora-de la Cruz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51662",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51662",authors:[{id:"177304",title:"M.D.",name:"Dayron Fernando",surname:"Martinez-Pulgarin",slug:"dayron-fernando-martinez-pulgarin",fullName:"Dayron Fernando Martinez-Pulgarin"},{id:"177313",title:"Mrs.",name:"Diana",surname:"Muñoz",slug:"diana-munoz",fullName:"Diana Muñoz"},{id:"177314",title:"Dr.",name:"Diego",surname:"Zamora- De La Cruz",slug:"diego-zamora-de-la-cruz",fullName:"Diego Zamora- De La Cruz"}],corrections:null},{id:"51800",title:"Dengue and Chikungunya Coinfection – The Emergence of an Underestimated Threat",doi:"10.5772/64426",slug:"dengue-and-chikungunya-coinfection-the-emergence-of-an-underestimated-threat",totalDownloads:1663,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Both Dengue (DENV) and Chikungunya (CHIKV) viruses can be transmitted by Aedes mosquito species and the diseases that they cause have several clinical symptoms in common. Co-circulation of DENV and CHIKV is increasing around the world and must therefore be considered as an emerging threat with an important public health concern. At present, very little is known about the clinical manifestations and biological consequences of coinfection by both viruses. Thus, numerous questions such as clinical severity and dynamics of viral replication of DENV and CHIKV coinfections, as well as vectorial competence, have yet to be addressed in this important and challenging research area. The ensuring knowledge will enhance the clinical surveillance and the development of diagnostic tools able to differentiate DENV and CHIKV in order to early detect virus invasion and local transmission, as well as to improve patient care and timely control measures. In this review, we highlight the current knowledge on DENV and CHIKV coinfections. We also discuss research perspectives and challenges in order to further understand the ecology and biology of this phenomenon.",signatures:"Manuel Perera-Lecoin, Natthanej Luplertlop, Pornapat\nSurasombatpattana, Florian Liégeois, Rodolphe Hamel, Supatra\nThongrungkiat, Ronald Enrique Morales Vargas, Hans Yssel and\nDorothée Missé",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51800",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51800",authors:[{id:"176878",title:"Dr.",name:"Dorothée",surname:"Missé",slug:"dorothee-misse",fullName:"Dorothée Missé"},{id:"178903",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",surname:"Perera-Lecoin",slug:"manuel-perera-lecoin",fullName:"Manuel Perera-Lecoin"},{id:"178904",title:"Dr.",name:"Natthanej",surname:"Luplertlop",slug:"natthanej-luplertlop",fullName:"Natthanej Luplertlop"},{id:"178905",title:"Dr.",name:"Pornapat",surname:"Surasombatpattana",slug:"pornapat-surasombatpattana",fullName:"Pornapat Surasombatpattana"},{id:"178906",title:"Dr.",name:"Florian",surname:"Liégeois",slug:"florian-liegeois",fullName:"Florian Liégeois"},{id:"178907",title:"Mr.",name:"Rodolphe",surname:"Hamel",slug:"rodolphe-hamel",fullName:"Rodolphe Hamel"},{id:"178908",title:"Dr.",name:"Supatra",surname:"Thongrungkiat",slug:"supatra-thongrungkiat",fullName:"Supatra Thongrungkiat"},{id:"178909",title:"Dr.",name:"Ronald Enrique",surname:"Morales Vargas",slug:"ronald-enrique-morales-vargas",fullName:"Ronald Enrique Morales Vargas"},{id:"178910",title:"Dr.",name:"Hans",surname:"Yssel",slug:"hans-yssel",fullName:"Hans Yssel"}],corrections:null},{id:"51461",title:"Co-infection with Dengue and Chikungunya Viruses",doi:"10.5772/64308",slug:"co-infection-with-dengue-and-chikungunya-viruses",totalDownloads:1886,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Dengue and Chikungunya fever are the arboviral infections that are endemic in tropical and subtropical regions. These two viral infections share common clinical symptoms. These infections are transmitted by a common mosquito vector so these viruses co-circulate in many geographical regions. Various clinical investigations, particularly from India and African countries have documented the dual infection with these viruses. However, the true disease burden of Dengue and Chikungunya dual viral infections is still not known because most of these studies involved a smaller patient group. Therefore, in depth investigations involving larger patient groups are needed to examine the complete pathogenicity and severity of the dual viral infections. The timely diagnosis of the pathogens and correlation of disease severity with mono or dual infections is essential for effective patient management. In addition, the detailed molecular and cellular mechanism of co-infection should be investigated to describe a complete picture of the interaction of two viral pathogens in the host cell. Further comprehensive studies of dual infections from the endemic regions will determine the epidemiological and evolutionary pattern of these emerging viruses. This data will also assist in designing and implementation of effective control measures.",signatures:"Farah Deeba, Nazia Afreen, Asimul Islam, Irshad Hussain Naqvi,\nShobha Broor, Anwar Ahmed and Shama Parveen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51461",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51461",authors:[{id:"176905",title:"Dr.",name:"Shama",surname:"Parveen",slug:"shama-parveen",fullName:"Shama Parveen"},{id:"177046",title:"Prof.",name:"Shobha",surname:"Broor",slug:"shobha-broor",fullName:"Shobha Broor"},{id:"177340",title:"Mrs.",name:"Farah",surname:"Deeba",slug:"farah-deeba",fullName:"Farah Deeba"},{id:"177341",title:"Ms.",name:"Nazia",surname:"Afreen",slug:"nazia-afreen",fullName:"Nazia Afreen"},{id:"177342",title:"Dr.",name:"Asimul",surname:"Islam",slug:"asimul-islam",fullName:"Asimul Islam"},{id:"177343",title:"Dr.",name:"Anwar",surname:"Ahmed",slug:"anwar-ahmed",fullName:"Anwar Ahmed"},{id:"186211",title:"Dr.",name:"Irshad",surname:"Naqvi",slug:"irshad-naqvi",fullName:"Irshad Naqvi"}],corrections:null},{id:"50707",title:"Vector Control in Chikungunya and Other Arboviruses",doi:"10.5772/63134",slug:"vector-control-in-chikungunya-and-other-arboviruses",totalDownloads:1516,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Mosquito vectors are solely responsible for transmitting diseases, such as malaria, yellow fever, chikungunya, dengue, Japanese encephalitis, lymphatic filariasis and zika virus. Mosquito borne diseases are a leading killer of people and animals in developing countries. The resurgence of diseases and the economic impact caused has brought mosquito control to the forefront. There are 3 mosquitos’ genera which are vectors of these diseases, viz. Anopheles, Aedes and Culex, among these the day biting mosquito Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus has become important vectors to two important disease namely Dengue and Zika virus. These diseases have alone been responsible for bringing about morbidity in the large population around the world. Cx. quinquefasciatus is a vector of Chikungunya, which is a viral affection. It’s widely spared distribution across various countries. Malaria caused by An. stephensi and An. arabiensis still affects large population in developing world. For control of emerging and reemerging mosquito borne diseases, a sound integrated approach towards comprehensive control is the need of hour which could produce sustained effect. The reemergence of mosquito borne diseases like Zika, DHF and CHIKV coupled with the problem of insecticide resistance has both posed a danger as well as a challenge towards mosquito control. In future novel technologies especially Wolbachia based mosquito control, pesticide nanoemulsions, identification of novel bioactive molecules, and novel bacterial pathogens are the key to success of vector control.",signatures:"Sengodan Karthi and Muthugounder Subramaniam Shivakumar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50707",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50707",authors:[{id:"176922",title:"Dr.",name:"Shivakumar",surname:"Muthugounder S",slug:"shivakumar-muthugounder-s",fullName:"Shivakumar Muthugounder S"},{id:"178979",title:"Mr.",name:"Karthi",surname:"S",slug:"karthi-s",fullName:"Karthi S"}],corrections:null},{id:"51666",title:"Utilization of Fruit Peel Wastes for the Management of Chikungunya Vector, Aedes aegypti",doi:"10.5772/64430",slug:"utilization-of-fruit-peel-wastes-for-the-management-of-chikungunya-vector-aedes-aegypti",totalDownloads:1904,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Chikungunya, a widely spread viral disease transmitted to human beings by Aedes aegypti, is on rise in India, Africa and Asian subcontinent since last decade. Although chemical insecticides are used at a large scale for the control of Chikungunya vector, their applications have led to several undesirable effects including insecticide resistance, revival of pests species, appearance of secondary pests, environmental pollution, noxious hazards to human beings and non-target organisms forcing investigators to explore unconventional alternate strategies. As an environment-friendly approach, there is increased attention to devise and adopt suitable methods to utilize wastes as value-added products to reduce the problem of environmental pollution. Consequently, the larvicidal and adult irritant potential of hexane and petroleum ether peel extracts of three different Citrus species, C. limetta, C. sinensis and C. Limon, were assessed against Ae. aegypti. The results showed the larvicidal potential of all the three peels, C. limetta peel extracts exhibiting the least activity. Furthermore, hexane extracts were more effective than petroleum ether extracts, C. sinensis peels hexane extract being most effectual (LC50, 39.51 ppm) while petroleum ether peels extract of C. limon was the most effective larvicide with LC50 value of 51.25 ppm. All the extracts also exhibited significant elicit response and irritant potential against adults signifying their potential role in reduced mosquito bites and disease transmission. The qualitative phytochemical analysis of the extracts showed presence of certain components suggesting their probable role in bioefficacy of extracts. Further studies are needed to isolate and identify the active ingredient to formulate strategies for mosquito control.",signatures:"Sarita Kumar, Monika Mishra, Aarti Sharma and Radhika Warikoo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51666",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51666",authors:[{id:"177117",title:"Prof.",name:"Sarita",surname:"Kumar",slug:"sarita-kumar",fullName:"Sarita Kumar"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"825",title:"Current Topics in Tropical Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef65e8eb7a2ada65f2bc939aa73009e3",slug:"current-topics-in-tropical-medicine",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/825.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5270",title:"Current Topics in Malaria",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d122e43279945caab50f3468168e0008",slug:"current-topics-in-malaria",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4719",title:"Current Topics in Echinococcosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9bf40c20335433736665a335834c0ad8",slug:"current-topics-in-echinococcosis",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4719.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5750",title:"Giardiasis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3aca9cea1fdff766300c4eddb46e0335",slug:"current-topics-in-giardiasis",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5750.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3432",title:"Current Topics in Public Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bbfaa5b624db308171170cb70e9de196",slug:"current-topics-in-public-health",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3432.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5716",title:"Current Topics in Zika",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b8d20b16a485f3fd2f89e45ee050bba4",slug:"current-topics-in-zika",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5716.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7222",title:"Current Topics in Tropical Emerging Diseases and Travel Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"35b395a032b539cba98549da7d337bd1",slug:"current-topics-in-tropical-emerging-diseases-and-travel-medicine",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7222.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"61c627da05b2ace83056d11357bdf361",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9528",title:"Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Malaria Elimination",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7f178329cc42e691efe226b32f14e2ea",slug:"current-topics-and-emerging-issues-in-malaria-elimination",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9528.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8990",title:"Current Concepts in Zika Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f410c024dd429d6eb0e6abc8973ecc14",slug:"current-concepts-in-zika-research",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8990.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"66063",slug:"corrigendum-to-introductory-chapter-historical-perspective-and-brief-overview-of-insulin",title:"Corrigendum to: Introductory Chapter: Historical Perspective and Brief Overview of Insulin",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/66063.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66063",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66063",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/66063",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/66063",chapter:{id:"63640",slug:"introductory-chapter-historical-perspective-and-brief-overview-of-insulin",signatures:"Gaffar Sarwar Zaman",dateSubmitted:"June 29th 2018",dateReviewed:"August 28th 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"February 6th 2019",book:{id:"6675",title:"Ultimate Guide to Insulin",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Ultimate Guide to Insulin",slug:"ultimate-guide-to-insulin",publishedDate:"February 6th 2019",bookSignature:"Gaffar Zaman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6675.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"203015",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaffar",middleName:"Sarwar",surname:"Zaman",slug:"gaffar-zaman",fullName:"Gaffar Zaman"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"203015",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaffar",middleName:"Sarwar",surname:"Zaman",fullName:"Gaffar Zaman",slug:"gaffar-zaman",email:"gffrzaman@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"63640",slug:"introductory-chapter-historical-perspective-and-brief-overview-of-insulin",signatures:"Gaffar Sarwar Zaman",dateSubmitted:"June 29th 2018",dateReviewed:"August 28th 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"February 6th 2019",book:{id:"6675",title:"Ultimate Guide to Insulin",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Ultimate Guide to Insulin",slug:"ultimate-guide-to-insulin",publishedDate:"February 6th 2019",bookSignature:"Gaffar Zaman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6675.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"203015",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaffar",middleName:"Sarwar",surname:"Zaman",slug:"gaffar-zaman",fullName:"Gaffar Zaman"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"203015",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaffar",middleName:"Sarwar",surname:"Zaman",fullName:"Gaffar Zaman",slug:"gaffar-zaman",email:"gffrzaman@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"6675",title:"Ultimate Guide to Insulin",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Ultimate Guide to Insulin",slug:"ultimate-guide-to-insulin",publishedDate:"February 6th 2019",bookSignature:"Gaffar Zaman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6675.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"203015",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaffar",middleName:"Sarwar",surname:"Zaman",slug:"gaffar-zaman",fullName:"Gaffar Zaman"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11902",leadTitle:null,title:"Lignin - Chemistry, Structure, and Application",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tThe book aims to present the chemistry of lignin molecules, their composition, and structure, strategies for chemical modification, recent progress, and studies of biopolymer lignin. Lignin is composed of alkyl-aryl ether polymers and is found in the cell walls of trees and plants. It is known as the second most naturally abundant biopolymer. The book will focus on the application of lignin in various materials, its synthesis and characterizations, and its development prospects followed by degradation methodologies. In addition to that, it will also emphasize the strategies to prepare nano- and microparticles of lignin by various means, as well as their chemical modification to obtain desired properties. It will also include the industrial aspects of lignin, lignin derivatives, their configuration, and their significant role in thermosetting, thermoplastic materials. In addition, the book welcomes contributions on the technical and economical potential of lignin in generating green bio-fuel and fine chemicals which will or can be used as an energy source for various industrial plants.
",isbn:"978-1-83968-546-0",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-545-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-861-4",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,hash:"4c3ccf3ce961d9c60aeb9774034eeb87",bookSignature:"Associate Prof. Arpit Sand and Dr. Jaya Tuteja",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11902.jpg",keywords:"Biofuel, Esters, Ethers, Adhesives, Lignin, Structural Features, Physicochemical Properties, Degradation Techniques, Biosynthesis, Biodegradation, Kraft Lignin, Qualitative Analysis",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 14th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 12th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 11th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 29th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 28th 2022",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"11 days",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Sand, associate professor of Chemistry, was a postdoctoral fellow at Gwangju Institute of Science & Technology, Korea, and at Karolinska Institutet, Sweden. With a keen interest in polymer synthesis, Dr. Sand is an editorial board member for Polymer Synthesis Journal by Cambridge Scholars Publishing UK and Journal of Polymer Science.",coeditorOneBiosketch:'An enthusiastic, disciplined, well-organized Assistant Professor in Chemistry, Dr. Tuteja earned her Ph.D. degree in Materials Science from the Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST) in 2015 for which she was awarded an “Excellent Doctorate Student". Her research includes the development and application of heterogeneous catalysts for the effective conversion of biomass to value-added products.',coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"287032",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Arpit",middleName:null,surname:"Sand",slug:"arpit-sand",fullName:"Arpit Sand",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/287032/images/system/287032.jpg",biography:"Dr. Arpit Sand is currently an associate professor in the Department of Chemistry, Manav Rachna University, Faridabad, India. He received his BSc in Science and MSc in Chemistry from the University of Allahabad, India, in 2004 and 2006, respectively. He received his Ph.D. in Chemistry from the same university in 2010. Dr. Sand is an editorial board member for Polymer Synthesis Journal by Cambridge Scholars Publishing UK and Journal of Polymer Science. He is an academic book editor and a reviewer for international journals including Carbohydrate Polymers, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, and Fibers and Polymers, among others.\r\nDr. Sand’s previous roles include assistant professor (guest faculty) in the Department of Chemistry, University of Allahabad; research associate at the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) New Delhi; postdoctoral fellow at Gwangju Institute of Science & Technology (GIST), Korea; postdoctoral fellow at Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; junior researcher at the Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic; and researcher at Soongsil University, South Korea.\r\nHe has more than ten years of teaching and research experience. He is also a life member of the Indian Science Congress and Green Chemistry Network center. He has made significant contributions in the modification and characterization of graft copolymers and films decorated with chalcogenide quantum dots to tune the energy bandgap for solar energy harvesting applications. His research interests include polymer synthesis using different polymerization techniques. He has authored more than twenty-four international research articles and review articles in reputed SCI journals.",institutionString:"Manav Rachna University Faridabad",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],coeditorOne:{id:"453331",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya",middleName:null,surname:"Tuteja",slug:"jaya-tuteja",fullName:"Jaya Tuteja",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003NAhktQAD/Profile_Picture_1643970806232",biography:"Dr. Jaya Tuteja is currently working as Assistant Professor, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Manav Rachna University since January 2018. She earned her Ph.D. degree in Materials Science from Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST), Japan in 2015 and was awarded as “Excellent Doctorate Student” by JAIST. \r\nShe has published 5 research papers in reputed international journals with a sum of impact factor of >25. She also has 2 patents filed on her name from her Ph.D. research work. One of the articles in ChemSusChem 7 (1), 96-100 has reached a citation of more than 100 and was selected among 25 Most Accessed Articles from ChemSusChem. Her first research article was awarded a BCSJ award article. She also has 1 book chapter in her account.\r\nBefore joining Manav Rachna University, she was working in a chromatography Industry YMC India Ltd. as a Technical and Application Manager. Her research area includes the development, characterization, and application of heterogeneous catalysts for effective conversion of biomass to value-added products, nanoparticles synthesis and nanoparticle-based heterogeneous catalysts, bimetallic nanoparticles, carbohydrate chemistry, and analytical techniques for compound identification.",institutionString:"Manav Rachna University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"8",title:"Chemistry",slug:"chemistry"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"444315",firstName:"Karla",lastName:"Skuliber",middleName:null,title:"Mrs.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/444315/images/20013_n.jpg",email:"karla@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager, my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3828",title:"Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"51a27e7adbfafcfedb6e9683f209cba4",slug:"application-of-nanotechnology-in-drug-delivery",bookSignature:"Ali Demir Sezer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3828.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"872",title:"Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention",subtitle:"Environmental and Analytical Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f01dc7077e1d23f3d8f5454985cafa0a",slug:"organic-pollutants-ten-years-after-the-stockholm-convention-environmental-and-analytical-update",bookSignature:"Tomasz Puzyn and Aleksandra Mostrag-Szlichtyng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/872.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84887",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",surname:"Puzyn",slug:"tomasz-puzyn",fullName:"Tomasz Puzyn"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3569",title:"Biodegradation",subtitle:"Life of Science",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb737eb528a53e5106c7e218d5f12ec6",slug:"biodegradation-life-of-science",bookSignature:"Rolando Chamy and Francisca Rosenkranz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3569.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"165784",title:"Dr.",name:"Rolando",surname:"Chamy",slug:"rolando-chamy",fullName:"Rolando Chamy"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"16856",title:"Electronic Structure and Magnetic Properties of N@C60-SWCNT",doi:"10.5772/16630",slug:"electronic-structure-and-magnetic-properties-of-n-c60-swcnt",body:'
1. Introduction
Single-walled-carbon nanotube (SWCNTs) encapsulating fullerenes as peapods have been considerably interested to apply organic field effect transistor, magnetic device and quantum device (Bailey et. al. 2007, Khlobystrov et. al. 2005). Electronic structure and physical properties of fullerenes within SWCNT as carbon peapods has been studied. Table 1 lists recent works. For instant, the endohedral metallofullerenes nested in the strained nanotube have the electronic structure with the relative energy levels at the different states and produces a spatial modulation of the energy gap (Cho et. al. 2003). A scalable spin quantum computer that combines aspects of electronic and magnetic properties of endohedral fullerenes that enclose small clusters of metal atoms, such as Sc2@C84, La@C82 (as shown in Fig. 1) and Gd@C82, N@C60 and P@C60 encapsulated within SWCNT as peapods has been investigated (Tooth et. al. 2008, Cantone et. al. 2008, Warner et. al. 2008, Cho et. al. 2003, Yang et. al. 2010). The key advantages are that magnetic interactions between electronic spins and nuclear spins in carbon peapods are used. As an example using nitrogen endohedral fullerene N@C60 encapsulated within SWCNT as peapods (see Fig. 2), the nitrogen atom occupies a high-symmetry site at the center of the cage and retains its atomic configuration, and the cage offers protection of the nitrogen electron paramagnetic moment, which is related to electron spins, S=3/2, coupled to be nuclear spin I=1. This material has a high advantage of the NMR quantum computer to control spin gate with decoupling pulses in relaxation time. Morton reported the NMR quantum-computer controlled un-perturbation Rabi oscillation of spin polarization under influence of decoupling process (Morton, et. al. 2005, 2006, 2011). Additionally, nitrogen endohedral fullerene 14N@C60 encapsulated within SWCNT allow to control quantum qubit-gate under a mixture of biding interaction between electron and nuclear spins in the NMR quantum computing. Recently, Yang reported how to efficiently implement the quantum logical gate operations required for universal quantum computation. Transfer of information between qubits had been considered by direct dipole-dipole couplings or by using a mobile electron spin as the bus qubit (Yang et. al. (2010), Meyer et. al. (2004)).
The band structures for infinite periodic chains of C60 and N@C60 are shown in Fig. 2. All the energies are given in units of E -EF for each system. The effects of encapsulated nitrogen on the band structure of C60 have been considered. The results reveal that the nitrogen causes the lowering of the C60 at the LUMO and HOMO levels together with a splitting of the degenerate levels.
Contents
References
Fullerene-based quantum computer
Morton et. al. (2005), (2006), (2011), Yang et. al. (2010)
Electronic structure and physical properties of fullerenes within SWCNT as carbon peapods
Figure 1.
Local density of states (LDOS) of (a) C82@(17, 0) and (b) La@C82@(17, 0) decomposed into the constituents. Black vertical lines indicate the Fermi level (Ef). Esubf represents the Fermi level with the metal substrate in contact. Isodensity surface plots of the electron accumulation (red) and depletion (blue) are shown for C82-SWCNT (17, 0) and La@C82- SWCNT(17, 0) in (c) and (d), respectively. The values for the red and blue surfaces in (c) are ±0:0035e/eÅ3. Corresponding values in (d) are ±0:0025e/eÅ3. The gray circle in (d) indicates the position of the La atom inside C82. (Cho et. al. (2003))
The gap between HOMO and LUMO is reduced from 1:8 eV of C60 to 1:66 eV of N@C60. The effects of majority and minority spins in the nitrogen basis were found not to have any appreciable further contribution. These small changes to the band gap and Fermi level shifts the support to the evidence that the nitrogen atom is well screened within the cage.
Figure 2.
The relaxed atomic coordinates of N@C60-SWCNT (17, 0). For clarity the carbon atoms of the C60 are shown in red and the nitrogen in blue. The band structures for infinite periodic chains of C60 and N@C60 are shown. All the energies are given in units of E - EF for each system. (Bailey et. al. (2007))
Design of spin labels inside for possible molecular spintronics, which contains of 1D spin chains filling SWCNTs with magnetic endohedral fullerenes of N@C60 and P@C60 as spin qubit have been proposed (Yang et. al. 2010). Jue reported a scheme to implement the two-qubit gates between the nuclear spins of the encapsulated atoms in endohedral fullerenes 15N@C60 or 31P@C60, within today’s magnetic resonance techniques (Jue et. al. 2007). The electronic spin of the N and P ground state is 3/2, while the nuclear spin is either 1/2 (15N, 31P) or 1(14N). The electronic structure at highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO), lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), the magnetic and optical properties of N@C60-SWCNT have been characterized on the basis of magnetic techniques of NMR, ESR and electronic nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) (Benjamin, et. al. 2006) using ab-nitio quantum calculation. The relaxation properties of the 14N nucleus in N@C60 were determined using techniques related to Davies ENDOR which have been proposed for measuring T1 and T2. In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the bang-bang decoupling scheme in N@C60, a strong environmental interaction has been simulated by applying a strong RF field to drive Rabi oscillations in the nuclear spin; this strong RF field was then decoupled by applying fast phase ‘kicks’ using the π phase gate (Morton et. al. (2006)).
Figure 3 shows Bang-bang control of fullerene qubits by ultrafast phase gates. Morton discussed the benefits of a coupled electron spin to the nuclear spin qubit and demonstrated the ideas using the 14N nuclear spin in the N@C60 molecule. In addition to providing a resource for nuclear spin polarization and detection, the electron spin can be exploited to perform ultrafast nuclear spin phase gates, which can in turn be used to dynamically bang-bang decouple the nuclear spin from unwanted interactions. Figure 4 shows arbitrary nuclear phase gates are implemented by driving two electron spin transitions simultaneously (Morton (2005)). The path of the electron magnetization vector was driven by a microwave field. The corresponding z-magnetizations are displayed as shown in Fig. 4 (a). One transition is driven resonantly, and one strongly detuned. On each cycle, the phase accumulated is proportional to the area enclosed by the path. Both transitions must undergo an integer number of complete cycles to ensure the populations remain unchanged. As shown in Fig. 4 (b), both transitions were detuned by equal and opposite amounts, the population evolution for each is the same, whilst the phase accumulated is of opposite sign. Hence, the relative phase shift can be tuned by controlling the microwave pulse power.
The effect of the non-nearest neighbor couplings has been investigated (Yang et. al. (2010)). Figure 5 show transitions of a single qubit in the presence of couplings to other qubit as a function of the chain length. The uppermost spectrum corresponds to the case of nearest neighbors only [trace (a)]. If non-nearest neighbors are added [see trace (b)], each resonance line splits into seven lines separated by Dnn/8, where Dnn is the coupling between nearest neighbors. The weight of the lines (1:2:3:4:3:2:1) is given by the number of states of the next-nearest neighbors. Adding a third pair of qubits causes an additional splitting of each line into a (1:2:3:4:3:2:1) multiplet, with line separation Dnn/64. With the resolution of the figure [see trace (c)], this appears as a line broadening. The ESR frequency on transitions of a single qubit was appeared in the presence of couplings to other qubit under nearest neighbor. Especially, electronic spin qubits on five molecules of N@C60 in a magnetic field gradient has been simulated. The magnetic parameters of principle g-tensor, hyperfine coupling constant of nitrogen atom and chemical shift of 13C in 14N@C60 within SWCNT for chiral index (n, m) are important to control a quantum qubit-gate of 1D spin in the NMR quantum-computer. In the present work, geometrical effect of diameter and chiral index on the electronic structure, magnetic and optical properties of N@C60-SWCNT have been investigated on the basis of experimental results using ab-initio density functional theory.
Figure 3.
Bang-bang control of fullerene qubits by ultrafast phase gates. (Morton et. al. (2006))
Figure 4.
Arbitrary nuclear phase gates are implemented by driving two electron spin transitions simultaneously (Morton (2005))
Figure 5.
Transitions of a single qubit in the presence of couplings to other qubits as a function of the chain length. (a) Nearest neighbors only. (b) Nearest neighbors and next-nearest neighbors. (c) Three qubits on each side. (d) Infinite chain, where all but the nearest neighbors are polarized. (Yang et. al. (2010))
2. Quantum chemical calculation
The molecular structures were assembled by CS ChemDraw, CS Chem3D (Cambridge Soft) and Nanotube Modeler (JCrystal Soft). Molecular orbital calculations were carried out by molecular mechanics calculations (MM2) and semi-empirical molecular orbital calculations (Hamiltonian: Parameterized Model Revision 3: PM3). In addition, the isolated molecular structures were optimized by ab-initio quantum calculation using unrestricted Hartree–Fock (UHF) and DFT using UB3LYP with hybrid function LANL2DZ and STO-3G*, 3-31G* and 6-31G* as basis set (Gaussian 03 Inc.). The electronic structure at HOMO, LUMO, LUMO+1 and the HOMO-LUMO band gap (Eg) were calculated. Nitrogen atomic charges of 14N@C60 within SWCNT were estimated using Mulliken population analysis. Wavelength and the exited transition state were calculated by time-dependence of DFT (TD-DFT) with hybrid function UB3LYP and 3-31G* as basis set. Continuously, chemical shift of 13C (δ), principle g-tensor (gxx, gyy, gzz) and principle A-tensor (Axx, Ayy, Azz) in hyperfine coupling constant (hfc) of nitrogen atom were calculated by DFT using NMR/GIAO with hybrid function UB3LYP and 3-31G* as basis set.
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Electronic structure of N@C60-SWCNT
Electronic structure of molecular orbital at HOMO, LUMO, next LUMO+1 and energy levels of N@C60-SWCNT-armchair have been investigated by DFT with hybrid function UB3LYP using 6-31G* as basis set. Molecular orbitals and energy levels of 14N@C60-SWCNT armchair (13, 13), N@C60 and SWCNT are shown in Fig. 6. The molecular orbital of N@C60-SWCNT- zigzag (13, 13) was delocalized on π-electrons at a long axis of SWCNT surface interacted with π-electrons on the N@C60 cage surface as hybrid orbital interaction. The energy level between HOMO-LUMO was smaller than that of original SWCNT. This behavior was due to a mixture of binding interaction with spin distribution.
Molecular orbital of 14N@C60-SWCNT (9, 9) and SWCNT at (a) HOMO, (b) LUMO, (c) LUMO+1 are shown in Fig. 7. The molecular orbital of N@C60-SWCNT-zigzag (9, 9) was delocalized on π-electrons at a long axis of SWCNT surface interacted with π-electrons on the N@C60 cage surface as hybrid orbital interaction. The energy gap of N@C60-SWCNT between HOMO and LUMO was estimated to be 1.16 eV, which was smaller than that of original SWCNT (9, 9) to be 1.24 eV, due to a mixture of binding interaction. Mulliken atomic charge of N in 14N@C60 within SWCNT was 3.8 x 10-5e. This result indicates a slight charge transfer from nitrogen atom to C60 cage within SWCNT. This supports the assertion that the nitrogen is well screened within the C60 cage.
Electronic structures of N@C60-SWCNT-zigzag (14, 0) at (a) HOMO, (b) LUMO and (c) charge distribution are shown in Fig. 8. The molecular orbital were well distributed around the SWCNT interacted with C60 surface cage. Energy gap between HOMO and LUMO was estimated to be 0.87 eV, which indicates semi-conductive behavior. There existed a wide charge distribution on the inner surface of SWCNT, which had π-electron interaction with hybrid orbital on the C60 surface cage.
Figure 9 show molecular orbital of (14N@C60)2-SWCNT-armchair (9, 9) at (a) HOMO and (b) LUMO, calculated by DFT/UB3LYP/STO-3G*. In both cases at HOMO and LUMO, molecular orbital of (14N@C60)2-SWCNT (9, 9) formed a circle ring to distribute on the SWCNT surface. The band gap between HOMO and LUMO was estimated to be 3.72 eV,
Figure 6.
Molecular orbitals and energy levels of 14N@C60-SWCNT armchair (13, 13), N@C60 and SWCNT (Suzuki, el. al. (2010))
Figure 7.
Molecular orbital of 14N@C60-SWCNT (9, 9) and SWCNT at (a) HOMO, (b) LUMO, (c) LUMO+1 and energy levels (Suzuki et. al. (2010)).
Figure 8.
Molecular orbital of 14N@C60-SWCNT-zigzag (14, 0) at (a) HOMO, (b) LUMO and (c) charge distribution. (Suzuki et. al. (2010))
Figure 9.
Electronic structures of (14N@C60)2-SWCNT-armchair (9, 9) at (a) HOMO and (b) LUMO. (Suzuki et. al. (2010))
which was larger than 1.72 eV, 3.06 eV and 2.11 eV of SWCNT (9, 9), N@C60 and (N@C60)2. Mulliken atomic charge of nitrogen atom in (14N@C60)2-SWCNT (9, 9) was estimated to be 2.998e. This positive charge indicates a considerable charge transfer from nitrogen atom to C60 cage within SWCNT.
3.2. Electronic structure of N@C60
Electronic structure of N@C60 (S=3/2, I=1) at HOMO, LUMO and energy levels are shown in Fig. 10. The molecular orbital was considerably distributed on the C60 surface cage. Mulliken N atom charge was 0.21e, which indicates charge transfer from nitrogen atomic to the C60 surface cage. The energy gap between HOMO and LUMO was estimated to be 3.0 eV, which made agreement with the experimental energy gap of N@C60 (2.7 eV) adsorbed on Cu (887) surface. The molecular structure with the energy levels have been investigated by scanning tunneling microcopy/spectroscopy (STM/STS) and near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectrum (Schiller, et. al. 2006).
Figure 10.
Electronic structure and molecular orbital of N@C60 at (a) HOMO (a) and (b) LUMO (Suzuki et. al. (2010))
Figure 11.
Electronic structures of (N@C60)2 at (a) HOMO, (b) HOMO-1, (c) LUMO+1, (d) LUMO and (e) spin density. (Suzuki et. al. (2010))
Electronic structures of (14N@C60)2 as dimmer at (a) HOMO, (b) HOMO-1, (c) LUMO+1, (d) LUMO, (e) spin density and Mulliken atomic charge of N1 and N2 are shown in Fig. 11. The molecular orbital of the (N@C60)2 at HOMO and LUMO were partial to distribute between the C60 surface cages. The molecular orbital was interacted with each other on π electron of hybrid orbital. The energy gaps between HOMO and LUMO were estimated to be 2.11 eV, which was smaller than that of N@C60. The dimerization was stable. The molecular orbital at HOMO-1 and LUMO+1 were well distributed around the C60 cage surfaces. The molecular orbital was anti-interacted with each other, due to anti-bonding behavior of isolated molecular orbital of N@C60. Mulliken atomic charge of N1 and N2 in (N@C60)2 were at 0.004299 e and 0.004381 e. The slight values of positive charge were due to slight charge transfer from N atoms to the surface cage of C60.
3.3. Electronic structure of C60N
Electronic structure of C59N (S=1/2, I=1) at HOMO and LUMO are shown in Fig. 12. The molecular orbital were impartially distributed on the C60 cage surface. Mulliken N atomic charge was -0.6e. The negative value indicates considerable charge transfer from C60 cage to nitrogen atom. The energy gap between HOMO and LUMO was calculated to be 1.29 eV, which made agreement with the experimental result of (C59N)2 at 1.1 eV by C K NEXAFS spectrum (Schulte, et. al. 2007). The dimerization of (C59N)2 was stable as compared with isolation of C59N.
Figure 12.
Electronic structure and molecular orbital of C59N at (a) HOMO and (b) LUMO. (Suzuki et. al. (2010))
The single replacement in C59N keeps the bond lengths close to the C60 values (1.40 and 1.45 Å). The dimerization has strong effects as shown in Fig. 13. The charge redistributes itself to weaken the intramolecular bonds of the tetra-coordinated C´ and to strengthen both the N-C bonds on the pentagon and the “double” bonds in the hexagons containing C´-N. This bond turns out to be a relatively weak one, as the electron density distribution emphasizes. In combination with the weak intermolecular C´-C´ bonding, this results in an electronic environment for C´ remarkably different from that of a typical sp3 atom. This fact should account for the missing NMR signal in the sp3 region. Accurate calculations of the carbon chemical shifts would be highly desirable. Their calculations predict a very similar structure for the latter (anti-conformation), apart from the much elongated intermolecular distance (1.675Å). The anti-conformation has been determined also by less sophisticated calculations.
Figure 13.
For (C59N)2: Isodensity hypersurfaces of (a) the electron density and (b) the HOMO. Values (in au) are 0.2 (a); 0.002 (dark) and 0.0005 (light) (b). (Andreoni et. al. (1996))
3.4. Electronic structure of (C60)3 as trimmer
Electronic structure of the C2h symmetry trimmer, (C60)3 based on the P4 peanut has been studied (Beu 2006). The HOMO and LUMO energies obtained with the PBE (HCTH) functional are respectively EHOMO=-0.175 (-0.179) a.u. and ELUMO=-0.171 (-0.173) a.u. The distribution of the Mulliken charges in the two waist regions are similar to those of the dimmer (between -0.030 e and +0.056 e for the PBE functional). Figure 14 shows geometrical structure and HOMO-orbital (isovalue 0.01) of the C2h symmetry C60 trimer, (C60)3 based on the P4 peanut. The HOMO-orbital qualitatively showed the same behavior, bridging the cages. A transverse nodal plane through the middle of the central cage seems to limit the delocalization of the electrons. Anyway, for all methods the HOMO-LUMO gap of the trimmer was significantly reduced as compared to the dimmer, (C60)3, continuing the monotonous decrease with respect to the C60 monomer.
3.5. Geometrical effect of N@C60-SWCNT, SWCNT, N@C60 and C59N on electronic structure
Geometrical effect of N@C60-SWCNT, SWCNT, N@C60 and C59N on the electronic structure has been investigated by DFT using UB3LYP. Table 2 lists comparison between N@C60-SWCNT, (N@C60)2-SWCNT, SWCNT, (N@C60)2, N@C60 and C59N on energy levels at HOMO, LUMO and band gap (Eg). The energy levels of N@C60-SWCNT were affected by diameter and chiral index. The energy levels of N@C60-SWCNT compared with SWCNT had effected with increasing diameters. Especially, the energy gap of N@C60-SWCNT was smaller than those of SWCNT, N@C60 and C59N. This behavior would be originated in narrowing energy gap based on molecular interaction between N@C60 and SWCNT. These behaviors of 14N@C60-SWCNT were considerably closed to those in density of state (DOS), which calculated with a tight binding model for SWCNT armchair. Electronic density of states (DOS) calculated with a tight binding model for SWCNT armchair (8, 8), (9, 9), (10, 10), and (11, 11) are shown in Fig. 16. The HOMO-LUMO gaps of SWCNT (n, n) for n = 9-13 as metal were inverse proportion to the diameters (Rao, et al. 1997). The energy gap of (N@C60)2-SWCNT (9, 9) was extend to be 3.72 eV as compared with that of N@C60-SWCNT (9. 9), due to instable dimmer within SWCNT. As reference, the energy gap of dimmer, (14N@C60)2 was estimated to be 2.11 eV, which was smaller than that of 14N@C60, due the stable formation.
Figure 14.
Geometrical structure and HOMO-orbital (isovalue 0.01) of the C2h symmetry C60 trimer, (C60)3 based on the P4 peanut. (Rue (2006))
Table 2.
Comparison of N@C60-SWCNT, (N@C60-SWCNT)2, SWCT, (N@C60)2, N@C60, and C59N on energy levels (Suzuki, et. al. (2010))
Figure 15.
Electronic density of states (DOS) calculated with a tight binding model for SWCNT armchair (8, 8), (9, 9), (10, 10), and (11, 11). The Fermi energy is located at 0 eV. Wave vector–conserving optical transitions can occur between mirror image spikes, that is, v1→c1 and v2→c2. (Rao, et al. (1997))
Table 3.
Excited state transitions of N@C60-SWCNT (9, 9), calculated by TD-DFT. (Suzuki, et. al. (2010))
Excited state transitions of N@C60-SWCNT were investigated by TD-DFT quantum calculation. Table 3 list excited state transitions of N@C60-SWCNT (9, 9), calculated by TD-DFT. The wavelength converted from the exited energy levels were estimated to be 1703 nm and 1061 nm, which were closed to experimental results of C59N-SWCNT by UV-vis NIR spectra and 2D PL contour maps as shown in Fig. 16 (a) (Iizumi, et. al. 2010). The optical behavior displayed the broad peaks around 2000 nm and 1000 nm, which could be assigned as the first (E11M) and second (E22M) van Hove transition on Raman spectroscopy with density of state using tight binding model (Rao, et al. 1997). As showed in Fig. 16 (b), the 2D PL contour maps of (C59N)2-SWCNT demonstrated that the emission and excited wavelength were around 1730 nm and 1000 nm. The slight different value between theoretical and experimental results would be originated in narrowing band gap based on molecular interaction between N@C60 and SWCNT.
Figure 16.
a) UV-vis NIR spectra, b) 2D PL contour maps of NC59-SWCNT. (Iizumi et. al. (2010))
Table 4.
Chemical shifts of 13C with multicity in 14N@C60-SWCNT, SWCNT and 14N@C60 (Suzuki et. al. (2010))
Figure 17.
The measured chemical shift of (a) SWCNT, (b) and (c) DWCNT (Simon et. al. (2007)).
3.6. Magnetic properties of N@C60-SWCNT, N@C60 and C59N.
The magnetic parameters of chemical shift, principle g-tensor, A-tensor in hyperfine coupling constant (hfc) of N@C60-SWCNT and N@C60 have been studied by NMR, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) spectroscopy (Simon, et. al. 2006, 2007). Especially, chemical shifts of 13C with multicity of N@C60-SWCNT (13, 13), N@C60 and original SWCNT have been investigated. Table 4 lists chemical shifts of 13C with multicity in 14N@C60-SWCNT, 14N@C60 and SWCNT. Comparison results of the chemical shift between N@C60-SWCNT, SWCNT and N@C60 were investigated. As listed in Table 4, line position of N@C60-SWCNT shifted out at degenerated position with 39, 51, 26, 47 multicity states in a low magnetic field. Effect of chiral index on the chemical shifts of 13C in 14N@C60-SWCNT is shown in Fig. 17. The chemical shifts positions of N@C60-SWCNT shifted out with decreasing the diameters. The calculated results were considerably closed to the experimental results (Simon, et. al. 2007). These results were originated in a lack of 2s spin density distribution, spin-local orbital interaction and π electron interaction between N@C60 and inner surface on SWCNT. The electronic spin-nuclear spin interaction based on unsymmetrical distribution of 2p spin orbital influenced the chemical shift position separated with splitting lines under a low magnetic field.
The chemical shifts of 13C with multicity in optimized molecular structure will be calculated. The chemical shift will be constructed with a total sum of four terms as below:
σ=σdia+σpara+σFC+σSDE1
where σdia is diamagnetic term, σpara is paramagnetic term, σFC is Fermi contact interaction, σSD is spin dipole-interaction with angle dependence on 2p spin density distribution. The magnetic behavior of the chemical shift will be mainly based on the diamagnetic term and the spin-dipole interaction. Especially, the chemical shifts of N@C60-SWCNT compared with C59N and (C59N)2 have been quantitatively analyzed on the basis of the experiment using ab-initio DFT calculation.
Figure 18.
Electronic structure of C59N at (a) HOMO and (b) LUMO. (Suzuki et. al. (2010))
Electronic structure and calculated chemical shifts of 13C and multicity in parentheses for the atoms in the close environment in C59N are shown in Fig. 18 and 19. The calculated chemical shifts of 13C in C59N separated in the range of 126 ppm and 152 ppm. The chemical shift of C near N atom suggests at 136.22 ppm with multicity at 5.0. The behavior would be arisen from electron-nuclear spin interaction based on spin density distribution at HOMO. The 13C chemical shifts of (C59N)2 compared them with the experimental spectrum. Comparison
Figure 19.
Calculated chemical shifts of 13C and multicity in parentheses for the atoms in the close environment in C59N. (Suzuki et. al. (2010))
between the calculated 13C chemical shifts of (C59N)2 and the experimental spectrum is showed in Fig. 20. The value for the saturated carbon atom (C’), 83.1 ppm, is refined to 85.3 ppm with the TZP/DZ basis, is in reasonably good agreement with the experiment (90.3 ppm), as is the value for the corresponding carbon atom in C59NNH, 68.4 ppm (TZP/DZ) versus 72.1. Figure 21 shows 13C chemical shifts for the atoms in the close environment of N: (a) (C59N)2, (b) C59NH, and (c) indole. There was a substantial de-shielding of the saturated carbon atom in going from C59NH to (C59N)2, both in the experimental and theoretical data using the electronic density distribution.
Figure 20.
chemical shifts (C59N)2: (a) experimental spectrum and (b) computed values at the DZ level (Buhl et. al. (1997))
Figure 21.
chemical shifts for the atoms in the close environment of N: (a) (C59N)2, (b) C59NH, and (c) indole. Experimental data are in boxes. Note that in the three cases the location and magnitude of the ”extrema” are similar (Buhl et. al. (1997))
The magnetic interaction with the electron spins will be explained. The Hamiltonian can be formulated by Eq. 2.
H=gbeSH–gNbNIH+SAI+SDS+IQIE2
The five terms represent the following interactions: electronic and nuclear Zeeman interaction, the hyperfine of the spin nuclear interaction, the fine structure of the spin-spin interaction and the nuclear quadrupole.
Energy level diagram for isotropic atomic 14N@C60 in a strong external magnetic field is shown in Fig. 22 (A). This Hamiltonian yields the 12-level system illustrated in Fig. 22 (A). The first split shows the four possible values of the electronic spin, and these are each split into the three possible values of I. The splitting of the nuclear energy levels has been investigated. The principle value of g-tensor will be mainly estimated by second perturbation. Δgii related to spin local interaction with energy interaction between paramagnetic and nearest neighbor interaction.
gii=ge+ΔgiiE3
gii=ge{1+∑m|φm|Li|φp|2ϵp−ϵm}E4
Δgii=gii−2=ζαΔEiE5
The hyperfine coupling strength of A-tensor is constructed with a sum of isotropic and anisotropic hyperfine interaction.
A−tensor=Aiso+A’iiE6
Aiso=8π/3gnμNρ(0)E7
A’ii=gNμN∫(3cos2θ−1)r3ρ(r)dvE8
The isotropic hyperfine interaction, Aiso will be related on the 2s spin density distribution, ρ (0), as described by Eq. 7. The anisotropic hyperfine interaction, A’ii–tensor has influence of the 2p spin density distribution with angle dependence on a direction of the electron nuclear interaction, as noted in Eq. 8. A quantitative relation between the π−electron spin density and the isotropic hyperfine coupling constant has been discussed. For planar π−radical (e.g., CH3 radical), this relation has been known as noted by Eq. 9.
Aiso=QrpgE9
where ρ\n\t\t\t\t\tπ is the π-electron density on the C atom and Q = 45 G. A future of non-planar radicals including C59N is the “umbrella effect characterized by (i) deviation of the C atom containing the unpaired electron from the plane and (ii) partial change in the hybridization of this C atom, which becomes intermediate between sp2 and sp3 (Abronin et. al. 2004). The spin-spin interaction with zero field constant, S D S is mainly originated in the dipole-dipole interaction, as noted by fifth term in Eq. 2. In the quadruple nuclear interaction, I Q I, the quadruple coupling constant, Q of nitrogen atom with more than I = 1 on nuclear quadruple resonance (NQR) will be dependence on magnetic interaction between electric quadruple moment, e Q and electric field gradient (EFG). The electric quadruple moment, e Q will be related on deviation of nuclear charge distribution. The magnetic parameters of g-tensor, A-tensor in the hyperfine coupling constant and the quadruple coupling constant of nitrogen atom will be under the spin nuclear interaction, e Q, EFG and the spin density distribution.
Figure 22.
A) 14N@C60 has electron spin S = 3/2 and nuclear spin I = 1 which together provide a rich 12-level structure. Considering only the first-order hyperfine interaction, the three electron transitions associated with a particular nuclear spin projection are degenerate. Adding the second order corrections (δ = a2/B) lifts the degeneracies for the MI = ±1 lines. (B) Continuous wave EPR spectrum of high purity N@C60 in degassed CS2 at room temperature. Each line in the triplet signal is labeled with the corresponding projection MI of the 14N nuclear spin. (C–E) Zoom-in for each of the three hyperfine lines reveals further structure. Stars (*) mark the line split by 13C hyperfine interactions with C60 cage. Measurement parameters: microwave frequency, 9.67 GHz; microwave power, 0.5 μW; modulation amplitude, 0.2 μT; modulation frequency, 1.6 kHz. (Simon et. al. (2006))
3.7. Calculated magnetic parameters
The EPR spectrum of 14N inside N@C60 consists of three lines centered at electron g-factor, split by a 14N isotropic hyperfine interaction. Table 6 lists magnetic parameters of g-tensor, A-tensor in hfc and Mulliken N atomic charge of N@C60-SWCNT (13, 13), (9, 9), (N@C60)2, N@C60 and C59N, calculated by ab-nitio DFT quantum calculation. The magnetic parameters such as principal g-tensor, hfc and Mulliken N atomic charges in N@C60-SWCNT (9, 9) were estimated to be 2.00093-98, 3.8-6.0 and 3.8×10-5, respectively. The calculated magnetic parameters of N@C60-SWCNT were discussed on the basis of the experimental results as shown in Fig. 23. The slight un-symmetrical values of hfs on N@C60-SWCNT would be originated in anisotropy spin-dipole interaction and π electron interaction between N@C60 and inner surface on SWCNT. In this case, a few percent of the values of ρ (2 s) and ρ (2 p) on nitrogen in N@C60-SWCNT will be expected by the values of AN (2 s) and (2 p) of 14N to be 557 G and 17.8 G at the ρ (2 s) = 1 and ρ (2 p) = 1. The calculated values of hfs in N@C60-SWCNT, N@C60 and C59N was in proportion to the spin-dipole interaction, a few percent of contribution from the 2p spin density distribution with a lack of 2s spin density distribution, obeyed by Fermi contact parts. The nuclear quadruple interaction of 14N (I = 1) in N@C60-SWCNT was negligible due to a slight value of EFG based on charge transfer from the CNT to C60 with a slight value of the Mulliken atomic charges. The principle g-tensor, hfc and Mulliken nitrogen atomic charges on N@C60-SWCNT (9, 9) as compared with N@C60 and C59N were decreased. These results would be dependence with geometrical effects of N@C60-SWCNT (n, n) for chiral index on π-electron interaction in cooperation with the magnetic interaction between electron spins, S = 3/2 and nuclear spin, I = 1.
Experimental values of A-tensor in hfs on N@C60 and C59N are shown in Fig. 23 and 24. The symmetrical structure of N@C60 had isotropic value of magnetic parameters. The experimental results of N@C60 compared with C59N (Fulop et. at. (2001)) were considerably closed to the calculated results (Harneit et. al. (2002)). The unsymmetrical structure of C59N affected the principle lines at several states, which splitting by anisotropy hyperfine interaction. Spin density distribution of paramagnetic azafullerene, C59N have been calculated (Abronin et. al. 2004, Schrier et. al. 2006). Based on hyperfine coupling constants for 14N and 13C nuclei in C59N, the spin density distribution of the unpaired π-electron in C59N was mainly localized around the nitrogen atom. Mulliken charge transfer of nitrogen atom in C59N was calculated to be -0.6 e. This result indicates a considerable value of charge transfer from C60 to N atom. The magnetic parameters of the anisotropic molecular structure would be strongly attributed from the spin-dipole interaction with 2p spin density distribution. Considerably, molecular design of the endohedral fullerenes within SWCNT varied with geometry structure is important to control the quantum spin qubit, splitting the magnetic parameters including g-tensor, A-tensor of hfc and the chemical shifts in the NMR quantum computer.
Elements
g-tensor (gxx, gyy, gzz)
hfc / G (Axx, Ayy, Azz)
Mulliken N atomic charges / e
14N@C60 -SWCNT (13, 13)
2.00119 2.00119 2.00117
2.4 2.4 1.3
-0.004521
14N@C60 -SWCNT (9, 9)
2.00098 2.00098 2.00093
6.0 6.0 3.8
0.000038
(14N@C60)2 Dimmer
1.99775 1.99776 1.99785
4.6 4.6 15.0
0.004299, 0.004381
14N@C60
2.00490 2.00490 2.00490
4.5 4.5 4.5
0.211512
C59N
2.00545 2.00511 2.00356
2.4 2.5 7.6
-0.605804
Table 5.
g-tensor, hfc and Mulliken N atomic charge of 14N@C60 –SWCNT (Suzuki et. al. (2010)).
Figure 23.
ESR spectra of (a) SWCNT, (b) N@C60 and (c)-(d) N@C60-SWCNT at triplet state. (Simon et. al. (2007)).
Table 6.
Spin properties of the endohedral C60 fullerenes with electron spin S = 3/2 (Harneit et. al. (2002))
Figure 24.
Motionally narrowed ESR spectrum of tumbling C59N substituted in C60 at 290 K and 9 GHz (Fulop et. al. 2001.).
4. Conclusion
Design of spin labels for the NMR quantum computer that contained 1D spin chains filling SWCNT with N@C60 has been proposed. The electronic structure, chemical shift, g-tensor, A-tensor of hfc would be influenced by geometrical structure, varied with diameter and chiral index. The magnetic properties were originated in spin density distribution with π-electron interaction between N@C60 and inner surface on SWCNT and CT. The slight un-symmetrical values of A-tensor in hfs on N@C60-SWCNT (9, 9) would be originated in anisotropy spin-dipole interaction and π-electron interaction between N@C60 and inner surface on SWCNT. The values of A-tensor in hfc would be in proportion to the 2 p spin distribution based on the spin-dipole interaction with a lack of 2 s spin density distribution, obeyed by Fermi contact parts. The magnetic parameters of the anisotropic structure would be strongly influenced by the spin-dipole interaction with a slight distribution of the 2 p spin density. Molecular design of the endohedral fullerenes within SWCNT as peapods is important to control quantum qubit, splitting the principle lines based on hyperfine interaction as the NMR quantum computer.
\n',keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/16856.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/16856.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16856",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16856",totalDownloads:3829,totalViews:460,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:1,impactScorePercentile:62,impactScoreQuartile:3,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"October 14th 2010",dateReviewed:"March 2nd 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"July 27th 2011",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/16856",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/16856",book:{id:"468",slug:"electronic-properties-of-carbon-nanotubes"},signatures:"Atsushi Suzuki and Takeo Oku",authors:[{id:"25854",title:"Dr.",name:"Atsushi",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",fullName:"Atsushi Suzuki",slug:"atsushi-suzuki",email:"suzuki@mat.usp.ac.jp",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"University of Shiga Prefecture",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"31132",title:"Prof.",name:"Takeo",middleName:null,surname:"Oku",fullName:"Takeo Oku",slug:"takeo-oku",email:"oku@mat.usp.ac.jp",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Quantum chemical calculation",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Results and discussion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"3.1. Electronic structure of N@C60-SWCNT",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"3.2. Electronic structure of N@C60",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"3.3. Electronic structure of C60N",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"3.4. Electronic structure of (C60)3 as trimmer",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"3.5. Geometrical effect of N@C60-SWCNT, SWCNT, N@C60 and C59N on electronic structure",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"3.6. Magnetic properties of N@C60-SWCNT, N@C60 and C59N.",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"3.7. Calculated magnetic parameters",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11",title:"4. Conclusion",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'BenjaminS. C.ArdavanA.BriggsG. A. D.BritzD. A.GunlyckeD.JeffersonJ.JonesM. A. G.LeighD. F.LovettB. W.KhlobystovA. N.LyonS. A.MortonJ. J. L.PorfyrakisK.SambrookM. R.TyryshkinA. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t2006 Towards a fullerene-based quantum computer, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter\n\t\t\t\t\t18\n\t\t\t\t\tS867S883 .'},{id:"B2",body:'HarneitW.MeyerC.WidingerA.SuterD.TwamleyJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t2002\n\t\t\t\t\tArchitectures for a Spin Quantum Computer Based on Endohedral Fullerenes, phys. stat. sol. (b)\n\t\t\t\t\t233\n\t\t\t\t\t453461 .'},{id:"B3",body:'JuC.SuterD.DuJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t2007 Two-qubit gates between noninteracting qubits in endohedral fullerene-based quantum computation, Phys, Rev. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t75\n\t\t\t\t\t012318012311 -5.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B4",body:'MeyerC.HarneitW.NaydenovB.LipsK.WidingerA.\n\t\t\t\t\t2004 N@C60 and P@C60 as quantum bits, Appl. Magn. Reson.\n\t\t\t\t\t27\n\t\t\t\t\t123132 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B5",body:'MortonJ. J. L.TyryshkinA. M.ArdavanA.BenjaminS. C.PorfyrakisK.LyonS. A.BriggsG. A. D.\n\t\t\t\t\t2005 Bang-bang control of fullerene qubits using ultra-fast phase gates, Nature Physics 40\n\t\t\t\t\t4044 .'},{id:"B6",body:'MortonJ. J. L.TyryshkinA. M.ArdavanA.BenjaminS. C.PorfyrakisK.LyonS. A.BriggsG. A. D.\n\t\t\t\t\t2006 The N@C60 nuclear spin qubit: Bang-bang decoupling and ultrafast phase gates, phys. stat. sol. (b) 243\n\t\t\t\t\t30283031 .'},{id:"B7",body:'BrownR. M.TyryshkinA. M.PorfyrakisK.GaugerE. M.LovettB. W.ArdavanA.LyonS. A.BriggsG. A. D.MortonJ. J. L.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011 Coherent State Transfer between an Electron and Nuclear Spin in 15N@C60, Phys. Rev. Lett. 106\n\t\t\t\t\t110504110501 -4.'},{id:"B8",body:'YangW. L.XuZ. Y.WeiH.FengM.SuterD.\n\t\t\t\t\t2010\n\t\t\t\t\tQuantum-information-processing architecture with endohedral fullerenes in a carbon nanotube, Phys. Rev. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t81\n\t\t\t\t\t032303032301 -8.'},{id:"B9",body:'BaileyS. W. D.LambertC. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t2007\n\t\t\t\t\tThe electronic transport properties of N@C60@(n,m) carbon nanotube peapods, Phys. E,\n\t\t\t\t\t40\n\t\t\t\t\t99102 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B10",body:'ChoY.HanS.KimG.LeeH.IhmJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t2003\n\t\t\t\t\tOrbital Hybridization and Charge Transfer in Carbon Nanopeapods,\n\t\t\t\t\tPhys. Rev. Lett.\n\t\t\t\t\t90\n\t\t\t\t\t106402 EOF -1-4.'},{id:"B11",body:'IizumiY.OkazakiT.LiuZ.SuenagaK.NakanishiT.IijimaS.RotasG.TagmatarchisN.\n\t\t\t\t\t2010 Host-guest interactions in azafullerene (C59N)-single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) peapod hybrid structures, Chem. Commun, 46\n\t\t\t\t\t12931295 .'},{id:"B12",body:'SimonF.KuzmanyH.Na´fra´diB.Fehe´rT.Forro´L.Fu°lo°pF.Ja´nossyA.KoreczL.RockenbauerA.HaukeF.HirschA.\n\t\t\t\t\t2006 Magnetic fullerenes inside single-wall carbon nanotubes, Phys. Rev. Lett.\n\t\t\t\t\t97\n\t\t\t\t\t136801136801 -4.'},{id:"B13",body:'SimonF.\n\t\t\t\t\t2007 Studying Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes Through Encapsulation: From Optical Methods Till Magnetic Resonance, J. Nanoscience and Nanotechnology,\n\t\t\t\t\t7\n\t\t\t\t\t11971220 .'},{id:"B14",body:'SuzukiA.OkuT.KikuchiK.\n\t\t\t\t\t2010\n\t\t\t\t\tElectronic structure and magnetic properties of 14N@C60 within single-walled carbon nanotube as peapods, Physica B,\n\t\t\t\t\t405\n\t\t\t\t\t24182422 .'},{id:"B15",body:'ToothS.QuintavalleD.NáfrádiB.ForróL.KoreczL.RockenbauerA.KálaiT.HidegK.SimonF.\n\t\t\t\t\t2008 Stability and electronic properties of magnetic peapods, Phys. Stat. Solids. (B)\n\t\t\t\t\t245\n\t\t\t\t\t20342037 .'},{id:"B16",body:'CantoneA. L.BuitelaarM. R.SmithC. G.AndersonD.JonesG. A. C.ChorleyS. J.CasiraghiC.LombardoA.FerrariA. C.ShinoharaH.ArdavanA.WarnerJ.WattA. A. R.PorfyrakisK.BriggsG. A. D.\n\t\t\t\t\t2008 Electronic transport characterization of Sc@C82 single-wall carbon nanotube peapods, J. App. Phys.\n\t\t\t\t\t104\n\t\t\t\t\t083717083711 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B17",body:'WarnerJ. H.WattA. A. R.GeL.PorfyrakisK.AkachiT.OkimotoH.ItoY.ArdavanA.MontanariB.JeffersonJ. H.HarrisonN. M.ShinoharaH.BriggsG. A. D.\n\t\t\t\t\t2008\n\t\t\t\t\tDynamics of Paramagnetic Metallofullerenes in Carbon Nanotube Peapods, Nano Lett.\n\t\t\t\t\t8\n\t\t\t\t\t10051010 .'},{id:"B18",body:'KhlobystrovA. N.BritzD. A.AndrewG.BriggsD.\n\t\t\t\t\t2005 Molecules in carbon nanotubes, Acc. Chem. Res.\n\t\t\t\t\t38\n\t\t\t\t\t901909 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B19",body:'RaoA. M.RichterE.BandowS.ChaseB.EklundP. C.WilliamsK. A.FangS.SubbaswamyK. R.MenonM.ThessA.SmalleyR. E.DresselhausG.DresselhausM. S.\n\t\t\t\t\t1997 Diameter-Selective Raman Scattering from Vibrational Modes in Carbon Nanotubes Science, 275\n\t\t\t\t\t187191 .'},{id:"B20",body:'AbroninI. A.BreslavskayaN. N.RakitinaV. A.BuchachenkoA. L.\n\t\t\t\t\t2004 Spin density distribution in paramagnetic azafullerene: Russ. Chem. Bull. Int. Ed.\n\t\t\t\t\t53\n\t\t\t\t\t24752477 .'},{id:"B21",body:'AndreoniW.CurioniA.HolczerK.PrassidesK.Keshavarz-KM.HummelenJ.WudlF.\n\t\t\t\t\t1996\n\t\t\t\t\tUnconventional Bonding of Azafullerenes: Theory and Experiment, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 118, 1133511336 .'},{id:"B22",body:'BeuT. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t2006 Electronic structure calculations of peanut-shaped C60 polymers, J. Opt. Adv. Mat.\n\t\t\t\t\t8\n\t\t\t\t\t177180 .'},{id:"B23",body:'BuhlM.CurioniA.AndreoniW.\n\t\t\t\t\t1997 Chemical shifts of diamagnetic azafullerens: (C59N)2 and C59NH, Chem. Phys. Lett.\n\t\t\t\t\t231234 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B24",body:'FulopF.RockenbauerA.SimonF.PekkerS.KoreczL.GarajiS.JanossyAndrais.\n\t\t\t\t\t2001\n\t\t\t\t\tAzafullerene C59N, a stable free radical substituent in crystalline C60: Chem. Phys. Lett.\n\t\t\t\t\t334\n\t\t\t\t\t233237 .'},{id:"B25",body:'KobayashiK.NagaseS.DinseK.\n\t\t\t\t\t2003\n\t\t\t\t\tA theoretical study of spin density distributions and isotropic hyperfine couplings of N and P atoms in N@C60, P@C60, N@C70, N@C60(CH2)6, and N@C60(SiH2)6 : Chem. Phycs. Lett.\n\t\t\t\t\t9398\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B26",body:'SchillerF.Ruiz-OsésM.OrtegaJ. E.SegoviaP.Martínez-BlancoJ.DoyleB. P.Pérez-DiesteV.LoboJ.NéelN.BerndtR.KrögerJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t2006 Electronic structure of C60 on Au (887), J. Chem. Phys.\n\t\t\t\t\t125\n\t\t\t\t\t144719144711 -6.'},{id:"B27",body:'SchrierJ.WhaleyK. B.\n\t\t\t\t\t2006 Hyperfine coupling constants of the azafulleenes C19N, C59N, C69N, and C75N: J. Phys. Chem. A 110\n\t\t\t\t\t53865390 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B28",body:'SchulteK.WangL.MoriartyP. J.PrassidesK.TagmatarchisN.\n\t\t\t\t\t2007 Resonant processes and Coulomb interactions in (C59N)2, J. Chem. Phys. 126 184707-184713.'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Atsushi Suzuki",address:"",affiliation:'
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"468",type:"book",title:"Electronic Properties of Carbon Nanotubes",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Electronic Properties of Carbon Nanotubes",slug:"electronic-properties-of-carbon-nanotubes",publishedDate:"July 27th 2011",bookSignature:"Jose Mauricio Marulanda",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/468.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-499-3",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4483-0",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:134,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"9142",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose Mauricio",middleName:null,surname:"Marulanda",slug:"jose-mauricio-marulanda",fullName:"Jose Mauricio Marulanda"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1169"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"16837",type:"chapter",title:"Assembly of Carbon Nanotube Sheets",slug:"assembly-of-carbon-nanotube-sheets",totalDownloads:5341,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Mei Zhang and Ray Baughman",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"28067",title:"Prof.",name:"Mei",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Mei Zhang",slug:"mei-zhang"}]},{id:"16838",type:"chapter",title:"A Close-Packed-Carbon-Nanotube Film on SiC for Thermal Interface Material Applications",slug:"a-close-packed-carbon-nanotube-film-on-sic-for-thermal-interface-material-applications",totalDownloads:3167,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Wataru Norimatsu, Chihiro Kawai and Michiko Kusunoki",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"27820",title:"Prof.",name:"Michiko",middleName:null,surname:"Kusunoki",fullName:"Michiko Kusunoki",slug:"michiko-kusunoki"}]},{id:"16839",type:"chapter",title:"Magnetic Carbon Nanotubes: Synthesis, Characterization, and Anisotropic Electrical Properties",slug:"magnetic-carbon-nanotubes-synthesis-characterization-and-anisotropic-electrical-properties",totalDownloads:8531,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Il T. Kim and Rina Tannenbaum",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"48509",title:"Dr.",name:"Rina",middleName:null,surname:"Tannenbaum",fullName:"Rina Tannenbaum",slug:"rina-tannenbaum"},{id:"48510",title:"Dr.",name:"Il Tae",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",fullName:"Il Tae Kim",slug:"il-tae-kim"}]},{id:"16840",type:"chapter",title:"Characterizing Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes for Improved Fabrication in Aqueous Solution Environments",slug:"characterizing-functionalized-carbon-nanotubes-for-improved-fabrication-in-aqueous-solution-environm",totalDownloads:4924,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Charles C. Chusuei and Mulugeta Wayu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"26184",title:"Prof.",name:"Charles",middleName:"C",surname:"Chusuei",fullName:"Charles Chusuei",slug:"charles-chusuei"}]},{id:"16841",type:"chapter",title:"Selective Separation of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes in Solution",slug:"selective-separation-of-single-walled-carbon-nanotubes-in-solution",totalDownloads:6660,totalCrossrefCites:5,signatures:"Hongbo Li and Qingwen Li",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"28885",title:"Dr.",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Li",slug:"li"}]},{id:"16842",type:"chapter",title:"Fabrication of Carbon Nanotubes for High-Performance Scanning Probe Microscopy",slug:"fabrication-of-carbon-nanotubes-for-high-performance-scanning-probe-microscopy",totalDownloads:2742,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Ian Thomas Clark and Masamichi Yoshimura",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"31302",title:"Dr.",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Yoshimura",fullName:"Yoshimura",slug:"yoshimura"},{id:"44712",title:"Dr.",name:"Ian",middleName:null,surname:"Clark",fullName:"Ian Clark",slug:"ian-clark"}]},{id:"16843",type:"chapter",title:"Carbon Nanotube AFM Probe Technology",slug:"carbon-nanotube-afm-probe-technology",totalDownloads:4566,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Zongwei Xu, Fengzhou Fang and Shen Dong",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"28060",title:"Dr.",name:"Zongwei",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",fullName:"Zongwei Xu",slug:"zongwei-xu"},{id:"33754",title:"Prof.",name:"Fengzhou",middleName:null,surname:"Fang",fullName:"Fengzhou Fang",slug:"fengzhou-fang"},{id:"80676",title:"Prof.",name:"Shen",middleName:null,surname:"Dong",fullName:"Shen Dong",slug:"shen-dong"}]},{id:"16844",type:"chapter",title:"One-Dimensional Crystals inside Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes: Growth, Structure and Electronic Properties",slug:"one-dimensional-crystals-inside-single-walled-carbon-nanotubes-growth-structure-and-electronic-prope",totalDownloads:4238,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Andrei Eliseev, Lada Yashina, Marianna Kharlamova and Nikolay Kiselev",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"33438",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrei",middleName:null,surname:"Eliseev",fullName:"Andrei Eliseev",slug:"andrei-eliseev"},{id:"46158",title:"Prof.",name:"Lada",middleName:null,surname:"Yashina",fullName:"Lada Yashina",slug:"lada-yashina"},{id:"46160",title:"Prof.",name:"Nikolay",middleName:"Andreevich",surname:"Kiselev",fullName:"Nikolay Kiselev",slug:"nikolay-kiselev"},{id:"46161",title:"Mrs",name:"Marianna",middleName:null,surname:"Kharlamova",fullName:"Marianna Kharlamova",slug:"marianna-kharlamova"}]},{id:"16845",type:"chapter",title:"Geometric and Spectroscopic Properties of Carbon Nanotubes and Boron Nitride Nanotubes",slug:"geometric-and-spectroscopic-properties-of-carbon-nanotubes-and-boron-nitride-nanotubes",totalDownloads:6421,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Metin Aydin and Daniel Akins",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"27070",title:"Prof.",name:"Metin",middleName:null,surname:"Aydin",fullName:"Metin Aydin",slug:"metin-aydin"},{id:"51926",title:"Prof.",name:"Daniel",middleName:"L.",surname:"Akins",fullName:"Daniel Akins",slug:"daniel-akins"}]},{id:"16846",type:"chapter",title:"Detection of Carbon Nanotubes using Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy",slug:"detection-of-carbon-nanotubes-using-tip-enhanced-raman-spectroscopy",totalDownloads:4322,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Jia Wang, Xiaobin Wu, Rui Wang and Mingqian Zhang",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"27992",title:"Dr.",name:"Jia",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Jia Wang",slug:"jia-wang"}]},{id:"16847",type:"chapter",title:"Spectro-Microscopic Study of Laser-Modified Carbon Nanotubes",slug:"spectro-microscopic-study-of-laser-modified-carbon-nanotubes",totalDownloads:2298,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Cheng-Hao Chuang, Chorng-Haur Sow and Minn-Tsong Lin",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"32167",title:"Prof.",name:"Minn-Tsong",middleName:null,surname:"Lin",fullName:"Minn-Tsong Lin",slug:"minn-tsong-lin"},{id:"37574",title:"Dr.",name:"Chorng-Haur",middleName:null,surname:"Sow",fullName:"Chorng-Haur Sow",slug:"chorng-haur-sow"},{id:"37575",title:"Dr.",name:"Cheng-Hao",middleName:null,surname:"Chuang",fullName:"Cheng-Hao Chuang",slug:"cheng-hao-chuang"}]},{id:"16848",type:"chapter",title:"Enhanced Control of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Properties Using MPCVD with DC Electrical Bias",slug:"enhanced-control-of-single-walled-carbon-nanotube-properties-using-mpcvd-with-dc-electrical-bias",totalDownloads:2971,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Matthew Maschmann, Timothy Fisher and Placidus Amama",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"26853",title:"Dr.",name:"Placidus",middleName:"B",surname:"Amama",fullName:"Placidus Amama",slug:"placidus-amama"},{id:"39932",title:"Dr.",name:"Matthew",middleName:null,surname:"Maschmann",fullName:"Matthew Maschmann",slug:"matthew-maschmann"},{id:"39933",title:"Prof.",name:"Timothy",middleName:null,surname:"Fisher",fullName:"Timothy Fisher",slug:"timothy-fisher"}]},{id:"16849",type:"chapter",title:"Spin Dependent Transport through a Carbon Nanotube Quantum Dot in the Kondo Regime",slug:"spin-dependent-transport-through-a-carbon-nanotube-quantum-dot-in-the-kondo-regime",totalDownloads:2538,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Stanislaw Lipinski and Damian Krychowski",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"36155",title:"Prof.",name:"Stanislaw",middleName:null,surname:"Lipinski",fullName:"Stanislaw Lipinski",slug:"stanislaw-lipinski"},{id:"81647",title:"Dr.",name:"Damian",middleName:null,surname:"Krychowski",fullName:"Damian Krychowski",slug:"damian-krychowski"}]},{id:"16850",type:"chapter",title:"A Density Functional Theory Study of Chemical Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes; Toward Site Selective Functionalization",slug:"a-density-functional-theory-study-of-chemical-functionalization-of-carbon-nanotubes-toward-site-sele",totalDownloads:3317,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Takashi Yumura",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"25795",title:"Dr.",name:"Takashi",middleName:null,surname:"Yumura",fullName:"Takashi Yumura",slug:"takashi-yumura"}]},{id:"16851",type:"chapter",title:"Low-Energy Irradiation Damage in Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes",slug:"low-energy-irradiation-damage-in-single-walled-carbon-nanotubes",totalDownloads:3001,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Satoru Suzuki",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"30519",title:"Dr.",name:"Satoru",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",fullName:"Satoru Suzuki",slug:"satoru-suzuki"}]},{id:"16852",type:"chapter",title:"Exciton Dephasing in a Single Carbon Nanotube Studied by Photoluminescence Spectroscopy",slug:"exciton-dephasing-in-a-single-carbon-nanotube-studied-by-photoluminescence-spectroscopy",totalDownloads:2720,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Kazunari Matsuda",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"35709",title:"Prof.",name:"Kazunari",middleName:null,surname:"Matsuda",fullName:"Kazunari Matsuda",slug:"kazunari-matsuda"}]},{id:"16853",type:"chapter",title:"A Numerical Study of the Vibrational Spectrum for a Double-Walled Carbon Nanotube Model",slug:"a-numerical-study-of-the-vibrational-spectrum-for-a-double-walled-carbon-nanotube-model",totalDownloads:1852,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Matthew Coleman and Marianna Shubov",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"29608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marianna",middleName:null,surname:"Shubov",fullName:"Marianna Shubov",slug:"marianna-shubov"},{id:"46438",title:"Prof.",name:"Matthew",middleName:null,surname:"Coleman",fullName:"Matthew Coleman",slug:"matthew-coleman"}]},{id:"16854",type:"chapter",title:"Electronic Band Structure of Carbon Nanotubes in Equilibrium and None-Equilibrium Regimes",slug:"electronic-band-structure-of-carbon-nanotubes-in-equilibrium-and-none-equilibrium-regimes",totalDownloads:3515,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Rahim Ghayour and Pakkhesal",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"28667",title:"Dr.",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Pakkhesal",fullName:"Pakkhesal",slug:"pakkhesal"},{id:"40821",title:"Prof.",name:"Rahim",middleName:null,surname:"Ghayour",fullName:"Rahim Ghayour",slug:"rahim-ghayour"}]},{id:"16855",type:"chapter",title:"An Alternative Approach to the Problem of CNT Electron Energy Band Structure",slug:"an-alternative-approach-to-the-problem-of-cnt-electron-energy-band-structure",totalDownloads:3228,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ali Bahari",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"26347",title:"Prof.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Bahari",fullName:"Ali Bahari",slug:"ali-bahari"}]},{id:"16856",type:"chapter",title:"Electronic Structure and Magnetic Properties of N@C60-SWCNT",slug:"electronic-structure-and-magnetic-properties-of-n-c60-swcnt",totalDownloads:3829,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Atsushi Suzuki and Takeo Oku",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"25854",title:"Dr.",name:"Atsushi",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",fullName:"Atsushi Suzuki",slug:"atsushi-suzuki"},{id:"31132",title:"Prof.",name:"Takeo",middleName:null,surname:"Oku",fullName:"Takeo Oku",slug:"takeo-oku"}]},{id:"16857",type:"chapter",title:"Carbon Nanotubes Addition Effects on MgB2 Superconducting Properties",slug:"carbon-nanotubes-addition-effects-on-mgb2-superconducting-properties",totalDownloads:2669,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Adriana Serquis, Gabriela Pasquini and Leonardo Civale",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"28334",title:"Dr.",name:"Adriana",middleName:null,surname:"Serquis",fullName:"Adriana Serquis",slug:"adriana-serquis"},{id:"42916",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriela",middleName:null,surname:"Pasquini",fullName:"Gabriela Pasquini",slug:"gabriela-pasquini"},{id:"42917",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonardo",middleName:null,surname:"Civale",fullName:"Leonardo Civale",slug:"leonardo-civale"}]},{id:"16858",type:"chapter",title:"Carbon Nanotube as a VLSI Interconnect",slug:"carbon-nanotube-as-a-vlsi-interconnect",totalDownloads:4583,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Mayank Rai and Sankar Sarkar",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"29100",title:"Prof.",name:"Mayank",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Rai",fullName:"Mayank Rai",slug:"mayank-rai"},{id:"39625",title:"Mr",name:"Sankar",middleName:null,surname:"Sarkar",fullName:"Sankar Sarkar",slug:"sankar-sarkar"}]},{id:"16859",type:"chapter",title:"Carbon Nanotube Based Magnetic Tunnel Junctions (MTJs) for Spintronics Application",slug:"carbon-nanotube-based-magnetic-tunnel-junctions-mtjs-for-spintronics-application",totalDownloads:4203,totalCrossrefCites:11,signatures:"Elby Titus, Rahul Krishna, José Grácio, Manoj Singh, Antonio Luis Ferreira and Ricardo G Dias",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"25491",title:"Dr.",name:"Elby",middleName:null,surname:"Titus",fullName:"Elby Titus",slug:"elby-titus"},{id:"34732",title:"Dr.",name:"Manoj",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",fullName:"Manoj Singh",slug:"manoj-singh"},{id:"40739",title:"Prof.",name:"José",middleName:"joaquim",surname:"Grácio",fullName:"José Grácio",slug:"jose-gracio"},{id:"45271",title:"Mr.",name:"Rahul",middleName:null,surname:"Krishna",fullName:"Rahul Krishna",slug:"rahul-krishna"},{id:"107773",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira",fullName:"Antonio Luis Ferreira",slug:"antonio-luis-ferreira"},{id:"107774",title:"Dr.",name:"Ricardo G",middleName:null,surname:"Dias",fullName:"Ricardo G Dias",slug:"ricardo-g-dias"}]},{id:"16860",type:"chapter",title:"Mechanisms of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Nucleation, Growth and Chirality-Control: Insights from QM/MD Simulations",slug:"mechanisms-of-single-walled-carbon-nanotube-nucleation-growth-and-chirality-control-insights-from-qm",totalDownloads:3886,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Alister J. Page, Krs Chandrakumar, Ying Wang, Stephan Irle and Keiji Morokuma",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"29267",title:"Dr",name:"Keiji",middleName:null,surname:"Morokuma",fullName:"Keiji Morokuma",slug:"keiji-morokuma"},{id:"37834",title:"Dr",name:"Alister J.",middleName:null,surname:"Page",fullName:"Alister J. Page",slug:"alister-j.-page"},{id:"37835",title:"Dr",name:"KRS",middleName:null,surname:"Chandrakumar",fullName:"KRS Chandrakumar",slug:"krs-chandrakumar"},{id:"37836",title:"Dr",name:"Ying",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Ying Wang",slug:"ying-wang"},{id:"37837",title:"Prof.",name:"Stephan",middleName:null,surname:"Irle",fullName:"Stephan Irle",slug:"stephan-irle"}]},{id:"16861",type:"chapter",title:"Multiple Andreev Reflection and Enhanced Quantum Interferences in NbN/Network-Like Carbon Nanotubes/NbN SNS Junctions",slug:"multiple-andreev-reflection-and-enhanced-quantum-interferences-in-nbn-network-like-carbon-nanotubes-",totalDownloads:2609,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Yuan-Liang Zhong, Hayato Nakano, Tatsushi Akazaki and Hideaki Takayanagi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"29939",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuan-Liang",middleName:null,surname:"Zhong",fullName:"Yuan-Liang Zhong",slug:"yuan-liang-zhong"},{id:"39238",title:"Dr.",name:"Hayato",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",fullName:"Hayato Nakano",slug:"hayato-nakano"},{id:"39239",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatsushi",middleName:null,surname:"Akazaki",fullName:"Tatsushi Akazaki",slug:"tatsushi-akazaki"},{id:"39240",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideaki",middleName:null,surname:"Takayanagi",fullName:"Hideaki Takayanagi",slug:"hideaki-takayanagi"}]},{id:"16862",type:"chapter",title:"Quantum Calculation in the Prediction of the Properties of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWNTs) and Nanotube Bundles",slug:"quantum-calculation-in-the-prediction-of-the-properties-of-single-walled-carbon-nanotubes-swnts-and-",totalDownloads:4038,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Majid Monajjemi and Vannajan Sanghiran Lee",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"27897",title:"Dr.",name:"Vannajan Sanghiran",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Vannajan Sanghiran Lee",slug:"vannajan-sanghiran-lee"},{id:"39821",title:"Prof.",name:"Majid",middleName:null,surname:"Monajjemi",fullName:"Majid Monajjemi",slug:"majid-monajjemi"}]},{id:"16863",type:"chapter",title:"Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes in the Presence of Vacancies and Related Energy Gaps",slug:"single-wall-carbon-nanotubes-in-the-presence-of-vacancies-and-related-energy-gaps",totalDownloads:3530,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Edris Faizabadi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"48589",title:"Dr",name:"Edris",middleName:null,surname:"Faizabadi",fullName:"Edris Faizabadi",slug:"edris-faizabadi"}]},{id:"16864",type:"chapter",title:"STM Observation of Interference Patterns Near the Endcap and Its application to the Chiral Vector Determination of Carbon Nanotubes",slug:"stm-observation-of-interference-patterns-near-the-endcap-and-its-application-to-the-chiral-vector-de",totalDownloads:2611,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Masayuki Furuhashi and Tadahiro Komeda",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"28815",title:"Prof.",name:"Tadahiro",middleName:null,surname:"Komeda",fullName:"Tadahiro Komeda",slug:"tadahiro-komeda"},{id:"37727",title:"Dr.",name:"Masayuki",middleName:null,surname:"Furuhashi",fullName:"Masayuki Furuhashi",slug:"masayuki-furuhashi"}]},{id:"16865",type:"chapter",title:"Liquid Crystal-Anisotropic Nanoparticles Mixtures",slug:"liquid-crystal-anisotropic-nanoparticles-mixtures",totalDownloads:2420,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Vlad Popa-Nita, Matej Cevko and Samo Kralj",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"26773",title:"Prof.",name:"Vlad",middleName:null,surname:"Popa-Nita",fullName:"Vlad Popa-Nita",slug:"vlad-popa-nita"},{id:"28105",title:"Dr.",name:"Matej",middleName:null,surname:"Cevko",fullName:"Matej Cevko",slug:"matej-cevko"},{id:"177727",title:"Dr.",name:"Samo",middleName:null,surname:"Kralj",fullName:"Samo Kralj",slug:"samo-kralj"}]},{id:"16866",type:"chapter",title:"Strategies to Successfully Cross-Link Carbon Nanotubes",slug:"strategies-to-successfully-cross-link-carbon-nanotubes",totalDownloads:5479,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Steve Acquah, Darryl Ventura and Harold Kroto",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"28886",title:"Prof.",name:"Harold",middleName:"Walter",surname:"Kroto",fullName:"Harold Kroto",slug:"harold-kroto"},{id:"28974",title:"Dr.",name:"Steve",middleName:"Francis Albert",surname:"Acquah",fullName:"Steve Acquah",slug:"steve-acquah"},{id:"32949",title:"Mr",name:"Darryl",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura",fullName:"Darryl Ventura",slug:"darryl-ventura"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3151",title:"Carbon Nanotubes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f9f8d4ba35e0c21e2938bdcd15339c7f",slug:"carbon-nanotubes",bookSignature:"Jose Mauricio Marulanda",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3151.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"9142",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose Mauricio",surname:"Marulanda",slug:"jose-mauricio-marulanda",fullName:"Jose Mauricio Marulanda"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"10022",title:"Carbon Nanotubes – A scientometric study",slug:"carbon-nanotubes-a-scientometric-study",signatures:"Werner Marx and Andreas Barth",authors:[{id:"7023",title:"Dr.",name:"Andreas",middleName:null,surname:"Barth",fullName:"Andreas Barth",slug:"andreas-barth"},{id:"123401",title:"Prof.",name:"Werner",middleName:null,surname:"Marx",fullName:"Werner Marx",slug:"werner-marx"}]},{id:"10018",title:"Chemical Vapour Deposition of CNTs Using Structural Nanoparticle Catalysts",slug:"chemical-vapour-deposition-of-cnts-using-structural-nanoparticle-catalysts",signatures:"G. N. Ayre, T. Uchino, B. Mazumder, A. L. Hector, D. C. Smith, P. Ashburn, C. H. de Groot and J. L. Hutchison",authors:[{id:"7243",title:"Dr.",name:"Cornelis",middleName:null,surname:"De Groot",fullName:"Cornelis De Groot",slug:"cornelis-de-groot"},{id:"8290",title:"Mr.",name:"Gregory",middleName:null,surname:"Ayre",fullName:"Gregory Ayre",slug:"gregory-ayre"},{id:"126909",title:"Prof.",name:"T.",middleName:null,surname:"Uchino",fullName:"T. Uchino",slug:"t.-uchino"},{id:"126910",title:"Prof.",name:"B.",middleName:null,surname:"Mazumder",fullName:"B. Mazumder",slug:"b.-mazumder"},{id:"126911",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Hector",fullName:"Andrew Hector",slug:"andrew-hector"},{id:"126912",title:"Dr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Smith",fullName:"David Smith",slug:"david-smith"},{id:"126913",title:"Prof.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Ashburn",fullName:"Peter Ashburn",slug:"peter-ashburn"},{id:"126914",title:"Dr.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Hutchison",fullName:"John Hutchison",slug:"john-hutchison"}]},{id:"10001",title:"Properties of Carbon Nanotubes under External Factors",slug:"properties-of-carbon-nanotubes-under-external-factors",signatures:"Yaroslav V. Shtogun and Lilia M. Woods",authors:[{id:"7271",title:"Dr.",name:"Yaroslav",middleName:"V",surname:"Shtogun",fullName:"Yaroslav Shtogun",slug:"yaroslav-shtogun"},{id:"123367",title:"Dr.",name:"Lilia",middleName:null,surname:"Woods",fullName:"Lilia Woods",slug:"lilia-woods"}]},{id:"10012",title:"Electronic Structure of Fluorinated Carbon Nanotubes",slug:"electronic-structure-of-fluorinated-carbon-nanotubes",signatures:"Maria Brzhezinskaya and Alexander Vinogradov",authors:[{id:"7407",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Brzhezinskaya",fullName:"Maria Brzhezinskaya",slug:"maria-brzhezinskaya"},{id:"123386",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Vinogradov",fullName:"Alexander Vinogradov",slug:"alexander-vinogradov"}]},{id:"10007",title:"Microwave Dielectric Properties of Carbon Nanotube Composites",slug:"microwave-dielectric-properties-of-carbon-nanotube-composites",signatures:"L. Liu, L. B. Kong, W. Y. Yin, Y. Chen and S. Matitsine",authors:[{id:"6792",title:"Dr.",name:"Lie",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",fullName:"Lie Liu",slug:"lie-liu"},{id:"116538",title:"Dr.",name:"L. B.",middleName:null,surname:"Kong",fullName:"L. B. Kong",slug:"l.-b.-kong"},{id:"126903",title:"Prof.",name:"W. Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Yin",fullName:"W. Y. Yin",slug:"w.-y.-yin"},{id:"126904",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuan",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Yuan Chen",slug:"yuan-chen"},{id:"126907",title:"Prof.",name:"Serguei",middleName:null,surname:"Matitsine",fullName:"Serguei Matitsine",slug:"serguei-matitsine"}]},{id:"10013",title:"Environmental Effects on Photoluminescence of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes",slug:"environmental-effects-on-photoluminescence-of-single-walled-carbon-nanotubes",signatures:"Yutaka Ohno, Shigeo Maruyama and Takashi Mizutani",authors:[{id:"7206",title:"Prof.",name:"Yutaka",middleName:null,surname:"Ohno",fullName:"Yutaka Ohno",slug:"yutaka-ohno"},{id:"123387",title:"Dr.",name:"Shigeo",middleName:null,surname:"Maruyama",fullName:"Shigeo Maruyama",slug:"shigeo-maruyama"},{id:"123388",title:"Prof.",name:"Takashi",middleName:null,surname:"Mizutani",fullName:"Takashi Mizutani",slug:"takashi-mizutani"}]},{id:"10014",title:"Charge Transport in Carbon Nanotube Films and Fibers",slug:"charge-transport-in-carbon-nanotube-films-and-fibers",signatures:"Vitaly Ksenevich, Jean Galibert and Vladimir Samuilov",authors:[{id:"7134",title:"Dr.",name:"Vitaly",middleName:null,surname:"Ksenevich",fullName:"Vitaly Ksenevich",slug:"vitaly-ksenevich"},{id:"123389",title:"Prof.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Galibert",fullName:"Jean Galibert",slug:"jean-galibert"},{id:"123390",title:"Prof.",name:"Vladimir",middleName:null,surname:"Samuilov",fullName:"Vladimir Samuilov",slug:"vladimir-samuilov"}]},{id:"9996",title:"Doped Carbon Nanotube Properties",slug:"doped-carbon-nanotube-properties",signatures:"Viktor Griadun",authors:[{id:"7602",title:"Dr.",name:"Viktor",middleName:null,surname:"Griadun",fullName:"Viktor Griadun",slug:"viktor-griadun"}]},{id:"10015",title:"Fundamental Physical Aspects of Carbon Nanotube Transistors",slug:"fundamental-physical-aspects-of-carbon-nanotube-transistors",signatures:"Zoheir Kordrostami and Mohammad Hossein Sheikhi",authors:[{id:"6843",title:"Dr.",name:"Zoheir",middleName:null,surname:"Kordrostami",fullName:"Zoheir Kordrostami",slug:"zoheir-kordrostami"},{id:"123392",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad Hussein",middleName:null,surname:"Sheikhi",fullName:"Mohammad Hussein Sheikhi",slug:"mohammad-hussein-sheikhi"}]},{id:"10005",title:"Gate Controlled Particle-Wave Duality in a Single Walled Carbon Nanotube Hole-Transistor",slug:"gate-controlled-particle-wave-duality-in-a-single-walled-carbon-nanotube-hole-transistor",signatures:"Takafumi Kamimura and Kazuhiko Matsumoto",authors:[{id:"6827",title:"Dr.",name:"Takafumi",middleName:null,surname:"Kamimura",fullName:"Takafumi Kamimura",slug:"takafumi-kamimura"},{id:"19334",title:"Prof.",name:"Kazuhiko",middleName:null,surname:"Matsumoto",fullName:"Kazuhiko Matsumoto",slug:"kazuhiko-matsumoto"}]},{id:"10000",title:"Numerical Modeling of the I-V Characteristics of Carbon Nanotube Field Effect Transistors",slug:"numerical-modeling-of-the-i-v-characteristics-of-carbon-nanotube-field-effect-transistors",signatures:"Jose Mauricio Marulanda and Ashok Srivastava",authors:[{id:"9142",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose Mauricio",middleName:null,surname:"Marulanda",fullName:"Jose Mauricio Marulanda",slug:"jose-mauricio-marulanda"},{id:"123366",title:"Dr.",name:"Ashok",middleName:null,surname:"Srivastava",fullName:"Ashok Srivastava",slug:"ashok-srivastava"}]},{id:"9989",title:"Compact Modeling of Carbon Nanotube Transistor and Interconnects",slug:"compact-modeling-of-carbon-nanotube-transistor-and-interconnects",signatures:"Yu Cao, Saurabh Sinha and Asha Balijepalli",authors:[{id:"7174",title:"Dr.",name:"Saurabh",middleName:null,surname:"Sinha",fullName:"Saurabh Sinha",slug:"saurabh-sinha"},{id:"123328",title:"Prof.",name:"Yu",middleName:null,surname:"Cao",fullName:"Yu Cao",slug:"yu-cao"},{id:"123329",title:"Prof.",name:"Asha",middleName:null,surname:"Balijepalli",fullName:"Asha Balijepalli",slug:"asha-balijepalli"}]},{id:"9990",title:"Measurement of High-Frequency Characteristics of CNTFETs and Equivalent Circuit Model Analysis",slug:"measurement-of-high-frequency-characteristics-of-cntfets-and-equivalent-circuit-model-analysis",signatures:"Kaoru Narita",authors:[{id:"7259",title:"Dr.",name:"Kaoru",middleName:null,surname:"Narita",fullName:"Kaoru Narita",slug:"kaoru-narita"}]},{id:"10011",title:"Carbon Nanotubes Interconnects for Nanoelectronics Circuits",slug:"carbon-nanotubes-interconnects-for-nanoelectronics-circuits",signatures:"A.G. Chiarello, A. Maffucci, G. Miano and F. Villone",authors:[{id:"7906",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Maffucci",fullName:"Antonio Maffucci",slug:"antonio-maffucci"},{id:"123383",title:"Dr.",name:"Luigi",middleName:null,surname:"Chiariello",fullName:"Luigi Chiariello",slug:"luigi-chiariello"},{id:"123384",title:"Prof.",name:"G.",middleName:null,surname:"Miano",fullName:"G. Miano",slug:"g.-miano"},{id:"123385",title:"Prof.",name:"F.",middleName:null,surname:"Villone",fullName:"F. Villone",slug:"f.-villone"}]},{id:"10021",title:"Interconnect Challenges and Carbon Nanotube as Interconnect in Nano VLSI Circuits",slug:"interconnect-challenges-and-carbon-nanotube-as-interconnect-in-nano-vlsi-circuits",signatures:"Davood Fathi and Behjat Forouzandeh",authors:[{id:"6707",title:"Dr.",name:"Davood",middleName:null,surname:"Fathi",fullName:"Davood Fathi",slug:"davood-fathi"},{id:"123400",title:"Prof.",name:"Behjat",middleName:null,surname:"Forouzandeh",fullName:"Behjat Forouzandeh",slug:"behjat-forouzandeh"}]},{id:"9997",title:"Affinity of CNT for Metal - Its Importance to Application: Molecular Dynamics Approach",slug:"affinity-of-cnt-for-metal-its-importance-to-application-molecular-dynamics-approach",signatures:"Shuhei Inoue",authors:[{id:"6685",title:"Dr.",name:"Shuhei",middleName:null,surname:"Inoue",fullName:"Shuhei Inoue",slug:"shuhei-inoue"}]},{id:"9995",title:"Carbon Nanotube Field Emitters",slug:"carbon-nanotube-field-emitters",signatures:"Alexander Zhbanov, Evgeny Pogorelov and Yia-Chung Chang",authors:[{id:"7113",title:"Prof.",name:"Yia-Chung",middleName:null,surname:"Chang",fullName:"Yia-Chung Chang",slug:"yia-chung-chang"},{id:"123357",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Zhbanov",fullName:"Alexander Zhbanov",slug:"alexander-zhbanov"},{id:"123359",title:"Prof.",name:"Evgeny",middleName:null,surname:"Pogorelov",fullName:"Evgeny Pogorelov",slug:"evgeny-pogorelov"}]},{id:"10004",title:"Sensing Mechanisms of Carbon Nanotube Based NH3 Gas Detectors",slug:"sensing-mechanisms-of-carbon-nanotube-based-nh3-gas-detectors",signatures:"Ning Peng and Qing Zhang",authors:[{id:"7316",title:"Dr.",name:"Ning",middleName:null,surname:"Peng",fullName:"Ning Peng",slug:"ning-peng"},{id:"123376",title:"Prof.",name:"Qing",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Qing Zhang",slug:"qing-zhang"}]},{id:"10008",title:"Gas Sensors Based on Decorated Carbon Nanotubes",slug:"gas-sensors-based-on-decorated-carbon-nanotubes",signatures:"Francisco P. Rouxinol, Rogerio V. Gelamo and Stanislav A. Moshkalev",authors:[{id:"7478",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislav",middleName:null,surname:"Moshkalev",fullName:"Stanislav Moshkalev",slug:"stanislav-moshkalev"},{id:"123379",title:"Prof.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Rouxinol",fullName:"Francisco Rouxinol",slug:"francisco-rouxinol"},{id:"133290",title:"Dr.",name:"Rogério",middleName:null,surname:"Gelamo",fullName:"Rogério Gelamo",slug:"rogerio-gelamo"}]},{id:"9998",title:"Suspended Carbon Nanotubes: Applications in Physical Sensors and Actuators",slug:"suspended-carbon-nanotubes-applications-in-physical-sensors-and-actuators",signatures:"Anupama B. Kaul and Larry Epp",authors:[{id:"7171",title:"Dr.",name:"Anupama",middleName:null,surname:"Kaul",fullName:"Anupama Kaul",slug:"anupama-kaul"},{id:"123364",title:"Dr.",name:"Larry",middleName:null,surname:"Epp",fullName:"Larry Epp",slug:"larry-epp"}]},{id:"10017",title:"Study of Carbon NanoTube Field Effect Transistors for NEMS",slug:"study-of-carbon-nanotube-field-effect-transistors-for-nems",signatures:"Hasina F. Huq, Bashirul Polash, Oscar Machado and Nora Espinoza",authors:[{id:"7029",title:"Dr.",name:"HAsina",middleName:null,surname:"Huq",fullName:"HAsina Huq",slug:"hasina-huq"},{id:"123396",title:"Prof.",name:"Bashirul",middleName:null,surname:"Polash",fullName:"Bashirul Polash",slug:"bashirul-polash"},{id:"123397",title:"Prof.",name:"Oscar",middleName:null,surname:"Machado",fullName:"Oscar Machado",slug:"oscar-machado"}]},{id:"10019",title:"Solid Phase (Micro)extraction Tools Based on Carbon Nanotubes and Related Nanostructures",slug:"solid-phase-micro-extraction-tools-based-on-carbon-nanotubes-and-related-nanostructures",signatures:"Juan Manuel Jimenez-Soto, Rafael Lucena, Soledad Cardenas and Miguel Valcarcel",authors:[{id:"7217",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Valcarcel",fullName:"Miguel Valcarcel",slug:"miguel-valcarcel"},{id:"24075",title:"Dr.",name:"Soledad",middleName:null,surname:"Cárdenas",fullName:"Soledad Cárdenas",slug:"soledad-cardenas"},{id:"24076",title:"Dr.",name:"Rafael",middleName:null,surname:"Lucena",fullName:"Rafael Lucena",slug:"rafael-lucena"},{id:"123399",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Jimenez-Soto",fullName:"Juan Manuel Jimenez-Soto",slug:"juan-manuel-jimenez-soto"}]},{id:"10023",title:"Broadband Terahertz Source Based on Photomixing in Laser-Assisted Field Emission with Clusters of Carbon Nanotubes",slug:"broadband-terahertz-source-based-on-photomixing-in-laser-assisted-field-emission-with-clusters-of-ca",signatures:"Mark J. Hagmann",authors:[{id:"7215",title:"Dr.",name:"Mark",middleName:null,surname:"Hagmann",fullName:"Mark Hagmann",slug:"mark-hagmann"}]},{id:"9993",title:"Liquid Crystal Dispersions of Carbon Nanotubes: Dielectric, Electro-Optical and Structural Peculiarities",slug:"liquid-crystal-dispersions-of-carbon-nanotubes-dielectric-electro-optical-and-structural-peculiariti",signatures:"L. Dolgov, O. Kovalchuk, N. Lebovka, S. Tomylko and O. Yaroshchuk",authors:[{id:"7078",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonid",middleName:null,surname:"Dolgov",fullName:"Leonid Dolgov",slug:"leonid-dolgov"},{id:"123339",title:"Prof.",name:"Olegyar",middleName:null,surname:"Kovalchuk",fullName:"Olegyar Kovalchuk",slug:"olegyar-kovalchuk"},{id:"123341",title:"Prof.",name:"Nikolai",middleName:null,surname:"Lebovka",fullName:"Nikolai Lebovka",slug:"nikolai-lebovka"},{id:"123343",title:"Prof.",name:"Sergiy",middleName:null,surname:"Tomylko",fullName:"Sergiy Tomylko",slug:"sergiy-tomylko"},{id:"123345",title:"Dr.",name:"O.",middleName:null,surname:"Yaroshchuk",fullName:"O. Yaroshchuk",slug:"o.-yaroshchuk"}]},{id:"10002",title:"Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes with Luminescent Silicon Nanocrystals upon Nanosecond Laser Processing in Liquid Media",slug:"functionalization-of-carbon-nanotubes-with-luminescent-silicon-nanocrystals-upon-nanosecond-laser-pr",signatures:"Vladimir Svrcek",authors:[{id:"7159",title:"Dr.",name:"Vladimir",middleName:null,surname:"Svrcek",fullName:"Vladimir Svrcek",slug:"vladimir-svrcek"}]},{id:"9992",title:"Microstructured Optical Fibers Filled with Carbon Nanotubes: Photonic Bandgap Modification and Sensing Applications",slug:"microstructured-optical-fibers-filled-with-carbon-nanotubes-photonic-bandgap-modification-and-sensin",signatures:"Marco Pisco, Marco Consales, Antonello Cutolo, Patrizia Aversa, Michele Penza, Michele Giordano and Andrea Cusano",authors:[{id:"3107",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Consales",fullName:"Marco Consales",slug:"marco-consales"},{id:"7434",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Pisco",fullName:"Marco Pisco",slug:"marco-pisco"},{id:"28660",title:"Dr.",name:"Michele",middleName:null,surname:"Giordano",fullName:"Michele Giordano",slug:"michele-giordano"},{id:"76616",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Cusano",fullName:"Andrea Cusano",slug:"andrea-cusano"},{id:"121777",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonello",middleName:null,surname:"Cutolo",fullName:"Antonello Cutolo",slug:"antonello-cutolo"},{id:"121778",title:"Prof.",name:"Michele",middleName:null,surname:"Penza",fullName:"Michele Penza",slug:"michele-penza"},{id:"121780",title:"Prof.",name:"Patrizia",middleName:null,surname:"Aversa",fullName:"Patrizia Aversa",slug:"patrizia-aversa"}]},{id:"10020",title:"Carbon Nanotubes as a New Solid Phase Extraction Sorbent for Analysis of Environmental Pollutants",slug:"carbon-nanotubes-as-a-new-solid-phase-extraction-sorbent-for-analysis-of-environmental-pollutants",signatures:"Bele Constantin",authors:[{id:"7665",title:"Associate professor",name:"Bele",middleName:null,surname:"Constantin",fullName:"Bele Constantin",slug:"bele-constantin"}]},{id:"10010",title:"Hydrogen Storage Using Carbon Nanotubes",slug:"hydrogen-storage-using-carbon-nanotubes",signatures:"Yunjin Yao",authors:[{id:"6988",title:"Dr.",name:"Yunjin",middleName:null,surname:"Yao",fullName:"Yunjin Yao",slug:"yunjin-yao"}]},{id:"10024",title:"Carbon Nanotube Supercapacitors",slug:"carbon-nanotube-supercapacitors",signatures:"Wen Lu and Liming Dai",authors:[{id:"7074",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen",middleName:null,surname:"Lu",fullName:"Wen Lu",slug:"wen-lu"},{id:"123402",title:"Dr.",name:"Liming",middleName:null,surname:"Dai",fullName:"Liming Dai",slug:"liming-dai"}]},{id:"10009",title:"Carbon Nanotube Membrane Solar Sails A Challenge for Extremely Fast Space Flight",slug:"carbon-nanotube-membrane-solar-sails-a-challenge-for-extremely-fast-space-flight",signatures:"Salvatore Santoli",authors:[{id:"123382",title:"Prof.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Santoli",fullName:"Salvatore Santoli",slug:"salvatore-santoli"}]},{id:"9999",title:"Carbon Nanotube-Nanoparticle Hybrid Structures",slug:"carbon-nanotube-nanoparticle-hybrid-structures",signatures:"Junhong Chen and Ganhua Lu",authors:[{id:"7391",title:"Dr.",name:"Junhong",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Junhong Chen",slug:"junhong-chen"},{id:"8987",title:"Dr.",name:"Ganhua",middleName:null,surname:"Lu",fullName:"Ganhua Lu",slug:"ganhua-lu"}]},{id:"10016",title:"Shock-Wave-Compaction (SWC) of Al/CNT Two Phase Systems",slug:"shock-wave-compaction-swc-of-al-cnt-two-phase-systems",signatures:"Noe Alba-Baena, Wazne Salas and Lawrence E. Murr",authors:[{id:"7704",title:"Dr.",name:"Noé",middleName:null,surname:"Alba-Baena",fullName:"Noé Alba-Baena",slug:"noe-alba-baena"},{id:"123394",title:"Mr.",name:"Wayne",middleName:null,surname:"Salas",fullName:"Wayne Salas",slug:"wayne-salas"},{id:"123395",title:"Dr.",name:"Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Murr",fullName:"Lawrence Murr",slug:"lawrence-murr"}]},{id:"10006",title:"Superconductivity in Carbon Nanotubes",slug:"superconductivity-in-carbon-nanotubes",signatures:"Junji Haruyama",authors:[{id:"7196",title:"Professor",name:"Junji",middleName:null,surname:"Haruyama",fullName:"Junji Haruyama",slug:"junji-haruyama"}]},{id:"10003",title:"Nucleic Acid Interaction and Interfaces with Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes",slug:"nucleic-acid-interaction-and-interfaces-with-single-walled-carbon-nanotubes",signatures:"Dovbeshko Galina, Fesenko Olena, Gnatyk Olena, Shtogun Yaroslav, Woods Lilia, Bertarione Serena, Damin Alessandro, Scarano Domenica and Adriano Zecchina",authors:[{id:"7271",title:"Dr.",name:"Yaroslav",middleName:"V",surname:"Shtogun",fullName:"Yaroslav Shtogun",slug:"yaroslav-shtogun"},{id:"123367",title:"Dr.",name:"Lilia",middleName:null,surname:"Woods",fullName:"Lilia Woods",slug:"lilia-woods"},{id:"7662",title:"Nucleic acid interaction and interfaces with singl",name:"Dovbeshko",middleName:null,surname:"Galina",fullName:"Dovbeshko Galina",slug:"dovbeshko-galina"},{id:"123369",title:"Dr.",name:"Fesenko",middleName:null,surname:"Olena",fullName:"Fesenko Olena",slug:"fesenko-olena"},{id:"123372",title:"Prof.",name:"Serena",middleName:null,surname:"Bertarione",fullName:"Serena Bertarione",slug:"serena-bertarione"},{id:"123373",title:"Dr.",name:"Alessandro",middleName:null,surname:"Damin",fullName:"Alessandro Damin",slug:"alessandro-damin"},{id:"123374",title:"Prof.",name:"Domenica",middleName:null,surname:"Scarano",fullName:"Domenica Scarano",slug:"domenica-scarano"},{id:"123375",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:null,surname:"Zecchina",fullName:"Adriano Zecchina",slug:"adriano-zecchina"}]},{id:"9991",title:"DNA-Wrapped Carbon Nanotubes: From Synthesis to Applications",slug:"dna-wrapped-carbon-nanotubes-from-synthesis-to-applications",signatures:"Germarie Sanchez-Pomales, Coral Pagan-Miranda, Lenibel Santiago-Rodriguez and Carlos R. Cabrera",authors:[{id:"7832",title:"Professor",name:"Carlos R.",middleName:null,surname:"Cabrera",fullName:"Carlos R. Cabrera",slug:"carlos-r.-cabrera"},{id:"123332",title:"Dr.",name:"Germarie",middleName:null,surname:"Sanchez-Pomales",fullName:"Germarie Sanchez-Pomales",slug:"germarie-sanchez-pomales"},{id:"123333",title:"Ms.",name:"Coral",middleName:null,surname:"Pagan-Miranda",fullName:"Coral Pagan-Miranda",slug:"coral-pagan-miranda"},{id:"123335",title:"Dr.",name:"Lenibel",middleName:null,surname:"Santiago-Rodriguez",fullName:"Lenibel Santiago-Rodriguez",slug:"lenibel-santiago-rodriguez"}]},{id:"9994",title:"The Unlikely Surfactant: DNA as a Ligand for Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes",slug:"the-unlikely-surfactant-dna-as-a-ligand-for-single-walled-carbon-nanotubes",signatures:"Katharina Muller and Clemens Richert",authors:[{id:"123348",title:"Dr.",name:"Katharina",middleName:null,surname:"Muller",fullName:"Katharina Muller",slug:"katharina-muller"},{id:"123349",title:"Dr.",name:"Clemens",middleName:null,surname:"Richert",fullName:"Clemens Richert",slug:"clemens-richert"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"175",title:"Nanocrystal",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"be72531b15b9a96a9eebf85b56a9e0d4",slug:"nanocrystal",bookSignature:"Yoshitake Masuda",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/175.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12385",title:"Dr.",name:"Yoshitake",surname:"Masuda",slug:"yoshitake-masuda",fullName:"Yoshitake Masuda"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6785",title:"Transparent Conducting Films",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9c4bfc8475b6464e5e1c79a999eabdb",slug:"transparent-conducting-films",bookSignature:"Kaushik Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6785.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"208451",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Kaushik",surname:"Pal",slug:"kaushik-pal",fullName:"Kaushik Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"191",title:"Advances in Nanocomposite Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4dc3407e602cdd348af663727baebe3d",slug:"advances-in-nanocomposite-technology",bookSignature:"Abbass Hashim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/191.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7292",title:"Liquid Crystals",subtitle:"Self-Organized Soft Functional Materials for Advanced Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"38186c26a7ce0769c28b87b3bd6a101f",slug:"liquid-crystals-self-organized-soft-functional-materials-for-advanced-applications",bookSignature:"Irina Carlescu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7292.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"258032",title:"Prof.",name:"Irina",surname:"Carlescu",slug:"irina-carlescu",fullName:"Irina Carlescu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"397",title:"Nanofibers",subtitle:"Production, Properties and Functional Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"934fe33b73b2ecba961c67d5a90021ec",slug:"nanofibers-production-properties-and-functional-applications",bookSignature:"Tong Lin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/397.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"49937",title:"Dr.",name:"Tong",surname:"Lin",slug:"tong-lin",fullName:"Tong Lin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"468",title:"Electronic Properties of Carbon Nanotubes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"electronic-properties-of-carbon-nanotubes",bookSignature:"Jose Mauricio Marulanda",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/468.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"9142",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose Mauricio",surname:"Marulanda",slug:"jose-mauricio-marulanda",fullName:"Jose Mauricio Marulanda"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5347",title:"Nanostructured Solar Cells",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1856c1630d95d64906a0f1a3e597cb0a",slug:"nanostructured-solar-cells",bookSignature:"Narottam Das",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5347.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"15357",title:"Dr.",name:"Narottam",surname:"Das",slug:"narottam-das",fullName:"Narottam Das"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"77935",title:"Biodiversity Conservation, Economic Growth and Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99298",slug:"biodiversity-conservation-economic-growth-and-sustainable-development",body:'
1. Introduction
Since its introduction during World War II most countries have come to view gross domestic product, or GDP, as their main measure of economic progress. Growth in GDP is widely seen as essential for advancing human welfare, even as the implications of this growth ever more clearly present us with existential threats, including a rapidly changing climate and dire impacts on biodiversity. With record growth have come record droughts and heatwaves. The last seven years, in fact, have been the warmest since records began in 1880 and last year, 2020, tied 2016 as the warmest year ever [1]. Wildfires across the planet are growing larger and more frequent and ever more evidence accumulates that ecosystems around the globe are collapsing [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10].
Each day’s news it seems underscores the fact that there is a price to pay for our global obsession with growth and limits to what the biosphere can provide to an ever-larger global economy. As a result, the pressure for growth is increasingly being met with calls for greater sustainability. How these two things can be reconciled may be the most urgent and important challenge of our time.
This chapter will summarize the debate over the limits to economic growth beginning with a discussion of how growth is defined and why it is the focus of national economic policy. We will then review the connection between economic growth, sustainable development, and the conservation of biodiversity and examine issues surrounding the quest for sustainable development, including alternative measures of growth and alternatives to a focus on perpetual growth. We will end the chapter with a discussion of policies to help move the world onto a safer, saner trajectory focusing on the role that economic incentives can play in catalyzing necessary change and the importance of a commitment to cost-effectiveness in the design of policies to promote conservation action.
2. What growth means
The standard definition of economic growth is a sustained increase in a nation’s real (inflation adjusted) gross domestic product (GDP). GDP is the monetary value of all goods and services produced in a country each year. In recent years, real GDP growth in the U.S. has averaged around 2% which means that the economy doubles in size every 36 years [11].
2.1 Why grow?
Proponents of economic growth focus on its many benefits, including higher standards of living and the ability to devote more resources to things like health care and education. Increases in sanitation, nutrition, and longevity have all been possible due to economic growth. Since 1800, life expectancy has grown from less than 30 years to more than 70 with eradication of childhood disease and improvements in medicine and nutrition [12]. Vast changes in material abundance have also been possible due to economic growth allowing many the things that only the wealthy could aspire to in the past.
Though something we now take for granted economic growth is a very recent phenomenon. Widespread economic prosperity (as measured by GDP per capita) has only been achieved in the past couple hundred years and as shown in Figure 1, has only really taken off in the past 50 years [13].
Figure 1.
The history of Economic growth: GDP/capita, 1820–2018 [13].
The incidence of extreme poverty over this period has fallen dramatically, in rich countries and poor alike [14]. Since 1990 alone the number of people living in extreme poverty has fallen by more than 1 billion [15]. The reasons for this reduction are many but one essential element has been the increase in crop yields achieved due to massive public investments in modern agricultural research. According to IFPRI [16], the case of English wheat is typical. Whereas it took nearly a millennium for yields to go from 0.5 to 2.0 metric tons per hectare it took only 40 years to rise from 2.0 to 6.0 metric tons per hectare. Yield increases such as these for wheat, rice and other crops have led to unprecedented levels of food security for many developing countries, despite large and continuing increases in population [16].
2.2 The downsides to growth
Given its many benefits, it is little wonder that economic growth is a focus of global economic policy. Growth, however, has its costs. Environmental destruction and impacts on biodiversity are perhaps the most obvious, but there are also conflicts between economic growth and national security and international stability, and ultimately, economic sustainability itself.
Growing economies consume natural resources and produce wastes. This results in habitat loss, air and water pollution, climate disruption, and other environmental threats, threats which are becoming more apparent as economic activity encounters more and more limits. The depletion of groundwater and ocean fisheries are examples as are shortages of fresh water, and the global spread of toxic compounds such as mercury, chlorofluorocarbons, and greenhouse gases.
These conflicts are in part the result of the inescapable impact of an ever-growing human population. They are, however, exacerbated by market failures, including externalities and open-access resources, and in the case of biodiversity, the lack of markets altogether.
Externalities are the side-effects of commercial activities that impact third parties and are not reflected in the costs of production, and for this reason are “external” to the decision-making of both producers and consumers. Pollution from a factory is a negative externality. Intertemporal externalities (e.g., from climate change) impose costs on those in the future that are external to current generations. Externalities of all sorts undercut the ability of markets to produce sustainable outcomes.
Resources that are open to all without restriction, such as ocean fisheries, also invite unsustainable outcomes as is evidenced by the currently depleted state of the world’s open-access fisheries.
Biodiversity suffers from a third market failure, the fact that it is generally not traded in formal markets. Though the popular conception of overexploitation is of resources plundered by the forces of markets, the absence of a market can be equally problematic. Things with no price end up being treated as if they have no value. Such is the fate of endangered species, tropical rainforests, coral reefs, and indeed much of wild nature.
Environmental impacts, of course, are not unconnected to society at large. Things like climate change and the extinction crisis have economic impacts and these in turn can threaten national security and international stability. Such threats are often made worse by inequality. Not everyone benefits equally from growth and some have arguably not benefitted at all. The problem of growing inequality is certainly an issue in the U.S. where the nation’s top 10 percent now average more income than the bottom 90 percent [17]. But it is also clearly a problem globally. Sub-Saharan Africa is a case in point (see also, Figure 1). Although the poverty rate there has fallen in percentage terms since 1990, it has not fallen fast enough to keep pace with population growth [18]. As a result, the number of poor in that region continues to rise and now accounts for nearly two thirds of the world’s total population in extreme poverty [18].
Climate change, resource scarcity, and environmental degradation generally are certain to accentuate such inequalities in the future with unavoidable impacts on social unrest, national security, and international stability. The national security implications of these issues were starkly presented in a recent report commissioned by the U.S. Army [19]. According to the study, America could face a grim series of events triggered by climate change involving drought, disease, failure of the country’s power grid and a threat to the integrity of the military itself, all within the next two decades. The report also projects that sea level rise in the future is likely to “displace tens (if not hundreds) of millions of people, creating massive, enduring instability” and the potential for costly regional conflicts [19]. The report cites in particular the role that drought has played in sparking the civil war in Syria and the potential for tensions stemming from sea level rise and large-scale human displacement in Bangladesh.
All of the above issues have clear implications for economic sustainability – a healthy environment and international stability, after all, are the foundations for a healthy economy. We need healthy soils for agriculture, healthy oceans for fisheries, clean air and water and a stable political environment for international trade, all of which are threatened by unrestrained growth [20].
3. The quest for sustainable development
Increasing awareness of the limitations of growth has led to much discussion of sustainable development. This concept is most commonly associated with a report published by the World Commission on Environment and Development in 1987. In that report sustainable development is defined as “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” [21]. Since the publication of this report, the idea of sustainable development has gained a solid footing in the popular imagination. An important landmark in this regard is the signing of the so-called Rio Declaration at the Earth Summit in 1992 in which 192 nations committed themselves to a detailed agenda for sustainable growth and development [22].
Despite its popularity, the precise meaning of sustainable development is somewhat elusive. From an economic perspective a simple definition might be that growth should proceed so long as the marginal benefits exceed the marginal costs (Figure 2). Marginal cost is the cost of a small increase in an activity and marginal benefit is the additional benefit from that increase. Figure 2 shows the marginal costs and benefits of growth in GDP. Since the benefits tend to decline and the costs to rise with additional GDP growth, the sweet spot is to grow until the marginal costs are exactly equal to the marginal benefits. Any increase in GDP up to this point is “economic growth” whereas growth in GDP past this point, where costs rise above benefits is uneconomic [20].
Figure 2.
Economic and uneconomic growth in GDP [20].
3.1 The problems with GDP
Such definitions are all well and good, but problems arise in discerning when and where costs begin to exceed benefits. This, in turn, is made more difficult by the way in which we measure growth. Ironically, GDP, our global standard measure of growth, was never intended as a measure of costs and benefits. Instead, it is simply a gross tally of market output with no distinction made between output that adds to well-being and output that diminishes it. Instead of separating costs from benefits GDP assumes that all monetary transactions by definition add to social welfare [23].
GDP also excludes everything that happens outside formal markets and therefore ignores many things that clearly benefit society such as volunteer work and unpaid work in households like childcare and elder care. Much of the value of environmental services is ignored as well.
As shown in Box 1, this method of accounting leads to some very counterintuitive results, including the fact that GDP increases with polluting activities and then again with clean-ups, crime and natural disasters are treated as economic gain, and the depletion of natural capital is treated as income [23].
The shortcomings of GDP are particularly significant with regard to biodiversity. As shown in Box 2, biodiversity underpins virtually all economic activity. Yet, it is not explicitly accounted for anywhere in GDP. In many cases, biodiversity is an unvalued input (e.g., crop and livestock genetics) into an output (food) whose value is counted in GDP. And while the connection between the two is clear in a general sense, the impact of added growth on the unvalued input is not. Worse, to the extent that further growth depletes the biodiversity we depend on it is counted as adding to national income. And since the benefits of avoiding the depletion of biodiversity often accrue to others (either in full or in part) there is little incentive for individuals or governments to invest in its conservation.
3.2 Moving beyond GDP
Faced with the obvious limitations of GDP, many countries are now looking for alternative ways of measuring social and economic health, including adjustments to measures like GDP and the development of alternative indicators.
GDP treats crime, divorce, and natural disasters as economic gain.
GDP counts all monetary transactions as positive. So, crime, divorce, and natural disasters, like fires and hurricanes, are all counted as economic progress.
GDP ignores the non-market economy of households and communities.
GDP ignores all activities that take place outside the market economy, including volunteer and home-based work such as childcare and elder care.
GDP treats the depletion of natural capital as income.
GDP treats the depletion of both natural and man-made capital as income rather than depreciation. So the more a country depletes its natural resources the more it adds to GDP.
GDP increases with polluting activities and then again with clean-ups.
GDP counts pollution as a double benefit to society by first including the economic activity that leads to pollution and then the cost of clean-ups.
GDP takes no account of income distribution.
GDP ignores income inequality. In the U.S. GDP has grown more than seven-fold since 1980 [24]. GDP presents this growth as a benefit to all, yet the country’s three richest men now own more wealth than the bottom half of the country combined [25].
3.2.1 GDP adjustments
A basic problem with GDP and other conventional measures is that they are measures of output, not welfare. A true measure of welfare would rise when societies are better off and decline when they are worse off [26]. One of the limitations of GDP as a welfare indicator is that it does not take account of the depletion of either natural or man-made capital. As a result, spending to replace worn-out machinery is treated as income even though it adds nothing to the existing stock of machinery. Similarly, consumption and pollution that depletes society’s store of natural capital is also incorrectly treated as income.
Box 2.
Biodiversity underpins Economic activity, human health and wellbeing.
Food Security and Global Nutrition – Food production depends on biodiversity for plant and animal varieties, pollination, pest control, and disease regulation [27]. Indigenous produce adapted to local conditions in countries around the world serve as a basis for improved plant varieties and as a buffer against a changing climate [28, 29].
Disease Regulation – Lowered biodiversity and habitat fragmentation can lead to increased disease transmission and higher healthcare costs [30, 31]. Medicinal plants and manufactured pharmaceuticals rely on biodiversity. The diversity of plants and animals is an essential source of molecular compounds needed for future drug discovery [32].
Business and Livelihoods – More than half the world’s GDP is moderately or highly dependent on nature, including nature-based tourism and recreational hunting and fishing [28, 33]. Fisheries, forestry and agriculture provide trillions of dollars annually in economic activity [34].
Protection and Replenishment – Biodiverse ecosystems provide natural buffers against storms and floods, water purification, soil formation and organic waste disposal [28]. Biodiversity underpins forests, grasslands, and agricultural systems essential for carbon storage and climate regulation [28].
The former limitation can be addressed by simply subtracting an estimate of capital depreciation from GDP. This is now done as a matter of course in many countries, including the U.S. in what is called net domestic product (NDP) [35]. Adjusting for GDP’s treatment of natural capital, however, is more complicated since there are uncertainties about precisely which cost items to deduct from GDP as well as how these items should be valued [36].
Nevertheless, in an effort to redress this shortcoming, economists have developed an alternative measure called the genuine progress indicator (GPI) which subtracts the value of natural capital used in production as well as the costs of negative externalities from GDP [37].
GPI also attempts to address other limitations of GDP by broadening the conventional accounting framework to include the benefits of volunteering and household labor as well as the impact of a variety of other factors, including crime, health care, income distribution, and leisure [37]. In effect, the GPI aims to serve as an indicator of sustainable welfare by focusing on the value of two basic things: activities that actually make us better off and those that are likely to be sustainable over the long term [37, 38].
Not surprisingly, GPI tells a rather different story than GDP of the recent history of economic growth. In an exhaustive study of the difference between the two indicators Kubiszewski, et al. [39] looked at 17 countries for which GPI data are available over the period 1950–2005. As shown in Figure 3, whereas GDP/capita rises continuously over this period, GPI/capita levels off in the late 1970s and begins to decrease slightly thereafter.
Figure 3.
GDP vs. GPI (genuine Progress indicator), 1950–2005 [39].
3.2.2 Alternative indices
Despite the theoretical appeal of the GPI, it too has limitations. Uncertainties about what costs and benefits to include and how they are valued tend to make these kinds on indices ill-defined. There are also unavoidable problems with trying to summarize how well a society or economy is doing using a single number.
These issues have given rise to specialized indices (e.g., of ecological health or happiness) as well as a dash-board approach involving selected indicators that allow societies to better track the things they really aspire to.
One specialized index (the Living Planet Index) measures the state of global biodiversity based on population trends of vertebrate species from around the world. As shown in Figure 4, the most recent index shows an average 68% decline in the abundance of 4,392 mammal, bird, fish, reptile, and amphibian species from 1970 to 2016 [40]. Some groups are doing much worse. Freshwater populations have declined by an average of 84%, with regional declines as high as 94% (in Latin America). These startling reductions underscore the extent to which GDP as a standalone indicator is masking the impacts of economic growth.
Figure 4.
The global living planet index (LPI) shows a 68% average decline between 1970 and 2016 [40].
An alternative to using a single index is the so-called dash-board approach, involving what are sometimes called sustainable development indicators. This approach seeks to go beyond measuring simply material wealth to focus on a broad range of indicators of the quality of life and environmental health.
One example of this approach is the Better Life Initiative [41] developed by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), a group of 37 mostly rich countries. This initiative recommends 11 indicators that the OECD suggests as essential to well-being in terms of material living conditions (housing, income, jobs) and quality of life (community, education, environment, governance, health, life satisfaction, safety and work-life balance) [http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/#/45555545544].
At present, these indicators – which have been developed for all 37 OECD member countries – reflect only current well-being but in the future the organization expects to complement these with indicators describing the sustainability of well-being over time.
3.2.3 Concepts over numbers
A common shortcoming of all the above indicators is complexity. One reason for the power of GDP, despite its flaws, is simplicity. Up is good, down is bad, and even though a single, modified index like the GPI shares in this advantage, its usefulness as a measure of progress (or peril) is much diminished if it is unlikely to be accepted as a standard.
In response to this dilemma, some have opted for advancing concepts rather than numbers to help inspire and guide in the development of policies that will ultimately be needed to move us in the right direction. Two ideas worth mentioning in this regard are the steady state economy and doughnut economics.
The idea of a steady state economy is most closely associated with the work of economist Herman Daly, one of the co-founders of the journal Ecological Economics. According to Daly, a steady state economy seeks to respect the bounds of sustainability by keeping GDP and resource use stable [42]. As measured by GDP, an economy is either growing, stable or in recession. Since neither economic growth nor recession is sustainable, a steady state economy is the only sustainable prospect and is therefore the “only appropriate policy goal for the sake of sustainability” [42].
Proponents of the steady state emphasize that it should not be confused with economic stagnation which, they say, is the result of a failed growth economy whereas a steady state economy seeks to balance the lack of traditional growth with efforts to distribute wealth so as to broaden economic security [43].
Doughnut economics, the creation of economist Kate Raworth, is in many ways a popularized version of Daly’s steady state economy. Both authors reject the idea that perpetual growth is a viable option and instead call for maximizing social welfare within the physical and ecological limits of the planet. According to Raworth, the goal of economic activity should be to “meet the needs of all” while respecting planetary boundaries [44]. Raworth uses a doughnut, i.e., a disc with a hole in the middle, as her visual framework in which the inner ring represents society’s social foundation and the outer ring its environmental ceiling (Figure 5). Between the two is what Raworth calls an “environmentally safe and socially just space in which humanity can thrive” [44].
Figure 5.
The doughnut of social and planetary boundaries [image credit: Kate Raworth and Christian Guthier] [44].
4. Policies to take us there
The above discussion of how we define and measure sustainability, of course, begs the question of how we get from here to there. Clearly, a part of the answer lies in the measures and definitions themselves. We cannot correct problems if our measures conceal them, and we will never achieve sustainability if we do not define it as an explicit objective.
Nevertheless, this still leaves the difficult work of developing policies to help promote more sustainable outcomes. Experience and the existence of market failures suggests that we cannot leave solutions to the market alone. That said, it would be a mistake to underate the potential for productively using market forces in our search for solutions. Policies based on economic incentives in particular offer an extremely powerful and effective set of options.
Two examples in areas that matter to biodiversity are conservation agreements and carbon pricing. Both illustrate how incentive-based policies can help provide simple, cost-effective, and scalable solutions to environmental problems.
4.1 Conservation agreements
Conservation agreements are performance-based agreements in which resource owners commit to a concrete conservation outcome – usually the protection of a particular habitat or species – in exchange for benefits designed to give them an ongoing incentive to conserve [45]. The type of benefits provided vary but can include technical assistance, support for social services, employment in resource protection, or direct cash payments.
One of the great advantages of this approach is that the terms of agreements are flexible and can therefore be tailored to a particular setting. This flexibility makes conservation agreements a very scalable approach that can be implemented on private and indigenous lands outside traditional protected areas as well as on lands managed by national governments. In addition, whereas the creation of a traditional park or protected area requires a long, complex political process, conservation agreements, as a market-based approach, make park creation more akin to a standard business transaction, and this, in turn, makes park creation much more rapid and efficient.
Since conservation agreements are a voluntary approach that addresses the underlying costs of conservation they are more politically acceptable than forced buyouts or eminent domain and are also often less expensive than other approaches since they focus on opportunity cost which in many cases is extremely low, particularly in developing countries [46].
Conservation agreements were first piloted in 2001 in the context of a timber concession in Guyana [45]. Since then, they have been implemented in a wide variety of settings in roughly 20 countries around the world [47]. Examples include agreements focused on particular species as well ecosystems such as coral reefs, mangroves, and in the Solomon Islands, the largest uninhabited island in the South Pacific [47, 48].
4.2 Pricing carbon
Carbon pricing is another example of an incentive-based policy that relates to biodiversity. While this approach does not target biodiversity directly, it is perhaps the most important single policy affecting all life on Earth. When it comes to conservation, and so much else, unless we effectively tackle climate change very little else will matter.
Although there are many ways of putting a price on carbon, by far the simplest and most effective is a tax imposed on fuel suppliers (e.g., oil and gas producers). Once taxed, fuel suppliers raise their prices and in this way the higher prices ripple through the whole economy. There is no way to evade the tax and there is nothing to monitor or enforce (other than whether energy producers pay their taxes). Across the economy the cost of energy-intensive goods and services would rise giving both businesses and consumers an incentive to conserve.
One of the many advantages of a carbon tax is that it ensures that emission reductions are achieved at least cost to society. The reason is that unlike regulations that require everyone to adopt a particular technology or reduce their emissions by a certain amount, carbon taxes allow for the fact that some entities can reduce their emissions at a lower cost than others. This flexibility offers the opportunity for substantial cost savings.
Regulations alone, for example, can be twice as expensive as a carbon tax per ton of carbon abated while reducing far fewer emissions [49]. Similarly, subsidies (e.g., for electric vehicles) are unavoidably wasteful since they cannot target those who will only be motivated to buy because of the subsidy. If a tax credit of $7,500 convinces only one in four people to buy a hybrid electric vehicle, for example, the effective cost of the incentive is four times the subsidy or $30,000 – more than the price of many plug-in hybrids [50]. Such subsidies also tend to disproportionately benefit high-income households and while hybrids themselves emit less carbon than conventional cars, if the source of power used to charge them comes from coal they will raise carbon emissions rather than reduce them [51].
In addition to being less expensive, carbon taxes have several other important advantages. To begin, the cost of the tax is clearly known ahead of time. If the cost varies, as is true with cap and trade – the program used in several U.S. states – it makes it difficult for business (and consumers) to plan and therefore undercuts incentives to make long-term investments in efficiency.
Other options for pricing carbon are also more administratively burdensome and less transparent and often address only a subset of emissions. Cap and trade, for example, typically covers only electric utilities, which in the U.S. leaves out nearly three-quarters of total carbon emissions [52].
Most carbon tax proposals also now involve offsetting rebates so they do not disadvantage the poor who spend a larger percentage of their income on energy. Many proposals, in fact, would leave the majority of households better off with the tax than without it. In effect, such a “tax” would pay people for doing the right thing.
An important adjunct to a carbon tax is a UN program called REDD – Reducing Deforestation and Forest Degradation. REDD is a global effort designed to break with historic trends of increasing deforestation and greenhouse gas emissions by offering countries a financial incentive for forest conservation [53]. Since deforestation is the second largest anthropogenic source carbon emissions any realistic plan for addressing climate change must include efforts to halt the loss of tropical forests [54].
REDD takes advantage of the fact that reducing emissions anywhere on the globe has the same beneficial impact on slowing climate change. Reducing emissions through REDD therefore offers a means for offsetting emissions of industries that have no other option for meeting their climate commitments. For this reason, airlines around the world who have committed to being net-zero emitters in coming decades are expected to be major future funders of forest conservation through REDD [55].
Happily, protecting tropical forests is one of the least cost ways of reducing carbon emissions [56, 57]. REDD therefore has the potential for simultaneously reducing the cost of fighting climate change while providing a powerful incentive for protecting biodiversity.
4.3 A lack of environmental support
Given their advantages for conservation one might well expect that the three policies discussed above would be popular with environmentalists. In fact, all three policies have faced significant environmental opposition. Conservation agreements have received a great deal of favorable media attention but apart from modest investments by the organization that first developed them, they have largely been ignored by the international conservation community. This is in part a reflection of the fact that “paying for conservation” is regarded by many as a foreign concept, or worse, a dangerous precedent that “commodifies” nature and risks making all conservation efforts more expensive.
But it also reflects an important underlying incentive that shapes the conservation establishment. After years of strong popular support, the budgets and staff of all the major international conservation organizations have grown to the point where conservation has become an extremely expensive undertaking, one that depends critically on continued success in fundraising. And that, in turn makes for resistance to changes in tactics that would funnel money away from existing staff (even to laudable objectives like providing resource owners with an ongoing incentive to conserve). In the language of economics, the opportunity cost of supporting this kind of incentive-based conservation is the funding not going to current operations.
Carbon taxes have suffered from a similar lack of support. Part of the problem in this case is that taxes in general are an unpopular approach. But they have also suffered from competing agendas and a basic lack of understanding as illustrated by the fate two carbon tax bills in the U.S. state of Washington. The first was a revenue neutral bill that included tax cuts and rebates to offset the impact of higher prices from the carbon tax. This bill was defeated by an unusual coalition of oil interests and environmentalists. The later felt that the money collected by the government should be used to offset the impact of the tax on the poor (even though that is exactly what the rebates would have done) and to fund investments affecting climate, communities, and racial equity [58].
To accommodate these concerns, the second bill included no offsetting rebates and instead called for using the tax revenue to support a dedicated fund focused on the environment and social justice. In addition, the bill called for reducing the carbon tax by half to lessen its impact on prices. In effect, these changes made the revised bill both more regressive and less effective in reducing carbon emissions. Despite these “improvements”, this bill was also defeated, this time by voters who objected to the added tax and the fact that it was being used to fund what the Seattle Times called a grab bag of “special interest payouts” [59].
The UN REDD program has also faced environmental objections, in this case based on concerns over the long-term security of emission reductions in developing countries and the fact that offsets allow polluters to avoid reducing their own emissions by paying for cheaper emission reductions elsewhere [60].
5. Summary and conclusion
The past two centuries of economic growth have provided the world with many benefits. Our lives are longer and healthier with more leisure and shorter workweeks. Childhood diseases that afflicted our parents are largely a thing of the past. The creative explosion of the last few decades has yielded advances in medicine, the arts, technology and more. All these things are the benefits of economic growth.
There are, however, downsides to economic growth that put our past progress and the future of life in jeopardy. Although global economic policy is still strongly wedded to growth in GDP there is increasing recognition that this is not a sustainable situation. Blindly promoting ever more growth without seeking to address market failures and impacts on the environment is clearly a prescription for trouble. The question is how to moderate these impacts while still maintaining a focus on advancing economic security and the quality of life.
Part of the answer to this question is in developing better indicators of how economic activity is affecting the things we care about. Having a global standard measure like GDP that ignores the value of nature and counts both pollution and clean up as progress is certain to steer us in the wrong direction. Dethroning GDP and work on replacements are worthy endeavors. Measures of impact, though, even at their best, are better at informing us of the need for change than in incentivizing specific changes. They still leave us with the hard work of developing appropriate policies for the future.
How we proceed in this regard will make a difference. Unconstrained markets are not likely to produce a happy ending, but this does not mean that we should ignore the potential for using markets and incentives in our search for solutions. The same forces that are driving us in the wrong direction can be harnessed and channeled in directions that will greatly enhance the potential for sustainable outcomes.
This is particularly true in the case of policies designed to address threats to biodiversity. Indeed, in the case of two important policies, carbon taxes and conservation agreements, ignoring this potential is likely to come at a price. Compared to a carbon tax, standards and subsidies could double the cost of dealing with climate change and rejecting the use of incentives in conservation agreements and REDD could jeopardize whether forests are saved at all.
The good news is that we have some extremely simple and powerful tools at our disposal. A single, small change in the tax code can reorient the entire economy away from carbon. And conservation agreements and REDD can be flexibly implemented almost everywhere they are needed. While funding these efforts will not be inexpensive there is ample global willingness and ability to pay for conservation and no shortage of those in a position to conserve who are willing to accept payment.
The challenges are great, but many of the tools needed to address them are at hand. We need only choose to put them to use.
\n',keywords:"Biological diversity, economic development, Sustainability, GDP, Genuine Progress Indicator, conservation agreements, carbon taxes",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/77935.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/77935.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77935",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77935",totalDownloads:145,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"March 8th 2021",dateReviewed:"July 7th 2021",datePrePublished:"August 8th 2021",datePublished:null,dateFinished:"August 8th 2021",readingETA:"0",abstract:"A growing economy has long been regarded as important for social and economic progress. And indeed, much of what we value in society is the product of economic growth. It is becoming increasingly clear, however, that growth cannot continue forever and that there is a price to pay for our failure to chart a more sustainable path. This chapter examines the conflict between our global obsession with growth and the conservation of biological diversity. The chapter begins with a discussion of what growth means and why it is the focus of global economic policy. We then review the connection between economic growth, sustainable development and the conservation of biological diversity and examine issues surrounding the quest for sustainable development, including how growth is measured and why there is a need to develop alternatives measures of growth and alternatives to a focus on perpetual growth. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the role that economic incentives can play in helping to catalyze necessary change and the importance of a commitment to cost-effectiveness in the choice of policies to promote conservation action.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/77935",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/77935",signatures:"Richard E. Rice",book:{id:"10763",type:"book",title:"Biodiversity of Ecosystems",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Biodiversity of Ecosystems",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Levente Hufnagel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10763.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-83969-488-2",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-487-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-489-9",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"10864",title:"Dr.",name:"Levente",middleName:null,surname:"Hufnagel",slug:"levente-hufnagel",fullName:"Levente Hufnagel"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. What growth means",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 Why grow?",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2 The downsides to growth",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5",title:"3. The quest for sustainable development",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"3.1 The problems with GDP",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"3.2 Moving beyond GDP",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6_3",title:"3.2.1 GDP adjustments",level:"3"},{id:"sec_7_3",title:"3.2.2 Alternative indices",level:"3"},{id:"sec_8_3",title:"3.2.3 Concepts over numbers",level:"3"},{id:"sec_11",title:"4. Policies to take us there",level:"1"},{id:"sec_11_2",title:"4.1 Conservation agreements",level:"2"},{id:"sec_12_2",title:"4.2 Pricing carbon",level:"2"},{id:"sec_13_2",title:"4.3 A lack of environmental support",level:"2"},{id:"sec_15",title:"5. Summary and conclusion",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'NASA. 2020 Tied for Warmest Year on Record, NASA Analysis Shows [Internet]. 2020. [cited 2021 Jun 6]. https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/2020-tied-for-warmest-year-on-record-nasa-analysis-shows.'},{id:"B2",body:'Patel, Six Trends to Know about Fire Season in the Western U.S. [Internet]. 2019. [cited 2021 Jun 6]. https://climate.nasa.gov/blog/2830/six-trends-to-know-about-fire-season-in-the-western-us/'},{id:"B3",body:'Gray, E. Satellite Data Record Shows Climate Change\'s Impact on Fires [Internet]. 2019. [cited 2021 Jun 6]. https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2912/satellite-data-record-shows-climate-changes-impact-on-fires/'},{id:"B4",body:'Filbee-Dexter, K., Wernberg, T. Rise of turfs: A new battlefront for globally declining kelp forests, BioScience [Internet], 2018 Feb [cited 2021 Jun 29];(68)2:64-76. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/bix147'},{id:"B5",body:'IUCN. IUCN Red List of Ecosystems [Internet]. 2021. [cited 2021 Jun 6]. https://iucnrle.org/resources/published-assessments/'},{id:"B6",body:'Kareiva, P, Carranza, V. Existential risk due to ecosystem collapse: Nature strikes back. Science Direct [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2021 Jun 29];(102):39-50, Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016328717301726https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2018.01.001 ISSN 0016-3287'},{id:"B7",body:'Perry, C, Murphy, G, Kench, P, et al. Caribbean-wide decline in carbonate production threatens coral reef growth. Nat Commun [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2021 Jun 29];(4):1402, Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms2409'},{id:"B8",body:'Seibold, S, Gossner, M, Simons, N, et al. Arthropod decline in grasslands and forests is associated with landscape-level drivers. Nature [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2021 Jun 29];(574):671-674. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1684-3'},{id:"B9",body:'Stanke, H, Finley, A, Domke, G., et al. Over half of western United States’ most abundant tree species in decline. Nat Commun [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2021 Jun 29];(12):451. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-20678-z'},{id:"B10",body:'Swiss Re Institute. Biodiversity and ecosystem services: A business case for re/insurance [Internet]. Zurich. Swiss Re Institute. 2020. [cited 2021 Jun 29]. Available from: https://www.swissre.com/institute/research/topics-and-risk-dialogues/climate-and-natural-catastrophe-risk/expertise-publication-biodiversity-and-ecosystems-services.html'},{id:"B11",body:'Trading Economics. United States GDP Annual Growth Rate. 2021. [cited 2021 Jun 6]. https://tradingeconomics.com/united-states/gdp-growth-annual'},{id:"B12",body:'Roser, M, Ortiz-Ospina, E., Ritchie, H. Life Expectancy [Internet]. Our World in Data. 2019. [cited 2021 Jun 6]. https://ourworldindata.org/life-expectancy'},{id:"B13",body:'Boldt, J, Luiten van Zanden, J. Madison style estimates of the evolution of the world economy. A new 2020 update [Internet]. Madison Project Working Paper WP-15. [updated 2020; cited 2021 Jun 6]. Available from: https://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/publications/wp15.pdf'},{id:"B14",body:'Roser, M, Ortiz-Ospina, E. Global Extreme Poverty [Internet]. Published online at OurWorldInData.org. 2013. [cited 2021 Jun 6]. Available from: https://ourworldindata.org/extreme-poverty'},{id:"B15",body:'World Bank. Poverty and shared prosperity 2018: Piecing together the poverty puzzle [Internet]. Washington, DC: World Bank. License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0 IGO. [cited 2021 Jun 6]. Available from: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/30418/9781464813306.pdf'},{id:"B16",body:'IFPRI. Green Revolution: Curse or Blessing? [Internet]. International Food Policy Research Institute. Washington, D.C. 2002. [cited 2021 Jun 6]. https://oregonstate.edu/instruct/css/330/three/Green.pdf'},{id:"B17",body:'Saez, E. Striking it richer: The evolution of top incomes in the U.S [Internet]. Unpublished update of report published in Pathways Magazine, Stanford Center for the Study of Poverty and Inequality, Winter 2008, 6-7. U.C. Berkeley, Department of Economics. 2020. [cited 2021 Jun 6]. Available from: https://eml.berkeley.edu/~saez/saez-UStopincomes-2018.pdf'},{id:"B18",body:'Schoch, M, Lakner, C. The number of poor people continues to rise in Sub-Saharan Africa [Internet]. Published on Data Blog. World Bank. December 16, 2020. [cited 2021 Jun 6]. Available from: https://blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/number-poor-people-continues-rise-sub-saharan-africa-despite-slow-decline-poverty-rate'},{id:"B19",body:'Brosig, M. Frawley, P, Hill, A, Jahn, M, Marsicek, M, Paris, A, Rose, M, et al. Implications of climate change for the U.S. Army [Internet]. United States Army War College. Carlisle, PA; 2019. [cited 2021 Jun 6]. Available from: https://climateandsecurity.files.wordpress.com/2019/07/implications-of-climate-change-for-us-army_army-war-college_2019.pdf'},{id:"B20",body:'CASSE, 2021b. The downside of economic growth [Internet]. Center for the Advancement of the Steady State Economy. 2021. [cited 2021 Jun 6]. https://steadystate.org/discover/downsides-of-economic-growth/'},{id:"B21",body:'Brundtland, G. Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our common future [Internet]. United Nations; 1987. United Nations General Assembly document A/42/427. [cited 2021 Jun 6]. Available from: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/5987our-common-future.pdf'},{id:"B22",body:'United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED). Agenda 21, Rio Declaration, Forest Principles [Internet]. New York: United Nations; 1992. [cited 2021 Jun 6]. Available from: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/Agenda21.pdf'},{id:"B23",body:'Hansen, Jay. Overshoot Loop: Evolution Under the Maximum Power Principle [Internet]. 2013. [cited 2021 Jun 6]. https://dieoff.com/page11.htm'},{id:"B24",body:'FRED. Federal Reserve Economic Data. Real Gross Domestic Product [Internet]. St. Louis Federal Reserve. 2021. [cited 2021 Jun 6]. https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/GDPC1'},{id:"B25",body:'Stiglitz, J. GDP is the wrong tool for measuring what matters [Internet]. SciAm. 2020. August 1, 2020. [cited 2021 Jun 6]. Available from: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/gdp-is-the-wrong-tool-for-measuring-what-matters/'},{id:"B26",body:'Tietenberg, T, Lewis, L. Environmental economics: the essentials. New York: Routledge. 2020.'},{id:"B27",body:'Pimentel, D; Wilson, C; McCullum, C; Huang, R; Dwen, P; Flack, J, et al. Economic and envi-ronmental benefits of biodiversity BioScience. 1997 Dec [cited 2021 Jun 29];(47)11:747-757. Available from: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0006-3568%28199712%2947%3A11%3C747%3AEAEBOB%3E2.0.CO%3B2-H'},{id:"B28",body:'Quinney, M. 5 reasons why biodiversity matters – to human health, the economy and your wellbeing [Internet]. World Economic Forum; [cited 2021 Jun 29]. Available from: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/05/5-reasons-why-biodiversity-matters-human-health-economies-business-wellbeing-coronavirus-covid19-animals-nature-ecosystems/'},{id:"B29",body:'Kyte, R. Crop diversity Is key to agricultural climate adaptation. Scientific American. Blog [Internet]. 2014 August 18, 2014. [cited 2021 Jun 29]. Available from: https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/crop-diversity-is-key-to-agricultural-climate-adaptation/'},{id:"B30",body:'Keesing, F., Belden, L., Daszak, P. et al. Impacts of biodiversity on the emergence and transmission of infectious diseases. Nature. 2010;(468):647-652. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09575'},{id:"B31",body:'Wilkinson, D, Marshall, J, French, N, Hayman, D. Habitat fragmentation, biodiversity loss and the risk of novel infectious disease emergence. J R Soc Interface [Internet]. 2018 Dec 5 [cited 2021 Jun 29];15(149):20180403. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30518565/ doi: 10.1098/rsif.2018.0403'},{id:"B32",body:'Neergheen-Bhujun, V, Taj Awan, A, Baran, Y, Bunnefeld, N, Chan, K, dela Cruz, T, et al. Bio-diversity, drug discovery, and the future of global health: Introducing the biodiversity to biomedi-cine consortium, a call to action. J Glob Health [Internet]. 2017 Dec [cited 2021 Jun 29];(7)2:020304. Available from: http://jogh.org/documents/issue201702/jogh-07-020304.pdf doi: http://jogh.org/documents/issue201702/jogh-07-020304.pdf'},{id:"B33",body:'Economic reasons for conserving wild nature. Balmford A, Bruner A, Cooper P, Costanza R, Farber S, Green R, et al. Science. 2002 Aug 09; (297)5583:950-953 DOI: 10.1126/science.1073947'},{id:"B34",body:'World Bank Open Data. Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added (constant 2010 US$) [Internet]. [cited 2021 Jun 29]. Available from: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.AGR.TOTL.KD'},{id:"B35",body:'BLS. 2020. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Net Domestic Product [Internet]. [cited 2021 Jun 6]. https://www.bea.gov/help/glossary/net-domestic-product-ndp'},{id:"B36",body:'Alfsen, KH, Hass, JL, Tao, H, You, W. International experiences with green GDP [Internet]. Statistics Norway. 2006. [cited 2021 Jun 6]. Available from: https://ise.unige.ch/isdd/IMG/pdf/Green_GDP_rapp_200632.pdf ISSN 0806-2056'},{id:"B37",body:'Talbarth J, Webb, J. Genuine progress indicator [Internet]. Green Growth Case Study Series. 2014. [cited 2021 Jun 6]. Available from: https://www.greengrowthknowledge.org/sites/default/files/downloads/best-practices/GGBP%20Case%20Study%20Series_United%20States_Genuine%20Progress%20Indicator.pdf'},{id:"B38",body:'Daly, H, Cobb, JB Jr. For the common good: redirecting the economy toward community, the environment, and a sustainable future. Boston: Beacon Press; 2012.'},{id:"B39",body:'Kubiszewski, I, Costanza, R, Franco, C, Lawn, P, Talberth, J, Jackson, T, Aylmer, C. Beyond GDP: Measuring and achieving global genuine progress [Internet]. EcolEcon. 93(5):57-68. [cited 2021 Jun 6]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2013.04.019https://www-sciencedirect-com.ezproxy1.apus.edu/science/article/pii/S0921800913001584?via%3Dihub'},{id:"B40",body:'Almond, R, Grooten M., Petersen, T. (Eds). Living planet report 2020 - Bending the curve of biodiversity loss [Internet]. Gland, Switzerland, WWF. 2020. [cited 2021 Jun 29]. Available from: https://oursharedseas.com/oss_downloads/living-planet-report-2020-bending-the-curve-of-biodiversity-loss/'},{id:"B41",body:'OECD. OECD Better Life Index [Internet]. 2021. [cited 2021 Jun 6]. http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/about/better-life-initiative/'},{id:"B42",body:'CASSE. Steady State Economy Definition [Internet]. Center for the Advancement of the Steady State Economy. 2021. [cited 2021 Jun 6]. https://steadystate.org/discover/definition/'},{id:"B43",body:'Kenton, Will. Steady-State Economy [Internet]. Investopedia. 2020. [cited 2021 Jun 6]. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/steady-state-economy.asp'},{id:"B44",body:'Raworth, K Doughnut economics : seven ways to think like a 21st-century economist [Internet]. London: Penguin Random House; 2017.'},{id:"B45",body:'Hardner, J, Rice R. Rethinking green consumerism. SciAm. 2002 May. 287:89-95.'},{id:"B46",body:'Niesten, E, Zurita, P, Banks, S. Conservation agreements as a tool to generate direct incentives for biodiversity conservation. Biodiversity. 2010. (11):5-8.'},{id:"B47",body:'CI. What on Earth is a ‘Conservation Agreement’ [Internet]. Conservation International. 2021. [cited 2021 Jun 6]. https://www.conservation.org/blog/what-on-earth-is-a-conservation-agreement'},{id:"B48",body:'CAF. Conservation Agreement Fund [Internet]. 2021. [cited 2021 Jun 6]. https://conservationagreementfund.org/projects/'},{id:"B49",body:'Rossetti, P, Bosch, D, Goldbeck, D. Comparing effectiveness of climate regulations and a carbon tax [Internet]. Unpublished research report. American Action Forum, Washington, D.C.; 2018. [cited 2021 Jun 6]. Available from: https://www.americanactionforum.org/research/comparing-effectiveness-climate-regulations-carbon-tax-123/#ixzz6wCB4GgcU'},{id:"B50",body:'Metcalf, GE. On the economics of a carbon tax for the United States [Internet]. Brookings Institution. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity. Spring 2019. [cited 2021 Jun 6]. Available from: https://www.brookings.edu/bpea-articles/on-the-economics-of-a-carbon-tax-for-the-united-states/'},{id:"B51",body:'Tessum, C., Hill, J. Marshall, D. Air quality impacts from light-duty transportation [Internet]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2014 Dec. 111 (52):18490-18495. [cited 2021 Jun 6]. Available from: https://www.pnas.org/content/111/52/18490 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1406853111'},{id:"B52",body:'EPA. 2020. Sources of Greenhouse Gas Emissions [Internet]. [cited 2021 Jun 6]. https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/sources-greenhouse-gas-emissions#:~:text=Electricity%20production%20(25%20percent%20of,share%20of%20greenhouse%20gas%20emissions.'},{id:"B53",body:'UN-REDD Program. About REDD+ [Internet]. [cited 2021 Jun 6]. https://www.unredd.net/about/what-is-redd-plus.html'},{id:"B54",body:'Van der Werf, GR, Morton, DC, DeFries, RS, Olivier, CJ, Kasibhatla, PS, Jackson, RB, Collatz, CJ, Randerson, JT. CO2 emissions from forest loss [Internet]. NatGeosci. 2009. 2(11):737-738. [cited 2021 Jun 6]. Available from: https://escholarship.org/content/qt52n993mq/qt52n993mq.pdf'},{id:"B55",body:'CI. What on Earth is a ‘REDD+’? [Internet]. Conservation International. 2021. [cited 2021 Jun 6]. https://www.conservation.org/blog/what-on-earth-is-redd'},{id:"B56",body:'Stern, NH. The economics of climate change: the Stern review. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 2007.'},{id:"B57",body:'Seymour, F, Busch, J. Why forests? Why now? The science, economics, and politics of tropical forests and climate change [Internet]. Center for Global Economic Development. 2016. ISBN: 978-1-933286-85-3.'},{id:"B58",body:'Roberts, D. Washington Votes No on a Carbon Tax – Again [Internet]. Vox. November 6, 2018. [cited 2021 Jun 6]. https://www.vox.com/energy-and-environment/2018/9/28/17899804/washington-1631-results-carbon-fee-green-new-deal'},{id:"B59",body:'Seattle Times. Seattle Times Recommends: No on Initiative 1631 [Internet]. 2018. [cited 2021 Jun 6]. https://www.seattletimes.com/opinion/editorials/the-seattle-times-recommends-no-on-initiative-1631/'},{id:"B60",body:'Meyers, M. Green bailouts: relying on carbon offsetting will let polluting airlines off the hook [Internet]. The Conversation. 2020. [cited 2021 Jun 6]. https://theconversation.com/green-bailouts-relying-on-carbon-offsetting-will-let-polluting-airlines-off-the-hook-137472'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Richard E. Rice",address:"richarderice@gmail.com",affiliation:'
University of Maryland Global Campus, Silver Spring, MD, USA
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"10763",type:"book",title:"Biodiversity of Ecosystems",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Biodiversity of Ecosystems",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Levente Hufnagel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10763.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-83969-488-2",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-487-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-489-9",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"10864",title:"Dr.",name:"Levente",middleName:null,surname:"Hufnagel",slug:"levente-hufnagel",fullName:"Levente Hufnagel"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"417531",title:"Prof.",name:"Hager",middleName:null,surname:"Maghraoui-Meherzi",email:"hager.maghraoui@fst.utm.tn",fullName:"Hager Maghraoui-Meherzi",slug:"hager-maghraoui-meherzi",position:null,biography:null,institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:null},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{id:"78382",title:"Titanium Dioxide Thin Films for Environmental Applications",slug:"titanium-dioxide-thin-films-for-environmental-applications",abstract:"The environmental pollution and the rapid depletion of fossil fuel caused by the rapid increase in industrial production became serious problems for humans. These issues have inspired many researchers to found eco-friendly materials, which can degrade pollutants and produce green energy. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) thin films are one of the important and promising semiconductor materials for environmental and energy applications because of their unique optical and electronic properties. In this chapter, an overview of the background of TiO2 structure and the different methods of synthesis TiO2 thin films were carried out. The photocatalytic water treatment and the water split for H2 production by TiO2 thin films were investigated. The strong influence on photocatalytic and water split efficiency of TiO2 thin films by crystal structure, surface area, crystalline structure, average particle size and porosity were summarized.",signatures:"Wafa Selmi, Nabil Hosni, Jamila Ben Naceur, Hager Maghraoui-Meherzi and Radhouane Chtourou",authors:[{id:"335574",title:"Dr.",name:"Nabil",surname:"Hosni",fullName:"Nabil Hosni",slug:"nabil-hosni",email:"nabil.hosni@fst.utm.tn"},{id:"416038",title:"Dr.",name:"Wafa",surname:"Selmi",fullName:"Wafa Selmi",slug:"wafa-selmi",email:"selmiwafa88@gmail.com"},{id:"417530",title:"MSc.",name:"Jamila",surname:"Ben Naceur",fullName:"Jamila Ben Naceur",slug:"jamila-ben-naceur",email:"jamila2.bennaceur@gmail.com"},{id:"417531",title:"Prof.",name:"Hager",surname:"Maghraoui-Meherzi",fullName:"Hager Maghraoui-Meherzi",slug:"hager-maghraoui-meherzi",email:"hager.maghraoui@fst.utm.tn"},{id:"417532",title:"Prof.",name:"Radhouane",surname:"Chtourou",fullName:"Radhouane Chtourou",slug:"radhouane-chtourou",email:"radhouane.chtourou@crten.mesrs.tn"}],book:{id:"10700",title:"Titanium Dioxide",slug:"titanium-dioxide-advances-and-applications",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"289139",title:"Mr.",name:"Ashok",surname:"Kumar",slug:"ashok-kumar",fullName:"Ashok Kumar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"347916",title:"Prof.",name:"Kaman",surname:"Singh",slug:"kaman-singh",fullName:"Kaman Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"349740",title:"Dr.",name:"Haruna",surname:"Adamu",slug:"haruna-adamu",fullName:"Haruna Adamu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"350170",title:"Dr.",name:"Tarun",surname:"Parangi",slug:"tarun-parangi",fullName:"Tarun Parangi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"350236",title:"Dr.",name:"xiaoping",surname:"wu",slug:"xiaoping-wu",fullName:"xiaoping wu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"354904",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Azrina",surname:"Abd Aziz",slug:"azrina-abd-aziz",fullName:"Azrina Abd Aziz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"417740",title:"Dr.",name:"Manish Kumar",surname:"Mishra",slug:"manish-kumar-mishra",fullName:"Manish Kumar Mishra",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sardar Patel University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"417898",title:"Dr.",name:"Minhaj Uddin",surname:"Monir",slug:"minhaj-uddin-monir",fullName:"Minhaj Uddin Monir",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"417899",title:"Ms.",name:"Fatema",surname:"Khatun",slug:"fatema-khatun",fullName:"Fatema Khatun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Pahang",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"419998",title:"Dr.",name:"Rayees",surname:"Ahamad Bhat",slug:"rayees-ahamad-bhat",fullName:"Rayees Ahamad Bhat",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]},generic:{page:{slug:"copyright-policy",title:"Copyright Policy",intro:"
As this section deals with legal issues pertaining to the rights of individual Authors and IntechOpen, for the avoidance of doubt, each category of publication is dealt with separately. Consequently, much of the information, for example definition of terms used, is repeated to ensure that there can be no misunderstanding of the policies that apply to each category.
",metaTitle:"Copyright Policy",metaDescription:"Copyright is the term used to describe the rights related to the publication and distribution of original works. Most importantly from a publisher's perspective, copyright governs how authors, publishers and the general public can use, publish and distribute publications.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/copyright-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"
Copyright is the term used to describe the rights related to the publication and distribution of original Works. Most importantly from a publisher's perspective, copyright governs how Authors, publishers and the general public can use, publish, and distribute publications.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen only publishes manuscripts for which it has publishing rights. This is governed by a publication agreement between the Author and IntechOpen. This agreement is accepted by the Author when the manuscript is submitted and deals with both the rights of the publisher and Author, as well as any obligations concerning a particular manuscript. However, in accepting this agreement, Authors continue to retain significant rights to use and share their publications.
\\n\\n
HOW COPYRIGHT WORKS WITH OPEN ACCESS LICENSES?
\\n\\n\\n\\t
By accepting the agreement terms Authors retain their copyright on their Work but grant broad publishing and distribution rights to the publisher.
\\n\\t
Depending on the type of publication (Chapter or Long Form Monograph/Compacts; see definitions below), IntechOpen applies a Creative Commons license to the publication, allowing readers to use and share it freely.
\\n\\t
IntechOpen makes the publication available online under an appropriate license.
\\n\\n\\n
Agreement samples are listed here for the convenience of prospective Authors:
The following definitions apply in this Copyright Policy:
\\n\\n
Author - in order to be identified as an Author, three criteria must be met: (i) Substantial contribution to the conception or design of the Work, or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the Work; (ii) Participation in drafting or revising the Work; (iii) Approval of the final version of the Work to be published.
\\n\\n
Work - a Chapter, including Conference Papers, a Scientific Article and any and all text, graphics, images and/or other materials forming part of or accompanying the Chapter/Conference Paper.
\\n\\n
Monograph/Compacts - a full manuscript usually written by a single Author, including any and all text, graphics, images and/or other materials.
\\n\\n
Compilation - a collection of Works distributed in a Book that IntechOpen has selected, and for which the coordination of the preparation, arrangement and publication has been the responsibility of IntechOpen. Any Work included is accepted in its entirety in unmodified form and is published with one or more other contributions, each constituting a separate and independent Work, but which together are assembled into a collective whole.
\\n\\n
Scientific Journal – Periodical publication intended to further the progress of science.
\\n\\n
Journal Article/Scientific Article – Publication based on empirical evidence. It can support a hypothesis with original research, describe existing research or comment on current trends in a specific field.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen - Registered publisher with office at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, SW7 2QJ - UNITED KINGDOM
\\n\\n
IntechOpen platform - IntechOpen website www.intechopen.com whose main purpose is to host Monographs in the format of Book Chapters, Long Form Monographs, Compacts, Conference Proceedings, Scientific Journals and Videos.
\\n\\n
Video Lecture – an audiovisual recording of a lecture or a speech given by a Lecturer, recorded, edited, owned and published by IntechOpen.
\\n\\n
TERMS
\\n\\n
All Works published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported and Creative Commons 4.0 International License, a license which allows for the broadest possible reuse of published material.
\\n\\n
Copyright on the individual Works belongs to the specific Author, subject to an agreement with IntechOpen. The Creative Common license is granted to all others to:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
\\n\\t
Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material
\\n
\\n\\n
And for any purpose, provided the following conditions are met:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
An Attribution, giving appropriate credit and providing a link to the license, with an indication as to whether changes to the original were made
\\n\\t
A commitment not to add additional restrictions. In effect, this prohibits the application of legal conditions or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything that the license permits.
\\n
\\n\\n
All Works are published under the CC BY 3.0 and CC BY 4.0 license. However, please note that book Chapters may fall under a different CC license, depending on their publication date as indicated in the table below:
Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC BY 3.0)
\\n\\t\\t\\t
\\n\\t\\t\\t
5 October 2011 (2011-10-05)
\\n\\t\\t\\t
Currently
\\n\\t\\t
\\n\\t\\t
\\n\\t\\t\\t
\\n\\t\\t\\t
Creative Commons 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) – for Journal Articles
\\n\\t\\t\\t
\\n\\t\\t\\t
15 March 2022
\\n\\t\\t\\t
Currently
\\n\\t\\t
\\n\\t\\n
\\n\\n
The CC BY 3.0 and CC BY 4.0 license permits Works to be freely shared in any medium or format, as well as the reuse and adaptation of the original contents of Works (e.g. figures and tables created by the Authors), as long as the source Work is cited and its Authors are acknowledged in the following manner:
Originally published in {full citation}. Available from: {DOI}
\\n\\n
Republishing – More about Attribution Policy can be found here.
\\n\\n
The same principles apply to Works published under the CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 license, with the caveats that (1) the content may not be used for commercial purposes, and (2) derivative works building on this content must be distributed under the same license. The restrictions contained in these license terms may, however, be waived by the copyright holder(s). Users wishing to circumvent any of the license terms are required to obtain explicit permission to do so from the copyright holder(s).
\\n\\n
DISCLAIMER: Neither the CC BY 3.0 license, CC BY 4.0, nor any other license IntechOpen currently uses or has used before, applies to figures and tables reproduced from other works, as they may be subject to different terms of reuse. In such cases, if the copyright holder is not noted in the source of a figure or table, it is the responsibility of the User to investigate and determine the exact copyright status of any information utilised. Users requiring assistance in that regard are welcome to send an inquiry to permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\n
All rights to Books and Journals and all other compilations published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are reserved by IntechOpen.
\\n\\n
The copyright to Books, Journals and other compilations is subject to separate copyright from those that exist in the included Works.
Copyright to the individual Works (Chapters) belongs to their specific Authors, subject to an agreement with IntechOpen and the Creative Common license granted to all others to:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
\\n\\t
Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material
\\n
\\n\\n
Under the following terms:
\\n\\n
There must be an Attribution, giving appropriate credit, provision of a link to the license, and indication if any changes were made.
\\n\\n
NonCommercial - The use of the material for commercial purposes is prohibited. Commercial rights are reserved to IntechOpen or its licensees.
\\n\\n
No additional restrictions that apply legal terms or technological measures that restrict others from doing anything the license permits are allowed.
\\n\\n
The CC BY-NC 4.0 license permits Works to be freely shared in any medium or format, as well as reuse and adaptation of the original contents of Works (e.g. figures and tables created by the Authors), as long as it is not used for commercial purposes. The source Work must be cited and its Authors acknowledged in the following manner:
Originally published in {full citation}. Available from: {DOI}
\\n\\n
All Book cover design elements, as well as Video image graphics are subject to copyright by IntechOpen.
\\n\\n
Every reproduction of a front cover image must be accompanied by an appropriate Copyright Notice displayed adjacent to the image. The exact Copyright Notice depends on who the Author of a particular cover image is. Users wishing to reproduce cover images should contact permissions@intechopen.com.
Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
\\n\\n
Under the following terms:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Attribution — give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made.
\\n\\t
NonCommercial use only - you may not use the material for commercial purposes. Commercial rights are reserved to IntechOpen or its licensees.
\\n\\t
Distribution of remixed or transformed material building on the original termed derivatives is not permitted.
\\n\\t
No additional restrictions — you may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
\\n
\\n\\n
Users wishing to repost and share the Video Lectures are welcome to do so as long as they acknowledge the source in the following manner:
Users wishing to reuse, modify, or adapt the Video Lectures in a way not permitted by the license are welcome to contact us at permissions@intechopen.com to discuss waiving particular license terms.
\\n\\n
All software used on the IntechOpen platform, any used during the publishing process, and the copyright in the code constituting such software, is the property of IntechOpen or its software suppliers. As such, it may not be downloaded or copied without permission.
\\n\\n
Unless otherwise indicated, all IntechOpen websites are the property of IntechOpen.
\\n\\n
All content included on IntechOpen Websites not forming part of contributed materials (such as text, images, logos, graphics, design elements, videos, sounds, pictures, trademarks, etc.), are subject to copyright and are property of, or licensed to, IntechOpen. Any other use, including the reproduction, modification, distribution, transmission, republication, display, or performance of the content on this site is strictly prohibited.
Copyright is the term used to describe the rights related to the publication and distribution of original Works. Most importantly from a publisher's perspective, copyright governs how Authors, publishers and the general public can use, publish, and distribute publications.
\n\n
IntechOpen only publishes manuscripts for which it has publishing rights. This is governed by a publication agreement between the Author and IntechOpen. This agreement is accepted by the Author when the manuscript is submitted and deals with both the rights of the publisher and Author, as well as any obligations concerning a particular manuscript. However, in accepting this agreement, Authors continue to retain significant rights to use and share their publications.
\n\n
HOW COPYRIGHT WORKS WITH OPEN ACCESS LICENSES?
\n\n\n\t
By accepting the agreement terms Authors retain their copyright on their Work but grant broad publishing and distribution rights to the publisher.
\n\t
Depending on the type of publication (Chapter or Long Form Monograph/Compacts; see definitions below), IntechOpen applies a Creative Commons license to the publication, allowing readers to use and share it freely.
\n\t
IntechOpen makes the publication available online under an appropriate license.
\n\n\n
Agreement samples are listed here for the convenience of prospective Authors:
The following definitions apply in this Copyright Policy:
\n\n
Author - in order to be identified as an Author, three criteria must be met: (i) Substantial contribution to the conception or design of the Work, or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the Work; (ii) Participation in drafting or revising the Work; (iii) Approval of the final version of the Work to be published.
\n\n
Work - a Chapter, including Conference Papers, a Scientific Article and any and all text, graphics, images and/or other materials forming part of or accompanying the Chapter/Conference Paper.
\n\n
Monograph/Compacts - a full manuscript usually written by a single Author, including any and all text, graphics, images and/or other materials.
\n\n
Compilation - a collection of Works distributed in a Book that IntechOpen has selected, and for which the coordination of the preparation, arrangement and publication has been the responsibility of IntechOpen. Any Work included is accepted in its entirety in unmodified form and is published with one or more other contributions, each constituting a separate and independent Work, but which together are assembled into a collective whole.
\n\n
Scientific Journal – Periodical publication intended to further the progress of science.
\n\n
Journal Article/Scientific Article – Publication based on empirical evidence. It can support a hypothesis with original research, describe existing research or comment on current trends in a specific field.
\n\n
IntechOpen - Registered publisher with office at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, SW7 2QJ - UNITED KINGDOM
\n\n
IntechOpen platform - IntechOpen website www.intechopen.com whose main purpose is to host Monographs in the format of Book Chapters, Long Form Monographs, Compacts, Conference Proceedings, Scientific Journals and Videos.
\n\n
Video Lecture – an audiovisual recording of a lecture or a speech given by a Lecturer, recorded, edited, owned and published by IntechOpen.
\n\n
TERMS
\n\n
All Works published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported and Creative Commons 4.0 International License, a license which allows for the broadest possible reuse of published material.
\n\n
Copyright on the individual Works belongs to the specific Author, subject to an agreement with IntechOpen. The Creative Common license is granted to all others to:
\n\n
\n\t
Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
\n\t
Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material
\n
\n\n
And for any purpose, provided the following conditions are met:
\n\n
\n\t
An Attribution, giving appropriate credit and providing a link to the license, with an indication as to whether changes to the original were made
\n\t
A commitment not to add additional restrictions. In effect, this prohibits the application of legal conditions or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything that the license permits.
\n
\n\n
All Works are published under the CC BY 3.0 and CC BY 4.0 license. However, please note that book Chapters may fall under a different CC license, depending on their publication date as indicated in the table below:
Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC BY 3.0)
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
5 October 2011 (2011-10-05)
\n\t\t\t
Currently
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Creative Commons 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) – for Journal Articles
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
15 March 2022
\n\t\t\t
Currently
\n\t\t
\n\t\n
\n\n
The CC BY 3.0 and CC BY 4.0 license permits Works to be freely shared in any medium or format, as well as the reuse and adaptation of the original contents of Works (e.g. figures and tables created by the Authors), as long as the source Work is cited and its Authors are acknowledged in the following manner:
Originally published in {full citation}. Available from: {DOI}
\n\n
Republishing – More about Attribution Policy can be found here.
\n\n
The same principles apply to Works published under the CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 license, with the caveats that (1) the content may not be used for commercial purposes, and (2) derivative works building on this content must be distributed under the same license. The restrictions contained in these license terms may, however, be waived by the copyright holder(s). Users wishing to circumvent any of the license terms are required to obtain explicit permission to do so from the copyright holder(s).
\n\n
DISCLAIMER: Neither the CC BY 3.0 license, CC BY 4.0, nor any other license IntechOpen currently uses or has used before, applies to figures and tables reproduced from other works, as they may be subject to different terms of reuse. In such cases, if the copyright holder is not noted in the source of a figure or table, it is the responsibility of the User to investigate and determine the exact copyright status of any information utilised. Users requiring assistance in that regard are welcome to send an inquiry to permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\n
All rights to Books and Journals and all other compilations published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are reserved by IntechOpen.
\n\n
The copyright to Books, Journals and other compilations is subject to separate copyright from those that exist in the included Works.
Copyright to the individual Works (Chapters) belongs to their specific Authors, subject to an agreement with IntechOpen and the Creative Common license granted to all others to:
\n\n
\n\t
Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
\n\t
Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material
\n
\n\n
Under the following terms:
\n\n
There must be an Attribution, giving appropriate credit, provision of a link to the license, and indication if any changes were made.
\n\n
NonCommercial - The use of the material for commercial purposes is prohibited. Commercial rights are reserved to IntechOpen or its licensees.
\n\n
No additional restrictions that apply legal terms or technological measures that restrict others from doing anything the license permits are allowed.
\n\n
The CC BY-NC 4.0 license permits Works to be freely shared in any medium or format, as well as reuse and adaptation of the original contents of Works (e.g. figures and tables created by the Authors), as long as it is not used for commercial purposes. The source Work must be cited and its Authors acknowledged in the following manner:
Originally published in {full citation}. Available from: {DOI}
\n\n
All Book cover design elements, as well as Video image graphics are subject to copyright by IntechOpen.
\n\n
Every reproduction of a front cover image must be accompanied by an appropriate Copyright Notice displayed adjacent to the image. The exact Copyright Notice depends on who the Author of a particular cover image is. Users wishing to reproduce cover images should contact permissions@intechopen.com.
Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
\n\n
Under the following terms:
\n\n
\n\t
Attribution — give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made.
\n\t
NonCommercial use only - you may not use the material for commercial purposes. Commercial rights are reserved to IntechOpen or its licensees.
\n\t
Distribution of remixed or transformed material building on the original termed derivatives is not permitted.
\n\t
No additional restrictions — you may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
\n
\n\n
Users wishing to repost and share the Video Lectures are welcome to do so as long as they acknowledge the source in the following manner:
Users wishing to reuse, modify, or adapt the Video Lectures in a way not permitted by the license are welcome to contact us at permissions@intechopen.com to discuss waiving particular license terms.
\n\n
All software used on the IntechOpen platform, any used during the publishing process, and the copyright in the code constituting such software, is the property of IntechOpen or its software suppliers. As such, it may not be downloaded or copied without permission.
\n\n
Unless otherwise indicated, all IntechOpen websites are the property of IntechOpen.
\n\n
All content included on IntechOpen Websites not forming part of contributed materials (such as text, images, logos, graphics, design elements, videos, sounds, pictures, trademarks, etc.), are subject to copyright and are property of, or licensed to, IntechOpen. Any other use, including the reproduction, modification, distribution, transmission, republication, display, or performance of the content on this site is strictly prohibited.
\n\n
Policy last updated: 2016-06-08
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{id:"965887@"},profiles:[],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6601},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5906},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2400},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12541},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1008},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17561}],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"-dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"23,21"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11433",title:"Human Migration in the Last Three Centuries",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9836df9e82aa9f82e3852a60204909a8",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ingrid Muenstermann",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11433.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"77112",title:"Dr.",name:"Ingrid",surname:"Muenstermann",slug:"ingrid-muenstermann",fullName:"Ingrid Muenstermann"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11443",title:"Empathy - Advanced Research and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4c1042dfe15aa9cea6019524c4cbff38",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Sara Ventura",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11443.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"227763",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",surname:"Ventura",slug:"sara-ventura",fullName:"Sara Ventura"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11437",title:"Social Media - Risks and Opportunities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"000e31f2e2f7295805e9a3864158ad63",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Shafizan Mohamed and Dr. Shazleen Mohamed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11437.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"302450",title:"Dr.",name:"Shafizan",surname:"Mohamed",slug:"shafizan-mohamed",fullName:"Shafizan Mohamed"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11780",title:"Volunteering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"008a5fc8005ea6b9228cfe39f9521abe",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Diann Kelly",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11780.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"325207",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Diann",surname:"Kelly",slug:"diann-kelly",fullName:"Diann Kelly"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11783",title:"Motivation and Success",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f660b7cd35b9af94bdfc3564df138161",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Simon George Taukeni",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11783.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"202046",title:"Dr.",name:"Simon George",surname:"Taukeni",slug:"simon-george-taukeni",fullName:"Simon George Taukeni"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11781",title:"Family Therapy - Recent Advances in Clinical and Crisis Settings",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8c5b7d5e4233594de70d2f830209b757",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Oluwatoyin Olatundun Ilesanmi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11781.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"440049",title:"Dr.",name:"Oluwatoyin Olatundun",surname:"Ilesanmi",slug:"oluwatoyin-olatundun-ilesanmi",fullName:"Oluwatoyin Olatundun Ilesanmi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11474",title:"Quality of Life Interventions - Magnitude of Effect and Transferability",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5a6bcdaf5ee144d043bcdab893ff9e1c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Sage Arbor",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11474.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"245319",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sage",surname:"Arbor",slug:"sage-arbor",fullName:"Sage Arbor"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11777",title:"LGBT Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e08bb222c250dcebf093b7ab595a14a7",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Deborah Woodman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11777.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"463750",title:"Dr.",name:"Deborah",surname:"Woodman",slug:"deborah-woodman",fullName:"Deborah Woodman"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11478",title:"Recent Advances in the Study of Dyslexia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"26764a18c6b776698823e0e1c3022d2f",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Jonathan Glazzard",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11478.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"294281",title:"Prof.",name:"Jonathan",surname:"Glazzard",slug:"jonathan-glazzard",fullName:"Jonathan Glazzard"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11779",title:"Non-government Organizations - New Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c109a472a9e0ea8398ae95e2d21be039",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Vito Bobek and Dr. Tatjana Horvat",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11779.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"128342",title:"Prof.",name:"Vito",surname:"Bobek",slug:"vito-bobek",fullName:"Vito Bobek"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11444",title:"Happiness - Biopsychosocial and Anthropological Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"fa84e7fc3611e5428e070239dcf5a93f",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Floriana Irtelli and Prof. Fabio Gabrielli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11444.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"174641",title:"Dr.",name:"Floriana",surname:"Irtelli",slug:"floriana-irtelli",fullName:"Floriana Irtelli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11782",title:"Personality Traits - The Role in Psychopathology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d3a491e5194cad4c59b900dd57a11842",slug:null,bookSignature:" Vladimir V. Kalinin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11782.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"31572",title:null,name:"Vladimir V.",surname:"Kalinin",slug:"vladimir-v.-kalinin",fullName:"Vladimir V. Kalinin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:43},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:23},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:21},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:62},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:29},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:122},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:12},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:12,limit:12,total:17},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10584",title:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"421757c56a3735986055250821275a51",slug:"engineered-wood-products-for-construction",bookSignature:"Meng Gong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10584.jpg",editors:[{id:"274242",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",slug:"meng-gong",fullName:"Meng Gong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10222",title:"Demyelination Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6c26ceccacdde70c41c587361bd5558",slug:"demyelination-disorders",bookSignature:"Stavros J. Baloyannis, Fabian H. Rossi and Welwin Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10222.jpg",editors:[{id:"156098",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Stavros J.",middleName:"J.",surname:"Baloyannis",slug:"stavros-j.-baloyannis",fullName:"Stavros J. Baloyannis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9544",title:"Global Trade in the Emerging Business Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb8cb09b9599246add78d508a98273d5",slug:"global-trade-in-the-emerging-business-environment",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Jingbin Wang , Md. Samim Al Azad and Selim Ahmed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9544.jpg",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10979",title:"Parenting",subtitle:"Challenges of Child Rearing in a Changing Society",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f345ebcf4fd61e73643c69063a12c7b",slug:"parenting-challenges-of-child-rearing-in-a-changing-society",bookSignature:"Sayyed Ali Samadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10979.jpg",editors:[{id:"52145",title:"Dr.",name:"Sayyed Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Samadi",slug:"sayyed-ali-samadi",fullName:"Sayyed Ali Samadi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9808",title:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb6371607c2c6c02c6a2af8892765aba",slug:"contemporary-topics-in-patient-safety-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki and Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9808.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10681",title:"Biodegradation Technology of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a6e10e02788092872fd249436898e97",slug:"biodegradation-technology-of-organic-and-inorganic-pollutants",bookSignature:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Kamila Cabral Mielke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10681.jpg",editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10764",title:"Antenna Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2fbf1c7a5d92723f08198fc9b526a8ad",slug:"antenna-systems",bookSignature:"Hussain Al-Rizzo and Said Abushamleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10764.jpg",editors:[{id:"153384",title:"Prof.",name:"Hussain",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Rizzo",slug:"hussain-al-rizzo",fullName:"Hussain Al-Rizzo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10668",title:"Sustainability of Concrete With Synthetic and Recycled Aggregates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"55856c6a8bc3a5b21dae5a1af09a56b6",slug:"sustainability-of-concrete-with-synthetic-and-recycled-aggregates",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10668.jpg",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-saleh",fullName:"Hosam Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9032",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f609bf3251d7cc7bae0099a4374adfc3",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Beatrice Orlando",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9032.jpg",editors:[{id:"232969",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Orlando",slug:"beatrice-orlando",fullName:"Beatrice Orlando"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10351",title:"Enhanced Liposuction",subtitle:"New Perspectives and Techniques",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f08ed6de16da357614586c5b58ed4dfa",slug:"enhanced-liposuction-new-perspectives-and-techniques",bookSignature:"Diane Irvine Duncan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10351.jpg",editors:[{id:"279869",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane Irvine",middleName:null,surname:"Duncan",slug:"diane-irvine-duncan",fullName:"Diane Irvine Duncan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10779",title:"21st Century Nanostructured Materials",subtitle:"Physics, Chemistry, Classification, and Emerging Applications in Industry, Biomedicine, and Agriculture",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"72c67f97f9bef68200df115b5fd79884",slug:"21st-century-nanostructured-materials-physics-chemistry-classification-and-emerging-applications-in-industry-biomedicine-and-agriculture",bookSignature:"Phuong V. Pham",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10779.jpg",editors:[{id:"236073",title:"Dr.",name:"Phuong",middleName:"Viet",surname:"Pham",slug:"phuong-pham",fullName:"Phuong Pham"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4389},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3340,editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11001",title:"Density Functional Theory",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"82d53383af78ab41eb982086c02fb2bb",slug:"density-functional-theory-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11001.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1845,editors:[{id:"198499",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Glossman-Mitnik",slug:"daniel-glossman-mitnik",fullName:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1096,editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:995,editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10356",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"943e56ccaaf19ff696d25aa638ae37d6",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3791,editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11752",title:"Natural Drugs from Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a0a83c0822608ef7592bf16a5ed0ada4",slug:"natural-drugs-from-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11752.jpg",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2982,editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10853",title:"Recent Advances in Polynomials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e8671bae09ccaa8b8e276c639a737fc",slug:"recent-advances-in-polynomials",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10853.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:559,editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10676",title:"Recent Applications in Graph Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900c60742d224080732bd16bd25ccba8",slug:"recent-applications-in-graph-theory",bookSignature:"Harun Pirim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10676.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:546,editors:[{id:"146092",title:"Dr.",name:"Harun",middleName:null,surname:"Pirim",slug:"harun-pirim",fullName:"Harun Pirim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10903",title:"Genetically Modified Plants and Beyond",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d7ed4faab99c92cd4d676dc86501df9",slug:"genetically-modified-plants-and-beyond",bookSignature:"Idah Sithole Niang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10903.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:539,editors:[{id:"90172",title:"Prof.",name:"Idah",middleName:null,surname:"Sithole-Niang",slug:"idah-sithole-niang",fullName:"Idah Sithole-Niang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10904",title:"Fusarium",subtitle:"An Overview of the Genus",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49d9063e43f94bd1517d65fbc58b93c3",slug:"fusarium-an-overview-of-the-genus",bookSignature:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10904.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:535,editors:[{id:"100573",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Mahyar",middleName:null,surname:"Mirmajlessi",slug:"seyed-mahyar-mirmajlessi",fullName:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10853",title:"Recent Advances in Polynomials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e8671bae09ccaa8b8e276c639a737fc",slug:"recent-advances-in-polynomials",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10853.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10871",title:"Computed-Tomography (CT) Scan",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"966d8cf74fa27eea1b9cbc9a6ee94993",slug:"computed-tomography-ct-scan",bookSignature:"Reda R. Gharieb",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10871.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",slug:"reda-r.-gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10903",title:"Genetically Modified Plants and Beyond",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d7ed4faab99c92cd4d676dc86501df9",slug:"genetically-modified-plants-and-beyond",bookSignature:"Idah Sithole Niang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10903.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"90172",title:"Prof.",name:"Idah",middleName:null,surname:"Sithole-Niang",slug:"idah-sithole-niang",fullName:"Idah Sithole-Niang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10904",title:"Fusarium",subtitle:"An Overview of the Genus",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49d9063e43f94bd1517d65fbc58b93c3",slug:"fusarium-an-overview-of-the-genus",bookSignature:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10904.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"100573",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Mahyar",middleName:null,surname:"Mirmajlessi",slug:"seyed-mahyar-mirmajlessi",fullName:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10654",title:"Brain-Computer Interface",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a5308884068cc53ed31c6baba756857f",slug:"brain-computer-interface",bookSignature:"Vahid Asadpour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10654.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10676",title:"Recent Applications in Graph Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900c60742d224080732bd16bd25ccba8",slug:"recent-applications-in-graph-theory",bookSignature:"Harun Pirim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10676.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"146092",title:"Dr.",name:"Harun",middleName:null,surname:"Pirim",slug:"harun-pirim",fullName:"Harun Pirim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11196",title:"New Updates in E-Learning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6afaadf68e2a0a4b370ac5ceb5ca89c6",slug:"new-updates-in-e-learning",bookSignature:"Eduard Babulak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11196.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"10086",title:"Prof.",name:"Eduard",middleName:null,surname:"Babulak",slug:"eduard-babulak",fullName:"Eduard Babulak"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"751",title:"Nano Electronics",slug:"nano-electronics",parent:{id:"116",title:"Electrical and Electronic Engineering",slug:"electrical-and-electronic-engineering"},numberOfBooks:5,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:50,numberOfWosCitations:98,numberOfCrossrefCitations:57,numberOfDimensionsCitations:99,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"751",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10073",title:"Recent Advances in Nanophotonics",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"aceca7dfc807140870a89d42c5537d7c",slug:"recent-advances-in-nanophotonics-fundamentals-and-applications",bookSignature:"Mojtaba Kahrizi and Parsoua A. Sohi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10073.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"113045",title:"Dr.",name:"Mojtaba",middleName:null,surname:"Kahrizi",slug:"mojtaba-kahrizi",fullName:"Mojtaba Kahrizi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8539",title:"Nanogenerators",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"91a10b2cf3671816d028eb8dceaa236c",slug:"nanogenerators",bookSignature:"Sang Jae Kim, Arunkumar Chandrasekhar and Nagamalleswara Rao Alluri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8539.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"81419",title:"Prof.",name:"Sang-Jae",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",slug:"sang-jae-kim",fullName:"Sang-Jae Kim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6124",title:"Micro/Nanolithography",subtitle:"A Heuristic Aspect on the Enduring Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c94caf617c31b349bd3d9dd054a022a3",slug:"micro-nanolithography-a-heuristic-aspect-on-the-enduring-technology",bookSignature:"Jagannathan Thirumalai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6124.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"99242",title:"Prof.",name:"Jagannathan",middleName:null,surname:"Thirumalai",slug:"jagannathan-thirumalai",fullName:"Jagannathan Thirumalai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5746",title:"Quantum-dot Based Light-emitting Diodes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8fb72b46f25ab676b1b1d52b691a80dc",slug:"quantum-dot-based-light-emitting-diodes",bookSignature:"Morteza Sasani Ghamsari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5746.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64949",title:"Prof.",name:"Morteza",middleName:null,surname:"Sasani Ghamsari",slug:"morteza-sasani-ghamsari",fullName:"Morteza Sasani Ghamsari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3635",title:"Polymer Thin Films",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"polymer-thin-films",bookSignature:"Abbass A Hashim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3635.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:5,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"58424",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72860",title:"Large-Area Nanoimprint Lithography and Applications",slug:"large-area-nanoimprint-lithography-and-applications",totalDownloads:1998,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"Large-area nanoimprint lithography (NIL) has been regarded as one of the most promising micro/nano-manufacturing technologies for mass production of large-area micro/nanoscale patterns and complex 3D structures and high aspect ratio features with low cost, high throughput, and high resolution. That opens the door and paves the way for many commercial applications not previously conceptualized or economically feasible. Great progresses in large-area nanoimprint lithography have been achieved in recent years. This chapter mainly presents a comprehensive review of recent advances in large-area NIL processes. Some promising solutions of large-area NIL and emerging methods, which can implement mass production of micro-and nanostructures over large areas on various substrates or surfaces, are described in detail. Moreover, numerous industrial-level applications and innovative products based on large-area NIL are also demonstrated. Finally, prospects, challenges, and future directions for industrial scale large-area NIL are addressed. An infrastructure of large-area nanoimprint lithography is proposed. In addition, some recent progresses and research activities in large-area NIL suitable for high volume manufacturing environments from our Labs are also introduced. This chapter may provide a reference and direction for the further explorations and studies of large-area micro/nanopatterning technologies.",book:{id:"6124",slug:"micro-nanolithography-a-heuristic-aspect-on-the-enduring-technology",title:"Micro/Nanolithography",fullTitle:"Micro/Nanolithography - A Heuristic Aspect on the Enduring Technology"},signatures:"Hongbo Lan",authors:[{id:"6642",title:"Prof.",name:"Hongbo",middleName:null,surname:"Lan",slug:"hongbo-lan",fullName:"Hongbo Lan"}]},{id:"9620",doi:"10.5772/8403",title:"Surface Wetting Characteristics of Rubbed Polyimide Thin Films",slug:"surface-wetting-characteristics-of-rubbed-polyimide-thin-films",totalDownloads:5397,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:null,book:{id:"3635",slug:"polymer-thin-films",title:"Polymer Thin Films",fullTitle:"Polymer Thin Films"},signatures:"Wenjun Zheng",authors:null},{id:"72277",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92614",title:"Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering: Introduction and Applications",slug:"surface-enhanced-raman-scattering-introduction-and-applications",totalDownloads:1464,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Scattering of light by molecules can be elastic, Rayleigh scattering, or inelastic, Raman scattering. In the elastic scattering, the photon’s energy and the state of the molecule after the scattering events are unchanged. Hence, Rayleigh scattered light does not contain much information on the structure of molecular states. In inelastic scattering, the frequency of monochromatic light changes upon interaction with the vibrational states, or modes, of a molecule. With the advancement in the laser sources, better and compact spectrometers, detectors, and optics Raman spectroscopy have developed as a highly sensitive technique to probe structural details of a complex molecular structure. However, the low scattering cross section (10−31) of Raman scattering has limited the applications of the conventional Raman spectroscopy. With the discovery of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) in 1973 by Martin Fleischmann, the interest of the research community in Raman spectroscopy as an analytical method has been revived. This chapter aims to familiarize the readers with the basics of Raman scattering phenomenon and SERS. This chapter will also discuss the latest developments in the SERS and its applications in various fields.",book:{id:"10073",slug:"recent-advances-in-nanophotonics-fundamentals-and-applications",title:"Recent Advances in Nanophotonics",fullTitle:"Recent Advances in Nanophotonics - Fundamentals and Applications"},signatures:"Samir Kumar, Prabhat Kumar, Anamika Das and Chandra Shakher Pathak",authors:null},{id:"58220",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72534",title:"Fabrication and Replication of Periodic Nanopyramid Structures by Laser Interference Lithography and UV Nanoimprint Lithography for Solar Cells Applications",slug:"fabrication-and-replication-of-periodic-nanopyramid-structures-by-laser-interference-lithography-and",totalDownloads:1364,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"In this chapter, the fabrication and replication of periodic nanopyramid structures suitable for antireflection and self-cleaning surfaces are presented. Laser interference lithography (LIL), dry etching, wet etching, and UV nanoimprint lithography (UV-NIL) are employed for the fabrication and replication of periodic nanopyramid structures. Inverted nanopyramid structures were fabricated on Si substrates by LIL and subsequent pattern transfer process using reactive ion etching, followed by potassium hydroxide (KOH) wet etching. The fabricated periodic inverted nanopyramid structures were utilized as a master mold for the nanoimprint process. The upright nanopyramid structures were patterned on the OrmoStamp-coated glass substrate with high fidelity in the first nanoimprint process. In the second nanoimprint process, inverted nanopyramid structures were replicated on the OrmoStamp-coated substrate using the fabricated upright nanopyramid glass substrate as a mold. The replicated inverted nanopyramid structure on resist-coated substrate was faithfully resolved with the high accuracy compared to original Si master mold down to nanometer scale. Both upright and inverted nanopyramid structures can be utilized as surface coatings for light trapping and self-cleaning applications for different types of solar cell and glass surfaces.",book:{id:"6124",slug:"micro-nanolithography-a-heuristic-aspect-on-the-enduring-technology",title:"Micro/Nanolithography",fullTitle:"Micro/Nanolithography - A Heuristic Aspect on the Enduring Technology"},signatures:"Amalraj Peter Amalathas and Maan M. Alkaisi",authors:[{id:"6368",title:"Prof.",name:"Maan",middleName:null,surname:"Alkaisi",slug:"maan-alkaisi",fullName:"Maan Alkaisi"},{id:"207012",title:"Dr.",name:"Amalraj",middleName:null,surname:"Peter Amalathas",slug:"amalraj-peter-amalathas",fullName:"Amalraj Peter Amalathas"}]},{id:"58772",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72885",title:"Micro/Nano Patterning on Polymers Using Soft Lithography Technique",slug:"micro-nano-patterning-on-polymers-using-soft-lithography-technique",totalDownloads:1309,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Microfabrication is essential in the field of science and technology. The development and innovations in this field are already prominent in the society through microelectronics and optoelectronics. The lithography or transfer of pattern to the substrate/surface of a layer is an important process step in microfabrication and is usually carried out with photolithography. Though photolithography is a well-established technique, it suffers from drawbacks such as limited feature size due to optical diffraction, requirement of high-energy radiation for small features, and high-cost involvement for sophisticated instruments. Also, it cannot be applied to nonplanar surfaces. Soft lithography is complement to photolithography which overcomes the above-mentioned drawbacks. Soft lithography is a simple and inexpensive method, and also, it suits to wide range of materials and very large surface areas. High-quality micropatterns or nanopatterns can be made using a patterned elastomeric stamp. This article briefly describes the various soft lithography techniques to obtain high-resolution structures for nanofabrication.",book:{id:"6124",slug:"micro-nanolithography-a-heuristic-aspect-on-the-enduring-technology",title:"Micro/Nanolithography",fullTitle:"Micro/Nanolithography - A Heuristic Aspect on the Enduring Technology"},signatures:"Sujatha Lakshminarayanan",authors:[{id:"220545",title:"Dr.",name:"Sujatha",middleName:null,surname:"Lakshminarayanan",slug:"sujatha-lakshminarayanan",fullName:"Sujatha Lakshminarayanan"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"72277",title:"Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering: Introduction and Applications",slug:"surface-enhanced-raman-scattering-introduction-and-applications",totalDownloads:1458,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Scattering of light by molecules can be elastic, Rayleigh scattering, or inelastic, Raman scattering. In the elastic scattering, the photon’s energy and the state of the molecule after the scattering events are unchanged. Hence, Rayleigh scattered light does not contain much information on the structure of molecular states. In inelastic scattering, the frequency of monochromatic light changes upon interaction with the vibrational states, or modes, of a molecule. With the advancement in the laser sources, better and compact spectrometers, detectors, and optics Raman spectroscopy have developed as a highly sensitive technique to probe structural details of a complex molecular structure. However, the low scattering cross section (10−31) of Raman scattering has limited the applications of the conventional Raman spectroscopy. With the discovery of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) in 1973 by Martin Fleischmann, the interest of the research community in Raman spectroscopy as an analytical method has been revived. This chapter aims to familiarize the readers with the basics of Raman scattering phenomenon and SERS. This chapter will also discuss the latest developments in the SERS and its applications in various fields.",book:{id:"10073",slug:"recent-advances-in-nanophotonics-fundamentals-and-applications",title:"Recent Advances in Nanophotonics",fullTitle:"Recent Advances in Nanophotonics - Fundamentals and Applications"},signatures:"Samir Kumar, Prabhat Kumar, Anamika Das and Chandra Shakher Pathak",authors:null},{id:"55768",title:"Quantum Dot-Based Light Emitting Diodes (QDLEDs): New Progress",slug:"quantum-dot-based-light-emitting-diodes-qdleds-new-progress",totalDownloads:2506,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"In recent years, the display industry has progressed rapidly. One of the most important developments is the ability to build flexible, transparent and very thin displays by organic light emitting diode (OLED). Researchers working on this field try to improve this area more and more. It is shown that quantum dot (QD) can be helpful in this approach. In this chapter, writers try to consider all the studies performed in recent years about quantum dot-based light emitting diodes (QDLEDs) and conclude how this nanoparticle can improve performance of QDLEDs. In fact, the existence of quantum dots in QDLEDs can cause an excellent improvement in their efficiency and lifetime resulted from using improved active layer by colloidal nanocrystals. Finally, the recent progresses on the quantum dot-based light emitting diodes are reviewed in this chapter, and an important outlook into challenges ahead is prepared.",book:{id:"5746",slug:"quantum-dot-based-light-emitting-diodes",title:"Quantum-dot Based Light-emitting Diodes",fullTitle:"Quantum-dot Based Light-emitting Diodes"},signatures:"Neda Heydari, Seyed Mohammad Bagher Ghorashi, Wooje Han and\nHyung-Ho Park",authors:[{id:"199095",title:"Prof.",name:"Hyung-Ho",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"hyung-ho-park",fullName:"Hyung-Ho Park"},{id:"202100",title:"Dr.",name:"Neda",middleName:null,surname:"Heydari",slug:"neda-heydari",fullName:"Neda Heydari"},{id:"202684",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Mohammad Bagher Ghorashi",middleName:null,surname:"Ghorashi",slug:"seyed-mohammad-bagher-ghorashi-ghorashi",fullName:"Seyed Mohammad Bagher Ghorashi Ghorashi"},{id:"209683",title:"Mr.",name:"Wooje",middleName:null,surname:"Han",slug:"wooje-han",fullName:"Wooje Han"}]},{id:"70813",title:"Triboelectric Nanogenerators: Design, Fabrication, Energy Harvesting, and Portable-Wearable Applications",slug:"triboelectric-nanogenerators-design-fabrication-energy-harvesting-and-portable-wearable-applications",totalDownloads:1501,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Scavenging energy from our day-to-day activity into useful electrical energy be the best solution to solve the energy crisis. This concept entirely reduces the usage of batteries, which have a complex issue in recycling and disposal. For electrical harvesting energy from vibration energy, there are few energy harvesters available, but the fabrication, implementation, and maintenances are quite complicated. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG) having the advantage of accessible design, less fabrication cost, and high energy efficiency can replace the battery in low-power electronic devices. TENGs can operate in various working modes such as contact-separation mode, sliding mode, single-electrode mode, and free-standing mode. The design of TENGs with the respective operating modes employed in generating electric power as well as can be utilized as a portable and wearable power source. The fabrication of triboelectric layers with micro-roughness could enhance the triboelectric charge generation. The objective of this chapter is to deal with the design of triboelectric layers, creating micro structured roughness using the soft-lithographic technique, fabrication of TENGs using different working modes, energy harvesting performance analysis, powering up commercial devices (LEDs, displays, and capacitors), and portable-wearable applications.",book:{id:"8539",slug:"nanogenerators",title:"Nanogenerators",fullTitle:"Nanogenerators"},signatures:"Venkateswaran Vivekananthan, Arunkumar Chandrasekhar, Nagamalleswara Rao Alluri, Yuvasree Purusothaman, Gaurav Khandelwal and Sang-Jae Kim",authors:[{id:"81419",title:"Prof.",name:"Sang-Jae",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",slug:"sang-jae-kim",fullName:"Sang-Jae Kim"},{id:"226214",title:"Dr.",name:"Nagamalleswara Rao",middleName:null,surname:"Alluri",slug:"nagamalleswara-rao-alluri",fullName:"Nagamalleswara Rao Alluri"},{id:"226215",title:"Prof.",name:"Arunkumar",middleName:null,surname:"Chandrasekhar",slug:"arunkumar-chandrasekhar",fullName:"Arunkumar Chandrasekhar"},{id:"313713",title:"Mr.",name:"Venkateswaran",middleName:null,surname:"Vivekananthan",slug:"venkateswaran-vivekananthan",fullName:"Venkateswaran Vivekananthan"},{id:"313714",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuvasree",middleName:null,surname:"Purusothaman",slug:"yuvasree-purusothaman",fullName:"Yuvasree Purusothaman"},{id:"313715",title:"Mr.",name:"Gaurav",middleName:null,surname:"Khandelwal",slug:"gaurav-khandelwal",fullName:"Gaurav Khandelwal"}]},{id:"56681",title:"Valley Polarized Single Photon Source Based on Transition Metal Dichalcogenides Quantum Dots",slug:"valley-polarized-single-photon-source-based-on-transition-metal-dichalcogenides-quantum-dots",totalDownloads:1894,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Photonic quantum computer, quantum communication, quantum metrology, and optical quantum information processing require a development of efficient solid‐state single photon sources. However, it still remains a challenge. We report theoretical framework and experimental development on a novel kind of valley‐polarized single‐photon emitter (SPE) based on two‐dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) quantum dots. In order to reveal the principle of the SPE, we make a brief review on the electronic structure of the TMDCs and excitonic behavior in photoluminescence (PL) and in magneto‐PL of these materials. We also discuss coupled spin and valley physics, valley‐polarized optical absorption, and magneto‐optical absorption in TMDC quantum dots. We demonstrate that the valley‐polarization is robust against dot size and magnetic field, but optical transition energies show sizable size‐effect. Three versatile models, including density functional theory, tight‐binding and effective k⋅p method, have been adopted in our calculations and the corresponding results have been presented.",book:{id:"5746",slug:"quantum-dot-based-light-emitting-diodes",title:"Quantum-dot Based Light-emitting Diodes",fullTitle:"Quantum-dot Based Light-emitting Diodes"},signatures:"Fanyao Qu, Alexandre Cavalheiro Dias, Antonio Luciano de Almeida\nFonseca, Marco Cezar Barbosa Fernandes and Xiangmu Kong",authors:[{id:"99666",title:"Prof.",name:"Fanyao",middleName:null,surname:"Qu",slug:"fanyao-qu",fullName:"Fanyao Qu"}]},{id:"58480",title:"Optical Proximity Correction (OPC) Under Immersion Lithography",slug:"optical-proximity-correction-opc-under-immersion-lithography",totalDownloads:1512,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"As advanced technology nodes continue scaling down into sub-16 nm regime, optical microlithography becomes more vulnerable to process variations. As a result, overall lithographic yield continuously degrades. Since next-generation lithography (NGL) is still not mature enough, the industry relies heavily on resolution enhancement techniques (RETs), wherein optical proximity correction (OPC) with 193 nm immersion lithography is dominant in the foreseeable future. However, OPC algorithms are getting more aggressive. Consequently, complex mask solutions are outputted. Furthermore, this results in long computation time along with mask data volume explosion. In this chapter, recent state-of-the-art OPC algorithms are discussed. Thereafter, the performance of a recently published fast OPC methodology—to generate highly manufactured mask solutions with acceptable pattern fidelity under process variations—is verified on the public benchmarks.",book:{id:"6124",slug:"micro-nanolithography-a-heuristic-aspect-on-the-enduring-technology",title:"Micro/Nanolithography",fullTitle:"Micro/Nanolithography - A Heuristic Aspect on the Enduring Technology"},signatures:"Ahmed Awad, Atsushi Takahashi and Chikaaki Kodaman",authors:[{id:"220602",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:"Nassouh",surname:"Awad",slug:"ahmed-awad",fullName:"Ahmed Awad"},{id:"227583",title:"Prof.",name:"Atushi",middleName:null,surname:"Takahashi",slug:"atushi-takahashi",fullName:"Atushi Takahashi"},{id:"227584",title:"Dr.",name:"Chikaaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kodama",slug:"chikaaki-kodama",fullName:"Chikaaki Kodama"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"751",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:null,scope:"
\r\n\tTransforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development endorsed by United Nations and 193 Member States, came into effect on Jan 1, 2016, to guide decision making and actions to the year 2030 and beyond. Central to this Agenda are 17 Goals, 169 associated targets and over 230 indicators that are reviewed annually. The vision envisaged in the implementation of the SDGs is centered on the five Ps: People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace and Partnership. This call for renewed focused efforts ensure we have a safe and healthy planet for current and future generations.
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\tThis Series focuses on covering research and applied research involving the five Ps through the following topics:
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t1. Sustainable Economy and Fair Society that relates to SDG 1 on No Poverty, SDG 2 on Zero Hunger, SDG 8 on Decent Work and Economic Growth, SDG 10 on Reduced Inequalities, SDG 12 on Responsible Consumption and Production, and SDG 17 Partnership for the Goals
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t2. Health and Wellbeing focusing on SDG 3 on Good Health and Wellbeing and SDG 6 on Clean Water and Sanitation
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t3. Inclusivity and Social Equality involving SDG 4 on Quality Education, SDG 5 on Gender Equality, and SDG 16 on Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t4. Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability comprising SDG 13 on Climate Action, SDG 14 on Life Below Water, and SDG 15 on Life on Land
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t5. Urban Planning and Environmental Management embracing SDG 7 on Affordable Clean Energy, SDG 9 on Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure, and SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities.
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\tThe series also seeks to support the use of cross cutting SDGs, as many of the goals listed above, targets and indicators are all interconnected to impact our lives and the decisions we make on a daily basis, making them impossible to tie to a single topic.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/24.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 19th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:0,editor:{id:"262440",title:"Prof.",name:"Usha",middleName:null,surname:"Iyer-Raniga",slug:"usha-iyer-raniga",fullName:"Usha Iyer-Raniga",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRYSXQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:55:36.jpeg",biography:"Usha Iyer-Raniga is a professor in the School of Property and Construction Management at RMIT University. Usha co-leads the One Planet Network’s Sustainable Buildings and Construction Programme (SBC), a United Nations 10 Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production (UN 10FYP SCP) aligned with Sustainable Development Goal 12. The work also directly impacts SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities. She completed her undergraduate degree as an architect before obtaining her Masters degree from Canada and her Doctorate in Australia. Usha has been a keynote speaker as well as an invited speaker at national and international conferences, seminars and workshops. Her teaching experience includes teaching in Asian countries. She has advised Austrade, APEC, national, state and local governments. She serves as a reviewer and a member of the scientific committee for national and international refereed journals and refereed conferences. She is on the editorial board for refereed journals and has worked on Special Issues. Usha has served and continues to serve on the Boards of several not-for-profit organisations and she has also served as panel judge for a number of awards including the Premiers Sustainability Award in Victoria and the International Green Gown Awards. Usha has published over 100 publications, including research and consulting reports. Her publications cover a wide range of scientific and technical research publications that include edited books, book chapters, refereed journals, refereed conference papers and reports for local, state and federal government clients. She has also produced podcasts for various organisations and participated in media interviews. She has received state, national and international funding worth over USD $25 million. Usha has been awarded the Quarterly Franklin Membership by London Journals Press (UK). Her biography has been included in the Marquis Who's Who in the World® 2018, 2016 (33rd Edition), along with approximately 55,000 of the most accomplished men and women from around the world, including luminaries as U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. In 2017, Usha was awarded the Marquis Who’s Who Lifetime Achiever Award.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"RMIT University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/91.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/181603/images/system/181603.jpg",biography:"Antonella Petrillo is a Professor at the Department of Engineering of the University of Naples “Parthenope”, Italy. She received her Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Cassino. Her research interests include multi-criteria decision analysis, industrial plant, logistics, manufacturing and safety. She serves as an Associate Editor for the International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy Process. She is a member of AHP Academy and a member of several editorial boards. She has over 160 Scientific Publications in International Journals and Conferences and she is the author of 5 books on Innovation and Decision Making in Industrial Applications and Engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Parthenope University of Naples",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"92",title:"Health and Wellbeing",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/92.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"348225",title:"Prof.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Hemingway",slug:"ann-hemingway",fullName:"Ann Hemingway",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035LZFoQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-11T14:55:40.jpg",biography:"Professor Hemingway is a public health researcher, Bournemouth University, undertaking international and UK research focused on reducing inequalities in health outcomes for marginalised and excluded populations and more recently focused on equine assisted interventions.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bournemouth University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"93",title:"Inclusivity and Social Equity",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/93.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"210060",title:"Prof. Dr.",name:"Ebba",middleName:null,surname:"Ossiannilsson",slug:"ebba-ossiannilsson",fullName:"Ebba Ossiannilsson",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6LkBQAU/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:31:48.png",biography:'Professor Dr. Ebba Ossiannilsson is an independent researcher, expert, consultant, quality auditor and influencer in the fields of open, flexible online and distance learning (OFDL) and the "new normal". Her focus is on quality, innovation, leadership, and personalised learning. She works primarily at the strategic and policy levels, both nationally and internationally, and with key international organisations. She is committed to promoting and improving OFDL in the context of SDG4 and the future of education. Ossiannilsson has more than 20 years of experience in her current field, but more than 40 years in the education sector. She works as a reviewer and expert for the European Commission and collaborates with the Joint Research Centre for Quality in Open Education. Ossiannilsson also collaborates with ITCILO and ICoBC (International Council on Badges and Credentials). She is a member of the ICDE Board of Directors and has previously served on the boards of EDEN and EUCEN. Ossiannilsson is a quality expert and reviewer for ICDE, EDEN and the EADTU. She chairs the ICDE OER Advocacy Committee and is a member of the ICDE Quality Network. She is regularly invited as a keynote speaker at conferences. She is a guest editor for several special issues and a member of the editorial board of several scientific journals. She has published more than 200 articles and is currently working on book projects in the field of OFDL. Ossiannilsson is a visiting professor at several international universities and was recently appointed Professor and Research Fellow at Victoria University of Wellington, NZ. Ossiannilsson has been awarded the following fellowships: EDEN Fellows, EDEN Council of Fellows, and Open Education Europe. She is a ICDE OER Ambassador, Open Education Europe Ambassador, GIZ Ambassador for Quality in Digital Learning, and part of the Globe-Community of Digital Learning and Champion of SPARC Europe. On a national level, she is a quality developer at the Swedish Institute for Standards (SIS) and for ISO. She is a member of the Digital Skills and Jobs Coalition Sweden and Vice President of the Swedish Association for Distance Education. She is currently working on a government initiative on quality in distance education at the National Council for Higher Education. She holds a Ph.D. from the University of Oulu, Finland.',institutionString:"Swedish Association for Distance Education, Sweden",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"94",title:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/94.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!1,editor:null,editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"95",title:"Urban Planning and Environmental Management",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/95.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"181079",title:"Dr.",name:"Christoph",middleName:null,surname:"Lüthi",slug:"christoph-luthi",fullName:"Christoph Lüthi",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRHSqQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-12T15:51:33.png",biography:"Dr. Christoph Lüthi is an urban infrastructure planner with over 25 years of experience in planning and design of urban infrastructure in middle and low-income countries. He holds a Master’s Degree in Urban Development Planning from the University College of London (UCL), and a Ph.D. in Urban Planning & Engineering from TU Berlin. He has conducted applied research on urban planning and infrastructure issues in over 20 countries in Africa and Asia. In 2005 he joined Eawag-Sandec as Leader of the Strategic Environmental Sanitation Planning Group. Since 2015 he heads the research department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Research and Technology (Eawag).",institutionString:"Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Switzerland",institution:null},editorTwo:{id:"290571",title:"Dr.",name:"Rui Alexandre",middleName:null,surname:"Castanho",slug:"rui-alexandre-castanho",fullName:"Rui Alexandre Castanho",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/290571/images/system/290571.jpg",biography:"Rui Alexandre Castanho has a master\\'s degree in Planning, Audit, and Control in Urban Green Spaces and an international Ph.D. in Sustainable Planning in Borderlands. Currently, he is a professor at WSB University, Poland, and a visiting professor at the University of Johannesburg, South Africa. Dr. Castanho is a post-doc researcher on the GREAT Project, University of Azores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal. He collaborates with the Environmental Resources Analysis Research Group (ARAM), University of Extremadura (UEx), Spain; VALORIZA - Research Center for the Enhancement of Endogenous Resources, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre (IPP), Portugal; Centre for Tourism Research, Development and Innovation (CITUR), Madeira, Portugal; and AQUAGEO Research Group, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil.",institutionString:"University of Johannesburg, South Africa and WSB University, Poland",institution:{name:"University of Johannesburg",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:10,paginationItems:[{id:"81297",title:"Legumes Cropping and Nitrogen Fixation under Mediterranean Climate",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104473",signatures:"Fernando Teixeira",slug:"legumes-cropping-and-nitrogen-fixation-under-mediterranean-climate",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"81493",title:"Rust Disease Classification Using Deep Learning Based Algorithm: The Case of Wheat",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104426",signatures:"Shivani Sood, Harjeet Singh and Suruchi Jindal",slug:"rust-disease-classification-using-deep-learning-based-algorithm-the-case-of-wheat",totalDownloads:39,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"81428",title:"Observatory of Sustainable Development in Postgraduate Study Programs in Baja California",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104641",signatures:"Rodolfo Martinez-Gutierrez, Maria Marcela Solis-Quinteros, Maria Esther Ibarra-Estrada and Angel Ernesto Jimenez-Bernardino",slug:"observatory-of-sustainable-development-in-postgraduate-study-programs-in-baja-california",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"81235",title:"Global Food System Transformation for Resilience",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102749",signatures:"Jasper Okoro Godwin Elechi, Ikechukwu U. Nwiyi and Cornelius Smah Adamu",slug:"global-food-system-transformation-for-resilience",totalDownloads:37,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"11576",title:"Malaria - Recent Advances, and New Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11576.jpg",hash:"5a01644fb0b4ce24c2f947913d154abe",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"April 26th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"76041",title:"Prof.",name:"Pier Paolo",surname:"Piccaluga",slug:"pier-paolo-piccaluga",fullName:"Pier Paolo Piccaluga"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11577",title:"Tick-Borne Diseases - A Review and an Update of Knowledge on Infections in Human and Animal Population",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11577.jpg",hash:"3d72ae651ee2a04b2368bf798a3183ca",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"April 29th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"51521",title:"Prof.",name:"Elisa",surname:"Pieragostini",slug:"elisa-pieragostini",fullName:"Elisa Pieragostini"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11570",title:"Influenza - New Approaches",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11570.jpg",hash:"157b379b9d7a4bf5e2cc7a742f155a44",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 10th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"139889",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyyed Shamsadin",surname:"Athari",slug:"seyyed-shamsadin-athari",fullName:"Seyyed Shamsadin Athari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11569",title:"Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infections - New Findings, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11569.jpg",hash:"069d6142ecb0d46d14920102d48c0e9d",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"May 31st 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"189561",title:"Dr.",name:"Mihaela Laura",surname:"Vica",slug:"mihaela-laura-vica",fullName:"Mihaela Laura Vica"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11568",title:"Staphylococcal Infections - Recent Advances and Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11568.jpg",hash:"92c881664d1921c7f2d0fee34b78cd08",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"June 1st 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"59719",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime",surname:"Bustos-Martínez",slug:"jaime-bustos-martinez",fullName:"Jaime Bustos-Martínez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:17,paginationItems:[{id:"81751",title:"NanoBioSensors: From Electrochemical Sensors Improvement to Theranostic Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102552",signatures:"Anielle C.A. Silva, Eliete A. Alvin, Lais S. de Jesus, Caio C.L. de França, Marílya P.G. da Silva, Samaysa L. Lins, Diógenes Meneses, Marcela R. Lemes, Rhanoica O. Guerra, Marcos V. da Silva, Carlo J.F. de Oliveira, Virmondes Rodrigues Junior, Renata M. Etchebehere, Fabiane C. de Abreu, Bruno G. Lucca, Sanívia A.L. Pereira, Rodrigo C. Rosa and Noelio O. Dantas",slug:"nanobiosensors-from-electrochemical-sensors-improvement-to-theranostic-applications",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"81766",title:"Evolution of Organoids in Oncology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104251",signatures:"Allen Thayakumar Basanthakumar, Janitha Chandrasekhar Darlybai and Jyothsna Ganesh",slug:"evolution-of-organoids-in-oncology",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Organoids",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11430.jpg",subseries:null}},{id:"81678",title:"Developmental Studies on Practical Enzymatic Phosphate Ion Biosensors and Microbial BOD Biosensors, and New Insights into the Future Perspectives of These Biosensor Fields",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104377",signatures:"Hideaki Nakamura",slug:"developmental-studies-on-practical-enzymatic-phosphate-ion-biosensors-and-microbial-bod-biosensors-a",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Hideaki",surname:"Nakamura"}],book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"81547",title:"Organoids and Commercialization",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104706",signatures:"Anubhab Mukherjee, Aprajita Sinha, Maheshree Maibam, Bharti Bisht and Manash K. Paul",slug:"organoids-and-commercialization",totalDownloads:33,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Organoids",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11430.jpg",subseries:null}},{id:"81412",title:"Mathematical Morphology and the Heart Signals",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104113",signatures:"Taouli Sidi Ahmed",slug:"mathematical-morphology-and-the-heart-signals",totalDownloads:18,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"81360",title:"Deep Learning Algorithms for Efficient Analysis of ECG Signals to Detect Heart Disorders",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103075",signatures:"Sumagna Dey, Rohan Pal and Saptarshi Biswas",slug:"deep-learning-algorithms-for-efficient-analysis-of-ecg-signals-to-detect-heart-disorders",totalDownloads:31,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"81294",title:"Applications of Neural Organoids in Neurodevelopment and Regenerative Medicine",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104044",signatures:"Jing Gong, Jiahui Kang, Minghui Li, Xiao Liu, Jun Yang and Haiwei Xu",slug:"applications-of-neural-organoids-in-neurodevelopment-and-regenerative-medicine",totalDownloads:25,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Organoids",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11430.jpg",subseries:null}},{id:"81318",title:"Retinal Organoids over the Decade",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104258",signatures:"Jing Yuan and Zi-Bing Jin",slug:"retinal-organoids-over-the-decade",totalDownloads:39,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Organoids",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11430.jpg",subseries:null}},{id:"81068",title:"Characteristic Profiles of Heart Rate Variability in Depression and Anxiety",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104205",signatures:"Toshikazu Shinba",slug:"characteristic-profiles-of-heart-rate-variability-in-depression-and-anxiety",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"80691",title:"Applications of Quantum Mechanics, Laws of Classical Physics, and Differential Calculus to Evaluate Source Localization According to the Electroencephalogram",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102831",signatures:"Kristin S. Williams",slug:"applications-of-quantum-mechanics-laws-of-classical-physics-and-differential-calculus-to-evaluate-so",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",value:7,count:13,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:27,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",volumeInSeries:28,fullTitle:"Reactive Oxygen Species",editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9008",title:"Vitamin K",subtitle:"Recent Topics on the Biology and Chemistry",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9008.jpg",slug:"vitamin-k-recent-topics-on-the-biology-and-chemistry",publishedDate:"March 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hiroyuki Kagechika and Hitoshi Shirakawa",hash:"8b43add5389ba85743e0a9491e4b9943",volumeInSeries:27,fullTitle:"Vitamin K - Recent Topics on the Biology and Chemistry",editors:[{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10799",title:"Phenolic Compounds",subtitle:"Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10799.jpg",slug:"phenolic-compounds-chemistry-synthesis-diversity-non-conventional-industrial-pharmaceutical-and-therapeutic-applications",publishedDate:"February 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",hash:"339199f254d2987ef3167eef74fb8a38",volumeInSeries:26,fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9659",title:"Fibroblasts",subtitle:"Advances in Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Cancer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9659.jpg",slug:"fibroblasts-advances-in-inflammation-autoimmunity-and-cancer",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mojca Frank Bertoncelj and Katja Lakota",hash:"926fa6446f6befbd363fc74971a56de2",volumeInSeries:25,fullTitle:"Fibroblasts - Advances in Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Cancer",editors:[{id:"328755",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mojca",middleName:null,surname:"Frank Bertoncelj",slug:"mojca-frank-bertoncelj",fullName:"Mojca Frank Bertoncelj",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/328755/images/system/328755.jpg",institutionString:"BioMed X Institute",institution:{name:"University Hospital of Zurich",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Switzerland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8977",title:"Protein Kinases",subtitle:"Promising Targets for Anticancer Drug Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8977.jpg",slug:"protein-kinases-promising-targets-for-anticancer-drug-research",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rajesh Kumar Singh",hash:"6d200cc031706a565b554fdb1c478901",volumeInSeries:24,fullTitle:"Protein Kinases - Promising Targets for Anticancer Drug Research",editors:[{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8018",title:"Extracellular Matrix",subtitle:"Developments and Therapeutics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8018.jpg",slug:"extracellular-matrix-developments-and-therapeutics",publishedDate:"October 27th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula, Joseph Orgel P.R.O. and Zvi Loewy",hash:"c85e82851e80b40282ff9be99ddf2046",volumeInSeries:23,fullTitle:"Extracellular Matrix - Developments and Therapeutics",editors:[{id:"212416",title:"Dr.",name:"Rama Sashank",middleName:null,surname:"Madhurapantula",slug:"rama-sashank-madhurapantula",fullName:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212416/images/system/212416.jpg",institutionString:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institution:{name:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9759",title:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease",subtitle:"Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9759.jpg",slug:"vitamin-e-in-health-and-disease-interactions-diseases-and-health-aspects",publishedDate:"October 6th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Júlia Scherer Santos",hash:"6c3ddcc13626110de289b57f2516ac8f",volumeInSeries:22,fullTitle:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease - Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoğlu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoğlu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/109978/images/system/109978.jpg",institutionString:"Hacettepe University",institution:{name:"Hacettepe University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9753",title:"Terpenes and Terpenoids",subtitle:"Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9753.jpg",slug:"terpenes-and-terpenoids-recent-advances",publishedDate:"July 28th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shagufta Perveen and Areej Mohammad Al-Taweel",hash:"575689df13c78bf0e6c1be40804cd010",volumeInSeries:21,fullTitle:"Terpenes and Terpenoids - Recent Advances",editors:[{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9403",title:"Human Microbiome",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9403.jpg",slug:"human-microbiome",publishedDate:"June 16th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Natalia V. Beloborodova and Andrey V. Grechko",hash:"c31366ba82585ba3ac91d21eb1cf0a4d",volumeInSeries:20,fullTitle:"Human Microbiome",editors:[{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9731",title:"Oxidoreductase",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9731.jpg",slug:"oxidoreductase",publishedDate:"February 17th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",hash:"852e6f862c85fc3adecdbaf822e64e6e",volumeInSeries:19,fullTitle:"Oxidoreductase",editors:[{id:"224662",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmoud Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Mansour",slug:"mahmoud-ahmed-mansour",fullName:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/224662/images/system/224662.jpg",institutionString:"King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences",institution:{name:"King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9742",title:"Ubiquitin",subtitle:"Proteasome Pathway",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9742.jpg",slug:"ubiquitin-proteasome-pathway",publishedDate:"December 9th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xianquan Zhan",hash:"af6880d3a5571da1377ac8f6373b9e82",volumeInSeries:18,fullTitle:"Ubiquitin - Proteasome Pathway",editors:[{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223233/images/system/223233.png",institutionString:"Shandong First Medical University",institution:{name:"Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9002",title:"Glutathione System and Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9002.jpg",slug:"glutathione-system-and-oxidative-stress-in-health-and-disease",publishedDate:"August 26th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Margarete Dulce Bagatini",hash:"127defed0a50ad5ed92338dc96e1e10e",volumeInSeries:17,fullTitle:"Glutathione System and Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease",editors:[{id:"217850",title:"Dr.",name:"Margarete Dulce",middleName:null,surname:"Bagatini",slug:"margarete-dulce-bagatini",fullName:"Margarete Dulce Bagatini",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217850/images/system/217850.jpeg",institutionString:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:3},{group:"subseries",caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:6},{group:"subseries",caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:8},{group:"subseries",caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:10}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:7},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:12},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:2}],authors:{paginationCount:249,paginationItems:[{id:"274452",title:"Dr.",name:"Yousif",middleName:"Mohamed",surname:"Abdallah",slug:"yousif-abdallah",fullName:"Yousif Abdallah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274452/images/8324_n.jpg",biography:"I certainly enjoyed my experience in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, particularly it has been in different institutions and hospitals with different Medical Cultures and allocated resources. Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait. His research interests include optimization, computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, and intelligent systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker at various platforms around the globe. He has advised/supervised more than 110 students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He has authored and/or edited around seventy books. Prof. Sarfraz is a member of various professional societies. He is a chair and member of international advisory committees and organizing committees of numerous international conferences. He is also an editor and editor in chief for various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:"Beijing University of Technology",institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Lakhno Igor Victorovich was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPhD – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSc – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nLakhno Igor has been graduated from an international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held in Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s a professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education . He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 17 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Lakhno Igor is a rewiever of Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for DSc degree \\'Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention and treatment”. Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, cardiovascular medicine.",institutionString:"V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University",institution:{name:"Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education",country:{name:"Ukraine"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZkkQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-09T12:55:18.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"338222",title:"Mrs.",name:"María José",middleName:null,surname:"Lucía Mudas",slug:"maria-jose-lucia-mudas",fullName:"María José Lucía Mudas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"147824",title:"Mr.",name:"Pablo",middleName:null,surname:"Revuelta Sanz",slug:"pablo-revuelta-sanz",fullName:"Pablo Revuelta Sanz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"25",type:"subseries",title:"Evolutionary Computation",keywords:"Genetic Algorithms, Genetic Programming, Evolutionary Programming, Evolution Strategies, Hybrid Algorithms, Bioinspired Metaheuristics, Ant Colony Optimization, Evolutionary Learning, Hyperparameter Optimization",scope:"Evolutionary computing is a paradigm that has grown dramatically in recent years. This group of bio-inspired metaheuristics solves multiple optimization problems by applying the metaphor of natural selection. It so far has solved problems such as resource allocation, routing, schedule planning, and engineering design. Moreover, in the field of machine learning, evolutionary computation has carved out a significant niche both in the generation of learning models and in the automatic design and optimization of hyperparameters in deep learning models. This collection aims to include quality volumes on various topics related to evolutionary algorithms and, alternatively, other metaheuristics of interest inspired by nature. For example, some of the issues of interest could be the following: Advances in evolutionary computation (Genetic algorithms, Genetic programming, Bio-inspired metaheuristics, Hybrid metaheuristics, Parallel ECs); Applications of evolutionary algorithms (Machine learning and Data Mining with EAs, Search-Based Software Engineering, Scheduling, and Planning Applications, Smart Transport Applications, Applications to Games, Image Analysis, Signal Processing and Pattern Recognition, Applications to Sustainability).",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11421,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403"},editorialBoard:[{id:"111683",title:"Prof.",name:"Elmer P.",middleName:"P.",surname:"Dadios",slug:"elmer-p.-dadios",fullName:"Elmer P. Dadios",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/111683/images/system/111683.jpg",institutionString:"De La Salle University",institution:{name:"De La Salle University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Philippines"}}},{id:"106873",title:"Prof.",name:"Hongwei",middleName:null,surname:"Ge",slug:"hongwei-ge",fullName:"Hongwei Ge",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"171056",title:"Dr.",name:"Sotirios",middleName:null,surname:"Goudos",slug:"sotirios-goudos",fullName:"Sotirios Goudos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9IuQAK/Profile_Picture_1622623673666",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"15895",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Takashi",middleName:null,surname:"Kuremoto",slug:"takashi-kuremoto",fullName:"Takashi Kuremoto",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLrqQAG/Profile_Picture_1625656196038",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nippon Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"125844",title:"Prof.",name:"Wellington",middleName:"Pinheiro Dos",surname:"Santos",slug:"wellington-santos",fullName:"Wellington Santos",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/125844/images/4878_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Pernambuco",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{id:"80495",title:"Iron in Cell Metabolism and Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101908",signatures:"Eeka Prabhakar",slug:"iron-in-cell-metabolism-and-disease",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - Iron a Double‐Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81799",title:"Cross Talk of Purinergic and Immune Signaling: Implication in Inflammatory and Pathogenic Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104978",signatures:"Richa Rai",slug:"cross-talk-of-purinergic-and-immune-signaling-implication-in-inflammatory-and-pathogenic-diseases",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81764",title:"Involvement of the Purinergic System in Cell Death in Models of Retinopathies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103935",signatures:"Douglas Penaforte Cruz, Marinna Garcia Repossi and Lucianne Fragel Madeira",slug:"involvement-of-the-purinergic-system-in-cell-death-in-models-of-retinopathies",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81681",title:"Immunomodulatory Effects of a M2-Conditioned Medium (PRS® CK STORM): Theory on the Possible Complex Mechanism of Action through Anti-Inflammatory Modulation of the TLR System and the Purinergic System",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104486",signatures:"Juan Pedro Lapuente",slug:"immunomodulatory-effects-of-a-m2-conditioned-medium-prs-ck-storm-theory-on-the-possible-complex-mech",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81580",title:"Graft-Versus-Host Disease: Pathogenesis and Treatment",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104450",signatures:"Shin Mukai",slug:"graft-versus-host-disease-pathogenesis-and-treatment",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"80485",title:"Potential Marker for Diagnosis and Screening of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Children",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102792",signatures:"Yulia Nadar Indrasari, Siti Nurul Hapsari and Muhamad Robiul Fuadi",slug:"potential-marker-for-diagnosis-and-screening-of-iron-deficiency-anemia-in-children",totalDownloads:42,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - Iron a Double‐Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"79693",title:"Ferroptosis: Can Iron be the Last or Cure for a Cell?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101426",signatures:"Asuman Akkaya Fırat",slug:"ferroptosis-can-iron-be-the-last-or-cure-for-a-cell",totalDownloads:90,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - Iron a Double‐Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"79616",title:"Dietary Iron",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101265",signatures:"Kouser Firdose and Noor Firdose",slug:"dietary-iron",totalDownloads:144,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - Iron a Double‐Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"78977",title:"FERALGINE™ a New Oral iron Compound",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100445",signatures:"Valentina Talarico, Laura Giancotti, Giuseppe Antonio Mazza, Santina Marrazzo, Roberto Miniero and Marco Bertini",slug:"feralgine-a-new-oral-iron-compound",totalDownloads:129,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - Iron a Double‐Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7437",title:"Nanomedicines",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7437.jpg",slug:"nanomedicines",publishedDate:"February 13th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh",hash:"0e1f5f6258f074c533976c4f4d248568",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Nanomedicines",editors:[{id:"63182",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Akhyar",middleName:null,surname:"Farrukh",slug:"muhammad-akhyar-farrukh",fullName:"Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63182/images/system/63182.png",institutionString:"Forman Christian College",institution:{name:"Forman Christian College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:null},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/417531",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"417531"},fullPath:"/profiles/417531",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()