Differences in optical and electron microscope.
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\r\n\r\nThis project was co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund under the Operational Programme "Innovative Economy".\r\n',isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-1734-6",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4230-0",doi:"10.5772/59798",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"storage-stability-of-fuels",numberOfPages:278,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!0,hash:"bc73beb5dc74410e15c8ee19ee4de722",bookSignature:"Krzysztof Biernat",publishedDate:"February 4th 2015",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4751.jpg",numberOfDownloads:21958,numberOfWosCitations:25,numberOfCrossrefCitations:14,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:30,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:69,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 30th 2014",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 20th 2014",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 24th 2015",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 25th 2015",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 24th 2015",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:'
Microscope is derived from the Greek words mikros (small) and Skopeo (look at) [1]. It arose from the need to see and interpret objects at the micro and later nano levels that humanity could not see with the naked eye. From past to present, human beings need to see what is far from them closely. Technological developments and the advancement of the scientific world should shed light on these demands [2, 3]. The scanning electron microscope (SEM), which has made a great contribution to the development of the micro world view, has become a masterpiece in this regard. Just as a kitchen cannot be thought of without a knife, it is unthinkable that we can understand micro and nano structures without enlarging them, especially in metallurgy and micro biology [3, 4]. It makes a great contribution to the examination of wet and dry structures in their natural state, especially in biological samples [2, 5]. For this reason, SEM has become a basic need. Today, this instrument, which is the basis for scientific research, has two types as optical and electron. Optical microscopes use a radiation source, while electron microscopes use an electron source. While optical microscopes were sufficient up to a certain level, they were insufficient for high magnification needs [4, 6]. For this reason, electron microscopes were needed and developed to meet the need for higher magnification. In this part of our book, the historical development, general features and usage areas of SEM will be discussed.
The human eye’s ability to see very small and fine details is limited. For this reason, optical devices have been developed that help to see smaller images and details by changing the light paths that provide the transmission of the image with the help of various lenses. In 1923, De Broglie showed that electrons have wave behavior. In 1926, Busch discovered that electrons are deflected in a magnetic field. In 1935, Max Knoll became the name that produced the first SEM device. The first commercial scanning electron microscope was produced by Siemens in 1965. When Max Knoll manufactured the first Scanning Electron microscope in Berlin in 1935, he did not need a patent because he could not reach high magnifications [1]. In the same period, transmissive electron microscopes (TEM) are being developed, but images with the desired resolution cannot be obtained. With the simultaneous development and use of electronics with optical systems, imaging at high magnifications has become possible. The scanning electron microscope, designed within the framework of electrooptical principles, is one of the devices that serve this purpose. In addition to its use in research and development studies in many branches, SEM is widely used in chip production in microelectronics, error analysis in different branches of industry, biological sciences, medicine and criminal applications [2]. As a result of technological developments, SEM devices with high resolution field emission gun (FEG) have been developed. For this reason, the potential of SEM has emerged.
In scanning electron microscope image formation, electrons accelerated by high voltage are focused onto the sample. This focused beam of electrons scans the sample surface. During scanning, various interferences occur between electron and sample atoms. Signals resulting from this interference are collected by appropriate sensors. The signals passed through the signal amplifiers are then transferred to the screen of a cathode ray tube. Thus, a surface image is obtained [3]. In modern systems, the signals obtained from the sensors are easily converted into digital signals and transferred to the monitor. In newly developed devices, it expands the usage area by combining separation power, depth of focus and imaging. For example, while the optical microscope is 0.1 μm at 1000X magnification, this focal depth reaches 30 μm in the scanning electron microscope. This situation is compared in more detail in Table 1.
Today, the discrimination power of modern scanning electron microscopes can be as low as 0.05 nm.
The Quanta FEG 450 model, shown in Figure 1 [7], provides an advantage in imaging biological and metallic samples at high resolution and effectively, thanks to its high and low vacuum mode.
FEG (field emission gun) scanning electron microscope.
The scanning electron microscope consists of three main parts: optical column, sample chamber, and imaging (Figure 2) [8]. In the optical part, it forms the electron gun, which is the source of the electron beam. In this part, there is an anode plate to which high voltage is applied to accelerate the electrons falling on the sample, condensing lenses to ensure uniform electron beam formation, objective lens to focus, and apertures of different diameters to adjust the density of this lens. Magnetic lenses and deflectors located here thin the electron beam coming from the electron gun and focus it on the sample surface. This system, namely the optical column, is kept in a vacuum of 10−4–10−7 Pa. In the image system, there are detectors that collect the electrons and radiations formed as a result of the sample interference with the incoming electron beam. These detectors amplify electrons or signals that are reflected or interfering from the surface. At the same time, these detectors multiply these signals and convert them into digital signals and send them to the screen through video multipliers [9].
Schematic view of the scanning electron microscope.
One of the most important parts of electron microscopes is electron guns, which we call electron sources. It is very important for imaging that the source can produce electrons continuously and uniformly. This is just like a river that constantly flows into a dam built for a hydroelectric power plant. While tungsten filaments were generally used for the first commercial SEM, FEG guns are now used more commonly and effectively. An important point here is that the tungsten filament does not require a vacuum, while the FEG source is in a vacuum environment [3, 9]. One reason for this is the excellent blasting of the electron flow in a vacuum-free environment. Below we can see the various electron sources (see Figure 3).
Schematic view of electron gun.
Electron sources are widely used tungsten, LaB6, Cold FEG, Shotky FEG [8]. The most used old model tungsten and FEG electron sources from these sources are indicated in Figure 4 [8]. Here, tungsten filament electron source is used in older technology devices, while FEG welding is used as a more technological electron source. The advantages and disadvantages of these sources relative to each other are presented in Table 1. When Table 2 is examined, it is clearly seen that FEG electron sources are more useful sources.
Electron sources (a) tungsten (b) FEG (c) FEG module.
Light Microscope | Electron Microscope | |
---|---|---|
Lighting Source | Visible rays (λ = 550 nm) | Electron beam (λ = 0.005 nm) |
Resolution | 0.25 μm | 0.05 nm |
Max Magnification | 1500X | 1,000,000 X |
Lens Type | Glass Lenses | Electromagnetic Lenses |
Vacuum | Without Vacuum | Electrons travel all the way under vacuum |
Differences in optical and electron microscope.
Tungsten | LaB6 | Schottky FEG | |
---|---|---|---|
Brightness (A/cm2 sr) | 100 | 1000 | 5000 |
Energy Distribution | 3.0 eV | 1.5 eV | 0.3 eV |
Welding Temperature (K) | ῀2800 | ῀1850 | ῀1350 |
Lifetime (s) | 100 | 2000+ | 10,000+ |
Vacuum (mbar) | ῀10−5 | ῀10−7 | ῀10−8῀10−9 |
Resolution (30 kV) | 3 nm | <2.7 nm | <1.2 nm |
Resolution (1 kV) | 15 nm | <12 nm | <3 nm |
Comparison of electron sources.
As can be seen from the Table 2, FEG pistols appear to be advantageous in many respects. In scanning electron microscopes, the most important values for the sample are magnification and resolution.
Resolution: It expresses the power of distinguishing two different parts on the viewed surface.
Magnification: Shows the ratio of the imaged area to the scanned area.
These two values are actually a comparative situation, namely qualitative. In fact, the magnification may vary depending on the screen and print size on which it is viewed. Therefore, the main thing in microscopic images is the length bar. The resolution event, on the other hand, depends on the analysis configuration. That is, it depends on the acceleration potential, the working distance (h), the current value and the structure of the sample.
Electrons emanating from the gun strike the sample surface with an acceleration potential. Three physical events will occur for these incoming electrons. These are back scattering, passing through scattering and elastic scattering, respectively. This situation is illustrated in Figure 5 below.
Rays and electrons formed as a result of the interaction of the incoming electron beam.
As can be understood from here, different rays and electrons are formed as a result of the collision of electrons with the surface. Before talking about these electrons, let us look at the depth at which the incoming electrons affect the sample surface (Figure 6) [3].
Interaction between electron beam and sample.
When we look at the electron-sample interaction, shown schematically in Figure 6, we see that the interference is in the form of a water drop. Here, high energy electrons form low energy auger electrons as a result of inelastic interference of sample atoms with outer orbital electrons. These auger electrons contain information about the sample surface and form the working principle of auger Spectroscopy [8]. Again, as a result of the interference between the incoming electrons and the orbital electrons, the beam electrons that are thrown out of the orbit or whose energy decreases, move towards the sample surface. These electrons are called secondary electrons. These secondary electrons are collected in the scintillator in the sample chamber and converted into a secondary electron image signal. Secondary electrons come from approximately 10 nm depth of the sample surface. This provides a high resolution topographic image. In addition, inelastic interference occurs between the sample atoms and the electron beam. As a result of these inelastic interactions, characteristic X-rays and continuous radiations occur in the sample. The characteristic radiations generated here are evaluated as wavelength or energy dispersed radiation. This evaluation gives us the chemical composition of the sample, that is, the elemental analysis information. This analysis is called EDX analysis.
The electron beam on the sample also makes elastic interferences with the sample atoms. During this elastic interference, the incident electron beam is deflected by the attractive force of the nuclei of the sample atoms and backscattering occurs. These scattered electrons are defined as back-scattered electrons. The image formed by these backscattered electrons is called the backscattered image. Here, the amount of backscattered electrons is proportional to the atomic number of the sample. This provides atomic number dependent contrast for polyphase systems in image formation. When the signals are collected (A + B) in the backscattered electron detector, a compositional image depending on the atomic number contrast is obtained [7]. If the image is obtained by taking the difference of the signals here (A-B), a topographic composition image is formed (Figure 7) [7].
Elemental backscatter images (a) backscattered a + B “composition” signal (b) backscattered A-B “topographic” signal.
In summary,
Caused by inelastic collision between incoming electrons and electrons in the conduction or valence band (Figure 8a).
The energy of the incoming electrons is high and it removes electrons from the sample (Figure 8b).
Secondary electrons are low energy electrons and can be collected with a potential between 100 and 300 V applied to the detector.
Independent of the atomic number of the scattering atoms
Originate from surface area < 10 nm (most from 2 to 5 nm depth)
Contrast by topology
Low energy electrons <50 eV (90% <10 eV)
Schematic representation of interference patterns of secondary electrons (a) electron interaction (b) production of secondary electrons (c) formation of secondary electrons (d) effect of sloping surface on SE emission [
When Figure 8 [8] is examined, the interaction of the secondary electron with the sample surface and sample electrons is seen in a and b. Also, in c and d, we see how it interacts with the electrons that make up the sample and then leaves the sample surface.
They are formed as a result of elastic collision between incoming electrons and nuclei of sample atoms (Figure 9b). (Rutherford Scattering).
The higher the atomic number of the sample atoms, the more backscattered electrons are obtained. In this way, materials with a large atomic number appear brighter (Figure 9d).
Varies strongly with the atomic number Z of the scattering atoms
Originate from deeper in the sample (<1–2 μm)
Contrast by atomic number and topology
High energy electrons (50 eV – 30 keV)
Schematic representation of the interference patterns of backscattered electrons. (a) Production of backscattered electrons (b) production of backscattered electrons (c) effect of inclined surface to BSE emission (d) effect of atomic number to BSE emission [
When Figure 9 [8] is examined, the interaction of backscattered electrons with the sample surface and sample electrons can be seen in Figure 9a-b. Also, in Figure 9c-d, we can see how it interacts with the electrons that make up the sample, and the scattering increases as the atomic number increases.
When the backscattered electron (Figure 10a) and the secondary electron image (Figure 10b) are examined in Figure 10 [8], different properties of the same sample surface are clearly seen. From here, it is easy to understand the detection of different phases with the BSE detector. The detection of different phases is mostly used in metallurgical materials science to easily distinguish the structures of the phases in the sample. This shows us that SEM is more than imaging.
Topographic images taken with different detectors (a) BSE image (b) SE image [
Scanning Electron Microscope, besides its use in research and development studies in many branches, is widely used in microelectronics chip production, error analysis in different branches of industry, biological sciences, medicine and criminal applications. Among them,
In Forensic Medicine: It is used to compare materials such as metal parts, wood chips, paint and ink, and also to examine evidence in police laboratories by examining materials such as hair, skin pieces, thread. It is also used effectively in the fields of medicine such as Anatomy, Biochemistry, Physiology, Microbiology, Pathology, Toxicology. It is also used in fields such as dentistry, Biological Botany and Cell Biology in the field of health [5].
In metallurgy: Metals are used to determine the durability of metals in different conditions such as hot and cold [6]. Also in this field; SEM analyzes are also used in many fields such as Material Sciences (Content Analysis of Materials), Materials Research, Investigation of Rough Surfaces, Surface Topography, Investigation of Material Damages, Magnetic and Superconducting Materials, Geological Sections, Soft Materials and Crystallization/Phase Transformation.
It is used to determine the durability of metals used in aircraft, automotive, defense industry, vehicles such as aircraft, automobiles, trains, ships, which require the use of strong metal for security reasons.
In Scientific Research: Biologists study plant and animal tissues, chemists use microscopic crystals, metal, plastic, ceramics, etc. They make use of SEM in the analysis.
In addition, it is of great importance to make use of the EDX features of SEM devices for additional analysis such as sample content determination and a color mapping of this content.
Surface images of any object imaginable can be obtained in scanning electron microscopes. To express these under two main headings, we can define them as conductor and insulator. In general, it is sufficient to have suitable dimensions in the chamber for conductive samples, while preliminary preparations are required for insulating and biological samples [5]. In general, the following factors should be considered during sample preparation.
Sample sizes should be tailored to the SEM instrument chamber.
The sample must be resistant to high vacuum and no outgassing.
Care should be taken to ensure that it is clean, dust-free, spotless and oil-free.
If possible, coating should not be done or should be done in sufficient quantities.
Care should be taken not to deform it while placing it in the chamber with the holders.
If there is a possibility of doubt, a control sample should also be included.
There must be good electrical contact between the sample stub (holder) and ground potential.
There should be good conductive contact between the sample surface and the stub.
The sampled stub should not be prone to excessive interference with electrons. Generally, aluminum is preferred.
Small and thin materials should be mounted on the mass foil very well to give a minimum background signal.
The sample should be mounted in the sample holder so that it does not move.
The rotation and inclination of the samples to be used should be of appropriate size and should be attached in a non-slip manner.
If we consider it in two groups, metals and semi-metals are included in this group. Since metals have good conductivity, not much preparation is needed.
This group includes those that have no electrical conductivity at all. For example, plastics, polymers and materials with fiber properties should be considered in this category.
If the sample does not contain moisture but is also a non-conductive material, that is, if it is not possible to take an image without coating, the following should be applied. Even if many materials are dry and insulating, they can cause gas to come out in high vacuum. For this reason, it is sufficient to cover the samples containing non-volatile elements and non-conductive properties with a thin layer such as Au, C, Au/Pd and Al. This layer is generally 20–30 nm thick [4, 6]. There are some reasons why we do this.
The conductivity of the sample is increased, which minimizes the accumulation of electrons on the sample surface and minimizes the emergence of poor quality image.
Reduces prolonged exposure to the sample surface for imaging and reduces distortion.
Increases primary and secondary electron emission.
It will reduce the penetration depth of electrons and cause high resulation.
Usually gold plating is used. Among the main reasons for this are the following.
High secondary spread co-efficient.
High conductivity of electron and temperature.
Non-oxidation.
Coarse grain of sputtered particles in the surface coating.
Coatings are usually made by evaporation. If the coating is made with carbon, gold plating will be preferred since it cannot accurately analyze the amount of carbon in the sample in X-ray microanalysis. In addition, it should not be preferred too much as it will oxidize in aluminum [6].
Coated and uncoated sample images are given in Figure 11 [8]. Since the coated sample increases the surface conductivity here, electrons from the electron gun do not cause accumulation on the surface. This provides a much more detailed and clear image of a coated sample.
Images of coated and uncoated samples.
Biological samples are among the most important groups to be examined in scanning electron microscopy. These samples show some differences from the samples from other areas. This difference is due to the fact that it is a living tissue and requires different pre-processing before imaging. Chief among these,
Primary fixation is done with Glutaraldehyde.
Washing: It is done with tampons. At this stage, Sorrenson Buffer Phosphate solution is used.
Secondary fixation: The sample is kept in a solution up to 10 times its volume with osmium tetroside.
For example, if it is soft and has a high oil content, it causes it to darken.
The hardness of the tissue allows it to take less amount of osmium tetroxide.
In Figure 12 [10], we see a photo of a wet sample with moisture taken in SEM. Here we see a much clearer view of the sample dried with the critical dryer. This shows how important the sample preparation process is.
SEM image of a wet sample (a) natural dried (b) critical dryer dried.
Scanning electron microscopes are manufactured in a certain size in that they are high-tech and have electron guns and magnetic deflectors on them. Therefore the sample chamber has a certain volume. Rotation and angulation in the sample chamber also limits the width, length, and height of the sample. Therefore, the maximum width and maximum height are limited to 7.5 cm. In addition, the maximum height of the sample can be at most 2 cm. However, in some SEM devices, the sample holders can be removed and the height can be increased up to 5 cm. Since this situation is not valid for all samples, the sample height should be accepted as 2 cm as a standard. Representative dimensions are shown in Figure 13.
Schematic representation of sample size suitable for SEM device.
Knowing better the mysterious world we live in will be in the light of science. Humanity first wonders about this light and develops the necessary equipment to satisfy this curiosity. SEM devices have been one of these lights in the better understanding of human beings in this micro and nano world. In this part of our book, the origin story of the scanning electron microscope device, its necessity and usage areas are examined. In these examinations, from which areas and for what purposes SEM is used to how it performs imaging has been examined. As a result of this examination, SEM devices not only shed light on scientific studies, but also show in detail the quantities in our daily life that we cannot see with the naked eye. Its wide range of use and its ease of use necessitate use in all fields of science. In other words, human beings have eyes in every field, from a cell tissue to a hair strand or from a clay powder to a computer circuit. SEM can show us all the details that we can see today.
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Hence, conservation genetics must be an essential part of policies and programs in wildlife and biodiversity management.",book:{id:"10844",slug:"protected-area-management-recent-advances",title:"Protected Area Management",fullTitle:"Protected Area Management - Recent Advances"},signatures:"Nurul Izza Ab Ghani, Wardah Arifin and Ahmad Ismail",authors:[{id:"416211",title:"Dr.",name:"Nurul Izza",middleName:null,surname:"Ab Ghani",slug:"nurul-izza-ab-ghani",fullName:"Nurul Izza Ab Ghani"},{id:"417358",title:"Prof.",name:"Ahmad",middleName:null,surname:"Ismail",slug:"ahmad-ismail",fullName:"Ahmad Ismail"},{id:"417359",title:"BSc.",name:"Wardah",middleName:null,surname:"Arifin",slug:"wardah-arifin",fullName:"Wardah Arifin"}]},{id:"57911",title:"Emerging Bacterial Zoonoses in Migratory Birds",slug:"emerging-bacterial-zoonoses-in-migratory-birds",totalDownloads:1060,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"The seasonal variance, global warming, and extraordinary climate conditions around the world change the physiology and behaviors of different animal species. Free ranging birds and mammals harbor some species of potentially pathogenic bacteria; however, these diseases do not result in spontaneous deaths. Being significant individuals of the ecosystem, free living immigrant birds are prone to bacterial diseases. Migratory birds are accommodated in areas located on migration routes to provide rest, food, and water. During this stay, they spread the diseases they bring with them to the poultry in the region and to the poultry farms that do not take adequate biosecurity measures—especially to the free range poultry farms. The migratory birds confront numerous health risks brought on by bacterial species that affect other livestock populace and public health. This chapter provides brief reference on bird-to-bird transmission and general aspects of emerging bacterial zoonoses of migratory birds for wildlife professionals, veterinary practitioners, and students.",book:{id:"6359",slug:"wildlife-management-failures-successes-and-prospects",title:"Wildlife Management",fullTitle:"Wildlife Management - Failures, Successes and Prospects"},signatures:"Uğur Parin, Şükrü Kirkan and Göksel Erbaş",authors:[{id:"194136",title:"Prof.",name:"Sukru",middleName:null,surname:"Kirkan",slug:"sukru-kirkan",fullName:"Sukru Kirkan"},{id:"211854",title:"Dr.",name:"Ugur",middleName:null,surname:"Parin",slug:"ugur-parin",fullName:"Ugur Parin"},{id:"214133",title:"Dr.",name:"Goksel",middleName:null,surname:"Erbas",slug:"goksel-erbas",fullName:"Goksel Erbas"}]},{id:"64203",title:"Power Struggles in the Management of Wildlife Resources: The Case of Burunge Wildlife Management Area, Tanzania",slug:"power-struggles-in-the-management-of-wildlife-resources-the-case-of-burunge-wildlife-management-area",totalDownloads:1243,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Through a cross-sectional research design, this study examined power struggles in Burunge Wildlife Management Area (WMA) in Tanzania. Four out of ten villages comprising the WMA were purposively selected, and data were collected via focus group discussions, key informant interviews, questionnaires to household heads, and a literature review. Results showed that the central government, investors and non-government organisations held institutional and strategic powers, while the democratically elected Village Councils held structural powers and lost most of their pre-WMA institutional powers to a legally required new institution, the Authorised Association. Therefore, Village Councils lost influence on strategic, institutional and management decisions pertinent to the WMA and their constituencies’ livelihoods. Accordingly, Burunge WMA de-democratised wildlife management by eroding the relevance of Village Councils to their constituencies. The study also found power struggles over revenues, land management and access to resources among the stakeholders, mainly due to a divergence of interests. However, there was no conflict management mechanism in place. Hence, we recommend that the institutional powers to establish, govern and dissolve WMAs should go back to Village Councils. The purpose is to establish economic incentive structures that promote (i) wildlife conservation, (ii) an equitable distribution of associated costs and benefits between Village Councils forming WMAs and (iii) an equitable distribution of costs and benefits between WMAs and higher levels of government as well as international conservation NGOs.",book:{id:"6359",slug:"wildlife-management-failures-successes-and-prospects",title:"Wildlife Management",fullTitle:"Wildlife Management - Failures, Successes and Prospects"},signatures:"Rose P. Kicheleri, Thorsten Treue, George C. Kajembe, Felister M.\nMombo and Martin R. 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He received his Ph.D. in Molecular Biology with his thesis “Genetic variability of the tick-borne encephalitis virus in natural foci of Novosibirsk city and its suburbs.” His primary field is molecular virology with research emphasis on vector-borne viruses, especially tick-borne encephalitis virus, Kemerovo virus and Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus, rabies virus, molecular genetics, biology, and epidemiology of virus pathogens.",institutionString:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institution:{name:"Russian Academy of Sciences",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/310962/images/system/310962.jpg",biography:"Amlan K. Patra, FRSB, obtained a Ph.D. in Animal Nutrition from Indian Veterinary Research Institute, India, in 2002. He is currently an associate professor at West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences. He has more than twenty years of research and teaching experience. He held previous positions at the American Institute for Goat Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA, and Free University of Berlin, Germany. His research focuses on animal nutrition, particularly ruminants and poultry nutrition, gastrointestinal electrophysiology, meta-analysis and modeling in nutrition, and livestock–environment interaction. He has authored around 175 articles in journals, book chapters, and proceedings. 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Then take a masters degree in science in Germany (Animal breeding). Take a doctorate in animal science at the UANL.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"309250",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Quaresma",slug:"miguel-quaresma",fullName:"Miguel Quaresma",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/309250/images/9059_n.jpg",biography:"Miguel Nuno Pinheiro Quaresma was born on May 26, 1974 in Dili, Timor Island. He is married with two children: a boy and a girl, and he is a resident in Vila Real, Portugal. He graduated in Veterinary Medicine in August 1998 and obtained his Ph.D. degree in Veterinary Sciences -Clinical Area in February 2015, both from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro. He is currently enrolled in the Alternative Residency of the European College of Animal Reproduction. He works as a Senior Clinician at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of UTAD (HVUTAD) with a role in clinical activity in the area of livestock and equine species as well as to support teaching and research in related areas. He teaches as an Invited Professor in Reproduction Medicine I and II of the Master\\'s in Veterinary Medicine degree at UTAD. Currently, he holds the position of Chairman of the Portuguese Buiatrics Association. He is a member of the Consultive Group on Production Animals of the OMV. He has 19 publications in indexed international journals (ISIS), as well as over 60 publications and oral presentations in both Portuguese and international journals and congresses.",institutionString:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",institution:{name:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",biography:"Rita Payan Carreira earned her Veterinary Degree from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1985. She obtained her Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"283019",title:"Dr.",name:"Oudessa",middleName:null,surname:"Kerro Dego",slug:"oudessa-kerro-dego",fullName:"Oudessa Kerro Dego",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/283019/images/system/283019.png",biography:"Dr. Kerro Dego is a veterinary microbiologist with training in veterinary medicine, microbiology, and anatomic pathology. Dr. Kerro Dego is an assistant professor of dairy health in the department of animal science, the University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee. He received his D.V.M. (1997), M.S. (2002), and Ph.D. (2008) degrees in Veterinary Medicine, Animal Pathology and Veterinary Microbiology from College of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; College of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, the Netherlands and Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada respectively. He did his Postdoctoral training in microbial pathogenesis (2009 - 2015) in the Department of Animal Science, the University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee. Dr. Kerro Dego’s research focuses on the prevention and control of infectious diseases of farm animals, particularly mastitis, improving dairy food safety, and mitigation of antimicrobial resistance. Dr. Kerro Dego has extensive experience in studying the pathogenesis of bacterial infections, identification of virulence factors, and vaccine development and efficacy testing against major bacterial mastitis pathogens. Dr. Kerro Dego conducted numerous controlled experimental and field vaccine efficacy studies, vaccination, and evaluation of immunological responses in several species of animals, including rodents (mice) and large animals (bovine and ovine).",institutionString:"University of Tennessee at Knoxville",institution:{name:"University of Tennessee at Knoxville",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",biography:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi received University degree from the Faculty of Agrarian Science in Argentina, in 1983. Also he received Masters Degree and PhD from Córdoba University, Spain. He is currently a Professor at the Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, at the Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery. He teaches diverse courses in the field of Animal Reproduction and he is the Director of the Veterinary Farm. He also participates in academic postgraduate activities at the Veterinary Faculty of Murcia University, Spain. His research areas include animal physiology, physiology and biotechnology of reproduction either in males or females, the study of gametes under in vitro conditions and the use of ultrasound as a complement to physiological studies and development of applied biotechnologies. Routinely, he supervises students preparing their doctoral, master thesis or final degree projects.",institutionString:"Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Spain",institution:null},{id:"125292",title:"Dr.",name:"Katy",middleName:null,surname:"Satué Ambrojo",slug:"katy-satue-ambrojo",fullName:"Katy Satué Ambrojo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/125292/images/system/125292.jpeg",biography:"Katy Satué Ambrojo received her Veterinary Medicine degree, Master degree in Equine Technology and doctorate in Veterinary Medicine from the Faculty of Veterinary, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University in Valencia, Spain. She is a Full Professor at the Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery at the same University. She developed her research activity in the field of Endocrinology, Hematology, Biochemistry and Immunology of horses. She is a scientific reviewer of several international journals : American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Comparative Clinical Pathology, Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, Reproduction in Domestic Animals, Research Veterinary Science, Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, Livestock Production Science and Theriogenology. Since 2014, she has been the Head of the Clinical Analysis Laboratory of the Hospital Clínico Veterinario from the Faculty of Veterinary, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University.",institutionString:"CEU-Cardenal Herrera University",institution:{name:"CEU Cardinal Herrera University",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"309529",title:"Dr.",name:"Albert",middleName:null,surname:"Rizvanov",slug:"albert-rizvanov",fullName:"Albert Rizvanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/309529/images/9189_n.jpg",biography:'Albert A. Rizvanov is a Professor and Director of the Center for Precision and Regenerative Medicine at the Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University (KFU), Russia. He is the Head of the Center of Excellence “Regenerative Medicine” and Vice-Director of Strategic Academic Unit \\"Translational 7P Medicine\\". Albert completed his Ph.D. at the University of Nevada, Reno, USA and Dr.Sci. at KFU. He is a corresponding member of the Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation. Albert is an author of more than 300 peer-reviewed journal articles and 22 patents. He has supervised 11 Ph.D. and 2 Dr.Sci. dissertations. Albert is the Head of the Dissertation Committee on Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Genetics at KFU.\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9427-5739\nWebsite https://kpfu.ru/Albert.Rizvanov?p_lang=2',institutionString:"Kazan Federal University",institution:{name:"Kazan Federal University",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"210551",title:"Dr.",name:"Arbab",middleName:null,surname:"Sikandar",slug:"arbab-sikandar",fullName:"Arbab Sikandar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210551/images/system/210551.jpg",biography:"Dr. Arbab Sikandar, PhD, M. Phil, DVM was born on April 05, 1981. He is currently working at the College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences as an Assistant Professor. He previously worked as a lecturer at the same University. \nHe is a Member/Secretory of Ethics committee (No. CVAS-9377 dated 18-04-18), Member of the QEC committee CVAS, Jhang (Regr/Gen/69/873, dated 26-10-2017), Member, Board of studies of Department of Basic Sciences (No. CVAS. 2851 Dated. 12-04-13, and No. CVAS, 9024 dated 20/11/17), Member of Academic Committee, CVAS, Jhang (No. CVAS/2004, Dated, 25-08-12), Member of the technical committee (No. CVAS/ 4085, dated 20,03, 2010 till 2016).\n\nDr. Arbab Sikandar contributed in five days hands-on-training on Histopathology at the Department of Pathology, UVAS from 12-16 June 2017. He received a Certificate of appreciation for contributions for Popularization of Science and Technology in the Society on 17-11-15. He was the resource person in the lecture series- ‘scientific writing’ at the Department of Anatomy and Histology, UVAS, Lahore on 29th October 2015. He won a full fellowship as a principal candidate for the year 2015 in the field of Agriculture, EICA, Egypt with ref. to the Notification No. 12(11) ACS/Egypt/2014 from 10 July 2015 to 25th September 2015.; he received a grant of Rs. 55000/- as research incentives from Director, Advanced Studies and Research, UVAS, Lahore upon publications of research papers in IF Journals (DR/215, dated 19-5-2014.. He obtained his PhD by winning a HEC Pakistan indigenous Scholarship, ‘Ph.D. fellowship for 5000 scholars – Phase II’ (2av1-147), 17-6/HEC/HRD/IS-II/12, November 15, 2012. \n\nDr. Sikandar is a member of numerous societies: Registered Veterinary Medical Practitioner (life member) and Registered Veterinary Medical Faculty of Pakistan Veterinary Medical Council. The Registration code of PVMC is RVMP/4298 and RVMF/ 0102.; Life member of the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Alumni Association with S# 664, dated: 6-4-12. ; Member 'Vets Care Organization Pakistan” with Reference No. VCO-605-149, dated 05-04-06. :Member 'Vet Crescent” (Society of Animal Health and Production), UVAS, Lahore.",institutionString:"University of Veterinary & Animal Science",institution:{name:"University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"311663",title:"Dr.",name:"Prasanna",middleName:null,surname:"Pal",slug:"prasanna-pal",fullName:"Prasanna Pal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311663/images/13261_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Dairy Research Institute",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Rutland has also written popular science books for the public. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"283315",title:"Prof.",name:"Samir",middleName:null,surname:"El-Gendy",slug:"samir-el-gendy",fullName:"Samir El-Gendy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRduYQAS/Profile_Picture_1606215849748",biography:"Samir El-Gendy is a Professor of anatomy and embryology at the faculty of veterinary medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt. Samir obtained his PhD in veterinary science in 2007 from the faculty of veterinary medicine, Alexandria University and has been a professor since 2017. Samir is an author on 24 articles at Scopus and 12 articles within local journals and 2 books/book chapters. His research focuses on applied anatomy, imaging techniques and computed tomography. Samir worked as a member of different local projects on E-learning and he is a board member of the African Association of Veterinary Anatomists and of anatomy societies and as an associated author at local and international journals. Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6180-389X",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Alexandria University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"246149",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Kubale",slug:"valentina-kubale",fullName:"Valentina Kubale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246149/images/system/246149.jpg",biography:"Valentina Kubale is Associate Professor of Veterinary Medicine at the Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. Since graduating from the Veterinary faculty she obtained her PhD in 2007, performed collaboration with the Department of Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. She continued as a post-doctoral fellow at the University of Copenhagen with a Lundbeck foundation fellowship. She is the editor of three books and author/coauthor of 23 articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals, 16 book chapters, and 68 communications at scientific congresses. Since 2008 she has been the Editor Assistant for the Slovenian Veterinary Research journal. She is a member of Slovenian Biochemical Society, The Endocrine Society, European Association of Veterinary Anatomists and Society for Laboratory Animals, where she is board member.",institutionString:"University of Ljubljana",institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"258334",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Fonseca-Alves",slug:"carlos-eduardo-fonseca-alves",fullName:"Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/258334/images/system/258334.jpg",biography:"Dr. Fonseca-Alves earned his DVM from Federal University of Goias – UFG in 2008. He completed an internship in small animal internal medicine at UPIS university in 2011, earned his MSc in 2013 and PhD in 2015 both in Veterinary Medicine at Sao Paulo State University – UNESP. Dr. Fonseca-Alves currently serves as an Assistant Professor at Paulista University – UNIP teaching small animal internal medicine.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Paulista",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"245306",title:"Dr.",name:"María Luz",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia Pardo",slug:"maria-luz-garcia-pardo",fullName:"María Luz Garcia Pardo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/245306/images/system/245306.png",biography:"María de la Luz García Pardo is an agricultural engineer from Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain. She has a Ph.D. in Animal Genetics. Currently, she is a lecturer at the Agrofood Technology Department of Miguel Hernández University, Spain. Her research is focused on genetics and reproduction in rabbits. The major goal of her research is the genetics of litter size through novel methods such as selection by the environmental sensibility of litter size, with forays into the field of animal welfare by analysing the impact on the susceptibility to diseases and stress of the does. Details of her publications can be found at https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9504-8290.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Miguel Hernandez University",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"41319",title:"Prof.",name:"Lung-Kwang",middleName:null,surname:"Pan",slug:"lung-kwang-pan",fullName:"Lung-Kwang Pan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41319/images/84_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"201721",title:"Dr.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Funiciello",slug:"beatrice-funiciello",fullName:"Beatrice Funiciello",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201721/images/11089_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated from the University of Milan in 2011, my post-graduate education included CertAVP modules mainly on equines (dermatology and internal medicine) and a few on small animal (dermatology and anaesthesia) at the University of Liverpool. After a general CertAVP (2015) I gained the designated Certificate in Veterinary Dermatology (2017) after taking the synoptic examination and then applied for the RCVS ADvanced Practitioner status. After that, I completed the Postgraduate Diploma in Veterinary Professional Studies at the University of Liverpool (2018). My main area of work is cross-species veterinary dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"291226",title:"Dr.",name:"Monica",middleName:null,surname:"Cassel",slug:"monica-cassel",fullName:"Monica Cassel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/291226/images/8232_n.jpg",biography:'Degree in Biological Sciences at the Federal University of Mato Grosso with scholarship for Scientific Initiation by FAPEMAT (2008/1) and CNPq (2008/2-2009/2): Project \\"Histological evidence of reproductive activity in lizards of the Manso region, Chapada dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso, Brazil\\". Master\\\'s degree in Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation at Federal University of Mato Grosso with a scholarship by CAPES/REUNI program: Project \\"Reproductive biology of Melanorivulus punctatus\\". PhD\\\'s degree in Science (Cell and Tissue Biology Area) \n at University of Sao Paulo with scholarship granted by FAPESP; Project \\"Development of morphofunctional changes in ovary of Astyanax altiparanae Garutti & Britski, 2000 (Teleostei, Characidae)\\". She has experience in Reproduction of vertebrates and Morphology, with emphasis in Cellular Biology and Histology. She is currently a teacher in the medium / technical level courses at IFMT-Alta Floresta, as well as in the Bachelor\\\'s degree in Animal Science and in the Bachelor\\\'s degree in Business.',institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"442807",title:"Dr.",name:"Busani",middleName:null,surname:"Moyo",slug:"busani-moyo",fullName:"Busani Moyo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gwanda State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"423023",title:"Dr.",name:"Yosra",middleName:null,surname:"Soltan",slug:"yosra-soltan",fullName:"Yosra Soltan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Alexandria University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"349788",title:"Dr.",name:"Florencia Nery",middleName:null,surname:"Sompie",slug:"florencia-nery-sompie",fullName:"Florencia Nery Sompie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sam Ratulangi University",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"345713",title:"Dr.",name:"Csaba",middleName:null,surname:"Szabó",slug:"csaba-szabo",fullName:"Csaba Szabó",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Debrecen",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"345719",title:"Mrs.",name:"Márta",middleName:null,surname:"Horváth",slug:"marta-horvath",fullName:"Márta Horváth",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Debrecen",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"420151",title:"Prof.",name:"Novirman",middleName:null,surname:"Jamarun",slug:"novirman-jamarun",fullName:"Novirman Jamarun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Andalas University",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"420149",title:"Dr.",name:"Rusmana",middleName:"Wijaya Setia",surname:"Wijaya Setia Ningrat",slug:"rusmana-wijaya-setia-ningrat",fullName:"Rusmana Wijaya Setia Ningrat",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Andalas University",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"339759",title:"Mr.",name:"Abu",middleName:null,surname:"Macavoray",slug:"abu-macavoray",fullName:"Abu Macavoray",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Njala University",country:{name:"Sierra Leone"}}},{id:"339758",title:"Prof.",name:"Benjamin",middleName:null,surname:"Emikpe",slug:"benjamin-emikpe",fullName:"Benjamin Emikpe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ibadan",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"339760",title:"Mr.",name:"Moinina Nelphson",middleName:null,surname:"Kallon",slug:"moinina-nelphson-kallon",fullName:"Moinina Nelphson Kallon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Njala University",country:{name:"Sierra Leone"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"5",type:"subseries",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Blood Borne Parasites, Intestinal Parasites, Protozoa, Helminths, Arthropods, Water Born Parasites, Epidemiology, Molecular Biology, Systematics, Genomics, Proteomics, Ecology",scope:"Parasitic diseases have evolved alongside their human hosts. In many cases, these diseases have adapted so well that they have developed efficient resilience methods in the human host and can live in the host for years. Others, particularly some blood parasites, can cause very acute diseases and are responsible for millions of deaths yearly. Many parasitic diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases because they have received minimal funding over recent years and, in many cases, are under-reported despite the critical role they play in morbidity and mortality among human and animal hosts. The current topic, Parasitic Infectious Diseases, in the Infectious Diseases Series aims to publish studies on the systematics, epidemiology, molecular biology, genomics, pathogenesis, genetics, and clinical significance of parasitic diseases from blood borne to intestinal parasites as well as zoonotic parasites. We hope to cover all aspects of parasitic diseases to provide current and relevant research data on these very important diseases. In the current atmosphere of the Coronavirus pandemic, communities around the world, particularly those in different underdeveloped areas, are faced with the growing challenges of the high burden of parasitic diseases. At the same time, they are faced with the Covid-19 pandemic leading to what some authors have called potential syndemics that might worsen the outcome of such infections. Therefore, it is important to conduct studies that examine parasitic infections in the context of the coronavirus pandemic for the benefit of all communities to help foster more informed decisions for the betterment of human and animal health.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11401,editor:{id:"67907",title:"Dr.",name:"Amidou",middleName:null,surname:"Samie",slug:"amidou-samie",fullName:"Amidou Samie",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/67907/images/system/67907.jpg",biography:"Dr. Amidou Samie is an Associate Professor of Microbiology at the University of Venda, in South Africa, where he graduated for his PhD in May 2008. He joined the Department of Microbiology the same year and has been giving lectures on topics covering parasitology, immunology, molecular biology and industrial microbiology. He is currently a rated researcher by the National Research Foundation of South Africa at category C2. He has published widely in the field of infectious diseases and has overseen several MSc’s and PhDs. His research activities mostly cover topics on infectious diseases from epidemiology to control. His particular interest lies in the study of intestinal protozoan parasites and opportunistic infections among HIV patients as well as the potential impact of childhood diarrhoea on growth and child development. He also conducts research on water-borne diseases and water quality and is involved in the evaluation of point-of-use water treatment technologies using silver and copper nanoparticles in collaboration with the University of Virginia, USA. He also studies the use of medicinal plants for the control of infectious diseases as well as antimicrobial drug resistance.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Venda",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188"},editorialBoard:[{id:"188881",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando José",middleName:null,surname:"Andrade-Narváez",slug:"fernando-jose-andrade-narvaez",fullName:"Fernando José Andrade-Narváez",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRIV7QAO/Profile_Picture_1628834308121",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Yucatán",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"269120",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajeev",middleName:"K.",surname:"Tyagi",slug:"rajeev-tyagi",fullName:"Rajeev Tyagi",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRaBqQAK/Profile_Picture_1644331884726",institutionString:"CSIR - Institute of Microbial Technology, India",institution:null},{id:"336849",title:"Prof.",name:"Ricardo",middleName:null,surname:"Izurieta",slug:"ricardo-izurieta",fullName:"Ricardo Izurieta",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/293169/images/system/293169.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Florida",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{id:"81813",title:"Schistosomiasis: Discovery of New Molecules for Disease Treatment and Vaccine Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104738",signatures:"Andressa Barban do Patrocinio",slug:"schistosomiasis-discovery-of-new-molecules-for-disease-treatment-and-vaccine-development",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"New Horizons for Schistosomiasis Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10829.jpg",subseries:{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},testimonialsList:[{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[],lsSeriesList:[],hsSeriesList:[],sshSeriesList:[],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:null},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/417086",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"417086"},fullPath:"/profiles/417086",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()