Dr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\\n\\n
Seeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\\n\\n
Over these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\\n\\n
We are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\\n\\n
Thank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\\n\\n
Now with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
Preparation of Space Experiments edited by international leading expert Dr. Vladimir Pletser, Director of Space Training Operations at Blue Abyss is the 5,000th Open Access book published by IntechOpen and our milestone publication!
\n\n
"This book presents some of the current trends in space microgravity research. The eleven chapters introduce various facets of space research in physical sciences, human physiology and technology developed using the microgravity environment not only to improve our fundamental understanding in these domains but also to adapt this new knowledge for application on earth." says the editor. Listen what else Dr. Pletser has to say...
\n\n\n\n
Dr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\n\n
Seeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\n\n
Over these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\n\n
We are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\n\n
Thank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\n\n
Now with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"9247",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Mineralogy - Significance and Applications",title:"Mineralogy",subtitle:"Significance and Applications",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Mineralogy - Significance and Applications includes new contributions to the field of mineralogy in terms of mineral chemistry and petrogenesis using updated facilities from regions in Asia and Europe to interpret petrologic significance. It discusses the industrial uses of some minerals as raw materials and in electrical firms and gemology. The book also introduces several works on synthesis of some compounds and applications of mineralogy in biomedicine, including iron oxide nanoparticles and nannocomposites, and their biomedical applications as diagnostic and drug delivery tools for treatment of cancer and many other diseases.",isbn:"978-1-78985-826-6",printIsbn:"978-1-78985-825-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-738-2",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83247",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"mineralogy-significance-and-applications",numberOfPages:174,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"5149699e666cbb61c220646173769f18",bookSignature:"Ali Ismail Al-Juboury",publishedDate:"May 27th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9247.jpg",numberOfDownloads:6660,numberOfWosCitations:2,numberOfCrossrefCitations:9,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:10,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:21,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 13th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"September 17th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 16th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 4th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 4th 2020",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"58570",title:"Prof.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Ismail",surname:"Al-Juboury",slug:"ali-al-juboury",fullName:"Ali Al-Juboury",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58570/images/system/58570.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Ali Ismail Al-Juboury is a professor in the Geology Department, Mosul University, Iraq. He obtained his BSc in Geology and MSc in Sedimentology from Mosul University in 1980 and 1983, respectively, and his Ph.D. from Comenius University, Slovakia, in 1992. He has published 115 scientific papers (44 Clarivate and Scopus) in local and peer-reviewed journals in the fields of petroleum geology, sedimentology, geochemistry, and economic geology. He is a member of numerous international societies and serves on the editorial board of the Iraqi Geological Journal, International Sedimentology, Stratigraphy Journal of Oil and Gas Basins, and International Journal of Geophysics and Geochemistry. Dr. Al-Juboury has received several awards, including the Distinguished Scholars Award from the Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development, Kuwait, in 2009, and the Science and Technology (Geology) Award from the Islamic States Organization in 2014.",institutionString:"University of Mosul",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"6",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"5",institution:{name:"University of Mosul",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iraq"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"651",title:"Mineralogy",slug:"geology-and-geophysics-mineralogy"}],chapters:[{id:"64824",title:"Hematite Spherules on Mars",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82583",slug:"hematite-spherules-on-mars",totalDownloads:1049,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"In 2004, the observation of large amounts of hematite spherules on Mars by the NASA’s Mars Exploration Rover “Opportunity,” which landed in Eagle crater on Meridiani Planum, created tremendous excitement among the scientific community. The discovery of hematite was significant as it suggests past presence of water on Mars. Furthermore, the hematite spherules were widely suggested to be concretions that formed by precipitation of aqueous fluids. Among the various observed mysteries of Martian hematite spherules, also known as “blueberries,” one regarding to their size limit was very puzzling. All of the millions of blueberries observed on Mars were smaller than 6.2 mm in diameter. Because the concretions on Earth are not limited in size, the formation of the Martian blueberries became difficult to explain. In this chapter, we will discuss the observed properties of Martian hematite spherules and explain why a cosmic spherule formation mechanism provides a possible solution to the puzzling observations on Mars.",signatures:"Anupam K. Misra and Tayro E. Acosta-Maeda",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64824",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64824",authors:[{id:"257657",title:"Dr.",name:"Anupam",surname:"Misra",slug:"anupam-misra",fullName:"Anupam Misra"},{id:"272258",title:"Dr.",name:"Tayro",surname:"Acosta-Maeda",slug:"tayro-acosta-maeda",fullName:"Tayro Acosta-Maeda"}],corrections:null},{id:"69780",title:"Mineral Chemistry of Chalki Basalts in Northern Iraq and Their Petrological Significance",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89861",slug:"mineral-chemistry-of-chalki-basalts-in-northern-iraq-and-their-petrological-significance",totalDownloads:722,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Chalki basalts as a small body of volcanic rocks have green to grayish green color due to their nearly complete alteration to chlorite. The essential minerals of Chalki basalt to andesitic basalts are plagioclase (labradorite, An51–61; andesine, An35 to An42; and oligoclase, An22). Moreover, there is sodic plagioclase (albite, An0.1 to An04) whose coexistence with the other more calcic plagioclase means that albitization had occurred. The other essential mineral is pyroxene (endiopside, en66–68 wo27–28 fs05–06; and subcalcic augite, en72 wo14 fs14). Olivine (Fo80–81) is also present. According to the NiO content (0.11–0.12 wt%) in olivine grains, they are interpreted to be originated tectonically. The prevalent chlorite in all the samples is mainly diabantite and penninite, indicating chloritization after the ferromagnesian olivine and pyroxene. Serpentine (type lizardite and chrysotile) is also recorded as lesser alteration product after the forsteritic olivine. Rare secondary hornblende (type magnesiohornblende) is also found. The spinel group as accessory minerals is defined as magnetite, chromian magnetite, and chromian spinel giving the imprints of their metamorphic origin due to low temperature sub-sea metamorphism and also of alpine type.",signatures:"Mohsin M. Ghazal, Ali I. Al-Juboury and Sabhan M. Jalal",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69780",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69780",authors:[{id:"58570",title:"Prof.",name:"Ali",surname:"Al-Juboury",slug:"ali-al-juboury",fullName:"Ali Al-Juboury"},{id:"219752",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohsin",surname:"Ghazal",slug:"mohsin-ghazal",fullName:"Mohsin Ghazal"},{id:"300008",title:"MSc.",name:"Sabhan",surname:"Jalal",slug:"sabhan-jalal",fullName:"Sabhan Jalal"}],corrections:null},{id:"68291",title:"Titanite from Titanite-Spots Granodiorites of the Moldanubian Batholith (Central European Variscan Belt)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88359",slug:"titanite-from-titanite-spots-granodiorites-of-the-moldanubian-batholith-central-european-variscan-be",totalDownloads:762,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Titanite-rich granodiorites occurring in the Austrian Mühlviertel are intimately associated with the I/S-granites of the Mauthausen/Freistadt granite suite. These rocks form small irregular bodies in granites of this granitic suite of the Moldanubian batholith that are represented by usually fine-grained and dark granodiorites, which contain a large amount of titanite hell “spots” formed by aggregates of plagioclases and quartz. Titanite as a relative plentiful accessory mineral exists in the center of these “spots” as idiomorphic and sphenoidal grains. The composition of titanite ranges from 89 to 92 mol.% titanite end-member. According to its Al concentration, the analyzed titanites could be considered as low-Al titanites (Al = 0.05–0.08 atoms per formula unit). Titanite contains low concentrations of both (Al + Fe3+)–OH (2–9 mol.%) and (Al + Fe3+)–F (0–8 mol.%). Titanite together with Na-enriched plagioclase and quartz is originated during late-magmatic evolution of titanite-spots granodiorites.",signatures:"Miloš René",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68291",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68291",authors:[{id:"142108",title:"Dr.",name:"Miloš",surname:"René",slug:"milos-rene",fullName:"Miloš René"}],corrections:null},{id:"69711",title:"Investigation of the Usability of Pseudoleucites in Central Anatolia Alkali Syenites as Industrial Raw Materials",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89588",slug:"investigation-of-the-usability-of-pseudoleucites-in-central-anatolia-alkali-syenites-as-industrial-r",totalDownloads:496,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Pseudoleucite syenite is a magmatic rock, which is rarely found in the foidolite rock group. With respect to the compositions of similar alkali feldspars as sodium potassium aluminosilicates, feldspathoid minerals are normally characterized by silica deficiency. Pseudoleucite syenite formed from alkaline (sodium and potassium)-rich and silica-poor magmas. In this study, intrusion-related distributions, mineralogical and petrographical properties, and mineral chemistry of pseudoleucites in İsahocalı (Kırşehir) alkali syenites from Central Anatolia Granitoids have been investigated, and magnetic enrichment processes have been carried out on their crushed and grinded samples. As a result of the enrichment of pseudoleucite syenites with a high amount of K2O + Na2O (12.25 + 5.61 wt.%), via dry magnetic separator, the obtained data demonstrated that pseudoleucites in İsahocalı Alkali syenites can be used as industrial raw material in sectors such as ceramics, agriculture, cement industries, etc.",signatures:"Zeynel Başibüyük and Gökhan Ekincioğlu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69711",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69711",authors:[{id:"299081",title:"Dr.",name:"Zeynel",surname:"Başıbüyük",slug:"zeynel-basibuyuk",fullName:"Zeynel Başıbüyük"},{id:"299082",title:"Dr.",name:"Gökhan",surname:"Ekincioğlu",slug:"gokhan-ekincioglu",fullName:"Gökhan Ekincioğlu"}],corrections:null},{id:"71848",title:"Mineralogical-Petrographical Investigation and Usability as the Gemstone of the North Anatolian Kammererite, Tokat, Turkey",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92153",slug:"mineralogical-petrographical-investigation-and-usability-as-the-gemstone-of-the-north-anatolian-kamm",totalDownloads:554,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Kammererite formations were observed in the region of Tokat province in the north of Anatolia. Kemmererite (purple, reddish, pink color) is present in the form of nodules or veins in chromium levels found in Mesozoic basic-ultrabasic rocks. In the surveys, it was found that archerite minerals do not show a widespread distribution and have different shades of pink and color and glassy brightness. Thin-section analyses were performed from kammererite samples. In the investigations, kammererite mineral showed brownish or pinkish pleochroism in plane-polarized light. In crossed polars, it was observed that they had interference color in grayish tones. Due to its low hardness, kammererite was treated with epoxy to increase its durability. In addition, it has been determined that they can be used in both jewelry and ornamental objects with the applied cabochon cutting styles.",signatures:"İlkay Kaydu Akbudak, Zeynel Başibüyük and Gökhan Ekincioğlu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71848",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71848",authors:[{id:"299081",title:"Dr.",name:"Zeynel",surname:"Başıbüyük",slug:"zeynel-basibuyuk",fullName:"Zeynel Başıbüyük"},{id:"299082",title:"Dr.",name:"Gökhan",surname:"Ekincioğlu",slug:"gokhan-ekincioglu",fullName:"Gökhan Ekincioğlu"},{id:"317737",title:"Dr.",name:"İlkay",surname:"Kaydu Akbudak",slug:"ilkay-kaydu-akbudak",fullName:"İlkay Kaydu Akbudak"}],corrections:null},{id:"71052",title:"Enhanced Humidity Sensing Response in Eu3+-Doped Iron-Rich CuFe2O4: A Detailed Study of Structural, Microstructural, Sensing, and Dielectric Properties",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90880",slug:"enhanced-humidity-sensing-response-in-eu-sup-3-sup-doped-iron-rich-cufe-sub-2-sub-o-sub-4-sub-a-deta",totalDownloads:581,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The CuFe(2−x)EuxO4 (where x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03) nanoparticles are synthesized by solution combustion method. The influence of Eu3+ on the structural, morphological, dielectrical, and humidity sensing study is recorded. The XRD pattern peaks of the as-prepared CuFe(2−x)EuxO4 (where x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03) nanoparticle confirm the polycrystalline spinel cubic structure with a small amount of CuO impurity phase at 38.87° and 48.96°. Surface morphology of the samples was studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of the nanoparticles, and their respective average grain size was estimated using Image software. Chemical composition of all prepared samples was analyzed by EDS spectra. The dielectric parameters of AC conductivity, electric modulus, and impedance of the samples were measured over a range of frequencies from 0.1 KHz to 1 MHz at room temperature. Europium-doped copper ferrite samples showed good humidity sensing response, response and recover times, and stability over a %RH range of 11–91%. These types of samples are very useful for sensor application, battery applications, electronic applications, and automotive applications.",signatures:"I.C. Sathisha, K. Manjunatha, V. Jagadeesha Angadi, B. Chethan, Y.T. Ravikiran, Vinayaka K. Pattar, S.O. Manjunatha and Shidaling Matteppanavar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71052",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71052",authors:[{id:"266255",title:"Dr.",name:"Veerabhadrappa",surname:"Jagadeesha Angadi",slug:"veerabhadrappa-jagadeesha-angadi",fullName:"Veerabhadrappa Jagadeesha Angadi"},{id:"321561",title:"Dr.",name:"I.C.",surname:"Sathisha",slug:"i.c.-sathisha",fullName:"I.C. Sathisha"},{id:"321562",title:"Dr.",name:"K.",surname:"Manjunatha",slug:"k.-manjunatha",fullName:"K. Manjunatha"},{id:"321564",title:"Dr.",name:"B.",surname:"Chethan",slug:"b.-chethan",fullName:"B. Chethan"},{id:"321565",title:"Dr.",name:"Y.T.",surname:"Ravikiran",slug:"y.t.-ravikiran",fullName:"Y.T. Ravikiran"},{id:"321566",title:"Dr.",name:"Vinayaka K.",surname:"Pattar",slug:"vinayaka-k.-pattar",fullName:"Vinayaka K. Pattar"},{id:"321567",title:"Dr.",name:"S.O.",surname:"Manjunatha",slug:"s.o.-manjunatha",fullName:"S.O. Manjunatha"},{id:"321568",title:"Dr.",name:"Shidaling",surname:"Matteppanavar",slug:"shidaling-matteppanavar",fullName:"Shidaling Matteppanavar"}],corrections:null},{id:"68949",title:"Iron Oxides Synthesized in Hypersaline Solutions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88948",slug:"iron-oxides-synthesized-in-hypersaline-solutions",totalDownloads:624,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Iron oxides were synthesized in conditions similar to those that prevail in deeps of the Red Sea (2–5M NaCl, temperatures 60–80°C, and pH 6.5–10.4). The main phase that was crystallized was submicron magnetite. Additional phases of feroxyhyte, goethite, and akagenéite were also detected. Magnetite morphology observed through high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM) varied between euhedral plates and octahedral or unhedral crystals. The euhedral plates were probably crystallized pseudomorphically after platy green rust or Fe(OH)2 due to its quick crystallization. Size of magnetite varied between 18 and 45 nm. The addition of Si retarded crystal growth, and at Si/Fe = 0.5, short-range ordered phases are formed and not magnetite. This finding is in line with earlier laboratory experiments in which Si was found to retard goethite and lepidocrocite crystallization.",signatures:"Nurit Taitel-Goldman",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68949",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68949",authors:[{id:"161472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nurit",surname:"Taitel-Goldman",slug:"nurit-taitel-goldman",fullName:"Nurit Taitel-Goldman"}],corrections:null},{id:"67459",title:"Preparation and Characterization of Fe2O3-SiO2 Nanocomposite for Biomedical Application",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81926",slug:"preparation-and-characterization-of-fe-sub-2-sub-o-sub-3-sub-sio-sub-2-sub-nanocomposite-for-biomedi",totalDownloads:879,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The scope of this chapter is to get deeper insight into the correlation between synthesis parameters and magnetic behavior of the nanocomposite materials containing hematite (α-Fe2O3) nanoparticles. Potential applications of nano-hematite in biomedicine are listed in the short overview. Then, basic requirements necessary for synthesis of high-quality nanoparticles for biomedical application are summarized. The next part of the chapter is devoted to the sol-gel synthesis that is recognized as suitable for preparation of the nanocomposite materials containing α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles. Having in mind that sol-gel method considers preparation of hematite nanoparticles via Fe2O3 phase transformations initiated by thermal treatment at high temperatures, coexistence of the other iron oxides (such as ε-Fe2O3) with α-Fe2O3 phase is commented. Special attention is paid on mechanism of the critical field (which is in literature usually denoted as coercivity field) alterations. Diffraction patterns and hysteresis measurements of the chosen samples containing hematite nanoparticles in the silica matrix are represented. Finally, variations in the observed measured critical field values are discussed.",signatures:"Violeta N. Nikolić",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67459",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67459",authors:[{id:"256415",title:"Dr.",name:"Violeta",surname:"Nikolic",slug:"violeta-nikolic",fullName:"Violeta Nikolic"}],corrections:null},{id:"71054",title:"Future of Nanoparticles in the Field of Medicine",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89777",slug:"future-of-nanoparticles-in-the-field-of-medicine",totalDownloads:452,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The chapter deals with the application of iron oxide nanoparticles in the field of medicine. It focuses on the treatment of cancerous cells in the body as a case study. Cancer as we all know is a disease which is spreading at the speed of light across the nations, primarily due to the lifestyles and heredity. The human war against the disease is on, and many cures are in practice or under research, so as to limit the deaths due to it. Most of the research is focused on finding alternative and effective techniques in conquering cancer, so that the stigma attached with it can be diminished; the researchers are also focusing on lowering the side effects of the currently practiced cures. We all hope that a day will come when it will come under the category of conquerable diseases. It has been shown that cancer deaths in the world have declined considerably, but it is still unconquerable. It is still one of the leading causes of death around the globe. Usual therapy like radiation, surgery, and immunotherapy in addition to chemotherapy has shown challenges like ease of access to the tumor cells, danger of operating on a vital organ to name some. Off late, research laboratories are using nanoparticles for the detection in addition to drug delivery in treatment of various diseases. It gives boost to minimizing the side effects encountered in conventional therapies at the cellular and tissue level. Nanoparticles’ widespread use is accounted by their size.",signatures:"Neha Sharma",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71054",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71054",authors:[{id:"301389",title:"Dr.",name:"Neha",surname:"Sharma",slug:"neha-sharma",fullName:"Neha Sharma"}],corrections:null},{id:"69811",title:"Chemical Synthesis and Characterization of Luminescent Iron Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Biomedical Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88165",slug:"chemical-synthesis-and-characterization-of-luminescent-iron-oxide-nanoparticles-and-their-biomedical",totalDownloads:546,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The syntheses and characterizations of biocompatible luminescent magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles has drawn particular attention as diagnostic and drug delivery tools for treatment of cancer and many other diseases. This chapter focuses on the chemical synthetic methods, magnetic and luminescent properties, including the biomedical applications of iron oxide nanomaterials and luminescent magnetic iron oxide-based nanocomposite materials. The influences of functionalizing with short ligands such as dopamine and L-cysteine on the magnetic properties of synthesized nanoparticles are described. The chapter contains some data on necessary reagents and protocols for bioconjugation aimed at cell culture and step by step the MTT assays used to evaluate cytotoxicity are also presented. In the final section of the chapter, we focus on the biomedical applications specifically for diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer treatment. This chapter also investigates the application of various characterization techniques for analysis of the structural, optical and magnetic properties of the iron oxide nanoparticles and as their nanocomposites.",signatures:"Martin Onani, Leandre Brandt and Zuraan Paulsen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69811",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69811",authors:[{id:"258023",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",surname:"Onani",slug:"martin-onani",fullName:"Martin Onani"},{id:"302723",title:"Dr.",name:"Leandré Bianca",surname:"Brandt",slug:"leandre-bianca-brandt",fullName:"Leandré Bianca Brandt"},{id:"302725",title:"MSc.",name:"Zuraan",surname:"Paulsen",slug:"zuraan-paulsen",fullName:"Zuraan Paulsen"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"401",title:"Petrology",subtitle:"New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"76f3cf825db7e77a7edb8bf4cd8e8087",slug:"petrology-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Ali Ismail Al-Juboury",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/401.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58570",title:"Prof.",name:"Ali",surname:"Al-Juboury",slug:"ali-al-juboury",fullName:"Ali Al-Juboury"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6236",title:"Contributions to Mineralization",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"82b66946017dcdc1ea6ac17e0bf766a4",slug:"contributions-to-mineralization",bookSignature:"Ali Ismail Al-Juboury",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6236.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58570",title:"Prof.",name:"Ali",surname:"Al-Juboury",slug:"ali-al-juboury",fullName:"Ali Al-Juboury"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6466",title:"Shale Gas",subtitle:"New Aspects and Technologies",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"02763c6398f049c222acf6a774dd38ee",slug:"shale-gas-new-aspects-and-technologies",bookSignature:"Ali Al-Juboury",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6466.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58570",title:"Prof.",name:"Ali",surname:"Al-Juboury",slug:"ali-al-juboury",fullName:"Ali Al-Juboury"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10556",title:"Sedimentary Petrology",subtitle:"Implications in Petroleum Industry",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"be71a270b1196a96cdc1162f64f9a966",slug:"sedimentary-petrology-implications-in-petroleum-industry",bookSignature:"Ali Ismail Al-Juboury",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10556.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58570",title:"Prof.",name:"Ali",surname:"Al-Juboury",slug:"ali-al-juboury",fullName:"Ali Al-Juboury"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1600",title:"An Introduction to the Study of Mineralogy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"df1bb075087aab55f47ec589f48eafde",slug:"an-introduction-to-the-study-of-mineralogy",bookSignature:"Cumhur Aydinalp",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1600.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"98959",title:"Prof.",name:"Cumhur",surname:"Aydinalp",slug:"cumhur-aydinalp",fullName:"Cumhur Aydinalp"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7315",title:"Minerals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f0d5c2a9a5f37e6effcb8486c661d217",slug:"minerals",bookSignature:"Khalid S. Essa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7315.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"102766",title:"Prof.",name:"Khalid S.",surname:"Essa",slug:"khalid-s.-essa",fullName:"Khalid S. Essa"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"64729",slug:"erratum-toward-the-development-of-a-monitoring-and-feedback-system-for-predicting-poor-adjustment-to",title:"Erratum - Toward the Development of a Monitoring and Feedback System for Predicting Poor Adjustment to Grief",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/64729.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64729",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64729",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/64729",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/64729",chapter:{id:"57127",slug:"toward-the-development-of-a-monitoring-and-feedback-system-for-predicting-poor-adjustment-to-grief",signatures:"Wan Jou She, Laurie Burke, Robert A. Neimyer, Kailey Roberts,\nWendy Lichtenthal, Jun Hu and Matthias Rauterberg",dateSubmitted:"September 5th 2017",dateReviewed:null,datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"October 18th 2017",book:{id:"6456",title:"Proceedings of the Conference on Design and Semantics of Form and Movement",subtitle:"Sense and Sensitivity, DeSForM 2017",fullTitle:"Proceedings of the Conference on Design and Semantics of Form and Movement - Sense and Sensitivity, DeSForM 2017",slug:"proceedings-of-the-conference-on-design-and-semantics-of-form-and-movement-sense-and-sensitivity-desform-2017",publishedDate:"October 18th 2017",bookSignature:"Miguel Bruns Alonso and Elif Ozcan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6456.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"156855",title:"Dr.",name:"Elif",middleName:null,surname:"Ozcan",slug:"elif-ozcan",fullName:"Elif Ozcan"}],productType:{id:"2",title:"Proceeding",chapterContentType:"conference paper",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"221149",title:"Dr.",name:"Wan Jou",middleName:null,surname:"She",fullName:"Wan Jou She",slug:"wan-jou-she",email:"lave@lavendershe.com",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"57127",slug:"toward-the-development-of-a-monitoring-and-feedback-system-for-predicting-poor-adjustment-to-grief",signatures:"Wan Jou She, Laurie Burke, Robert A. Neimyer, Kailey Roberts,\nWendy Lichtenthal, Jun Hu and Matthias Rauterberg",dateSubmitted:"September 5th 2017",dateReviewed:null,datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"October 18th 2017",book:{id:"6456",title:"Proceedings of the Conference on Design and Semantics of Form and Movement",subtitle:"Sense and Sensitivity, DeSForM 2017",fullTitle:"Proceedings of the Conference on Design and Semantics of Form and Movement - Sense and Sensitivity, DeSForM 2017",slug:"proceedings-of-the-conference-on-design-and-semantics-of-form-and-movement-sense-and-sensitivity-desform-2017",publishedDate:"October 18th 2017",bookSignature:"Miguel Bruns Alonso and Elif Ozcan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6456.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"156855",title:"Dr.",name:"Elif",middleName:null,surname:"Ozcan",slug:"elif-ozcan",fullName:"Elif Ozcan"}],productType:{id:"2",title:"Proceeding",chapterContentType:"conference paper",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"221149",title:"Dr.",name:"Wan Jou",middleName:null,surname:"She",fullName:"Wan Jou She",slug:"wan-jou-she",email:"lave@lavendershe.com",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"6456",title:"Proceedings of the Conference on Design and Semantics of Form and Movement",subtitle:"Sense and Sensitivity, DeSForM 2017",fullTitle:"Proceedings of the Conference on Design and Semantics of Form and Movement - Sense and Sensitivity, DeSForM 2017",slug:"proceedings-of-the-conference-on-design-and-semantics-of-form-and-movement-sense-and-sensitivity-desform-2017",publishedDate:"October 18th 2017",bookSignature:"Miguel Bruns Alonso and Elif Ozcan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6456.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"156855",title:"Dr.",name:"Elif",middleName:null,surname:"Ozcan",slug:"elif-ozcan",fullName:"Elif Ozcan"}],productType:{id:"2",title:"Proceeding",chapterContentType:"conference paper",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"12216",leadTitle:null,title:"Cell Proliferation",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book will be a self-contained collection of scholarly papers targeting an audience of practicing researchers, academics, PhD students and other scientists. The contents of the book will be written by multiple authors and edited by experts in the field.",isbn:null,printIsbn:null,pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,hash:"d5e37e8c90c4c6cb33c25d4445574ac0",bookSignature:"",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12216.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 7th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 28th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 27th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 15th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 14th 2022",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:1,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"6",title:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",slug:"biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6694",title:"New Trends in Ion Exchange Studies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3de8c8b090fd8faa7c11ec5b387c486a",slug:"new-trends-in-ion-exchange-studies",bookSignature:"Selcan Karakuş",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6694.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"206110",title:"Dr.",name:"Selcan",surname:"Karakuş",slug:"selcan-karakus",fullName:"Selcan Karakuş"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3828",title:"Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"51a27e7adbfafcfedb6e9683f209cba4",slug:"application-of-nanotechnology-in-drug-delivery",bookSignature:"Ali Demir Sezer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3828.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"872",title:"Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention",subtitle:"Environmental and Analytical Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f01dc7077e1d23f3d8f5454985cafa0a",slug:"organic-pollutants-ten-years-after-the-stockholm-convention-environmental-and-analytical-update",bookSignature:"Tomasz Puzyn and Aleksandra Mostrag-Szlichtyng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/872.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84887",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",surname:"Puzyn",slug:"tomasz-puzyn",fullName:"Tomasz Puzyn"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"63619",title:"Hydrodynamic Methods and Exact Solutions in Application to the Electromagnetic Field Theory in Medium",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80813",slug:"hydrodynamic-methods-and-exact-solutions-in-application-to-the-electromagnetic-field-theory-in-mediu",body:'\n
\n
1. Introduction
\n
The main subject of the nonlinear optic theory is a nonlinear activity of a medium where electromagnetic field (EMF) is propagated.
\n
In this connection, the analogy between electromagnetic and hydrodynamic phenomena, which was noted yet by Helmholtz and Maxwell [1], is considered. In more recent papers, also different types of this analogy are used [2, 3, 4] and give possibility to open new ways for the solution of some nonlinear hydrodynamic problems on the basis of this analogy.
\n
However up to now, there are only a few examples of the direct mathematical correspondence between hydrodynamics and EMF theory, which gives resolution of the EMF problems on the basis of hydrodynamics [5, 6].
\n
Thus in [5] there is an exact mathematical correspondence between the solutions for the point electric dipole potential and velocity potential obtaining for the rigid sphere moving with constant speed in the ideal incompressible fluid.
\n
In [6] an exact correspondence is established between the mathematical description of the single vortex velocity on the sphere and the Dirac magnetic monopole (DMM) [7] vector potential. Similar analogy with DMM was noted also for the vortices in quantum superfluid He-3A [8, 9, 10, 11].
\n
Moreover, in [6], it was proved that the hydrodynamic equations do not allow the existence of a solution in the form of a single isolated vortex on sphere, but allow the exact solution in the form of two antipodal point vortices (which have the same value but different signs of circulation and located on the sphere on the maximal possible distance from each other). This result gives the first theoretical base for the proposition that DMM also cannot exist in the single form, but they must be included in the structure of point magnetic dipole, which is confirmed by all observations and experiment data.
\n
Here we consider some examples of the application of hydrodynamic methods for the problems of EMF interaction with medium which may be important in the field of nonlinear optics.
\n
In Part 1 of the chapter, we give the example for demonstration of the new mechanism of the Vavilov-Cherenkov radiation (VCR), which is obtained only on the basis of relativistic generalization to the Landau theory of superfluid threshold velocity [12]. In analogy with the Landau criterion its relativistic generalization is deduced for the determination of threshold conversion of medium Bose-condensed excitation into Cherenkov?s photon. Thus, the VCR arises only due to the reaction of medium on the electric charge moving with super threshold velocity [13, 14, 15]:
In (1), \n\nс\n\n is the light speed in vacuum and \n\nn\n\n is the medium refractive index.
\n
In contraposition to the classic VCR theory [16, 17, 18], the new VCR theory in [13, 14, 15] and (1) admits the conditions for effective and direct VCR realization even for high-frequency transverse waves of EMF in isotropic plasma when \n\nn\n<\n1\n\n in (1). This is possible in the new VCR theory only because it is based on the Abraham theory for EMF in a medium where photons have nonzero real mass of rest, which determines necessary (in energy balance equation) energy difference for the medium when the medium emits photon VCR only for the condition (1).
\n
In the second part of this chapter, we consider a new exact solution of nonlinear hydrodynamic equations. This gives corresponding possibility of its application to the problems of nonlinear EMF and other wave propagation in active and dissipative medium, where the Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation [19, 20, 21] is used, giving the generalization of the Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation. Indeed, in nonlinear optic the KdF equation may describe the EMF wave propagation (for the case when electric wave E is propagating along axis x):
On the other side, the problem of the propagation of a flame front (generated by a self-sustained exothermal chemical reaction) may be considered on the basis of the simplified version of the Sivashinsky equation ∇ [21]:
In the one-dimensional case, (3) is the same as (2) if \n\nE\n=\n∂\nf\n/\n∂\nx\n;\n\nU\ns\n\n=\n−\nσ\n\n and if we replace (for the case \n\n\nγ\n0\n\n<\n0\n\n) \n\n\nσ\n0\n\n\n∂\n3\n\nE\n/\n∂\n\nx\n3\n\n→\n−\n\nγ\n0\n\nE\n\n.
\n
In Eq. (3), the function \n\n\nx\n3\n\n=\nf\n\n\nx\n1\n\n\nx\n2\n\nt\n\n\n determines the flame front which represents the interface between a combustible matter (\n\n\nx\n3\n\n>\n0\n\n) and the combustion products (\n\n\nx\n3\n\n<\n0\n\n); \n\n\nU\ns\n\n\n and \n\n\nγ\n0\n\n\n are constant positive quantities which characterize the front velocity and the combustion intensity, respectively. For \n\n\nγ\n0\n\n=\n0\n\nEq. (3) coincides with the Hamilton-Jacobi equation for a free nonrelativistic particle. In the two-dimensional case (more exactly, in its modification with account for the external friction with the coefficient \n\nμ\n\n when \n\nμ\n=\n−\n\nγ\n0\n\n\n), the exact solution of the n-dimensional Hopf equation modification with \n\nμ\n≠\n0\n\n\n
(for the inertial motion of compressible medium with velocity \n\n\nu\ni\n\n\n) gives also the exact solution of Eq. (3) when the velocity of compressible medium \n\n\nu\n→\n\n=\n−\n\nU\ns\n\n\n\n∇\n→\n\n\nf\n\n.
\n
The common solution of 1D, 2D, and 3D equations (4) in Euler variables is first time obtained in [22, 23, 24, 25, 26]. On the basis of this solution, we give the positive answer to the generalization of the Clay problem [27] on the case of compressible medium motion with nonzero divergence of velocity field [23, 24, 25, 26]. The existence and smoothness of this solution for all time may take place only for super threshold friction \n\nμ\n>\n\nμ\nth\n\n=\n1\n/\n\nt\n0\n\n\n (here \n\n\nt\n0\n\n\n is the minimal finite time of singularity realization for solution of the Hopf equation (4)) or for any finite volume viscosity [22, 23, 24, 25, 26]. This gives the possibility to obtain also exact solutions in nonlinear optic when equations of Kuramoto-Sivashinsky type are used for EMF wave propagation in nonlinear medium.
\n
\n
1.1 New theory of the Vavilov-Cherenkov radiation (VCR)
\n
The Vavilov-Cherenkov radiation (VCR) phenomenon has justly become an inherent part of modern physics. The VCR in a refractive medium was experimentally discovered by Cherenkov and Vavilov [28] more than half a century ago. This was also the time when Tamm and Frank [16, 17] developed the electromagnetic macroscopical theory of this phenomenon, which, as well as the VCR discovery, was marked later by a Nobel Prize. The Tamm-Frank theory appeared to be very similar to the Heaviside theory, which had been forgotten for a century [29].
\n
The Heaviside-Tamm-Frank (HTF) theory demonstrated that the cylindrically symmetrical EMF, created in a medium by an electron, which moves rectilinearly with the constant velocity \n\n\nV\n0\n\n\n, does not exponentially reduce only in the case of the super threshold electron velocity \n\n\nV\n0\n\n≥\nc\n/\nn\n\n. According to the HTF theory, this field must be identical to the VCR field, observed in the experiment [28].
\n
However, such direct identification is not in agreement with the basic microscopical conception that VCR photons are radiated by a medium and not by an electron itself [16, 30]. The latter can serve only for the initiation of such radiation by the medium. The phenomenological quantum theory of the VCR, developed by Ginzburg [18] on the basis of the Minkowski EMF theory in medium, still does not take into consideration the changes of the radiating medium energy state, which might be necessary for the VCR realization. As we show the latter, this is so because, in contrast to the Abraham EMF theory, for the momentum of photon in the Minkowski EMF theory, the corresponding photon mass of rest in medium always has only exact imaginary (with zero real part) value and cannot be taken into account in the energy balance equation for the VCR.
\n
Thus, the classic theory of the VCR phenomenon leaves a question of the energy mechanism of the VCR effect open. Indeed, to elaborate this mechanism, we need to find out the necessary possible changes of the energy state of the medium itself, which ensure the VCR effect realization.
\n
The suggested theory is based on directly using the Abraham momentum of photon:
In (5)\n\n\nε\nph\n\n\n is the photon energy and \n\n\n\n\nV\n→\n\n\nph\n\n\n its velocity in medium.
\n
For the Minkowski EMF theory, the momentum of photon in medium with n > 1 has the form: \n\n\n\n\np\n→\n\n\nM\n\n=\n\n\n\nε\nph\n\nn\n\nc\n\n\nk\n→\n\n\n\n
\n
For (5), the real nonzero photon rest mass \n\n\nm\nph\n\n\n is determined from the known relativistic equation \n\n\nm\nph\n2\n\n\nc\n2\n\n=\n\n\nε\nph\n2\n\n\nc\n2\n\n\n−\n\np\nA\n2\n\n\n, and from (5), we have
In the new VCR quantum theory [13, 14, 15], the energy \n\nΔ\n\nE\nm\n\n=\n\nm\nph\n\n\nc\n2\n\n\n may correspond to the energy of a medium long-wave Bose excitation which can transform into the VCR photon only when the super threshold condition (1) takes place. Thus, the value \n\nΔ\n\nE\nm\n\n\n must be taken into account in the energy balance equation for VCR realization possibility (when medium must lose this energy when the VCR photon is arising from it), and this new VCR theory is provided in [13, 14]. In [15] we also give examples where it is easy to obtain experimental and observational evidence of the difference between Abraham’s and Minkowski’s EMF theories when the VCR may be observed during the electron beam transfer through the medium which is the light of intense laser or when high-energy cosmic rays go through the relict background radiation.
\n
To obtain a relativistic generalization of the Landau criterion [12] for the VCR realization, it is necessary to use the energy balance equation for the VCR (including in it the value of medium energy loss \n\nΔ\n\nE\nm\n\n=\n\nm\nph\n\n\nc\n2\n\n\n, where \n\n\nm\nph\n\n\n may be taken from (6)) in the coordinate system moving with the initial electron velocity \n\n\n\n\nV\n→\n\n\n0\n\n\n [13, 14]:
where \n\n\n\n\nV\n→\n\n\n1\n\n\n is the velocity of electron after VCR photon arising. In (7)\n\n\nΓ\nα\n\n=\n1\n/\n\n\n1\n−\n\n\nV\nα\n2\n\n\nc\n2\n\n\n\n\n\n, where \n\nα\n=\n0\n\n or \n\nα\n=\n1\n\n and \n\n\nm\nph\n\n\nc\n2\n\n/\n\nε\nph\n\n=\n\n\n1\n−\n\n\nV\nph\n2\n\n\nc\n2\n\n\n\n\n\n according to (6). For example, in the case n > 1 in (7), we have \n\n\nV\nph\n\n=\nc\n/\nn\n\n and in the right-hand side of (7) \n\nA\n=\n1\n−\n\n\n\n\n\n\nV\n→\n\n\n0\n\n\n\n\nV\n→\n\n\nph\n\n\n\n\nc\n2\n\n\n−\n\n\n\nm\nph\n\n\nc\n2\n\n\n\nε\nph\n\n\n=\n1\n−\n\n\nV\n0\n\nc\n\ncos\nθ\n−\n\n\n\n\nn\n2\n\n−\n1\n\n\nn\n\n\n.
\n
The left-hand side of (7) is always negative (it is zero only for the case when the initial and finite velocity of the electron are the same \n\n\n\n\nV\n→\n\n\n0\n\n=\n\n\n\nV\n→\n\n\n1\n\n\n).
\n
In the nonrelativistic limit when \n\n\nV\n0\n\n≪\nc\n;\n\nV\nph\n\n≪\nc\n\n from (7) for \n\n\nε\np\n\n>\n0\n\n, the Landau criterion [12] may be obtained: \n\n\nε\nV\n\n−\n\n\n\n\np\n→\n\n\n\nV\n→\n\n\n\n0\n\n\n<\n0\n;\n\nε\nV\n\n=\n\nε\np\n\n(\n1\n−\n\n\n1\n−\n\n\nV\np\n2\n\n\nc\n2\n\n\n)\n\n\n≅\n\n\n\nε\np\n\n\nV\np\n2\n\n\n\n2\n\nc\n2\n\n\n\n\n. Then \n\n\nε\nV\n\n=\n\n\n\nV\np\n\np\n\n2\n\n\n is the only kinetic energy of excitation (in [12] these are vorton elementary excitations).
\n
Thus for the possibility of arising VCR photon with positive energy \n\n\nε\nph\n\n>\n0\n\n, it is necessary to have in the right-hand side of (7) the negative value of \n\nA\n<\n0\n\n or inequality:
where the value \n\n\nn\n∗\n\n\nn\n\n>\n1\n\n for any cases of \n\nn\n>\n1\n\n or \n\nn\n<\n1\n\n as it shown in (1). From the condition \n\n\n\ncos\nθ\n\n\n≤\n1\n\n in (8), the value of threshold velocity in (1) is obtained.
\n
The conditions (8) and (1) give the necessary condition for arising VCR, and from (8) it is possible to obtain the maximal angle of the VCR cone of rays. The classic VCR theory gives good correspondence to experiment only in the determination of position for the maximum of intensity in the VCR cone of rays, but not to the maximal angle of this cone. In [13, 14] it is shown that the new VCR theory gives a better agreement with the experiment [28] than classical VCR theory when describing the threshold edge of the VCR cone of rays.
\n
According to [28] the VCR effect is observed in the whole region of angles \n\n0\n≤\nθ\n≤\n\nθ\nmax\n\nA\n,\nB\n\n\n\n with the maximum of radiation intensity \n\nI\n\nθ\n\n\n at the angle \n\nθ\n=\n\nθ\n0\n\nA\n,\nB\n\n\n<\n\nθ\nmax\n\nA\n,\nB\n\n\n\n. Here Index A corresponds to gamma rays of \n\nTh\n\nC\n″\n\n\n, and the Index B corresponds to the VCR induced by \n\nRa\n\n. Thus, \n\nI\n\nθ\n\n=\n0\n\n when \n\nθ\n>\n\nθ\nmax\n\nA\n,\nB\n\n\n\n. In the [31] the same result was also obtained for VCR realization through the direct use of high-energy electron beam.
\n
In the classic VCR theory in (1) and (8), the value \n\n\nn\n∗\n\n\n must be replaced with the value \n\nn\n\n for the case with n > 1.
\n
Let us introduce the values \n\n\nβ\n∗\nA\n\n;\n\nβ\n∗\nB\n\n\n which correspond to \n\n\nθ\nmax\n\nA\n,\nB\n\n\n\n of experiment [28] when (8) is used for evaluation of parameter \n\nβ\n=\n\nV\n0\n\n/\nc\n\n and the analogy values \n\n\nβ\nA\n\n;\n\nβ\nB\n\n\n for the classic VCR theory.
\n
For example, when the medium where the VCR arising is water (\n\n\nH\n2\n\nO\n\n), where \n\nn\n=\n1.333\n\n, \n\n\nn\n∗\n\n=\n2.247\n\n, and for the values \n\ncos\n\nθ\nmax\nA\n\n=\n0.6691\n;\ncos\n\nθ\nmax\nB\n\n=\n0.7431\n\n from (8), we obtain \n\n\nβ\n∗\nA\n\n=\n0.6718\n;\n\nβ\n∗\nB\n\n=\n0.6049\n\n which are smaller than 1, as they need from the relativity theory. For the classic VCR theory, the result is not corresponding to the inequality \n\nβ\n=\n\nV\n0\n\n/\nc\n<\n1\n\n of the relativity theory because from the classic VCR theory, \n\n\nβ\nA\n\n=\n1.1177\n;\n\nβ\nB\n\n=\n1.0064\n\n may be obtained. The same results obtained for all other media are considered in the experiment [28, 31] (see [13, 14]).
\n
Thus, the classic VCR theory gives good correspondence with experiment [28] only in the determination of angle \n\n\nθ\n0\n\nA\n,\nB\n\n\n\n, but not of the angle \n\n\nθ\nmax\n\nA\n,\nB\n\n\n\n. In this connection the classic VCR theory tied only with interference maximum at \n\nθ\n=\n\nθ\n0\n\nA\n,\nB\n\n\n\n and does not consider at all the energetic base for threshold arising of this coherent VCR. Actually, this is clearer for the case of plasma with \n\nn\n<\n1\n\n, where the classic VCR theory total excludes the possibility of the VCR in the form of transverse high-frequency EMF waves. The present new VCR theory gives this possibility due to the transformation of a longitudinal Bose-condensed plasmon into transverse VCR photon, during the scattering of a plasmon on the relativistic electron [14, 37].
\n
Moreover in this new VCR theory, the VCR phenomenon has the same nature as for numerous physical systems where dissipative instability is realized when corresponding excitations in a medium become energetically favorable at some super threshold conditions [12, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36].
\n
\n
\n
1.2 Exact solution of hydrodynamic equations
\n
Fundamental turbulence problem was unsolved during many years by virtue of the absence of analytical, time-dependent, smooth-at-all-time solutions of the nonlinear hydrodynamic equations. A few exact solutions are known in hydrodynamics, but none of these solutions is time-dependent and defined in unbounded space or in space with periodic boundary conditions [38, 39, 40].
\n
The importance of this problem is determined by stability and predictability problems in all fields of science where solutions and methods of hydrodynamics are used. In this connection in 2000, the problem of the existence of smooth time-dependent hydrodynamic solutions was stated as one of the seven Millennium Prize Problems (MPPs) by the Clay Institute of Mathematics [27]. MPPs relate only to incompressible flows “since it is well known that the behavior of compressible flows is abominable” [41].
\n
Here we show that even for a compressible case, it is possible to obtain exact analytical, time-dependent, smooth-at-all-time solutions of Hopf equation (4) (which gives also new class solution also for vortex typ. 2D and 3D Euler equation) when any viscosity of super threshold friction is taken into account [22, 23, 24, 25, 26].
\n
With the aim to introduce effective volume viscosity (in addition to external friction in (4)), let us consider the n-dimensional Hopf equation (4) in the moving with velocity \n\n\nV\ni\n\n\nt\n\n\n coordinate system, where \n\n\nV\ni\n\n\nt\n\n\n is a random Gaussian delta-correlated in-time velocity field for which the relations hold:
In (9)\n\n\nδ\nij\n\n\n is the Kronecker delta, \n\nδ\n\n is Dirac-Heaviside delta function, and the coefficient \n\nν\n\n characterizes the action of the viscosity forces. In the general case, the coefficient \n\nν\n\n can be a function of time when describing the effective turbulent viscosity, but also it can coincide with the constant kinematic viscosity coefficient when the random velocity field considered corresponds to molecular fluctuations. We will restrict our attention to the consideration of the case of constant coefficient \n\nν\n\n in (9).
\n
Thus, the initial equation (4) (for the case \n\nμ\n=\n0\n\n) takes the form:
As shown in Appendix, in the case of an arbitrary dimensionality of the space (n = 1, 2, 3, etc.), Eq. (10) has the following exact solution (see also [22, 23, 24, 25, 26]):
where \n\n\nB\ni\n\n\nt\n\n=\n\n∫\n0\nt\n\n\ndt\n1\n\n\nV\ni\n\n\n\nt\n1\n\n\n\n, \n\n\nA\n̂\n\n≡\n\nA\nnm\n\n=\n\nδ\nnm\n\n+\nt\n\n\n∂\n\nu\n\n0\nn\n\n\n\n\n∂\n\nξ\nm\n\n\n\n\n, \n\ndet\n\nA\n̂\n\n\n is the determinant of the matrix \n\n\nA\n̂\n\n\n, and \n\n\nu\n\n0\ni\n\n\n\n\nx\n→\n\n\n\n is an arbitrary smooth initial velocity field. The solution (11) satisfies Eq. (10) only at such times for which the determinant of the matrix \n\n\nA\n̂\n\n\n is positive for any values of the spatial coordinates \n\ndet\n\nA\n̂\n\n>\n0\n\n.
\n
In the case of the potential initial velocity field, the solution (11) is potential for all successive instants of time, corresponding to a zero-vortex field. On the contrary, in the case of nonzero initial vortex field, the solution also determines the evolution of velocity with a nonzero vortex field. In [42] the potential solution to the two-dimensional Hopf equation (4) (or when \n\n\nB\n→\n\n=\n0\n\n in (12)) was obtained only in the Lagrangian representation which also exactly follows from (11) for n = 2. It is important to understand that here in (11) we have a solution in Euler variables, which is firstly obtained in [22] for n = 2 and n = 3. From the solution of (10) or (4) in Lagrangian variables, it is unreal to obtain a solution of (4) or (10) in Euler variables. From the other side, it is easy to obtain a solution in Lagrangian variables if we have a solution in Euler variables as in (11).
\n
For example, in the one-dimensional case (n = 1) in (11), we have \n\ndet\n\nA\n̂\n\n=\n1\n+\nt\n\n\ndu\n01\n\n\nd\n\nξ\n1\n\n\n\n\n, and the solution (11) coincides exactly with the solutions obtained in [43, 44]. The solution (11) can be obtained if we use the integral representation for the implicit solution of Eq. (10) in the form \n\n\nu\nk\n\n\n\nx\n→\n\nt\n\n=\n\nu\n\n0\nk\n\n\n\n\n\nx\n→\n\n−\n\nB\n→\n\n\nt\n\n−\nt\n\nu\n→\n\n\n\nx\n→\n\nt\n\n\n\n\n with the use of the Dirac delta function (see Appendix or [22, 23]).
\n
After averaging over the random field \n\n\nB\ni\n\n\nt\n\n\n (with the Gaussian probability density), from (11) we can obtain the exact solution in the form:
As distinct from (11), the average solution (12) of Eq. (10) is already arbitrarily smooth on any unbounded time interval and not only providing the positiveness of the determinant of the matrix \n\n\nA\n̂\n\n\n.
\n
If, on the other side, we neglect the viscosity forces when \n\n\nB\n→\n\n\nt\n\n=\n0\n\n in (11), the smooth solution (11) is defined, as was already noted, only under the condition \n\ndet\n\nA\n̂\n\n>\n0\n\n [22, 23, 24, 25, 26] (see Appendix). This condition corresponds to a bounded time interval \n\n0\n≤\nt\n<\n\nt\n0\n\n\n, where the minimum limiting time \n\n\nt\n0\n\n\n of existence of the solution can be determined from the solution to the following nth-order algebraic equation (and successive minimization of the expression obtained, which depends on the spatial coordinates, with respect to these coordinates):
where \n\ndet\n\n\nU\n̂\n\n0\n\n\n is the determinant of the 3 × 3 matrix \n\n\nU\n\n0\nnm\n\n\n=\n\n\n∂\n\nu\n\n0\nn\n\n\n\n\n∂\n\nx\nm\n\n\n\n\n, and \n\ndet\n\n\nU\n̂\n\n012\n\n=\n\n\n∂\n\nu\n01\n\n\n\n∂\n\nx\n1\n\n\n\n\n\n∂\n\nu\n02\n\n\n\n∂\n\nx\n2\n\n\n\n−\n\n\n∂\n\nu\n01\n\n\n\n∂\n\nx\n2\n\n\n\n\n\n∂\n\nu\n02\n\n\n\n∂\n\nx\n1\n\n\n\n\n is the determinant of a similar matrix in the two-dimensional case for the variables \n\n\n\nx\n1\n\n\nx\n2\n\n\n\n. In this case \n\ndet\n\n\nU\n̂\n\n013\n\n,\ndet\n\n\nU\n̂\n\n023\n\n\n are the determinants of the matrices in the two-dimensional case for the variables \n\n\n\nx\n1\n\n\nx\n3\n\n\n\n and \n\n\n\nx\n2\n\n\nx\n3\n\n\n\n, respectively.
\n
In the two-dimensional case, the condition in the form of Eq. (13) exactly coincides with the collapse condition obtained in [42] in connection with the problem of propagation of a flame front investigated on the basis of the Kuramoto-Sivashinsky Eq. (3). In this case for exact coincidence, it is necessary to replace \n\nt\n→\nb\n\nt\n\n=\n\n\n\nU\ns\n\n\n\nexp\n\n\n\nγ\n0\n\nt\n\n\n−\n1\n\n\n\n\nγ\n0\n\n\n\n in (13).
\n
In the one-dimensional case, when n = 1, from Eq. (13) we can obtain the minimum time of appearance of the singularity \n\n\nt\n0\n\n=\n\n1\n\nmax\n\n\n\n\ndu\n01\n\n\n\nx\n1\n\n\n\n\ndx\n1\n\n\n\n\n\n>\n0\n\n. In particular, for the initial distribution \n\n\nu\n01\n\n\n\nx\n1\n\n\n=\na\nexp\n\n\n−\n\n\nx\n1\n2\n\n\nL\n2\n\n\n\n\n,\na\n>\n0\n\n, it follows that \n\n\nt\n0\n\n=\n\nL\na\n\n\n\ne\n2\n\n\n\n obtained for the value \n\n\nx\n1\n\n=\n\nx\n\n1\nmax\n\n\n=\n\nL\n\n2\n\n\n\n. In this case the singularity itself can be implemented only for positive values of the coordinate \n\n\nx\n1\n\n>\n0\n\n when Eq. (13) has a positive solution for time.
\n
This means that the singularity (collapse) of the smooth solution can never occur when the initial velocity field is nonzero only for negative values of the spatial coordinate \n\n\nx\n1\n\n<\n0\n\n.
\n
Similarly, we can also determine the vortex wave burst time \n\n\nt\n0\n\n\n for n > 1. For (13) in the two-dimensional case (when the initial velocity field is divergence-free) for the initial stream function in the form \n\n\nψ\n0\n\n\n\nx\n1\n\n\nx\n2\n\n\n=\na\n\n\n\nL\n1\n\n\nL\n2\n\n\n\nexp\n\n\n−\n\n\nx\n1\n2\n\n\nL\n1\n2\n\n\n−\n\n\nx\n2\n2\n\n\nL\n2\n2\n\n\n\n\n,\na\n>\n0\n\n, we obtain that the minimum time of existence of the smooth solution is equal to \n\n\nt\n0\n\n=\n\n\ne\n\n\n\nL\n1\n\n\nL\n2\n\n\n\n\n\n2\na\n\n\n\n.
\n
In the example considered, this minimum time of existence of the smooth solution is implemented for the spatial variables corresponding to points on the ellipse \n\n\n\nx\n1\n2\n\n\nL\n1\n2\n\n\n+\n\n\nx\n2\n2\n\n\nL\n2\n2\n\n\n=\n1\n\n.
\n
In accordance with (13), the necessary condition of implementation of the singularity is the condition of existence of a real positive solution to a quadratic (when n = 2) or cubic (when n = 3) equation for the time variable t. For example, in the case of two-dimensional flow with the initial divergence-free velocity field \n\ndiv\n\n\n\nu\n→\n\n0\n\n=\n0\n\n, in accordance with (13), the necessary and sufficient condition of implementation of the singularity (collapse) of the solution in finite time is the condition:
\n
\n\ndet\n\nU\n012\n\n<\n0\n\nE14
\n
For the example considered above from (14), there follows the inequality \n\n\n\nx\n1\n2\n\n\nL\n1\n2\n\n\n+\n\n\nx\n1\n2\n\n\nL\n2\n2\n\n\n>\n\n1\n2\n\n\n. When this inequality is satisfied, for n = 2 there exists a real positive solution to the quadratic equation in (13) for which the minimum collapse time \n\n\nt\n0\n\n=\n\n\ne\n\n\n\nL\n1\n\n\nL\n2\n\n\n\n\n\n2\na\n\n\n>\n0\n\n given above is obtained.
\n
On the contrary, if the initial velocity field is defined in the form of a finite function which is nonzero only in the domain \n\n\n\nx\n1\n2\n\n\nL\n1\n2\n\n\n+\n\n\nx\n2\n2\n\n\nL\n2\n2\n\n\n≤\n\n1\n2\n\n\n, then the inequality (14) is violated, and the development of the singularity in a finite time turns out already to be impossible, and the solution remains smooth in unbounded time even regardless of the viscosity effects.
\n
The condition of existence of a real positive solution of Eq. (13) (e.g., see (14)) is the necessary and sufficient condition of implementation of the singularity (collapse) of the solution, as distinct from the sufficient but not necessary integral criterion which was proposed in [45] (see formula (38) in [45]) and has the form:
In fact, in accordance with this criterion proposed in [45], the collapse of the solution is not possible in the case of the initial divergence-free velocity field, i.e., when \n\ndiv\n\n\n\nu\n→\n\n0\n\n=\n0\n\n. However, in this case the violation of criterion (15) does not exclude the possibility of the collapse of the solution by virtue of the fact that the criterion (15) does not determine the necessary condition of implementation of the collapse. Actually, in the example considered above (in determination of the minimum time of implementation of the collapse \n\n\nt\n0\n\n=\n\n\ne\n\n\n\nL\n1\n\n\nL\n2\n\n\n\n\n\n2\na\n\n\n\n) for two-dimensional compressible flow, the initial condition corresponded just to the initial velocity field with \n\ndiv\n\n\nu\n→\n\n0\n\n=\n0\n\n in (13) when n = 2.
\n
On the basis of the solution (11), using (13) and the Lagrangian variables \n\n\na\n→\n\n\n (where \n\n\nx\n→\n\n=\n\nx\n→\n\n\nt\n\na\n→\n\n\n=\n\na\n→\n\n+\nt\n\n\nu\n→\n\n0\n\n\n\na\n→\n\n\n\n), we can represent the expression for the matrix of the first derivatives of the velocity \n\n\n\nU\n̂\n\nim\n\n=\n\n\n∂\n\nu\ni\n\n\n\n∂\n\nx\nm\n\n\n\n\n in the form:
In this case the expression (16) exactly coincides with the formula (30) given in [45] for the Lagrangian time evolution of the matrix of the first derivatives of the velocity which must satisfy the three-dimensional Hopf equation (10) (when \n\n\nB\n→\n\n\nt\n\n=\n0\n\n in (10)). In particular, in the one-dimensional case when n = 1, in the Lagrangian representation from (11) and (13), we obtain a particular case of the formula (16):
where \n\na\n\n is the coordinate of a fluid particle at the initial time \n\nt\n=\n0\n\n.
\n
The solution (17) also coincides with the formula (14) in [45] and describes the catastrophic process of collapse of a simple wave in a finite time \n\n\nt\n0\n\n\n whose estimate is given above on the basis of the solution to Eq. (13) in the case \n\nn\n=\n1\n\n with the use of the Euler variables.
\n
Let us take into account only the external friction. For this purpose it is necessary to consider the case with \n\nμ\n>\n0\n\n in Eq. (4). In this case we can also obtain the exact solution from the expression (11) (for the case when in (11) \n\n\nB\n→\n\n=\n0\n\n) changing in them the time variable t by the variable \n\nτ\n=\n\n\n1\n−\nexp\n\n\n−\ntμ\n\n\n\nμ\n\n\n (see (31) in Appendix and [22, 23]). The new time variable \n\nτ\n\n now varies within the finite limits from \n\nτ\n=\n0\n\n (when \n\nt\n=\n0\n\n) to \n\nτ\n=\n\n1\nμ\n\n\n (as \n\nt\n→\n∞\n\n). This leads to the fact that in the case of fulfillment of the inequality
\n
\n\nμ\n>\n\n1\n\nt\n\n\n\n\n0\n\n\n\n\n\nE18
\n
for given initial conditions, the quantity \n\ndet\n\nA\n̂\n\n>\n0\n\n for all times since the necessary and sufficient condition of implementation of the singularity (13) will be not satisfied because the change \n\nt\n→\nτ\n\nt\n\n\n must also be carried out in the condition (13).
\n
Providing (18), the solution to the n-dimensional EH equation is smooth on an unbounded interval of time t. The corresponding analytic vortical solution to the three-dimensional Navier–Stokes equation also remains smooth for any \n\nt\n≥\n0\n\n if the condition (18) is satisfied [22, 23, 24, 25, 26].
\n
Note that under the formal coincidence of the parameters \n\nμ\n=\n−\n\nγ\n0\n\n\n (see the Sivashinsky equation (3) in Introduction), the equality \n\nτ\n\nt\n\n=\nb\n\nt\n\n\n takes place providing the implementation of the singularity (13) when n = 2 and in accordance with the solution of the Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation in [42] and the regularization of this solution for all times if (18) takes place.
\n
Moreover the example of interesting prosperity for the direct application for solution (11) (see also (12)–(18)) may be done in the connection of the results [46], where the description of light propagation in a nonlinear medium on the basis of the Burgers-Hopf equation is done.
\n
Indeed, in [46], the model of light propagation in weak nonlinear 3D Coul-Coul’s medium with small action radii of nonlocality is represented. In [46], it was stated that in the geometric optic approach, this model is integrated and described by the Veselov-Novikov equation which has a 1D reduction in the form of the Burgers-Hopf equation. The last equation is considered in connection with nonlinear geometrical optics when 1D reduction is made for the case when the refractive index has no dependence on one of the space coordinates. It is important when the property of nonlinear wave finite-time breakdown for Burgers-Hopf solutions is considered in the application to the case of nonlinear geometrical optics. These solutions are useful for modeling of dielectrics which have impurities which induced sharp variations of the refractive index. Indeed, in the points of breakdown, the curvature of the light rays obtained discontinues property as it takes place at the boundary between different media [46].
\n
In [46], the only hodograph method is used for the Burgers-Hopf (or Hopf equation which is obtained from the Burgers’ equation in the limit of zero viscosity) equation solution in this connection. Thus the direct analytical description of the 1D–3D solutions to the Hopf equation in the form (11) gives the new possibility also for the nonlinear optic problem which is considered in [46]. For example, according to this solution, it is possible to obtain the important effect of avoidance of finite-time singularities when viscosity or friction forces are taken into account (when condition (18) takes place for the case of external friction).
\n
\n
\n
\n
2. Conclusions
\n
Here we represent some examples where hydrodynamic methods and solutions may be useful for different problems in nonlinear optics. In these examples, the medium itself has the first degree of importance in realization of all mentioned phenomena. Indeed, the main future of the Vavilov-Cherenkov radiation is that the medium is the source of this radiation instead of any kinds of bremsstrahlung radiations by moving charged particles. The VCR theory presented here for the first time takes into account the real mechanism of VCR by the medium itself, excited by a sufficiently fast electron. It can also be shown only from the microscopic theory, but not from the macroscopic one stated in [16]. The first step in this direction was made in [47] also on the basis of the Abraham theory where it is proposed that the Vavilov-Cherenkov radiation is emitted by the medium in a nonequilibrium polarization state which is arising due to the parametric resonance interaction of the medium with a fast-charged particle.
\n
The second example, which is represented here, also gives new perspectives on the basis of the new exact solution (in the Euler variables) for n-dimensional Hopf equation because this equation is known as the possible model for weak nonlinear optic problems [46]. The importance of the new solution is connected with its Euler form in dependence from space variables, which are not represented in the solution of the Burgers-Hopf equation well known before (see [45] and others).
\n
\n
\n\n\n
The Appendix presents a procedure for deriving the exact solution of the 3D Hopf equation.
\n
The Hopf equation in the n-dimensional space (n = 1..3) is as follows:
When the external friction coefficient tends to zero in Eq. (4), \n\nμ\n→\n0\n\n, Eq. (4) also coincides with the Hopf equation (19).
\n
In the unbounded space, the general Cauchy problem solution for Eq. (19) under arbitrary smooth initial conditions \n\n\n\n\nu\n→\n\n\n0\n\n\n\nx\n→\n\n\n\n may be obtained as follows (see also in [22, 23]):
\n
\nEq. (19) may be represented in an implicit form as follows:
In (20), \n\nδ\n\n is the Dirac delta function. Using known (see farther) properties of the delta function, it is possible to express the delta function in (20) with the help of an identity true for the very velocity field meeting Eq. (19):
In (23), the values \n\n\n\nξ\n→\n\n0\n\n\n are defined from the solution of the equation
\n
\n\n\nΦ\n→\n\n\n\n\nξ\n→\n\n0\n\n\n=\n0\n\nE24
\n
To prove (23), it is necessary to use Taylor series decomposition wrt \n\n\nξ\n→\n\n\n near \n\n\nξ\n→\n\n=\n\n\nξ\n→\n\n0\n\n\n for the argument of the delta function \n\n\nΦ\n→\n\n\n\nξ\n→\n\n\n\n when in the limit \n\n\nξ\n→\n\n→\n\n\nξ\n→\n\n0\n\n\n taking into account (24), we get
Using variable substitution in the argument of the right-hand side of (25) (of the type \n\n\nA\n̂\n\n\n\nx\n→\n\n=\n\ny\n→\n\n\n\n and taking into account that \n\nd\n\nx\n→\n\n=\n\n\nd\n\ny\n→\n\n\n\n\ndet\n\nA\n̂\n\n\n\n\n\n [48]), we get from the right-hand side of (25) the right-hand side of (23).
\n
When in (23), \n\n\nΦ\n→\n\n\n\nξ\n→\n\n\n≡\n\nξ\n→\n\n−\n\nx\n→\n\n+\n\nt\n\n\nu\n→\n\n0\n\n\n\n\nξ\n→\n\n\n\n and \n\ndet\n\n\n∂\n\nΦ\nk\n\n\n\n∂\n\nξ\nm\n\n\n\n=\ndet\n\nA\nkm\n\n\n where \n\n\nA\nkm\n\n\n is from (22); then Eq. (24) is reduced to the following equation:
This can be verified substituting (27) into (26) and taking into account that the general implicit solution of the equation (19) can be represented as \n\n\nu\n→\n\n\n\nx\n→\n\nt\n\n=\n\n\nu\n→\n\n0\n\n\n\n\nx\n→\n\n−\n\nt\n\n\nu\n→\n\n\n\n\nx\n¯\n\nt\n\n\n\n\n that is used in (20).
\n
Let us use a known property of the delta function that for any smooth function \n\n\nf\n→\n\n\n\nx\n→\n\n\n\n, the following equality \n\n\nf\n→\n\n\n\nx\n→\n\n\nδ\n\n\n\nx\n→\n\n−\n\n\n\n\nx\n→\n\n\n0\n\n\n\n=\n\n\nf\n→\n\n\n\n\n\nx\n→\n\n\n0\n\n\nδ\n\n\n\nx\n→\n\n−\n\n\n\nx\n→\n\n0\n\n\n\n\n holds. That is why, in the general case, it is possible to multiply both sides of (23) by \n\n\n\ndet\n\n\n∂\n\nΦ\nk\n\n\n\nξ\n→\n\n\n\n\n∂\n\nξ\nm\n\n\n\n\n\n\n getting the following:
where \n\ndet\n\nA\n̂\n\n=\ndet\n\n\n\nδ\nmk\n\n+\nt\n\n\n∂\n\nu\n\n0\nm\n\n\n\n\nξ\n→\n\n\n\n\n∂\n\nξ\nk\n\n\n\n\n\n\n. That solution of Eq. (19) is considered under the following condition:
\n
\n\ndet\n\nA\n̂\n\n>\n0\n\nE30
\n
That is why, sign of \n\ndet\n\nA\n̂\n\n\n is absent in (29). The condition (30) provides smoothness of the solution only on the finite-time interval defined above from (13).
\n
We can check that the very (29) under condition (30) exactly satisfies Eq. (19) by direct substitution of (29) in (19). The solution (29) describes not only potential but also vortex solutions of Eq. (19) in two- and three-dimensional cases for any smooth initial velocity field \n\n\n\nu\n→\n\n0\n\n\n\nx\n→\n\n\n\n that was not known earlier for the solutions of Eq. (19) [22, 23, 24, 25, 26].
\n
The solution (29) of Eq. (19) allows getting an exact solution of Eq. (10) if in (29) to make a substitution: \n\n\nx\n→\n\n→\n\nx\n→\n\n−\n\nB\n→\n\n\nt\n\n\n that yields Eq. (10) representation as in (11).
\n
The solution (29) also can be described as an exact solution of Eq. (4) for \n\nμ\n>\n0\n\n if in (29) to substitute:
where \n\nF\n≡\n\nu\n\n0\nm\n\n\n\n\n\nξ\n→\n\n1\n\n\ndet\n\nA\n̂\n\n\n\n\nξ\n→\n\n1\n\n\nδ\n\n\n\n\nξ\n→\n\n1\n\n−\n\nx\n→\n\n+\n\nt\n\n\nu\n→\n\n0\n\n\n\n\nξ\n→\n\n1\n\n\n\n\n\nu\n\n0\ni\n\n\n\n\nξ\n→\n\n\ndet\n\nA\n̂\n\n\n\nξ\n→\n\n\n\n\n∂\nδ\n\n\n\nξ\n→\n\n−\n\nx\n→\n\n+\nt\n\n\nu\n→\n\n0\n\n\n\nξ\n→\n\n\n\n\n\n\n∂\n\nx\nm\n\n\n\n\n.
\n
To transform sub-integral expression in (32), the following identities shall be used:
The identity (33) is obtained from the relationship (obtained by differentiating the delta function having argument as a given function of \n\n\nξ\n→\n\n\n) \n\n\n\n∂\nδ\n\n\n\nξ\n→\n\n−\n\nx\n→\n\n+\n\nt\n\n\nu\n→\n\n0\n\n\n\nξ\n→\n\n\n\n\n\n\n∂\n\nξ\nk\n\n\n\n=\n−\n\n\n∂\nδ\n\n\n\nξ\n→\n\n−\n\nx\n→\n\n+\n\nt\n\n\nu\n→\n\n0\n\n\n\nξ\n→\n\n\n\n\n\n\n∂\n\nx\nl\n\n\n\n\nA\nlk\n\n\n after multiplying it both sides by the inverse matrix \n\n\nA\nkm\n\n−\n1\n\n\n\n (where \n\n\nA\nlk\n\n\nA\nkm\n\n−\n1\n\n\n=\n\nδ\nlm\n\n\nи and \n\n\nδ\nlm\n\n\n is the unity matrix or the Kronecker delta).
\n
The validity of the identities (34) and (35) is proved by the direct checking. In the one-dimensional case, when \n\n\nA\n̂\n\n=\n1\n+\nt\n\n\ndu\n01\n\n\nd\n\nξ\n1\n\n\n\n=\ndet\n\nA\n̂\n\n;\n\n\nA\n̂\n\n\n−\n1\n\n\n=\n\n\n\ndet\n\nA\n̂\n\n\n\n\n−\n1\n\n\n\n, it obviously follows directly from (34) and (35). Further, in Item 3, the proof of the identities (34) and (35) of the two- and three-dimensional cases is given.
In (39), as it is noted above, \n\ndet\n\nA\n̂\n\n>\n0\n\n, and that is why the sign is not used in the denominator of (39).
\n
The identity (38) is a consequence of the noted above property of the delta function (see discussion before the formula (28)).
\n
To infer the identity (39), it is necessary to consider in the argument of the delta function a Taylor series decomposition of the function \n\n\nu\n\n0\nk\n\n\n\n\n\n\nξ\n→\n\n\n1\n\n\n=\n\nu\n\n0\nk\n\n\n\n\nξ\n→\n\n\n+\n\n\n\n\n∂\n\nu\n\n0\nk\n\n\n\n\n\nξ\n→\n\n1\n\n\n\n\n∂\n\nξ\n\n1\nm\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nξ\n→\n\n1\n\n=\n\nξ\n→\n\n\n\n\n\n\nξ\n\n1\nm\n\n\n−\n\nξ\nm\n\n\n\n+\nO\n\n\n\n\n\n\nξ\n→\n\n\n1\n\n−\n\nξ\n→\n\n\n\n2\n\n\n near the point \n\n\n\nξ\n→\n\n1\n\n=\n\nξ\n→\n\n\n. Then the left-hand side of (39) has the form \n\nδ\n\n\n\n\nA\n̂\n\n\n\n\n\n\nξ\n→\n\n1\n\n−\n\n\nξ\n→\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n similar to that of the right-hand side of (25), and according to (23), we get from here the identity (39).
\n
After the application of the identity (39) to the expression (37), defining the form of the second term in (36), from (36), we get
Equality (40) holds identically due to the identical equality to zero of the expression in the brackets in the sub-integral expression in (40).
\n
Thus, we have proved that (29) exactly satisfies the Hopf equation (19) for any smooth initial velocity fields on the finite-time interval under condition \n\ndet\n\nA\n̂\n\n>\n0\n\n in (13).
Here, (42) corresponds to the formula (13) for n = 2.
\n
Using (41), it is possible to show that the following equality holds (in the left-hand side of (43), summation is assumed on the repeating indices from 1 to 2):
From (42), it follows that the right-hand side of (43) exactly matches \n\n\n\n∂\ndet\n\nA\n̂\n\n\n\n∂\nt\n\n\n\n obtained when differentiating over time in (42). This proves the identity of (34) in the two-dimensional case.
The identities (45) and (46) confirm the truth of the identity (35) in the two-dimensional case.
\n
Similarly, the identity (35) is proved in the three-dimensional case. For that, we need the following representation of the entries of the inverse matrix \n\n\n\nA\n̂\n\n\n−\n1\n\n\n\n [49]:
From (44), in the three-dimensional case, we get on the basis of (47) that all three components of the vector \n\n\nB\nm\n\n≡\n0\n\n. For each \n\nm\n=\n1\n,\n2\n,\n3\n\n, we get identical zeroing separately for the sum of terms proportional to \n\nt\n\n and separately for the sum of the terms proportional to \n\n\nt\n2\n\n\n.
\n
For example, in the expression for B\n1 the sum of terms proportional to the first degree of time has the form \n\nt\n\n\n\n∂\n\n∂\n\nξ\n1\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n∂\n\nu\n02\n\n\n\n∂\n\nξ\n2\n\n\n\n+\n\n\n∂\n\nu\n03\n\n\n\n∂\n\nξ\n3\n\n\n\n\n\n−\n\n\n\n∂\n2\n\n\nu\n02\n\n\n\n∂\n\nξ\n2\n\n∂\n\nξ\n1\n\n\n\n−\n\n\n\n∂\n2\n\n\nu\n03\n\n\n\n∂\n\nξ\n3\n\n∂\n\nξ\n1\n\n\n\n\n\n≡\n0\n\n, and similarly we can show the vanishing of the sum of twelve terms proportional to the square of time. Thus, the identity (35) is also proved in the three-dimensional case.
\n
Proof of the identity (34) also is possible in the 3D case on the basis of (47) and (13) but is related to the cumbersome transformations.
\n
\n\n
\n',keywords:"hydrodynamics, compressibility, viscosity, turbulence, vorticity, EMF waves, Abraham theory, photon in medium",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/63619.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/63619.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63619",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63619",totalDownloads:693,totalViews:160,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:6,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:2,impactScorePercentile:79,impactScoreQuartile:4,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"May 16th 2018",dateReviewed:"August 9th 2018",datePrePublished:"December 31st 2018",datePublished:"February 6th 2019",dateFinished:"September 18th 2018",readingETA:"0",abstract:"The new Vavilov-Cherenkov radiation theory which is based on the relativistic generalization of the Landau theory for superfluid threshold velocity and Abraham theory of the electromagnetic field (EMF) in medium is represented. The new exact solution of the Cauchy problem in unbounded space is obtained for the n-dimensional Euler-Helmholtz (EH) equation in the case of a nonzero-divergence velocity field for an ideal compressible medium. The solution obtained describes the inertial vortex motion and coincides with the exact solution to the n-dimensional Hopf equation which simulates turbulence without pressure. Due to the introduction of a fairly large external friction or by introducing an arbitrary small effective volume viscosity, a new analytic solution of the Cauchy problem for the three-dimensional Navier-Stokes (NS) equation is obtained for compressible flows. This gives the positive solution to the Clay problem (www.clamath.org) generalization on the compressible NS equation. This solution also gives the possibility to obtain a new class of regular solutions to the n-dimensional modification of the Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation, which is ordinarily used for the description of the nonlinear propagation of fronts in active media. The example for potential application of the new exact solution to the Hopf equation is considered in the connection of nonlinear geometrical optics with weak nonlinear medium at the nonlocality of the small action radii.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/63619",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/63619",book:{id:"7582",slug:"nonlinear-optics-novel-results-in-theory-and-applications"},signatures:"Sergey G. Chefranov and Artem S. Chefranov",authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_1_2",title:"1.1 New theory of the Vavilov-Cherenkov radiation (VCR)",level:"2"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"1.2 Exact solution of hydrodynamic equations",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4",title:"2. Conclusions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6",title:"",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"A.1 The direct validation of the solution",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6",title:"A.2 The validation of identities (34) and (35)\n",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'\nMaxwell G. Selected Works on the Electro-Magnetic Field Theory. Moscow, Mir, 1952\n'},{id:"B2",body:'\nKambe T. Fluid Dynamics Research. 2010;42:055502\n'},{id:"B3",body:'\nKuznetsov AP, Kuznetsov SP, Trubetskov DI. Isvestia Vusov, PND. 2015;23:5\n'},{id:"B4",body:'\nKambe T. New scenario of turbulence theory and wall-bounded turbulence: Theoretical significance. arXiv. Jun 2017. 1610.05975v2 (Physics > Fluid Dynamics)\n'},{id:"B5",body:'\nFeinman R, Leiton R, Sands M. Feinman Lectures in Physics. Vol. 5. Moscow, Mir, 1964\n'},{id:"B6",body:'\nChefranov SG, Mokhov II, Chefranov AG. The hydrodynamic singular vortex on the sphere and the Dirac monopole. arXiv. 2017. 1711.04124v1 (Physics > Fluid Dynamics )\n'},{id:"B7",body:'\nPAM D. Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 1931;133:60\n'},{id:"B8",body:'\nBlaha S. Physical Review Letters. 1976;36:874\n'},{id:"B9",body:'\nVolovik GE, Mineev VP. Soviet Physics. JETP Letters. 1976;23:647\n'},{id:"B10",body:'\nVolovik GE et al. arXiv. 1999. cond-mat/9911486v2\n'},{id:"B11",body:'\nVolovik GE. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2000;97:2431\n'},{id:"B12",body:'\nLandau LD. Soviet Physics. JETP Letters. 1941;11:592\n'},{id:"B13",body:'\nChefranov SG. Physical Review Letters. 2004;93:254801\n'},{id:"B14",body:'\nChefranov SG. JETP. 2004;99:296\n'},{id:"B15",body:'\nChefranov SG. JETP. 2016;123:12\n'},{id:"B16",body:'\nTamm IM. Journal de Physique. 1939;1:139\n'},{id:"B17",body:'\nFrank IM. Physics Review. 1943;75:1862\n'},{id:"B18",body:'\nGinzburg VL. Journal de Physique. 1940;2:441\n'},{id:"B19",body:'\nKuramoto Y, Tsuzuki T. Progress in Theoretical Physics. 1976;55:356\n'},{id:"B20",body:'\nSivashinsky GI. Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena. 1982;4:227\n'},{id:"B21",body:'\nSivashinsky GI. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics. 1983;15:179\n'},{id:"B22",body:'\nChefranov SG. Soviet Physics – Doklady. 1991;36(4):286\n'},{id:"B23",body:'\nChefranov SG, Chefranov AG. Exact time dependent solution to the 3D Euler-Helmholtz and Riemann-Hopf equations for the vortex flow of compressible medium and the Sixth Millennium Prize Problem. arXiv. 2017. 1703.07239v3 (Physics > Fluid Dynamics)\n'},{id:"B24",body:'\nChefranov SG, Chefranov AG. Cardiometry. 2017. 10 www.cardiometry.net\n\n'},{id:"B25",body:'\nChefranov SG, Chefranov AG. The 6th International Conference 10th Anniversary Program “Turbulent Mixing and Beyond”. Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics; 14–18 August 2017; Trieste, Italy\n'},{id:"B26",body:'\nChefranov SG, Chefranov AG. Proceedings of Euromech/Ercoftac Colloquium 589 “Turbulent Cascades II”; 5–7 December 2017. Lyon, France: Ecole Central de Lyon Ecully\n'},{id:"B27",body:'\nFeffermann CB. Existence and Smoothness of the Navier-Stokes Equation, The Millennium Prize Problems. Vol. 57. Cambridge, MA: Clay Mathematics Institute; 2006. www.claymath.org\n\n'},{id:"B28",body:'\nCherenkov PA. Physical Review. 1937;52:378\n'},{id:"B29",body:'\nBolotovsky BM. Oliver Heaviside. Moscow: Nauka; 1985\n'},{id:"B30",body:'\nLandau LD, Lifshitz EM. Electrodynamics of Continuous Mediums. Moscow: Nauka; 1982. p. 553. republished by Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1984\n'},{id:"B31",body:'\nCollins GB, Reiling. Physical Review. 1938;54:499\n'},{id:"B32",body:'\nTailor JB. Physical Review Letters. 1974;33:1133\n'},{id:"B33",body:'\nChefranov SG. JETP Letters. 2001;73:274\n'},{id:"B34",body:'\nChefranov SG, Chefranov AG. JETP. 2014;146:373\n'},{id:"B35",body:'\nChefranov SG, Chefranov AG. Doklady Physics. 2015;60:327\n'},{id:"B36",body:'\nChefranov SG, Chefranov AG. JETP. 2016;122:925\n'},{id:"B37",body:'\nRyazanov MI. Soviet Physics – Doklady. 1964;18:238\n'},{id:"B38",body:'\nMonin AS, Yaglom AM. Statistical Hydromechanics. Saint-Petersburg: Gidrometeoizdat; 1992\n'},{id:"B39",body:'\nBatchelor GK. An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1970\n'},{id:"B40",body:'\nLandau LD, Lifshitz EM. Fluid Mechanics. 2nd ed. Oxford: Pergamon Press; 1987\n'},{id:"B41",body:'\nStewart I. The Great Mathematical Problems. Profile Boobs, Joat Enterprise; 2013\n'},{id:"B42",body:'\nKuznetsov EA, Mineev VP. Physics Letters A. 1996;221:187\n'},{id:"B43",body:'\nPelinovskii EN. Izvestiya Vuzov, Radiophysics. 1976;19:373\n'},{id:"B44",body:'\nChefranov SG. Soviet Physics - JETP. 1989;69(1):94\n'},{id:"B45",body:'\nKuznetsov EA. Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena. 2003;184:266\n'},{id:"B46",body:'\nKonopelchenko BG, Moro A. Theoretical and Mathematical Physics. 2005;144(1):968\n'},{id:"B47",body:'\nChefranov SG. The new microscopic Vavilov-Cherenkov radiation theory. arXiv. 2012. 1204.0002v1 (Physics > General Physics)\n'},{id:"B48",body:'\nGel’fand IM, Vilenkin NY. Generalize Functions. Vol. 4. Moscow; 1961. p. 317\n'},{id:"B49",body:'\nCramer H. Mathematical methods of Statistics, Stockholm, 1946. p. 128 (In Russian-Moscow, Mir, 1975)\n'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Sergey G. Chefranov",address:"schefranov@mail.ru; csergei@technion.ac.il",affiliation:'
Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
Plasma Physics and Pulse Power Research Laboratory, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Israel
'},{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Artem S. Chefranov",address:null,affiliation:'
Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"7582",type:"book",title:"Nonlinear Optics",subtitle:"Novel Results in Theory and Applications",fullTitle:"Nonlinear Optics - Novel Results in Theory and Applications",slug:"nonlinear-optics-novel-results-in-theory-and-applications",publishedDate:"February 6th 2019",bookSignature:"Boris I. Lembrikov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7582.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-78985-164-9",printIsbn:"978-1-78985-163-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-009-6",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:3,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"2359",title:"Dr.",name:"Boris I.",middleName:"I.",surname:"Lembrikov",slug:"boris-i.-lembrikov",fullName:"Boris I. Lembrikov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1225"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"65062",type:"chapter",title:"Introductory Chapter: Nonlinear Optical Phenomena",slug:"introductory-chapter-nonlinear-optical-phenomena",totalDownloads:1226,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Boris I. Lembrikov",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"2359",title:"Dr.",name:"Boris I.",middleName:"I.",surname:"Lembrikov",fullName:"Boris I. Lembrikov",slug:"boris-i.-lembrikov"}]},{id:"64727",type:"chapter",title:"Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation",slug:"nonlinear-schr-dinger-equation",totalDownloads:1381,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jing Huang",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"198550",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jing",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Jing Huang",slug:"jing-huang"}]},{id:"63615",type:"chapter",title:"Three Solutions to the Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation for a Constant Potential",slug:"three-solutions-to-the-nonlinear-schr-dinger-equation-for-a-constant-potential",totalDownloads:1101,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Gabino Torres Vega",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"93519",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabino",middleName:null,surname:"Torres-Vega",fullName:"Gabino Torres-Vega",slug:"gabino-torres-vega"}]},{id:"63619",type:"chapter",title:"Hydrodynamic Methods and Exact Solutions in Application to the Electromagnetic Field Theory in Medium",slug:"hydrodynamic-methods-and-exact-solutions-in-application-to-the-electromagnetic-field-theory-in-mediu",totalDownloads:693,totalCrossrefCites:6,signatures:"Sergey G. Chefranov and Artem S. Chefranov",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"64097",type:"chapter",title:"Polarization Properties of the Solitons Generated in the Process of Pulse Breakup in Twisted Fiber Pumped by ns Pulses",slug:"polarization-properties-of-the-solitons-generated-in-the-process-of-pulse-breakup-in-twisted-fiber-p",totalDownloads:959,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ariel Flores Rosas, Orlando Díaz Hernández, Roberto Arceo,\nGerardo J. Escalera Santos, Sergio Mendoza Vázquez, Elizeth Ramírez Álvarez,\nChristian I. Enriquez Flores and Evgeny Kuzin",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"63461",type:"chapter",title:"Towards Enhancing the Efficiency of Nonlinear Optical Generation",slug:"towards-enhancing-the-efficiency-of-nonlinear-optical-generation",totalDownloads:880,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Padma Nilaya J. and Dhruba J. Biswas",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"63480",type:"chapter",title:"Widely Tunable Quantum-Well Laser: OPO Diode Around 2 μm Based on a Coupled Waveguide Heterostructure",slug:"widely-tunable-quantum-well-laser-opo-diode-around-2-m-based-on-a-coupled-waveguide-heterostructure",totalDownloads:878,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Alice Bernard, Jean-Michel Gérard, Ivan Favero and Giuseppe Leo",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"63398",type:"chapter",title:"Stimulated Raman Scattering in Micro- and Nanophotonics",slug:"stimulated-raman-scattering-in-micro-and-nanophotonics",totalDownloads:1198,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Maria Antonietta Ferrara and Luigi Sirleto",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"104314",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Antonietta",middleName:null,surname:"Ferrara",fullName:"Maria Antonietta Ferrara",slug:"maria-antonietta-ferrara"},{id:"247769",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Luigi",middleName:null,surname:"Sirleto",fullName:"Luigi Sirleto",slug:"luigi-sirleto"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3674",title:"Ultra Wideband",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"ultra-wideband",bookSignature:"Boris Lembrikov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3674.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"2359",title:"Dr.",name:"Boris I.",surname:"Lembrikov",slug:"boris-i.-lembrikov",fullName:"Boris I. Lembrikov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"11963",title:"Ultra Wideband Preliminaries",slug:"ultra-wideband-preliminaries",signatures:"Mohammad Matin",authors:[null]},{id:"11964",title:"Impact of Ultra Wide Band (UWB) on Highways Microcells",slug:"impact-of-ultra-wide-band-uwb-on-highways-microcells",signatures:"Bazil Taha Ahmed and Miguel Calvo-Ramon",authors:[null]},{id:"11965",title:"Parallel Channels Using Frequency Multiplexing Techniques",slug:"parallel-channels-using-frequency-multiplexing-techniques",signatures:"Magnus Karlsson, Allan Huynh and Shaofang Gong",authors:[null]},{id:"11966",title:"Performance of a TH-PPM UWB System in Different Scenarios Environments",slug:"performance-of-a-th-ppm-uwb-system-in-different-scenarios-environments",signatures:"Moez Hizem and Ridha Bouallegue",authors:[null]},{id:"11967",title:"High Performance Analog Optical Links Based on Quantum Dot Devices for UWB Signal Transmission",slug:"high-performance-analog-optical-links-based-on-quantum-dot-devices-for-uwb-signal-transmission",signatures:"Yosef Ben-Ezra, Boris Lembrikov and Moshe Ran",authors:[null]},{id:"11968",title:"Performance Study of an Ultra-Wideband Indoor Localization and Asset Tracking System",slug:"performance-study-of-an-ultra-wideband-indoor-localization-and-asset-tracking-system",signatures:"Jong-Hoon Youn and Yong Cho",authors:[null]},{id:"11969",title:"Transient Modeling of Ultra Wideband Pulse Propagation",slug:"transient-modeling-of-ultra-wideband-pulse-propagation",signatures:"Qingsheng Zeng and Arto Chubukjian",authors:[null]},{id:"11970",title:"Design of CMOS UWB Pulse Generators",slug:"design-of-cmos-uwb-pulse-generators",signatures:"Jean Gaubert and Sylvain Bourdel",authors:[null]},{id:"11971",title:"Ultra Wideband Oscillators",slug:"ultra-wideband-oscillators",signatures:"Abdolreza Nabavi",authors:[null]},{id:"11972",title:"Design of CMOS UWB LNA",slug:"design-of-cmos-uwb-lna",signatures:"Jean Gaubert and Sylvain Bourdel",authors:[null]},{id:"11973",title:"A CPW Ultra-Wideband Circuits for Wireless Communications",slug:"a-cpw-ultra-wideband-circuits-for-wireless-communications",signatures:"Mourad Nedil, Azzeddine Djaiz, Adnane Habib and Tayeb Denidni",authors:[null]},{id:"11976",title:"Filter Bank-based Transceiver Design for Ultrawideband",slug:"filter-bank-based-transceiver-design-for-ultrawideband",signatures:"Christian Ibars, Xavier Artiga, Monica Navarro, Montse Najar, Antonio Mollfulleda, Ana Moragrega, Ciprian Gavrincea and Carles Fernandez",authors:[null]},{id:"11978",title:"Passive Components for UWB Systems",slug:"passive-components-for-uwb-systems",signatures:"Fermin Mira Perez, Antonio Mollfulleda, Pavel Miskovsky, Jordi Mateu and Jose M. Gonzalez-Arbesu",authors:[null]},{id:"11979",title:"UWB Radar for Detection and Localization of Trapped People",slug:"uwb-radar-for-detection-and-localization-of-trapped-people-",signatures:"Egor Zaikov and Juergen Sachs",authors:[null]},{id:"11980",title:"Design and Characterization of Microstrip UWB Antennas",slug:"design-and-characterization-of-microstrip-uwb-antennas-",signatures:"Djamel Abed and Hocine Kimouche",authors:[null]},{id:"11981",title:"UWB Antennas: Design and Modeling",slug:"uwb-antennas-design-and-modeling",signatures:"Yvan Duroc and Ali Imran Najam",authors:[null]},{id:"11982",title:"On the Design of a Super Wideband Antenna",slug:"on-the-design-of-a-super-wideband-antenna",signatures:"Dinh Tran",authors:[null]},{id:"11983",title:"A Small Novel Ultra Wideband Antenna with Slotted Ground Plane",slug:"a-small-novel-ultra-wideband-antenna-with-slotted-ground-plane",signatures:"Yusnita Naumar, Razali Ngah and Tharek Abdul Rahman",authors:[null]},{id:"11984",title:"Slotted Ultra Wideband Antenna for Bandwidth Enhancement",slug:"slotted-ultra-wideband-antenna-for-bandwidth-enhancement",signatures:"Yusnita Naumar, Razali Ngah and Tharek Abdul Rahman",authors:[null]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10075",title:"Nonlinear Optics",subtitle:"From Solitons to Similaritons",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b034b2a060292c8511359aec0db1002c",slug:"nonlinear-optics-from-solitons-to-similaritons",bookSignature:"İlkay Bakırtaş and Nalan Antar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10075.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"186388",title:"Prof.",name:"İlkay",surname:"Bakırtaş",slug:"ilkay-bakirtas",fullName:"İlkay Bakırtaş"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6599",title:"Small Angle Scattering and Diffraction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b1efb6a54c3fbdadd875f7bac0f6718",slug:"small-angle-scattering-and-diffraction",bookSignature:"Margareth K. K. D. Franco and Fabiano Yokaichiya",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6599.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"186337",title:"Dr.",name:"Margareth Kazuyo Kobayashi",surname:"Dias Franco",slug:"margareth-kazuyo-kobayashi-dias-franco",fullName:"Margareth Kazuyo Kobayashi Dias Franco"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7582",title:"Nonlinear Optics",subtitle:"Novel Results in Theory and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a3ad4a3553a3ec59f7992d4f6495ac07",slug:"nonlinear-optics-novel-results-in-theory-and-applications",bookSignature:"Boris I. Lembrikov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7582.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"2359",title:"Dr.",name:"Boris I.",surname:"Lembrikov",slug:"boris-i.-lembrikov",fullName:"Boris I. Lembrikov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8350",title:"Fiber Optic Sensing",subtitle:"Principle, Measurement and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d35774b28952d3c4c4643b58dec25549",slug:"fiber-optic-sensing-principle-measurement-and-applications",bookSignature:"Shien-Kuei Liaw",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8350.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"206109",title:"Dr.",name:"Shien-Kuei",surname:"Liaw",slug:"shien-kuei-liaw",fullName:"Shien-Kuei Liaw"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8873",title:"Optical Coherence Tomography and Its Non-medical Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"04048c4d925e4a7256014a26cf19c40c",slug:"optical-coherence-tomography-and-its-non-medical-applications",bookSignature:"Michael R. Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8873.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6356",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",surname:"Wang",slug:"michael-wang",fullName:"Michael Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"65828",title:"Memristive Grid for Maze Solving",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84678",slug:"memristive-grid-for-maze-solving",body:'
1. Introduction
For thousands of years, mazes have intrigued the human mind [1]. The labyrinths have been used in research with laboratory animals, in order to study their ability to recognize their environment [2, 3, 4]. In the 1990s, artificial intelligence of robots was studied by examining their ability to traverse unfamiliar mazes [5, 6, 7]. Maze exploration algorithms are closely related to graph theory and have been used in both mathematics and computer science [8, 9].
There are several algorithms for maze solving in the literature, they can be classified in two very well-defined groups: the algorithms used by a traveler in the maze without knowledge of a general view of the maze, and the algorithms used for a program that can have a whole view the whole maze. Some examples of the first ones are the wall follower, random mouse, pledge algorithm [10], and Trémaux’s algorithm [11]. In the second group, shortest path algorithms are most useful, because they can find the solution not only for a simple connected maze, but also for multiple-solution mazes.
In this chapter, we put a main idea into practice, namely that the topology of a maze can be mapped onto a memristive grid. By exploiting the analog computations performed by solving Kirchoft’s Current Laws (KCL) in a parallel manner, memristive grids have demonstrated their ability for computing shortest paths in a given maze, levering on the dynamic adjustment of their intrinsic memristance [12, 13].
The parallel solution of KCL introduces a resemblance of the memristive grid as an analog processor [14] in counterposition to a digital approach in which the processing can also be done in parallel way, but the overhead in additional conversion circuitry is too high.
Two important milestones appear in the history of the memristor. The first one in 1971 when professor Leon O. Chua introduced the memristor as the fourth basic circuit element in his seminal paper [15]. It established that the memristor completes the number of possible relationships between the four fundamental circuit variables: current, voltage, magnetic flux, and electric charge—as depicted in Figure 1. Later, an extension to memristive systems was published in [16].
Figure 1.
Basic circuit elements.
The second milestone occurred in 2008, when a team at Hewlett-Packard Laboratories fabricated a device whose behavior exhibited the memristance phenomenon [17]. Since the advent of the memristor as an actual device, research and technological development in several areas related to memristive applications have been increased.
In the field of signal processing, the memristor has special preponderance in neuro-computing and artificial neural networks because it allows new architectures and processing paradigms with important features based on biological neuronal systems [18, 19, 20, 21, 22]. In summary, a novel form of neuro-computing is on scene, namely memcomputing [23].
Memristive grids represent a family of neuro-computing systems that are able of achieving in a very flexible way several tasks for analog applications. In the next paragraphs, we present a specially tailored memristive grid that is focused on solving mazes.
The rest of the manuscript is organized as follows: in Section 2, the developed models are recast in a set of fully analytical expressions for the memristance, which are given as charge-controlled functions that are further used in this application. The components of the memristive grid are introduced in Section 3. The maze-solving procedure is introduced in Section 4 by explaining the simulation flow of the memristive grid. Subsequently, several mazes are solved in order to illustrate the operation of the memristive grid in Section 6. Finally, a series of conclusions is drawn.
2. Development of a charge-controlled memristor model
In this section, a charge-controlled memristor model is introduced. The model has been developed by solving the ordinary differential equation (ODE) that describes the nonlinear drift mechanism, with a homotopy perturbation method that yields an analytical expression for the memristance [24, 25, 26, 27].
In order to obtain a charge-dependent memristance model, the nonlinear drift differential equation is expressed in terms of the electric charge:
dxqdq=ηκfwxqE1
where η defines the direction of the drift and it can be ±1. Besides, fw is the window function used to define the nonlinear and bounded behavior of the state variable xq, and it is given as [28]:
fw=1−2x−12kE2
Figure 2 shows the resulting window plots for various values of k. In addition, κ is given as:
κ=μRonΔ2E3
where μ, Ron, and Δ are the mobility, the ON-state resistance, and the dimension of the device.
Figure 2.
Window function for different values of k.
The main goal is to obtain a solution to Eq. (1) in the form of an analytical expression x(q). Once, this is done, this solution is substituted into the coupled resistor equivalent of Figure 3 which is expressed as [17]:
Mt=Ronxq+Roff1−xqE4
where Mt is the total memristance. Besides, Ron and Roff are the on-state and the off-state resistances respectively.
Figure 3.
Coupled series equivalent of the memristor.
In order to obtain an analytical solution to Eq. (1), we resort to the methodology reported in [24, 29], which is based on the homotopy perturbation method (HPM). HPM finds xq for a given order of the homotopy method as well as the integer value of exponent of the window function (k). Furthermore, it should be also pointed out that the charge may be positive or negative.
As a result, the sign of the charge as well as the direction of the drift (η) allows us to introduce two operators that are used to simplify the final expressions for the solution. These operators are denoted as Λ and Θ. Table 1 shows how they are defined depending on the signs of the charge and η.
q≥0
q<0
η+
Λ=−1Θ=1
Λ=1Θ=0
η−
Λ=−1Θ=0
Λ=1Θ=1
Table 1.
Operators for the signs of η and q.
As a matter of an example, the expression of xq for order-1 with k=1 is given as:
It can be noticed that HPM produces nested expressions of the memristance, that is to say, a given memristance of a given order is expressed as function of the memristance of lower orders.
For order-1 and k=2, the memristance is given as follows:
Eqs. (6), (9)–(12) are indeed the analytical expressions that constitute memristor models. References [29, 30] contain a proper characterization of the resulting models.
3. Implementing the memristive grid
A memristive grid is a rectangular array of memristive branches, as shown in Figure 4. Herein, the memristive branches have been denoted as bricked circuit elements called memristive fuses. In addition, a memristive fuse is composed of a series connection of two memristors in anti-series and a switching device [14].
Figure 4.
Description of the memristive grid.
The switch is used to define the structure of the labyrinth, if the switch is in the ON-state, then the way is free, while if the switch is in the OFF-state then a wall is encountered. Figure 5 shows the equivalent of the memristive fuse.
Figure 5.
Configuration of the memristive fuse for maze solving.
In order to illustrate the use of the memristive grid in describing a maze, the maze of Figure 6a is used. The entrance of the maze is marked by the green arrow and the output is marked by a red arrow, and the walls are shown in red. The maze is mapped onto the memristive grid as shown in Figure 6b by denoting the entrance of the maze as a voltage source, while the output of the maze is given by the ground node. For sake of clarity, both figures are merged into Figure 6c, where the blocked paths are represented by memristive fuses in red, on the contrary, the paths that can be followed are represented by memristive fuses in white. It clearly results that the walls should be given by memristive fuses with the switch in the OFF-state (high-resistance), while the open paths are constituted by memristive fuses with the switch in the ON-state (low-resistance).
Figure 6.
Mapping the maze onto the memristive grid. (a) Maze, (b) Grid and (c) Merging the maze and the grid.
On the top of this, the memristive grid can be straightforwardly adapted to other kinds of mazes. Mazes with multiple entrances are represented with multiple input voltages. Similarly, mazes with multiple outputs are given by setting multiple instances of the ground node.
3.1 An algorithmic view
A close look of the solution path in Figure 6a can lead us to a graph-theoretical explanation on how the memristive grid solves the maze, because the open ways in the maze can be regarded as an unweighted graph where the solution path is subgraph. The solution path can be found by using a breath-first-search (BFS) algorithm in order to traverse the graph which yields indeed the shortest-path because we deal with an unweighted graph [31].
The application of BFS is illustrated by determining the shortest path between nodes 3 and 6 of the graph from Figure 7a. Here, node 3 can be regarded as the input (i) and node 6 as the output (o). The algorithm starts by selecting the initial node (3). From this, a first level of coloring is achieved by selecting the neighboring nodes (2, 4, 5). This procedure is repeated until all nodes have been visited. For this graph, it suffices with 2 levels. The shortest path is defined by the sequence 3→5→6, which is shown in red in Figure 7b.
Figure 7.
BFS algorithm to obtain the shortest path. (a) A graph and (b) The BFS algorithm.
As a result, by representing the graph with the memristive grid, it allows us to define ways for the current to flow through the open paths by gradually changing the equivalent memristance of the fuse. Besides, what is more relevant, since the current is given as the time-derivative of the charge, then the solution of the maze is always given by the shortest path to ground which represents the path with the fastest changing memristance.
3.2 Technical specifications of the memristive fuse
The memristive fuse from Figure 5 contains a pair of memristors in anti-series connection. Such a memristor connection produces an M-q characteristic that is composed of the overlapping of the M-q curves of the memristor expressions for η− and η+. Figure 8a shows the M-q characteristics for the model of order-1, k=5 and Figure 8b shows the schematic curve with the values of Roff and Rinit. Physical parameters of the memristor model are given by the nominal values of the HP memristor. A summary of the specs for the memristor model is given in Table 2.
Figure 8.
Memristance-charge characteristic of the anti-series connection. (a) MO1K5 and (b) M-q.
It clearly results that the overall performance of the grid in solving mazes is based on the model of the memristors that form the fuses. Even though the models are recast in fully symbolic form—which represent a great advantage, numeric values should be assigned to the parameters of the model, as given in Table 2. Since variations of the model parameters may appear, it is important to notice that the anti-series connection alleviates the possible effects of those variations. Specific sensitivity analysis on the parameter variations of the charge-controlled models are given in [30].
3.2.1 Switch implementation
In the memristive fuse, an ideal switch can be used in the process of finding the solution, however, with the aim to have a more realistic switch, a transmission gate is used instead. The transmission gate is a switch in CMOS technology, it consists of an NMOS transistor and a PMOS transistor connected in parallel, as in Figure 9a. Both devices in combination can fully transmit any signal value between Vdd (the supply voltage of the transistors) and ground. In order to switch, each transistor requires a complementary control input. Therefore, it is necessary to add an inverter connected between the control input and the PMOS gate [30, 32].
Figure 9.
Transmission gate. (a) Configuration and (b) symbol.
If the control input is Vdd then the switch is closed, and as a result, the transmission gate can pass the input signal to output because it exhibits a low-resistance. On the contrary, if the control input is grounded, then the switch is opened and the transmission gate presents a high-resistance.
In order to simulate the transmission gate of the memristive fuse, a CMOS 180 nm technology is used. The parameters of the two complementary transistors are shown in Table 3. The equivalent resistance of the transmission gate both states as a function of the input voltage is shown in Figure 10.
μvm2Vs
Δnm
RonΩ
RoffΩ
RinitΩ
k
Order
1×10−14
10
100
16×103
1×103
5
1
Table 2.
Memristor parameters of the anti-series connection.
CMOS TG
Wμm
Lμm
PMOS
1.44
0.18
NMOS
0.48
0.18
Table 3.
Transmission gate: transistor parameters.
Figure 10.
Resistance characteristic of the transmission gate for both states. (a) ON-state and (b) OFF-state.
The resistance values are extracted making a sweep of the input voltage and measure the equivalent average resistance of the transistors in the ON-state (switch closed, Figure 10a) and OFF-state (switch opened, Figure 10b). Table 4 shows the selected values for RTGon and RTGoff.
RTGonΩ
RTGoffΩ
2.504×103
10.854×109
Table 4.
Selected values for RTGon and RTGoff.
In addition, it can be noticed that the initial value of the ON-state resistance is given as:
RTGinit=RTGonVin=0=1.266E13
As a result of the specifications above, a couple of parameters are of special interest, namely, the initial resistance and the maximum resistance of the memristive fuses. At the start, the fuses present an initial resistance which is given as the sum of the initial resistance of the memristors in the anti-series connection plus initial resistance of the ON-state of the transmission gate:
Rfuseinit=2Rinit+RTGinitE14
which is 3.266 kΩ.
Moreover, the maximum resistance of the fuse is given as:
Rfusemax=Roff1+Ron2+RTGonE15
It is worthy to notice that the maximum fuse resistance does not contain Roff of both memristor, but Roff of one memristor and Ron of the other memristor due to the anti-series connection.
4. Simulation flow
Since the solution path for a given maze is obtained by determining the path where the fastest change in resistance occurs, the core of the solution process involves a transient analysis. We have chosen to achieve the electrical simulation of the memristive grid by using HSPICE. Both memristors of the fuse are defined as nonlinear resistors in the input netlist.
The simulation flow is shown in Figure 11 and is described as follows:
Figure 11.
Simulation flow.
Maze generator: The first stage in the solution process is to generate the maze by using a script in MATLAB that generates the maze and it is shown as a plot. The walls of the maze are shown in green color in the resulting plot. From this graphical description, the maze can be automatically mapped onto the memristive grid and an input file for HSPICE is generated. The inputs in the maze are represented by input voltage sources of 1V and the exits are connected to ground.
Electric simulation: The netlist obtained by the maze generator is simulated with HSPICE. Here, a transient analysis for 20s is carried out, this time is enough to find the solutions of the mazes under-test, however, the exact time when the solutions are found depends on the maze dimensions (grid). The transient simulation results are saved in a .tr0 output file.
Graphic display of the results: In order to visualize the results, a script in MATLAB imports the output simulation signals obtained with HSPICE. The resistance dynamic change (ΔRt) is calculated at each simulation time and then the paths of the maze are represented by a graph, where the color in each branch indicates the level of ΔRt at a given time. For sake of readiness, we have selected white for the minimum change and black for the maximum change.
During the transient simulation, the equivalent resistance of the fuses is obtained at every instant t. It clearly results that ΔR is obtained by calculating the difference between the measured resistance and the minimum resistance from Eq. (14):
ΔRt=Rt−RfuseinitE16
Consequently, the fuses that first reach the highest ΔR define indeed the solution path of the maze. In mazes with multiple solutions, fuses that belong to the shortest path reach high values of ΔR more fastly. As time lapses, other solution paths are revealed reaching high values of ΔR. For a given time, all fuses within the solution paths reach the maximum ΔR, which is given by
maxΔRt=Rt−RfusemaxE17
5. Mazes under-test
In order to prove the behavior of the memristive grid in maze solving, this section presents several cases that have been ordered as follows:
Mazes with a single solution
Mazes with multiple solutions
Maze with two inputs and two outputs
An octogonal maze with three inputs and a single output
A 3D maze
5.1 Single-solution mazes
The first set to be solved consists of three mazes with a single-entrance and single-output and the solution is given by a unique path.
5.1.1 The 5×5 maze
The first maze, from Figure 12a, is treated in full with the aim of highlighting the details of the solution procedure. The first stage of the procedure yields the memristive grid associated to the mapping of the maze, which is shown in Figure 12b. The resulting netlist of the memristive grid is then simulated in a transient analysis with HSPICE.
Figure 12.
Mapping the 5×5 single-solution maze onto the memristive grid. (a) A 5×5 maze and (b) associated memristive grid.
It can be noticed that there are 24 memristive fuses in the open paths of the maze. The electrical simulation is applied in order to measure the instantaneous resistance of the fuses. On the one hand, Figure 13a shows the transient behavior of the resistance of those fuses for the first 15s. It can be noticed that all fuses start with the same resistance at t=0, namely Rfuseinit. As a result, at t=0, ΔR=0 for all fuses and the maze is not walked yet and the output display shows the open paths in white color, as shown in Figure 13b.
Figure 13.
Transient analysis of the maze in Figure 12 for small values of t. (a) Rt of the fuses for 0<t<0.197s, (b) t=0s, and (c) t=0.197s.
As time lapses, at t=0.197s, only the fuses belonging to the solution path exhibit significant changes in their resistance. Here, the blue lines correspond to fuses outside the solution path, while the red lines correspond to fuses that belong to solution path. These changes are represented in the output display of Figure 13c for the same time in yellow. The solution path can already be distinguished.
On the other hand, Figure 14a shows Rt of the memristive fuses for 0<t<20s. The red lines show that the fuses belonging to the solution path reached a maximum, while the blue lines remain in low levels of resistance, i.e., they belong to paths that finish in dead-ends.
Figure 14.
Transient analysis of the maze in Figure 12 for larger values of t. (a) Rt of the fuses for 0<t<20s, (b) t=1.3929s, and (c) t=3.7886s.
Within this time-window, two snapshots of the output display have been taken at t=1.3929s and t=3.7886s—as depicted in the plots of Figure 14b and c, respectively. In the first display, the solution path is already highlighted in red with fuses having a value of ΔR≈8.0kΩ. At t=3.7886s, the fuses of the solution path show ΔR=15.0kΩ.
In summary, it can be concluded that the memristive grid achieves the solution of the maze in a parallel processing by calculating the resistance of the fuses simultaneously. The progress of the solution procedure can be regarded as tracking the dynamic behavior of ΔR, which directly points out the solution path of the maze. On top of this, the output display allows us to visualize this procedure with the help of a color scale.
5.1.2 The 10×10 and 15×15 mazes
The memristive grid has also been applied to single-solution mazes that have larger sizes. The first maze is of 10×10 dimension and it is depicted in Figure 15a showing these mazes.
Figure 15.
10×10 maze and solution at t=1.3929s.
The second case is a 15×15 maze, which is shown altogether with its solution in Figure 16.
Figure 16.
15×15 maze and solution at t=3.7886s.
5.2 Multiple solutions mazes
The second set to be solved consists of three mazes that have solutions with multiple paths.
5.2.1 The 5×5 maze with multiple solutions
This maze is shown in Figure 17. It is a very simple example that is explained to some extent in order to illustrate the procedure for finding the paths that constitute the solutions.
Figure 17.
A 5×5 double-solution maze.
After carrying out the transient simulation, the resistance of the memristive fuses is obtained. Figure 18a shows Rt for 0<t<0.65s. Herein, the attention is focused only on the resistance of the fuses belonging to the solution paths. Furthermore, the red lines show a steepest behavior which is a result that the red lines are associated to the fuses belonging to the solution with the shortest path. Besides, the blue lines are associated to fuses for the second solution path.
Figure 18.
Progress of the solution search for small t for the maze in Figure 17. (a) Rt for 0<t<0.65s, (b) t=0s, (c) t=0.2204s, and (d) t=0.638s.
It can be observed that all paths start from Rfuseinit when t=0, i.e., the maze has not yet been walked—as given in the display of Figure 18b. After 0.2204 s, both solutions paths are already distinguishable, but the shortest path exhibits higher ΔR, which denoted by the darkest yellow tones in Figure 18c. After a while, at t=0.638, the solution given by the shortest path is perfectly differentiable from the other solution, which can be compared by using the color bar.
After a larger sweep of time, the resistances of the fuses for both solutions have coalesced into an asymptotic level, which is the maximum value of the resistance at t=20s—as shown in Figure 19.
Figure 19.
Transient analysis for larger values of t. (a) Rt and (b) display at t=20s.
5.2.2 Other mazes with multiple solutions
In this paragraph, two case studies are presented. The first one is the maze shown in Figure 20a, which is a 10×10 maze that has a single entrance and a single exit, but there are four possible solution paths.
Figure 20.
Multiple-solution maze with one entrance and one exit. (a) Maze, (b) t=1.901s, and (c) t=20s.
A snapshot at 1.901 s has been taken—see Figure 20b. The four solution paths are visible in different colors. The shortest path is shown in red exhibiting the highest ΔR at the time of evaluation. On the opposite, the solution with the longest path is given in pale yellow. This example shows the usefulness of the color palette of the output display on its full extent, because all possible solution paths are visible and it gives more insight on the progress of the solution procedure. After a long time, all the solutions reach the same resistance value as shown in Figure 20c.
The second example of this paragraph is a maze with two entrances and two exits that is shown in Figure 21a. We show in Figure 21b a snapshot taken at 1.0276 s. At this point, the memristive grid has been able to find both shortest paths for the solutions between the entrances and the outputs. After a while, at t=8.0716s, the output display shows the connection between both paths—as given in Figure 21c.
Figure 21.
Multiple-solution maze with two entrances and one exits. (a) Maze, (b) t=1.0276s, and (c) t=8.0716s.
5.3 Octogonal maze
A nonrectangular maze is given in Figure 22a, which is an octogonal concentric maze with three entrances and with the output goal in the center of the maze. The three entrances are denoted as S, E, and NW. Entrances E and NW cannot reach the solution, while entrance S does. Given the impossibility of the output display for dealing with nonrectangular mazes, the octogonal maze is converted into an isomorphic view that is given in Figure 22b that shows the solution path in red.
Figure 22.
Octogonal maze and solution.
5.4 A 3D maze
In order to illustrate that the memristive grid is able to deal with a three-dimensional maze, a three-layer maze is solved. For sake of readiness, Figure 23 shows the maze in separated levels in a puzzle-fashion. The ball on the top-layer indicates the starting point of the maze, while the ball in the low-layer points out to the output of the maze. The layers communicate each other with holes that are depicted as circles on the floor and disks on the roof of them.
Figure 23.
A 3D-maze.
The memristive grid that describes this maze counts 16 nodes per layer which yields a total of 48 nodes. Every layer possesses 24 branches (the external walls do not count) plus four inter-layer branches, i.e., 78 memristive fuses to describe the maze.
Finally, the output display given in Figure 24 shows the progress of the solution procedure.
Figure 24.
Solutions of the 3D-maze.
6. Code for the model
In the following, the code for the memristor model as used within HSPICE is given.
A specially tailored memristive grid has been used as an analog processor for solving mazes. The memristives branches of the grid (fuses) are formed by an anti-series connection of two memristors and a switch. On one side, we have introduced a family of symbolic models for the memristor that are defined by charge-controlled functions. The fact that the models are charge-controlled allows us to monitor the velocity of the variation of the equivalent memristance of the fuses by carrying out a transient analysis with HSPICE. It is worth to mention that the model has been recast in VERILOG-A. On the other side, with the aim of producing a more realistic scenario, the switches are implemented by a transmission gate in CMOS technology. In this form, the resulting grid is in fact a hybrid CMOS-Memristor circuit.
The simulation flow-work is formed by an input stage developed in MATLAB, the electric simulation in HSPICE and the output stage again in MATLAB. The input stage is responsible for mapping the structure of the maze onto the memristive grid. The outcome of this stage is an input file with the netlist of the grid. The intermediate stage executes the transient simulation. The output stage is used to display the variation of the resistance of the fuses and it literally draws the solution path of the maze. The solution is found by sensing the variations of the resistance of the fuses that belong to the path, which implies that the memristive grid achieves the shortest path algorithm.
Finally, the maze grid has proven its reliability in solving mazes with different levels of complexity. A series of examples has been analyzed: single-solution mazes, multiple-solution mazes, and a 3D maze.
\n',keywords:"memristive grids, symbolic memristor modeling, maze-solving, analog processors",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/65828.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/65828.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65828",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65828",totalDownloads:871,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"September 17th 2018",dateReviewed:"January 23rd 2019",datePrePublished:"February 23rd 2019",datePublished:"May 27th 2020",dateFinished:"February 23rd 2019",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Memcomputing represents a novel form of neuro-oriented signal processing that uses the memristor as a key element. In this chapter, a memristive grid is developed in order to achieve the specific task of solving mazes. This is done by resorting to the dynamic behavior of the memristance in order to find the shortest path that determines trajectory from entrance to exit. The structure of the maze is mapped onto the memristive grid, which is formed by memristors that are defined by fully analytical charge-controlled functions. The dependance on the electric charge permits to analyze the variation of the branch memristance of the grid as a function of time. As a result of the dynamic behavior of the developed memristor model, the shortest path is formed by those memristive branches exhibiting the fastest memristance change. Special attention is given to achieve a realistic implementation of the fuses of the grid, which are formed by an anti-series connection of memristors and CMOS circuitry. HSPICE is used in combination with MATLAB to establish the simulation flow of the memristive grid. Besides, the memristor model is recast in VERILOG-A, a high-level hardware description language for analog circuits.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/65828",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/65828",signatures:"Arturo Sarmiento-Reyes and Yojanes Rodríguez Velásquez",book:{id:"7749",type:"book",title:"Memristors",subtitle:"Circuits and Applications of Memristor Devices",fullTitle:"Memristors - Circuits and Applications of Memristor Devices",slug:"memristors-circuits-and-applications-of-memristor-devices",publishedDate:"May 27th 2020",bookSignature:"Alex James",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7749.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-78984-074-2",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-073-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-525-8",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"6992",title:"Prof.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"James",slug:"alex-james",fullName:"Alex James"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"134262",title:"Prof.",name:"Arturo",middleName:null,surname:"Sarmiento Reyes",fullName:"Arturo Sarmiento Reyes",slug:"arturo-sarmiento-reyes",email:"jarocho@inaoep.mx",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Development of a charge-controlled memristor model",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Implementing the memristive grid",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"3.1 An algorithmic view",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"3.2 Technical specifications of the memristive fuse",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_3",title:"Table 2.",level:"3"},{id:"sec_7",title:"4. Simulation flow",level:"1"},{id:"sec_8",title:"5. Mazes under-test",level:"1"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"5.1 Single-solution mazes",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8_3",title:"5.1.1 The 5×5 maze",level:"3"},{id:"sec_9_3",title:"5.1.2 The 10×10 and 15×15 mazes",level:"3"},{id:"sec_11_2",title:"5.2 Multiple solutions mazes",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11_3",title:"5.2.1 The 5×5 maze with multiple solutions",level:"3"},{id:"sec_12_3",title:"5.2.2 Other mazes with multiple solutions",level:"3"},{id:"sec_14_2",title:"5.3 Octogonal maze",level:"2"},{id:"sec_15_2",title:"5.4 A 3D maze",level:"2"},{id:"sec_17",title:"6. Code for the model",level:"1"},{id:"sec_18",title:"7. Conclusions",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Kern H, Saward J, Schons M, Clay AH, Thomson SB, Velder KA. Through the Labyrinth: Designs and Meanings Over 5,000 Years. Art and Design Series. New York: Prestel Publishing; 2000'},{id:"B2",body:'Barnes CA. Memory deficits associated with senescence: A neurophysiological and behavioral study in the rat. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology. 1979;93(1):74'},{id:"B3",body:'Olton DS, Samuelson RJ. Remembrance of places passed: Spatial memory in rats. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes. 1976;2(2):97'},{id:"B4",body:'Morris R. Developments of a water-maze procedure for studying spatial learning in the rat. Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 1984;11(1):47-60'},{id:"B5",body:'Dracopoulos DC. Robot path planning for maze navigation. In: The 1998 IEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Networks Proceedings, IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence; Vol. 3. IEEE; 1998. pp. 2081-2085'},{id:"B6",body:'Lumelsky VJ. A comparative study on the path length performance of maze-searching and robot motion planning algorithms. IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation. 1991;7(1):57-66'},{id:"B7",body:'Werbos PJ, Pang X. Generalized maze navigation: SRN critics solve what feedforward or Hebbian nets cannot. In: IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics; Vol. 3. IEEE; 1996. pp. 1764-1769'},{id:"B8",body:'Milková E, Slaby A. Graph algorithms in mutual contexts. In: 7th WSEAS International Conference Proceedings on Mathematics and Computers in Science and Engineering; Vol. 1. World Scientific and Engineering Academy and Society; 2008. pp. 721-726'},{id:"B9",body:'Bondy JA, Murty USR. Graph Theory with Applications. Vol. 290. London: Macmillan; 1976'},{id:"B10",body:'Abelson H, DiSessa AA. Turtle Geometry: The Computer as a Medium for Exploring Mathematics. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press; 1986'},{id:"B11",body:'Müller H. A one-symbol printing automaton escaping from every labyrinth. Computing. 1977;19(2):95-110'},{id:"B12",body:'Vourkas I, Stathis D, Sirakoulis G. Massively parallel analog computing: Ariadnes thread was made of memristors. IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing. 2015;6(1):145-155'},{id:"B13",body:'Ye Z,Wu SHM, Prodromakis T. Computing shortest paths in 2D and 3D memristive networks. In: Adamatzky A, Chua LO. Memristor Networks. Basel, Switzerland: Springer; 2014. pp. 537-552'},{id:"B14",body:'Pershin YV, Di Ventra M. Solving mazes with memristors: A massively parallel approach. Physical Review E. 2011;84(4):046703'},{id:"B15",body:'Chua L. Memristor—The missing circuit element. IEEE Transactions on Circuit Theory. 1971;18(5):507-519'},{id:"B16",body:'Chua LO, Kang S-M. Memristive devices and systems. Proceedings of the IEEE. 1976;64(2):209-223'},{id:"B17",body:'Strukov DB, Snider GS, Stewart DR, Williams RS. The missing memristor found. Nature. 2008;453(7191):80-83'},{id:"B18",body:'Indiveri G, Linares-Barranco B, Legenstein R, Deligeorgis G, Prodromakis T. Integration of nanoscale memristor synapses in neuromorphic computing architectures. Nanotechnology. 2013;24(38):384010'},{id:"B19",body:'Vittoz EA. Future of analog in the VLSI environment. In: IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems. IEEE; 1990. pp. 1372-1375'},{id:"B20",body:'Chua L. Memristor, Hodgkin-Huxley, and edge of chaos. In: Adamatzky A, Chua LO. Memristor Networks. Basel, Switzerland: Springer; 2014. pp. 67-94'},{id:"B21",body:'Jo SH, Chang T, Ebong I, Bhadviya BB, Mazumder P, Lu W. Nanoscale memristor device as synapse in neuromorphic systems. Nano Letters. 2010;10(4):1297-1301'},{id:"B22",body:'Naous R, Al-Shedivat M, Salama KN. Stochasticity modeling in memristors. IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology. 2016;15(1):15-28'},{id:"B23",body:'Pershin YV, Di Ventra M. Memcomputing: A computing paradigm to store and process information on the same physical platform. In: 2014 International Workshop on Computational Electronics (IWCE). IEEE; 2014. pp. 1-2'},{id:"B24",body:'Sarmiento-Reyes A, Hernández-Martínez L, Vázquez-Leal H, Hernández-Mejía C, Diaz Arango GU. A fully symbolic homotopy-based memristor model for applications to circuit simulation. Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing. 2015;85(1):65-80'},{id:"B25",body:'He J-H. Homotopy perturbation technique. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering. 1999;178(3):257-262'},{id:"B26",body:'Vazquez-Leal H. Generalized homotopy method for solving nonlinear differential equations. Computational and Applied Mathematics. 2014;33(1):275-288'},{id:"B27",body:'He J-H. Comparison of homotopy perturbation method and homotopy analysis method. Applied Mathematics and Computation. 2004;156(2):527-539'},{id:"B28",body:'Joglekar YN, Wolf SJ. The elusive memristor: Properties of basic electrical circuits. European Journal of Physics. 2009;30(4):661'},{id:"B29",body:'Sarmiento-Reyes A, Velásquez YR. Chapter 5: Charge-controlled memristor grid for edge detection. In: Ciufudean C, editor. Advances in Memristor Neural Networks. London, United Kingdom: InTechOpen; 2018. pp. 91-113'},{id:"B30",body:'Velásquez YAR. Development of an analytical model for a charge-controlled memristor and its applications [Master’s thesis]. Puebla, Mexico: National Institute for Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics (INAOE); 2017'},{id:"B31",body:'Recski A. Matroid Theory and Its Applications. Berlin, Germany: Spring-Verlag; 1989'},{id:"B32",body:'Hodges DA, Jackson HG. Analysis and Design of Digital Integrated Circuits. Boston, USA: McGraw-Hill; 1988'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Arturo Sarmiento-Reyes",address:"jarocho@inaoep.mx",affiliation:'
Electronics Department, National Institute for Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics, San Andrés Cholula, Puebla, Mexico
Electronics Department, National Institute for Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics, San Andrés Cholula, Puebla, Mexico
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"7749",type:"book",title:"Memristors",subtitle:"Circuits and Applications of Memristor Devices",fullTitle:"Memristors - Circuits and Applications of Memristor Devices",slug:"memristors-circuits-and-applications-of-memristor-devices",publishedDate:"May 27th 2020",bookSignature:"Alex James",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7749.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-78984-074-2",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-073-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-525-8",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"6992",title:"Prof.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"James",slug:"alex-james",fullName:"Alex James"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"415399",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Vladimir",middleName:null,surname:"Djordjevic",email:"vladimir_dj@mts.rs",fullName:"Vladimir Djordjevic",slug:"vladimir-djordjevic",position:null,biography:null,institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:null},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{id:"78524",title:"Superoxide Dismutase in Psychiatric Diseases",slug:"superoxide-dismutase-in-psychiatric-diseases",abstract:"As with many other human diseases, oxidative stress is implicated in many neuropsychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression and Alzheimer’s disease. Due to high oxygen consumption and a lipid-rich environment, the brain is highly susceptible to oxidative stress or redox imbalance. Both increased production of reactive oxygen species and antioxidant defense disorders have been demonstrated in psychiatric patients. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is the primary, critical enzyme in the detoxification of superoxide radicals, because they are the main ROS, primarily generated in the most biological reactions of free radical formation. There are inconsistent data on this enzyme activity in patients with different psychoses. Since psychotic disorders are complex and heterogeneous disorders, it is not surprising that different authors have found that SOD activity is increased, decreased, or unchanged in the same type of psychosis. This review examines and discusses some recent findings linking SOD activity to schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression and Alzheimer’s disease.",signatures:"Vladimir Djordjević",authors:[{id:"415399",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Vladimir",surname:"Djordjevic",fullName:"Vladimir Djordjevic",slug:"vladimir-djordjevic",email:"vladimir_dj@mts.rs"}],book:{id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"214522",title:"Dr.",name:"Pavel",surname:"Krystynik",slug:"pavel-krystynik",fullName:"Pavel Krystynik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Czech Republic"}}},{id:"290169",title:"Prof.",name:"Sung Soo",surname:"Kim",slug:"sung-soo-kim",fullName:"Sung Soo Kim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"335880",title:"Dr.",name:"Johnson Olaleye",surname:"Oladele",slug:"johnson-olaleye-oladele",fullName:"Johnson Olaleye Oladele",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414306",title:"Dr.",name:"Giuseppe",surname:"Gallo",slug:"giuseppe-gallo",fullName:"Giuseppe Gallo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414718",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Joshua",surname:"Banda",slug:"joshua-banda",fullName:"Joshua Banda",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"415425",title:"Prof.",name:"Alan K.",surname:"Chang",slug:"alan-k.-chang",fullName:"Alan K. Chang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Wenzhou University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"415793",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"ARNAB",surname:"MAITY",slug:"arnab-maity",fullName:"ARNAB MAITY",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"428759",title:"Dr.",name:"Dongjin",surname:"Yeo",slug:"dongjin-yeo",fullName:"Dongjin Yeo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"428760",title:"Dr.",name:"Tae Gyu",surname:"Choi",slug:"tae-gyu-choi",fullName:"Tae Gyu Choi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"429706",title:"Dr.",name:"Adenike T.",surname:"Oladiji",slug:"adenike-t.-oladiji",fullName:"Adenike T. Oladiji",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]},generic:{page:{slug:"open-access-funding",title:"Open Access Funding",intro:"
IntechOpen’s Academic Editors and Authors have received funding for their work through many well-known funders, including: the European Commission, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Wellcome Trust, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), CGIAR Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centers, National Institute of Health (NIH), National Science Foundation (NSF), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), German Research Foundation (DFG), Research Councils United Kingdom (RCUK), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Austrian Science Fund (FWF), Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), Australian Research Council (ARC).
Open Access publication costs can often be designated directly in the grants or in specific budgets allocated for that purpose. Many of the most important funding organisations encourage, and even request, that the projects they fund are made available at no cost to the wider public. IntechOpen strives to maintain excellent relationships with these funders and ensures compliance with mandates.
\\n\\n
In order to help Authors identify appropriate funding agencies and institutions, we have created a list, based on extensive research on various OA resources (including ROARMAP and SHERPA/JULIET) of organizations that have funds available. Before consulting our list we encourage you to petition your own institution or organization for Open Access funds or check the specifications of your grant with your funder to ascertain if publication costs are included. Where you are in receipt of a grant you should clarify:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Does your institution already have a budget for covering Open Access publication costs?
\\n\\t
Does your grant list Open Access publication fees as legitimate direct/indirect costs?
\\n
\\n\\n
If you are associated with any of the institutions in our list below, you can apply to receive OA publication funds by following the instructions provided in the links. Please consult the Open Access policies or grant Terms and Conditions of any institution with which you are linked to explore ways to cover your publication costs (also accessible by clicking on the link in their title).
\\n\\n
Please note that this list is not a definitive one and is updated regularly. To suggest possible modifications or the inclusion of your institution/funder, please contact us at funders@intechopen.com
\\n\\n
Please be aware that you must be a member, or grantee, of the institutions/funders listed in order to apply for their Open Access publication funds.
Open Access publication costs can often be designated directly in the grants or in specific budgets allocated for that purpose. Many of the most important funding organisations encourage, and even request, that the projects they fund are made available at no cost to the wider public. IntechOpen strives to maintain excellent relationships with these funders and ensures compliance with mandates.
\n\n
In order to help Authors identify appropriate funding agencies and institutions, we have created a list, based on extensive research on various OA resources (including ROARMAP and SHERPA/JULIET) of organizations that have funds available. Before consulting our list we encourage you to petition your own institution or organization for Open Access funds or check the specifications of your grant with your funder to ascertain if publication costs are included. Where you are in receipt of a grant you should clarify:
\n\n
\n\t
Does your institution already have a budget for covering Open Access publication costs?
\n\t
Does your grant list Open Access publication fees as legitimate direct/indirect costs?
\n
\n\n
If you are associated with any of the institutions in our list below, you can apply to receive OA publication funds by following the instructions provided in the links. Please consult the Open Access policies or grant Terms and Conditions of any institution with which you are linked to explore ways to cover your publication costs (also accessible by clicking on the link in their title).
\n\n
Please note that this list is not a definitive one and is updated regularly. To suggest possible modifications or the inclusion of your institution/funder, please contact us at funders@intechopen.com
\n\n
Please be aware that you must be a member, or grantee, of the institutions/funders listed in order to apply for their Open Access publication funds.
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6597},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5902},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2400},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12537},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1006},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17560}],offset:12,limit:12,total:132761},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"1",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"7,10,15,24,5,6,8,9,11,23,14,16,17,12,18,19,20,21,22,13,25"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11254",title:"Optical Coherence Tomography",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a958c09ceaab1fc44c1dd0a817f48c92",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11254.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11472",title:"21st Century Slavery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b341f3fc3411ced881e43ce007a892b8",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11472.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11473",title:"Social Inequality",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"20307129f7fb39aa443d5449acb6a784",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11473.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11546",title:"Smart and Sustainable Transportation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e8ea27a1ff85cde00efcb6f6968c20f8",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11546.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11554",title:"Information Systems Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3134452ff2fdec020663f241c7a9a748",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11554.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11436",title:"Beauty",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0e15ba86bab1a64f950318f3ab2584ed",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11436.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11438",title:"Fake News in the Era of Pandemics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"bc9e4cab86c76f35cd70b39086d9b69e",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11438.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11588",title:"Autism",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0c5043c6174db167599cb3f762e8bba8",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11588.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11605",title:"Bamboo",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"378d957561b27c86b750a9c7841a5d18",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11605.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11612",title:"Landraces",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"06316c41a6f6317ad2bee244dc98c6a4",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11612.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11616",title:"Foraging",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"955b60bb658c8d1a09dd4efc9bf6674b",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11616.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11632",title:"Updated Research on Bacteriophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d34dfa0d5d10511184f97ddaeef9936b",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11632.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:43},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:12},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:19},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:47},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:12},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:109},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:32},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:385},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[],latestBooks:[]},subject:{topic:{id:"28",title:"Agrochemical",slug:"agrochemical",parent:{id:"5",title:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",slug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences"},numberOfBooks:3,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:74,numberOfWosCitations:71,numberOfCrossrefCitations:88,numberOfDimensionsCitations:184,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"28",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10360",title:"Nitrogen in Agriculture",subtitle:"Physiological, Agricultural and Ecological Aspects",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5fc080ff8941417e9eeaf0ced2b5523a",slug:"nitrogen-in-agriculture-physiological-agricultural-and-ecological-aspects",bookSignature:"Takuji Ohyama and Kazuyuki Inubushi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10360.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"30061",title:"Prof.",name:"Takuji",middleName:null,surname:"Ohyama",slug:"takuji-ohyama",fullName:"Takuji Ohyama"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8533",title:"Pesticides",subtitle:"Use and Misuse and Their Impact in the Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"420a19fa07c8510eeb08decebed430cc",slug:"pesticides-use-and-misuse-and-their-impact-in-the-environment",bookSignature:"Marcelo Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8533.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4637",title:"Toxicity and Hazard of Agrochemicals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6aff74df1ea32df7f1e20e29c8363ff5",slug:"toxicity-and-hazard-of-agrochemicals",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4637.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:3,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"64602",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82418",title:"Environmental Risk of Groundwater Pollution by Pesticide Leaching through the Soil Profile",slug:"environmental-risk-of-groundwater-pollution-by-pesticide-leaching-through-the-soil-profile",totalDownloads:3014,totalCrossrefCites:21,totalDimensionsCites:60,abstract:"Adsorption, degradation, and movement are the key processes conditioning the behavior and fate of pesticides in the soil. Six processes that can move pesticides are leaching, diffusion, volatilization, erosion and run-off, assimilation by microorganisms, and plant uptake. Leaching is the vertical downward displacement of pesticides through the soil profile and the unsaturated zone, and finally to groundwater, which is vulnerable to pollution. Pesticides are frequently leached through the soil by the effect of rain or irrigation water. Pesticide leaching is highest for weakly sorbing and/or persistent compounds, climates with high precipitation and low temperatures, and soils with low organic matter and sandy texture. On the contrary, for pesticides with a low persistence that disappear quickly, the risk of groundwater pollution considerably decreases. Different and varied factors such as physical-chemical properties of the pesticide, a permeability of the soil, texture and organic matter content of the soil, volatilization, crop-root uptake, and method and dose of pesticide application are responsible for the leaching rate of the pesticides. Soils that are high in clays and organic matter will slow the movement of water, attach easily to many pesticides, and generally have a higher diversity and population of soil organisms that can metabolize the pesticides.",book:{id:"8533",slug:"pesticides-use-and-misuse-and-their-impact-in-the-environment",title:"Pesticides",fullTitle:"Pesticides - Use and Misuse and Their Impact in the Environment"},signatures:"Gabriel Pérez-Lucas, Nuria Vela, Abderrazak El Aatik and Simón Navarro",authors:[{id:"202983",title:"Dr.",name:"Simón",middleName:null,surname:"Navarro",slug:"simon-navarro",fullName:"Simón Navarro"},{id:"202988",title:"Dr.",name:"Nuria",middleName:null,surname:"Vela",slug:"nuria-vela",fullName:"Nuria Vela"},{id:"206059",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriel",middleName:null,surname:"Pérez-Lucas",slug:"gabriel-perez-lucas",fullName:"Gabriel Pérez-Lucas"},{id:"283154",title:"Mr.",name:"Abderrazak",middleName:null,surname:"El Aatik",slug:"abderrazak-el-aatik",fullName:"Abderrazak El Aatik"}]},{id:"48594",doi:"10.5772/60911",title:"Environmental Exposure and Health Effects Associated with Malathion Toxicity",slug:"environmental-exposure-and-health-effects-associated-with-malathion-toxicity",totalDownloads:2668,totalCrossrefCites:15,totalDimensionsCites:31,abstract:"Malathion (O,O-dimethyl-S-1,2-bis ethoxy carbonyl ethyl phosphorodithionate) is a non-systemic, wide-spectrum pesticide. It is widely used throughout the world for agricultural, residential, and public health purposes, mainly to enhance food production and to provide protection from disease vectors. Malathion preference over other organophosphate pesticides relates to its low persistence in the environment as it is highly susceptible to hydrolysis, photolysis, and biodegradation. However, numerous malathion poisoning incidents including acute and chronic cases have been reported among pesticide workers and small children through accidental exposure. Malathion toxicity is compounded by its reactive metabolites and also depends upon the product purity, route of exposure, nutritional status, and gender of exposed individuals. Its metabolic oxidation in mammals, insects, and plants leads to the formation of malaoxon which appears to be several times more acutely toxic and represents the primary cause of malathion’s toxicity. Depending on the level of exposure, several signs and symptoms of toxicity including numbness, tingling sensation, headache, dizziness, difficulty breathing, weakness, irritation of skin, exacerbation of asthma, abdominal cramps, and death have been reported. Similar to other organophosphate pesticides, malathion exerts it toxic action by binding to acetylcholinesterase enzyme and inhibiting its activity, leading to accumulation of acetylcholine in synaptic junctions, which in turn results in overstimulation of cholinergic, muscarinic, and nicotinic receptors, and subsequent induction of adverse biologic effects. This chapter provides an update and analysis of the production and use, environmental occurrence, molecular mechanisms of toxicity, genotoxicity and carcinogenicity, and adverse human health effects associated with malathion exposure.",book:{id:"4637",slug:"toxicity-and-hazard-of-agrochemicals",title:"Toxicity and Hazard of Agrochemicals",fullTitle:"Toxicity and Hazard of Agrochemicals"},signatures:"Paul B. Tchounwou, Anita K. Patlolla, Clement G. Yedjou and\nPamela D. Moore",authors:[{id:"113353",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Tchounwou",slug:"paul-tchounwou",fullName:"Paul Tchounwou"}]},{id:"48553",doi:"10.5772/60767",title:"Ecotoxicology of Glyphosate and Glyphosate-Based Herbicides — Toxicity to Wildlife and Humans",slug:"ecotoxicology-of-glyphosate-and-glyphosate-based-herbicides-toxicity-to-wildlife-and-humans",totalDownloads:2576,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:19,abstract:"The use of agrochemicals, especially herbicides, is necessary to control pests in order to produce adequate food for the global population (estimated at 7 billion). Glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides have been used extensively for this purpose but recent studies have reported these chemical substances to be found in aquatic ecosystems, wildlife and humans in various quantities. In this chapter, we reviewed the impacts of glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides on wildlife and humans using measured endpoint effects caused by genotoxicity, cytotoxicity and reproductive toxicity. We used findings from different current investigations to demonstrate adverse effects, or otherwise, of glyphosate exposure to wildlife and humans. Our review reveals that glyphosate and its formulations may not only be considered as having genotoxic, cytotoxic or endocrine disrupting properties but they may also be causative agents of reproduction abnormalities in both wildlife and humans. Furthermore, the extensive use of glyphosate-based herbicides in genetically modified glyphosate-resistant plants grown for food and feed should be of grave concern since they can be sources of genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and reproductive toxicity in wildlife and humans.",book:{id:"4637",slug:"toxicity-and-hazard-of-agrochemicals",title:"Toxicity and Hazard of Agrochemicals",fullTitle:"Toxicity and Hazard of Agrochemicals"},signatures:"Paul K. Mensah, Carolyn G. Palmer and Oghenekaro N. Odume",authors:[{id:"169135",title:"Dr.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Mensah",slug:"paul-mensah",fullName:"Paul Mensah"},{id:"173888",title:"Prof.",name:"Carolyn",middleName:null,surname:"Palmer",slug:"carolyn-palmer",fullName:"Carolyn Palmer"},{id:"175580",title:"Dr.",name:"Oghenekaro Nelson",middleName:null,surname:"Odume",slug:"oghenekaro-nelson-odume",fullName:"Oghenekaro Nelson Odume"}]},{id:"65766",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84161",title:"Pesticides, Anthropogenic Activities, and the Health of Our Environment Safety",slug:"pesticides-anthropogenic-activities-and-the-health-of-our-environment-safety",totalDownloads:1434,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:16,abstract:"Mankind depends on agricultural products for food consumption. Increasing population (more than 7 billion) requires significant growth in crop yield to meet essential demand. This aim was achieved through the use of pesticides to protect crops from diseases. Pesticides are toxic by design for organisms that can threaten food products. Their mode of action is by targeting systems or enzymes in the pests that may be similar to human system and therefore pose risks to human health and the environment as well. The WHO recommended classifying pesticides according to their toxicity and chemicals according to their chronic health and environmental hazards.",book:{id:"8533",slug:"pesticides-use-and-misuse-and-their-impact-in-the-environment",title:"Pesticides",fullTitle:"Pesticides - Use and Misuse and Their Impact in the Environment"},signatures:"Mona Saud AL-Ahmadi",authors:[{id:"276726",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mona",middleName:null,surname:"AL-Ahmadi",slug:"mona-al-ahmadi",fullName:"Mona AL-Ahmadi"}]},{id:"48545",doi:"10.5772/60739",title:"Environmental Risk Assessment of Agrochemicals — A Critical Appraisal of Current Approaches",slug:"environmental-risk-assessment-of-agrochemicals-a-critical-appraisal-of-current-approaches",totalDownloads:2527,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"This chapter provides insights into the difficulties and challenges of performing risk evaluations of agrochemicals. It is a critical review of the current methodologies used in ecological risk assessment of these chemicals, not their risks to humans. After an introduction to the topic, the current framework for ecological risk assessment is outlined. Two types of assessments are typically carried out depending on the purpose: i) regulatory assessments for registration of a chemical product; and ii) ecological assessments, for the protection of both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, which are usually site-specific. Although the general framework is well established, the methodologies used in each of the steps of the assessment are fraught with a number of shortcomings. Notwithstanding the subjectivity implicit in the evaluation of risks, there is scepticism in scientific circles about the appropriateness of the current methodologies because, after so many years of evaluations, we are still incapable of foreseeing the negative consequences that some agrochemicals have in the environment. A critical appraisal of such methodologies is imperative if we are to improve the current assessment process and fix the problems we face today. The chapter reviews first the toxicity assessment methods, pointing to the gaps in knowledge about this essential part of the process and suggesting avenues for further improvement. Deficiencies in the current regulations regarding toxicity testing are discussed, in particular the effect of the time factor on toxicity and the issue of complex mixtures. Other matters of concern are the extrapolation of toxicity data from the individual to the population and community levels, and the sub-lethal effects. The exposure assessment methods are dealt with in a second place. These rely on modelling and actual measurements of chemical residues in the environment. Various techniques employed to determine to exposure and bioavailability of agrochemicals to the various organisms in both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems are reviewed. Again, the shortcomings and gaps in knowledge are addressed and suggestions for improvement are pointed out. Then, the process of putting together the information from the toxicity and exposure assessments to evaluate risks is discussed. Tiers I and II of the risk assessment are reviewed. The challenge here is to keep objectivity in the evaluations; this may require the introduction of new methods of risk assessment. Finally, the risk assessment implies establishing a management strategy that aims at reducing or minimising the impacts of agrochemicals under normal agricultural scenarios. Recommendations are often case-specific and need to be based on sound science as well as common sense principles. The chapter concludes with a summary of issues that need to be considered for improving risk assessments of agrochemicals.",book:{id:"4637",slug:"toxicity-and-hazard-of-agrochemicals",title:"Toxicity and Hazard of Agrochemicals",fullTitle:"Toxicity and Hazard of Agrochemicals"},signatures:"Francisco Sánchez-Bayo and Henk A. Tennekes",authors:[{id:"74970",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Sánchez-Bayo",slug:"francisco-sanchez-bayo",fullName:"Francisco Sánchez-Bayo"},{id:"173845",title:"Dr.",name:"Henk",middleName:null,surname:"Tennekes",slug:"henk-tennekes",fullName:"Henk Tennekes"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"78542",title:"Mitigation of Climate Change by Nitrogen Managements in Agriculture",slug:"mitigation-of-climate-change-by-nitrogen-managements-in-agriculture",totalDownloads:274,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Soil is one of the important sources of nitrous oxide (N2O), which is generally producing through soil microbial processes, such as nitrification and denitrification. Agricultural soils receive chemical and organic fertilizers to maintain or increase crop yield and soil fertility, but several factors are influencing N2O emissions, such as types and conditions of soil and fertilizer, and rate, form, and timing of application. Mitigation of N2O is a challenging topic for future earth by using inhibitors, controlled-release fertilizers, and other amendments, but the cost and side effects should be considered for feasibility.",book:{id:"10360",slug:"nitrogen-in-agriculture-physiological-agricultural-and-ecological-aspects",title:"Nitrogen in Agriculture",fullTitle:"Nitrogen in Agriculture - Physiological, Agricultural and Ecological Aspects"},signatures:"Kazuyuki Inubushi and Miwa Yashima",authors:[{id:"108366",title:"Dr.",name:"Kazuyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Inubushi",slug:"kazuyuki-inubushi",fullName:"Kazuyuki Inubushi"},{id:"429712",title:"Dr.",name:"Miwa",middleName:null,surname:"Yashima",slug:"miwa-yashima",fullName:"Miwa Yashima"}]},{id:"48594",title:"Environmental Exposure and Health Effects Associated with Malathion Toxicity",slug:"environmental-exposure-and-health-effects-associated-with-malathion-toxicity",totalDownloads:2672,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:31,abstract:"Malathion (O,O-dimethyl-S-1,2-bis ethoxy carbonyl ethyl phosphorodithionate) is a non-systemic, wide-spectrum pesticide. It is widely used throughout the world for agricultural, residential, and public health purposes, mainly to enhance food production and to provide protection from disease vectors. Malathion preference over other organophosphate pesticides relates to its low persistence in the environment as it is highly susceptible to hydrolysis, photolysis, and biodegradation. However, numerous malathion poisoning incidents including acute and chronic cases have been reported among pesticide workers and small children through accidental exposure. Malathion toxicity is compounded by its reactive metabolites and also depends upon the product purity, route of exposure, nutritional status, and gender of exposed individuals. Its metabolic oxidation in mammals, insects, and plants leads to the formation of malaoxon which appears to be several times more acutely toxic and represents the primary cause of malathion’s toxicity. Depending on the level of exposure, several signs and symptoms of toxicity including numbness, tingling sensation, headache, dizziness, difficulty breathing, weakness, irritation of skin, exacerbation of asthma, abdominal cramps, and death have been reported. Similar to other organophosphate pesticides, malathion exerts it toxic action by binding to acetylcholinesterase enzyme and inhibiting its activity, leading to accumulation of acetylcholine in synaptic junctions, which in turn results in overstimulation of cholinergic, muscarinic, and nicotinic receptors, and subsequent induction of adverse biologic effects. This chapter provides an update and analysis of the production and use, environmental occurrence, molecular mechanisms of toxicity, genotoxicity and carcinogenicity, and adverse human health effects associated with malathion exposure.",book:{id:"4637",slug:"toxicity-and-hazard-of-agrochemicals",title:"Toxicity and Hazard of Agrochemicals",fullTitle:"Toxicity and Hazard of Agrochemicals"},signatures:"Paul B. Tchounwou, Anita K. Patlolla, Clement G. Yedjou and\nPamela D. Moore",authors:[{id:"113353",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Tchounwou",slug:"paul-tchounwou",fullName:"Paul Tchounwou"}]},{id:"64602",title:"Environmental Risk of Groundwater Pollution by Pesticide Leaching through the Soil Profile",slug:"environmental-risk-of-groundwater-pollution-by-pesticide-leaching-through-the-soil-profile",totalDownloads:3016,totalCrossrefCites:21,totalDimensionsCites:60,abstract:"Adsorption, degradation, and movement are the key processes conditioning the behavior and fate of pesticides in the soil. Six processes that can move pesticides are leaching, diffusion, volatilization, erosion and run-off, assimilation by microorganisms, and plant uptake. Leaching is the vertical downward displacement of pesticides through the soil profile and the unsaturated zone, and finally to groundwater, which is vulnerable to pollution. Pesticides are frequently leached through the soil by the effect of rain or irrigation water. Pesticide leaching is highest for weakly sorbing and/or persistent compounds, climates with high precipitation and low temperatures, and soils with low organic matter and sandy texture. On the contrary, for pesticides with a low persistence that disappear quickly, the risk of groundwater pollution considerably decreases. Different and varied factors such as physical-chemical properties of the pesticide, a permeability of the soil, texture and organic matter content of the soil, volatilization, crop-root uptake, and method and dose of pesticide application are responsible for the leaching rate of the pesticides. Soils that are high in clays and organic matter will slow the movement of water, attach easily to many pesticides, and generally have a higher diversity and population of soil organisms that can metabolize the pesticides.",book:{id:"8533",slug:"pesticides-use-and-misuse-and-their-impact-in-the-environment",title:"Pesticides",fullTitle:"Pesticides - Use and Misuse and Their Impact in the Environment"},signatures:"Gabriel Pérez-Lucas, Nuria Vela, Abderrazak El Aatik and Simón Navarro",authors:[{id:"202983",title:"Dr.",name:"Simón",middleName:null,surname:"Navarro",slug:"simon-navarro",fullName:"Simón Navarro"},{id:"202988",title:"Dr.",name:"Nuria",middleName:null,surname:"Vela",slug:"nuria-vela",fullName:"Nuria Vela"},{id:"206059",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriel",middleName:null,surname:"Pérez-Lucas",slug:"gabriel-perez-lucas",fullName:"Gabriel Pérez-Lucas"},{id:"283154",title:"Mr.",name:"Abderrazak",middleName:null,surname:"El Aatik",slug:"abderrazak-el-aatik",fullName:"Abderrazak El Aatik"}]},{id:"77770",title:"Mycorrhizal Fungi and Sustainable Agriculture",slug:"mycorrhizal-fungi-and-sustainable-agriculture",totalDownloads:284,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The 20thcentury witnessed an augmentation in agricultural production, mainly through the progress and use of pesticides, fertilizers containing nitrogen and phosphorus, and developments in plant breeding and genetic skills. In the naturally existing ecology, rhizospheric soils have innumerable biological living beings to favor the plant development, nutrient assimilation, stress tolerance, disease deterrence, carbon seizing and others. These organisms include mycorrhizal fungi, bacteria, actinomycetes, etc. which solubilize nutrients and assist the plants in up taking by roots. Amongst them, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi have key importance in natural ecosystem, but high rate of chemical fertilizer in agricultural fields is diminishing its importance. The majority of the terrestrial plants form association with Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM) or Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). This symbiosis confers benefits directly to the host plant’s growth and development through the acquisition of Phosphorus (P) and other mineral nutrients from the soil by the AMF. They may also enhance the protection of plants against pathogens and increases the plant diversity. This is achieved by the growth of AMF mycelium within the host root (intra radical) and out into the soil (extra radical) beyond. Proper management of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi has the potential to improve the profitability and sustainability of agricultural systems. AM fungi are especially important for sustainable farming systems because AM fungi are efficient when nutrient availability is low and when nutrients are bound to organic matter and soil particles.",book:{id:"10360",slug:"nitrogen-in-agriculture-physiological-agricultural-and-ecological-aspects",title:"Nitrogen in Agriculture",fullTitle:"Nitrogen in Agriculture - Physiological, Agricultural and Ecological Aspects"},signatures:"Soibam Helena Devi, Ingudam Bhupenchandra, Soibam Sinyorita, S.K. Chongtham and E. Lamalakshmi Devi",authors:[{id:"301167",title:"Dr.",name:"E. Lamalakshmi",middleName:null,surname:"Devi",slug:"e.-lamalakshmi-devi",fullName:"E. Lamalakshmi Devi"},{id:"311911",title:"Dr.",name:"S.K.",middleName:null,surname:"Chongtham",slug:"s.k.-chongtham",fullName:"S.K. Chongtham"},{id:"345840",title:"Dr.",name:"Ingudam",middleName:null,surname:"Bhupenchandra",slug:"ingudam-bhupenchandra",fullName:"Ingudam Bhupenchandra"},{id:"423173",title:"Mrs.",name:"Soibam",middleName:null,surname:"Helena Devi",slug:"soibam-helena-devi",fullName:"Soibam Helena Devi"},{id:"423177",title:"Dr.",name:"Soibam",middleName:null,surname:"Sinyorita",slug:"soibam-sinyorita",fullName:"Soibam Sinyorita"}]},{id:"77147",title:"Influence of Heavy Metals on the Nitrogen Metabolism in Plants",slug:"influence-of-heavy-metals-on-the-nitrogen-metabolism-in-plants",totalDownloads:263,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"As an essential element, Nitrogen is needed in large quantities for being an important component of cellular constituents and for plant metabolism, and its deficiency is one of the most common limitations for plant development. The study of the toxic effects of metal in plants involves a complex system of reactions that can be better determined once having a large attention of the different backgrounds of occurence to determinate how to proceed. The objective of this review is to add scientific knowledge, addressing the main functionalities and characteristics of this relation heavy metals – nitrogen metabolism in plant. Increasing industrialization and urbanization had anthropogenic contribution of heavy metals in biosphere and had largest availability in ecosystems. This toxicity in plants varies with plant species, specific metal, concentration, soil composition, as many heavy metals are considered to be essential for plant growth. Were provided data and reviews regarding the effect of heavy metals on nitrogen metabolism of plants and the responses of plants and the cross-talk of heavy metals and various stressors factors. Is clear to understand the relation between metals amount and the benefit or harm caused on plants, determining then, which mechanism should be activated to protect your physiological system.",book:{id:"10360",slug:"nitrogen-in-agriculture-physiological-agricultural-and-ecological-aspects",title:"Nitrogen in Agriculture",fullTitle:"Nitrogen in Agriculture - Physiological, Agricultural and Ecological Aspects"},signatures:"Vitor Nascimento, Glauco Nogueira, Gabriel Monteiro, Waldemar Júnior, Joze Melissa Nunes de Freitas and Cândido Neto",authors:[{id:"332095",title:"Dr.",name:"Cândido",middleName:null,surname:"Neto",slug:"candido-neto",fullName:"Cândido Neto"},{id:"332157",title:"Prof.",name:"Joze",middleName:null,surname:"Freitas",slug:"joze-freitas",fullName:"Joze Freitas"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"28",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:null,scope:"
\r\n\tTransforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development endorsed by United Nations and 193 Member States, came into effect on Jan 1, 2016, to guide decision making and actions to the year 2030 and beyond. Central to this Agenda are 17 Goals, 169 associated targets and over 230 indicators that are reviewed annually. The vision envisaged in the implementation of the SDGs is centered on the five Ps: People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace and Partnership. This call for renewed focused efforts ensure we have a safe and healthy planet for current and future generations.
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\tThis Series focuses on covering research and applied research involving the five Ps through the following topics:
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t1. Sustainable Economy and Fair Society that relates to SDG 1 on No Poverty, SDG 2 on Zero Hunger, SDG 8 on Decent Work and Economic Growth, SDG 10 on Reduced Inequalities, SDG 12 on Responsible Consumption and Production, and SDG 17 Partnership for the Goals
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t2. Health and Wellbeing focusing on SDG 3 on Good Health and Wellbeing and SDG 6 on Clean Water and Sanitation
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t3. Inclusivity and Social Equality involving SDG 4 on Quality Education, SDG 5 on Gender Equality, and SDG 16 on Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t4. Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability comprising SDG 13 on Climate Action, SDG 14 on Life Below Water, and SDG 15 on Life on Land
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t5. Urban Planning and Environmental Management embracing SDG 7 on Affordable Clean Energy, SDG 9 on Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure, and SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities.
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\tThe series also seeks to support the use of cross cutting SDGs, as many of the goals listed above, targets and indicators are all interconnected to impact our lives and the decisions we make on a daily basis, making them impossible to tie to a single topic.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/24.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"April 24th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:0,editor:{id:"262440",title:"Prof.",name:"Usha",middleName:null,surname:"Iyer-Raniga",slug:"usha-iyer-raniga",fullName:"Usha Iyer-Raniga",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRYSXQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:55:36.jpeg",biography:"Usha Iyer-Raniga is a professor in the School of Property and Construction Management at RMIT University. Usha co-leads the One Planet Network’s Sustainable Buildings and Construction Programme (SBC), a United Nations 10 Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production (UN 10FYP SCP) aligned with Sustainable Development Goal 12. The work also directly impacts SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities. She completed her undergraduate degree as an architect before obtaining her Masters degree from Canada and her Doctorate in Australia. Usha has been a keynote speaker as well as an invited speaker at national and international conferences, seminars and workshops. Her teaching experience includes teaching in Asian countries. She has advised Austrade, APEC, national, state and local governments. She serves as a reviewer and a member of the scientific committee for national and international refereed journals and refereed conferences. She is on the editorial board for refereed journals and has worked on Special Issues. Usha has served and continues to serve on the Boards of several not-for-profit organisations and she has also served as panel judge for a number of awards including the Premiers Sustainability Award in Victoria and the International Green Gown Awards. Usha has published over 100 publications, including research and consulting reports. Her publications cover a wide range of scientific and technical research publications that include edited books, book chapters, refereed journals, refereed conference papers and reports for local, state and federal government clients. She has also produced podcasts for various organisations and participated in media interviews. She has received state, national and international funding worth over USD $25 million. Usha has been awarded the Quarterly Franklin Membership by London Journals Press (UK). Her biography has been included in the Marquis Who's Who in the World® 2018, 2016 (33rd Edition), along with approximately 55,000 of the most accomplished men and women from around the world, including luminaries as U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. In 2017, Usha was awarded the Marquis Who’s Who Lifetime Achiever Award.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"RMIT University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/91.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11975,editor:{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/181603/images/system/181603.jpg",biography:"Antonella Petrillo is a Professor at the Department of Engineering of the University of Naples “Parthenope”, Italy. She received her Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Cassino. Her research interests include multi-criteria decision analysis, industrial plant, logistics, manufacturing and safety. She serves as an Associate Editor for the International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy Process. She is a member of AHP Academy and a member of several editorial boards. She has over 160 Scientific Publications in International Journals and Conferences and she is the author of 5 books on Innovation and Decision Making in Industrial Applications and Engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Parthenope University of Naples",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"92",title:"Health and Wellbeing",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/92.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11976,editor:{id:"348225",title:"Prof.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Hemingway",slug:"ann-hemingway",fullName:"Ann Hemingway",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035LZFoQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-11T14:55:40.jpg",biography:"Professor Hemingway is a public health researcher, Bournemouth University, undertaking international and UK research focused on reducing inequalities in health outcomes for marginalised and excluded populations and more recently focused on equine assisted interventions.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bournemouth University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"93",title:"Inclusivity and Social Equity",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/93.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11977,editor:{id:"210060",title:"Prof. Dr.",name:"Ebba",middleName:null,surname:"Ossiannilsson",slug:"ebba-ossiannilsson",fullName:"Ebba Ossiannilsson",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6LkBQAU/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:31:48.png",biography:'Professor Dr. Ebba Ossiannilsson is an independent researcher, expert, consultant, quality auditor and influencer in the fields of open, flexible online and distance learning (OFDL) and the "new normal". Her focus is on quality, innovation, leadership, and personalised learning. She works primarily at the strategic and policy levels, both nationally and internationally, and with key international organisations. She is committed to promoting and improving OFDL in the context of SDG4 and the future of education. Ossiannilsson has more than 20 years of experience in her current field, but more than 40 years in the education sector. She works as a reviewer and expert for the European Commission and collaborates with the Joint Research Centre for Quality in Open Education. Ossiannilsson also collaborates with ITCILO and ICoBC (International Council on Badges and Credentials). She is a member of the ICDE Board of Directors and has previously served on the boards of EDEN and EUCEN. Ossiannilsson is a quality expert and reviewer for ICDE, EDEN and the EADTU. She chairs the ICDE OER Advocacy Committee and is a member of the ICDE Quality Network. She is regularly invited as a keynote speaker at conferences. She is a guest editor for several special issues and a member of the editorial board of several scientific journals. She has published more than 200 articles and is currently working on book projects in the field of OFDL. Ossiannilsson is a visiting professor at several international universities and was recently appointed Professor and Research Fellow at Victoria University of Wellington, NZ. Ossiannilsson has been awarded the following fellowships: EDEN Fellows, EDEN Council of Fellows, and Open Education Europe. She is a ICDE OER Ambassador, Open Education Europe Ambassador, GIZ Ambassador for Quality in Digital Learning, and part of the Globe-Community of Digital Learning and Champion of SPARC Europe. On a national level, she is a quality developer at the Swedish Institute for Standards (SIS) and for ISO. She is a member of the Digital Skills and Jobs Coalition Sweden and Vice President of the Swedish Association for Distance Education. She is currently working on a government initiative on quality in distance education at the National Council for Higher Education. She holds a Ph.D. from the University of Oulu, Finland.',institutionString:"Swedish Association for Distance Education, Sweden",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"94",title:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/94.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!1,annualVolume:null,editor:null,editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"95",title:"Urban Planning and Environmental Management",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/95.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11979,editor:{id:"181079",title:"Dr.",name:"Christoph",middleName:null,surname:"Lüthi",slug:"christoph-luthi",fullName:"Christoph Lüthi",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRHSqQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-12T15:51:33.png",biography:"Dr. Christoph Lüthi is an urban infrastructure planner with over 25 years of experience in planning and design of urban infrastructure in middle and low-income countries. He holds a Master’s Degree in Urban Development Planning from the University College of London (UCL), and a Ph.D. in Urban Planning & Engineering from TU Berlin. He has conducted applied research on urban planning and infrastructure issues in over 20 countries in Africa and Asia. In 2005 he joined Eawag-Sandec as Leader of the Strategic Environmental Sanitation Planning Group. Since 2015 he heads the research department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Research and Technology (Eawag).",institutionString:"Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Switzerland",institution:null},editorTwo:{id:"290571",title:"Dr.",name:"Rui Alexandre",middleName:null,surname:"Castanho",slug:"rui-alexandre-castanho",fullName:"Rui Alexandre Castanho",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/290571/images/system/290571.jpg",biography:"Rui Alexandre Castanho has a master\\'s degree in Planning, Audit, and Control in Urban Green Spaces and an international Ph.D. in Sustainable Planning in Borderlands. Currently, he is a professor at WSB University, Poland, and a visiting professor at the University of Johannesburg, South Africa. Dr. Castanho is a post-doc researcher on the GREAT Project, University of Azores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal. He collaborates with the Environmental Resources Analysis Research Group (ARAM), University of Extremadura (UEx), Spain; VALORIZA - Research Center for the Enhancement of Endogenous Resources, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre (IPP), Portugal; Centre for Tourism Research, Development and Innovation (CITUR), Madeira, Portugal; and AQUAGEO Research Group, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil.",institutionString:"University of Johannesburg, South Africa and WSB University, Poland",institution:{name:"University of Johannesburg",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:49,paginationItems:[{id:"80495",title:"Iron in Cell Metabolism and Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101908",signatures:"Eeka Prabhakar",slug:"iron-in-cell-metabolism-and-disease",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:null,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - Iron a Double‐Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81799",title:"Cross Talk of Purinergic and Immune Signaling: Implication in Inflammatory and Pathogenic Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104978",signatures:"Richa Rai",slug:"cross-talk-of-purinergic-and-immune-signaling-implication-in-inflammatory-and-pathogenic-diseases",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81764",title:"Involvement of the Purinergic System in Cell Death in Models of Retinopathies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103935",signatures:"Douglas Penaforte Cruz, Marinna Garcia Repossi and Lucianne Fragel Madeira",slug:"involvement-of-the-purinergic-system-in-cell-death-in-models-of-retinopathies",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81756",title:"Alteration of Cytokines Level and Oxidative Stress Parameters in COVID-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104950",signatures:"Marija Petrusevska, Emilija Atanasovska, Dragica Zendelovska, Aleksandar Eftimov and Katerina Spasovska",slug:"alteration-of-cytokines-level-and-oxidative-stress-parameters-in-covid-19",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:27,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7006",title:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7006.jpg",slug:"biochemistry-and-health-benefits-of-fatty-acids",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",hash:"c93a00abd68b5eba67e5e719f67fd20b",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. Waisundara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194281/images/system/194281.jpg",biography:"Dr. Viduranga Waisundara obtained her Ph.D. in Food Science and Technology from the Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, in 2010. She was a lecturer at Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore from July 2009 to March 2013. She relocated to her motherland of Sri Lanka and spearheaded the Functional Food Product Development Project at the National Institute of Fundamental Studies from April 2013 to October 2016. She was a senior lecturer on a temporary basis at the Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Technology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. She is currently Deputy Principal of the Australian College of Business and Technology – Kandy Campus, Sri Lanka. She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI) Ambassador to Sri Lanka.",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7978",title:"Vitamin A",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7978.jpg",slug:"vitamin-a",publishedDate:"May 15th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",hash:"dad04a658ab9e3d851d23705980a688b",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Vitamin A",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka is currently an associate professor in the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. She has more than fifteen years of teaching and research experience. She has published more than 550 scientific publications/communications, including 15 books, 50 book chapters, 100 original research papers, 380 research communications in national and international conferences, and 12 patents. She is a member of the editorial board of five journals and acts as a reviewer for several national and international journals. Her research interests include microalgal biotechnology with an emphasis on microalgae-based products.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7953",title:"Bioluminescence",subtitle:"Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7953.jpg",slug:"bioluminescence-analytical-applications-and-basic-biology",publishedDate:"September 25th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hirobumi Suzuki",hash:"3a8efa00b71abea11bf01973dc589979",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Bioluminescence - Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",editors:[{id:"185746",title:"Dr.",name:"Hirobumi",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"hirobumi-suzuki",fullName:"Hirobumi Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185746/images/system/185746.png",biography:"Dr. Hirobumi Suzuki received his Ph.D. in 1997 from Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan, where he studied firefly phylogeny and the evolution of mating systems. He is especially interested in the genetic differentiation pattern and speciation process that correlate to the flashing pattern and mating behavior of some fireflies in Japan. He then worked for Olympus Corporation, a Japanese manufacturer of optics and imaging products, where he was involved in the development of luminescence technology and produced a bioluminescence microscope that is currently being used for gene expression analysis in chronobiology, neurobiology, and developmental biology. Dr. Suzuki currently serves as a visiting researcher at Kogakuin University, Japan, and also a vice president of the Japan Firefly Society.",institutionString:"Kogakuin University",institution:null}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:7,paginationItems:[{id:"11476",title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",hash:"8d41fa5f3a5da07469bbc121594bfd3e",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"March 24th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"335401",title:"Prof.",name:"Margherita",surname:"Mori",slug:"margherita-mori",fullName:"Margherita Mori"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11460",title:"Pluralistic Approaches for Conservation and Sustainability in Biodiversity",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11460.jpg",hash:"ab014f8ed1669757335225786833e9a9",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"April 22nd 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"101105",title:"Dr.",name:"Gopal",surname:"Shukla",slug:"gopal-shukla",fullName:"Gopal Shukla"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11475",title:"Food Security Challenges and Approaches",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11475.jpg",hash:"090302a30e461cee643ec49675c811ec",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 5th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"292145",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Haseeb Ahmad",slug:"muhammad-haseeb-ahmad",fullName:"Muhammad Haseeb Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11450",title:"Environmental Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic on the World",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11450.jpg",hash:"a58c7b02d07903004be70f744f2e1835",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 10th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11477",title:"Public Economics - New Perspectives and Uncertainty",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11477.jpg",hash:"a8e6c515dc924146fbd2712eb4e7d118",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"May 27th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"414400",title:"Dr.",name:"Habtamu",surname:"Alem",slug:"habtamu-alem",fullName:"Habtamu Alem"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11457",title:"Forest Degradation Under Global Change",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11457.jpg",hash:"8df7150b01ae754024c65d1a62f190d9",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"June 1st 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"317087",title:"Dr.",name:"Pavel",surname:"Samec",slug:"pavel-samec",fullName:"Pavel Samec"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11474",title:"Quality of Life Interventions - Magnitude of Effect and Transferability",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11474.jpg",hash:"5a6bcdaf5ee144d043bcdab893ff9e1c",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"June 2nd 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"245319",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sage",surname:"Arbor",slug:"sage-arbor",fullName:"Sage Arbor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[],publishedBooks:{},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[],publicationYearFilters:[],authors:{}},subseries:{item:{id:"40",type:"subseries",title:"Ecosystems and Biodiversity",keywords:"Ecosystems, Biodiversity, Fauna, Taxonomy, Invasive species, Destruction of habitats, Overexploitation of natural resources, Pollution, Global warming, Conservation of natural spaces, Bioremediation",scope:"
\r\n\tIn general, the harsher the environmental conditions in an ecosystem, the lower the biodiversity. Changes in the environment caused by human activity accelerate the impoverishment of biodiversity.
\r\n
\r\n\tBiodiversity refers to “the variability of living organisms from any source, including terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; it includes diversity within each species, between species, and that of ecosystems”.
\r\n
\r\n\tBiodiversity provides food security and constitutes a gene pool for biotechnology, especially in the field of agriculture and medicine, and promotes the development of ecotourism.
\r\n
\r\n\tCurrently, biologists admit that we are witnessing the first phases of the seventh mass extinction caused by human intervention. It is estimated that the current rate of extinction is between a hundred and a thousand times faster than it was when man first appeared. The disappearance of species is caused not only by an accelerated rate of extinction, but also by a decrease in the rate of emergence of new species as human activities degrade the natural environment. The conservation of biological diversity is "a common concern of humanity" and an integral part of the development process. Its objectives are “the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components, and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits resulting from the use of genetic resources”.
\r\n
\r\n\tThe following are the main causes of biodiversity loss:
\r\n
\r\n\t• The destruction of natural habitats to expand urban and agricultural areas and to obtain timber, minerals and other natural resources.
\r\n
\r\n\t• The introduction of alien species into a habitat, whether intentionally or unintentionally which has an impact on the fauna and flora of the area, and as a result, they are reduced or become extinct.
\r\n
\r\n\t• Pollution from industrial and agricultural products, which devastate the fauna and flora, especially those in fresh water.
\r\n
\r\n\t• Global warming, which is seen as a threat to biological diversity, and will become increasingly important in the future.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/40.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11968,editor:{id:"209149",title:"Prof.",name:"Salustiano",middleName:null,surname:"Mato",slug:"salustiano-mato",fullName:"Salustiano Mato",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRLREQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-31T10:23:50.png",biography:"Salustiano Mato de la Iglesia (Santiago de Compostela, 1960) is a doctor in biology from the University of Santiago and a Professor of zoology at the Department of Ecology and Animal Biology at the University of Vigo. He has developed his research activity in the fields of fauna and soil ecology, and in the treatment of organic waste, having been the founder and principal investigator of the Environmental Biotechnology Group of the University of Vigo.\r\nHis research activity in the field of Environmental Biotechnology has been focused on the development of novel organic waste treatment systems through composting. The result of this line of work are three invention patents and various scientific and technical publications in prestigious international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Vigo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:{id:"60498",title:"Prof.",name:"Josefina",middleName:null,surname:"Garrido",slug:"josefina-garrido",fullName:"Josefina Garrido",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRj1VQAS/Profile_Picture_2022-03-31T10:06:51.jpg",biography:"Josefina Garrido González (Paradela de Abeleda, Ourense 1959), is a doctor in biology from the University of León and a Professor of Zoology at the Department of Ecology and Animal Biology at the University of Vigo. She has focused her research activity on the taxonomy, fauna and ecology of aquatic beetles, in addition to other lines of research such as the conservation of biodiversity in freshwater ecosystems; conservation of protected areas (Red Natura 2000) and assessment of the effectiveness of wetlands as priority areas for the conservation of aquatic invertebrates; studies of water quality in freshwater ecosystems through biological indicators and physicochemical parameters; surveillance and research of vector arthropods and invasive alien species.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Vigo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorThree:{id:"464288",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Ramil",slug:"francisco-ramil",fullName:"Francisco Ramil",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003RI7lHQAT/Profile_Picture_2022-03-31T10:15:35.png",biography:"Fran Ramil Blanco (Porto de Espasante, A Coruña, 1960), is a doctor in biology from the University of Santiago de Compostela and a Professor of Zoology at the Department of Ecology and Animal Biology at the University of Vigo. His research activity is linked to the taxonomy, fauna and ecology of marine benthic invertebrates and especially the Cnidarian group. Since 2004, he has been part of the EcoAfrik project, aimed at the study, protection and conservation of biodiversity and benthic habitats in West Africa. He also participated in the study of vulnerable marine ecosystems associated with seamounts in the South Atlantic and is involved in training young African researchers in the field of marine research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Vigo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},series:{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",issn:"2754-6713"},editorialBoard:[{id:"220987",title:"Dr.",name:"António",middleName:"Onofre",surname:"Soares",slug:"antonio-soares",fullName:"António Soares",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNtzQAG/Profile_Picture_1644499672340",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Azores",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:17,paginationItems:[{id:"81647",title:"Diabetes and Epigenetics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104653",signatures:"Rasha A. Alhazzaa, Thomas Heinbockel and Antonei B. Csoka",slug:"diabetes-and-epigenetics",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"81099",title:"SK Channels and Heart Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104115",signatures:"Katherine Zhong, Shawn Kant, Frank Sellke and Jun Feng",slug:"sk-channels-and-heart-disease",totalDownloads:16,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"80967",title:"Hot on the Trail of Skin Inflammation: Focus on TRPV1/TRPV3 Channels in Psoriasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103792",signatures:"Lisa S. Martin, Emma Fraillon, Fabien P. Chevalier and Bérengère Fromy",slug:"hot-on-the-trail-of-skin-inflammation-focus-on-trpv1-trpv3-channels-in-psoriasis",totalDownloads:24,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"80952",title:"TRPV Family Ion Channels in the Mammary Epithelium: Role in Normal Tissue Homeostasis and along Breast Cancer Progression",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103665",signatures:"Sari Susanna Tojkander",slug:"trpv-family-ion-channels-in-the-mammary-epithelium-role-in-normal-tissue-homeostasis-and-along-breas",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"80484",title:"The Use of Stable Isotope Labeling with Amino Acids in Cell Culture (SILAC) to Study Ivermectin-Mediated Molecular Pathway Changes in Human Ovarian Cancer Cells",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102092",signatures:"Na Li and Xianquan Zhan",slug:"the-use-of-stable-isotope-labeling-with-amino-acids-in-cell-culture-silac-to-study-ivermectin-mediat",totalDownloads:78,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Cell Culture - Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10797.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"80157",title:"Structural Determinants for Ligand Accommodation in Voltage Sensors",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102094",signatures:"Abigail García-Morales, Aylin López-Palestino and Daniel Balleza",slug:"structural-determinants-for-ligand-accommodation-in-voltage-sensors",totalDownloads:86,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"79690",title:"Mitochondrial Channels and their Role in Cardioprotection",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101127",signatures:"Keerti Mishra and Min Luo",slug:"mitochondrial-channels-and-their-role-in-cardioprotection",totalDownloads:84,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"79031",title:"Isolation and Expansion of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells, Functional Assays and Long-Term Culture Associated Alterations of Cellular Properties",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100286",signatures:"Chenghai Li",slug:"isolation-and-expansion-of-mesenchymal-stem-stromal-cells-functional-assays-and-long-term-culture-as",totalDownloads:74,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Cell Culture - Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10797.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"78960",title:"Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Cell Culture and Their Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100382",signatures:"Sangeeta Ballav, Ankita Jaywant Deshmukh, Shafina Siddiqui, Jyotirmoi Aich and Soumya Basu",slug:"two-dimensional-and-three-dimensional-cell-culture-and-their-applications",totalDownloads:249,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Cell Culture - Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10797.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"78812",title:"Nanotechnology Application and Intellectual Property Right Prospects of Mammalian Cell Culture",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99146",signatures:"Harikrishnareddy Rachamalla, Anubhab Mukherjee and Manash K. Paul",slug:"nanotechnology-application-and-intellectual-property-right-prospects-of-mammalian-cell-culture",totalDownloads:119,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,authors:null,book:{title:"Cell Culture - Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10797.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"78274",title:"A Brief Concept of Cell Culture: Challenges, Prospects and Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99387",signatures:"Md. Salauddin",slug:"a-brief-concept-of-cell-culture-challenges-prospects-and-applications",totalDownloads:171,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Cell Culture - Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10797.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"78415",title:"Epigenetic",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99964",signatures:"Mehmet Ünal",slug:"epigenetic",totalDownloads:135,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"77443",title:"Cyanobacterial Phytochromes in Optogenetics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97522",signatures:"Sivasankari Sivaprakasam, Vinoth Mani, Nagalakshmi Balasubramaniyan and David Ravindran Abraham",slug:"cyanobacterial-phytochromes-in-optogenetics",totalDownloads:184,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"75979",title:"Spatiotemporal Regulation of Cell–Cell Adhesions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97009",signatures:"Brent M. Bijonowski",slug:"spatiotemporal-regulation-of-cell-cell-adhesions",totalDownloads:170,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"76646",title:"Functional Mechanism of Proton Pump-Type Rhodopsins Found in Various Microorganisms as a Potential Effective Tool in Optogenetics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97589",signatures:"Jun Tamogami and Takashi Kikukawa",slug:"functional-mechanism-of-proton-pump-type-rhodopsins-found-in-various-microorganisms-as-a-potential-e",totalDownloads:197,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"76510",title:"Evolution of Epigenome as the Blueprint for Carcinogenesis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97379",signatures:"Zeenat Farooq, Ambreen Shah, Mohammad Tauseef, Riyaz A. Rather and Mumtaz Anwar",slug:"evolution-of-epigenome-as-the-blueprint-for-carcinogenesis",totalDownloads:190,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"9869",title:"Self-Driving Vehicles and Enabling Technologies",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9869.jpg",slug:"self-driving-vehicles-and-enabling-technologies",publishedDate:"September 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marian Găiceanu",hash:"fd451ca2e4785ef098e04b7d695a18d9",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Self-Driving Vehicles and Enabling Technologies",editors:[{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9958",title:"Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:"Latest Advances, New Paradigms and Novel Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9958.jpg",slug:"artificial-intelligence-latest-advances-new-paradigms-and-novel-applications",publishedDate:"September 1st 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Eneko Osaba, Esther Villar, Jesús L. Lobo and Ibai Laña",hash:"39648fbfdaa11385097d62b1f13aad54",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Artificial Intelligence - Latest Advances, New Paradigms and Novel Applications",editors:[{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7656",title:"Fuzzy Logic",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7656.jpg",slug:"fuzzy-logic",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Constantin Volosencu",hash:"54f092d4ffe0abf5e4172a80025019bc",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Fuzzy Logic",editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7723",title:"Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:"Applications in Medicine and Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7723.jpg",slug:"artificial-intelligence-applications-in-medicine-and-biology",publishedDate:"July 31st 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"a3852659e727f95c98c740ed98146011",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Artificial Intelligence - Applications in Medicine and Biology",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.jpg",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[],lsSeriesList:[],hsSeriesList:[],sshSeriesList:[],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:null},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/415399",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"415399"},fullPath:"/profiles/415399",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var m;(m=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(m)}()