\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"},{slug:"intechopen-identified-as-one-of-the-most-significant-contributor-to-oa-book-growth-in-doab-20210809",title:"IntechOpen Identified as One of the Most Significant Contributors to OA Book Growth in DOAB"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"7369",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Failure Analysis",title:"Failure Analysis",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book, Failure Analysis, covers a broadest sense failure to a narrowest sense one. One purpose of this book is to provide the reader with an overall picture of various failures and how to deal with them. Another purpose is to present the latest scientific advancements in this field. For instance, an innovative concept of true stresses is introduced and is shown to be necessary in dealing with a composite failure micromechanically.",isbn:"978-1-83968-254-4",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-253-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-255-1",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75250",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"failure-analysis",numberOfPages:178,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"6ef22a4739e8f6aa0eb6f7ee49f088c6",bookSignature:"Zheng-Ming Huang and Sayed Hemeda",publishedDate:"December 18th 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7369.jpg",numberOfDownloads:6745,numberOfWosCitations:6,numberOfCrossrefCitations:14,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:2,numberOfDimensionsCitations:17,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:2,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:37,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 12th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 2nd 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"June 1st 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 20th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 19th 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"196101",title:"Dr.",name:"Zheng-Ming",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",slug:"zheng-ming-huang",fullName:"Zheng-Ming Huang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196101/images/system/196101.jpg",biography:"Dr. Zheng-Ming Huang is a professor at the School of Aerospace Engineering & Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, China. He is known for his unified elastic-plastic constitutive theory and the bridging model for composites. He has found that the homogenized stresses in the constituents of a composite obtained by any micromechanics theory must be converted into true values before the effective property, specifically failure and strength behavior, can be determined from the monolithic constituent properties. He has established a systematic theory to accomplish the conversion. Challenging issues such as when the interface debonding occurs between the constituents of a composite subjected to any load have been addressed using his theories. He is the author/co-author of more than 200 papers, 4 books, 7 book chapters, and 22 patents. One of his papers has received more than 5,000 citations in Web of Science.",institutionString:"Tongji University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Tongji University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"258282",title:"Prof.",name:"Sayed",middleName:null,surname:"Hemeda",slug:"sayed-hemeda",fullName:"Sayed Hemeda",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/258282/images/system/258282.jpg",biography:"Sayed Hemeda is a Doctor of Civil Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece. Currently, He is Professor at the Basic and Applied Science Institute (BAS). Manager of Heritage Science Program, LACC, Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology (E-JUST). He is a Professor of Geotechnical Engineering and Architectural Preservation of Architectural Heritage, Conservation Department, Faculty of Archaeology, Cairo University, Egypt. He is also the former Manager of the historic buildings Conservation Center in Cairo University.\n Sayed Hemeda is the recipient of many awards from Cairo University including prizes for scientific excellence (2017), Prize of Scientific encourage (2014), and the best Ph.D. thesis (2009-2010). He was also awarded the General Union of Arab Archaeologists prize for academic excellence (2019). \nHe has published 85 articles, 29 International books, and has been cited 230 times. He has given more than 58 invited lectures in 16 countries. His primary interests are geotechnical engineering for architectural heritage preservation and engineering data analysis including pattern recognition as applied to primarily analytical data from various sources such as objects of cultural significance. \nHe is editor in chief for the Journal of Geological Research. He is an editorial board member for many organizations and publications including Springer Nature, IntechOpen, the Open Journal of Geology, Progress of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Geoscience Journal, and Alexandria Engineering Journals\nHe is a scientific and organization Committee member for many international Conferences.",institutionString:"Egypt Japan University of Science and Technology (E-JUST)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:null},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"712",title:"Structural Engineering",slug:"engineering-civil-engineering-structural-engineering"}],chapters:[{id:"69360",title:"Introductory Chapter: Failures Analysis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89495",slug:"introductory-chapter-failures-analysis",totalDownloads:509,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Zheng-Ming Huang and Sayed Hemeda",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69360",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69360",authors:[{id:"196101",title:"Dr.",name:"Zheng-Ming",surname:"Huang",slug:"zheng-ming-huang",fullName:"Zheng-Ming Huang"}],corrections:null},{id:"63284",title:"Pipeline Failure Cause Theory: A New Accident Characteristics, Quantification, and Cause Theory",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80572",slug:"pipeline-failure-cause-theory-a-new-accident-characteristics-quantification-and-cause-theory",totalDownloads:915,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Based on the accident research and management practices of oil and gas pipelines, the characteristics and the quantitative description of the accident/failure are set up. Several characteristics are summarized which clearly describe the essential prosperities of the accident. Fragility, anti-fragility, and integrity are used as an index to describe the state of accident, which provides a new way of evaluating and describing accident, different from the traditional accident assessment. The understanding and the evaluation of the nature of accident become clearer. Accident cause theory is the basic theory of cognition and prevention of failure. In this chapter, based on the analysis of characteristics and limitations of some accident cause theories, and comprehension of characteristics of failure and systematic statistics, a new systematic accident cause theory is proposed, named by analogy with “tree-type.” This theory provides a systematical supplement of accident cause theories.",signatures:"Qingshan Feng",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63284",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63284",authors:[{id:"250090",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Qingshan",surname:"Feng",slug:"qingshan-feng",fullName:"Qingshan Feng"}],corrections:null},{id:"63441",title:"Stress Corrosion Cracking Damages",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80826",slug:"stress-corrosion-cracking-damages",totalDownloads:1440,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:9,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) is the formation and growth of crack through materials subjected to tensile stress and a specific corrosive medium. It can lead to unexpected sudden failure of normally ductile metals. Metal-environment combinations susceptible to cracking are specific. This means that all environments do not cause SCC on all of the alloys. Additionally, the environments that cause this kind of cracking have little corrosion effect on the alloy in normal conditions. In certain states, unwanted environmental and metallurgical changes have occurred and provide the metal-environment combination sensitive to SCC. The SCC sites on the metal surfaces may not be visible by visual inspection, while metal parts are being filled with microscopic cracks. These invisible cracks progress rapidly and lead the component and structures to catastrophic failures. In this chapter, the incidence of SCC on important industrial alloys from the chemical, metallurgical, and mechanical point of view is discussed.",signatures:"Alireza Khalifeh",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63441",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63441",authors:[{id:"251415",title:"Dr.",name:"Alireza",surname:"Khalifeh",slug:"alireza-khalifeh",fullName:"Alireza Khalifeh"}],corrections:null},{id:"63584",title:"Micromechanical Failure Analysis of Unidirectional Composites",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80807",slug:"micromechanical-failure-analysis-of-unidirectional-composites",totalDownloads:1084,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Internal stresses in the fiber and matrix of a unidirectional (UD) composite obtained by any micromechanics model are homogenized quantities. They must be converted into true values before an effective specifically failure and strength property of the composite can be predicted in terms of the fiber and matrix properties only. As elastic property of a material does not depend on the magnitude of its stresses, the predictions of an elastic property of the composite based on the homogenized and true stresses of the constituents are the same, concealing the fact that the elastic property should be predicted based on the true stresses as well. The conversion of all of the internal stress components has been shown in this chapter. Predictability of a total number of 12 micromechanics models for the stiffness and strength of a UD composite is assessed against the experimental data of the 9 UD composites provided in three worldwide failure exercises (WWFEs). Bridging Model exhibits overall the best accuracy in both the stiffness and the strength predictions. Further, the smallest fiber volume in a RVE (representative volume element) for an FE (finite element) approach plays a much more dominant role than other issues such as a random fiber arrangement pattern to achieve the highest simulation accuracy. Finally, consistency of a micromechanics model in calculating the internal stresses of a composite is an issue that should be taken into account. Only Bridging Model is consistent. A non-consistency implies that a full three-dimensional (3D) model should be used to predict an effective property, e.g., failure behavior of a composite even though it is only subjected to a uniaxial load, and a 3D RVE geometry should be discretized if a numerical micromechanics approach is applied.",signatures:"Zheng-Ming Huang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63584",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63584",authors:[{id:"196101",title:"Dr.",name:"Zheng-Ming",surname:"Huang",slug:"zheng-ming-huang",fullName:"Zheng-Ming Huang"}],corrections:null},{id:"68245",title:"Probabilistic Modeling of Failure",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83461",slug:"probabilistic-modeling-of-failure",totalDownloads:672,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Failure of a system or a component of a system is and has been a major concern to systems’ operators and owners. Failure could be traced back to different causes and may take different forms and shapes. It may result from software malfunction, hardware degraded performance, human error, sabotage, environmental as well as other external factors. There are various techniques found in the literature that can assist in the analysis of failure. These techniques comprise deterministic and probabilistic techniques. Deterministic techniques ignore the variability and uncertainties of the variables in the analysis which may lead to unsatisfactory and inaccurate results. While probabilistic techniques produce accurate and an all-inclusive result because they incorporate the variabilities and uncertainties in the analysis. The focus of this chapter is to present commonly used probabilistic failure analysis techniques and their mathematical derivations. Examples to enhance the understanding of the concept of failure analysis are also presented.",signatures:"Alireda Aljaroudi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68245",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68245",authors:[{id:"226691",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",surname:"Aljaroudi",slug:"ali-aljaroudi",fullName:"Ali Aljaroudi"}],corrections:null},{id:"68479",title:"NDT Methods for Evaluating FRP-Concrete Bond Performance",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88105",slug:"ndt-methods-for-evaluating-frp-concrete-bond-performance",totalDownloads:631,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The long-term bond performance, 15+ years, of FRP-structural systems applied to reinforced-concrete structures is largely unknown and not widely tested. FRP-structural system performance is a function of FRP-concrete bond condition and is subject to deterioration over time. The purpose of this investigation is to test and validate the non-destructive testing impulse-excitation technique to evaluate bond condition of FRP systems applied to concrete structures, in particular concrete highway bridges. The objective is to identify changes in the FRP-concrete bond state by analyzing changes in impulse excitation (impact) frequencies and sinusoid waveforms. Hammer impact tests were performed on two FRP-retrofitted highway bridges in Missouri and a bonded FRP test plate in the laboratory. Signal analysis of recorded impact acoustic emissions was performed on frequencies and waveform damping ratios of bonded and de-bonded FRP material on two bridges and in the lab. The frequencies and sinusoidal waveforms of the bonded and de-bonded FRP material on the bridges had a high degree of correlation to those of the bonded/de-bonded laboratory FRP plate. This investigation confirms the impulse excitation technique to test FRP bond on concrete structures, which provides accurate data on the bonded versus de-bonded FRP-bond condition.",signatures:"Kenneth C. Crawford",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68479",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68479",authors:[{id:"297007",title:"Mr.",name:"Kenneth",surname:"Crawford",slug:"kenneth-crawford",fullName:"Kenneth Crawford"}],corrections:null},{id:"68381",title:"Temperature Diffusivity Measurement and Nondestructive Testing Requiring No Extensive Sample Preparation and Using Stepwise Point Heating and IR Thermography",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88302",slug:"temperature-diffusivity-measurement-and-nondestructive-testing-requiring-no-extensive-sample-prepara",totalDownloads:733,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter describes a modification to the laser flash method that allows determining temperature diffusivity and nondestructive testing of materials and constructions without cutting samples of predefined geometry. Stepwise local heating of the studied object surface at a small spot around 0.1 mm radius with simultaneous high temporary-spatial resolution infrared (IR) filming of the transient temperature distribution evolution with a thermal camera provides a wide range of possibilities for material characterization and sample testing. In case of isotropic and macroscopic homogeneous materials, the resulting transient temperature distribution is radially symmetric that renders possible to improve temperature measurement accuracy by averaging many pixels of the IR images located at the same distance from the heating spot center. The temperature diffusivity measurement can be conducted either on thin plates or on massive samples. The developed emissivity independent in plain IR thermographic method and mathematical algorithms enable thermal diffusivity measurement for both cases with accuracy around a few per cent for a wide range of materials starting from refractory ceramics to well-conducting metals. To detect defects, the differential algorithm was used. Subtracting averaged radial symmetric temperature distribution from the original one for each frame makes local inhomogeneities in the sample under study clearly discernible. When applied to crack detection in plates, the technique demonstrates good sensitivity to part-through cracks located both at the visible and invisible sides of the studied object.",signatures:"Dmitry Yu. Golovin, Alexander G. Divin, Alexander A. Samodurov, Alexander I. Tyurin and Yuri I. Golovin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68381",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68381",authors:[{id:"296450",title:"Prof.",name:"Yury",surname:"Golovin",slug:"yury-golovin",fullName:"Yury Golovin"},{id:"308480",title:"Mr.",name:"Dmitry",surname:"Golovin",slug:"dmitry-golovin",fullName:"Dmitry Golovin"},{id:"308481",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Tyurin",slug:"alexander-tyurin",fullName:"Alexander Tyurin"},{id:"308482",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Samodurov",slug:"alexander-samodurov",fullName:"Alexander Samodurov"},{id:"308483",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Divin",slug:"alexander-divin",fullName:"Alexander Divin"}],corrections:null},{id:"67493",title:"Evaluation of Steel Rebar in Concrete Using Electromagnetic Method",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86668",slug:"evaluation-of-steel-rebar-in-concrete-using-electromagnetic-method",totalDownloads:762,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The corrosion of steel reinforcing bar (rebar) is the leading cause of deterioration of concrete. In Japan, many railway bridges were built 40 years ago. It is necessary to develop easy-operation method to evaluate the corrosion of steel rebar. A project about the corrosion evaluation of steel rebar was started in 2015. In this project, we have two objectives: one is to evaluate the depth and the diameter of steel rebar in concrete; another is to evaluate the corrosion of steel rebar in concrete. We developed electromagnetic methods to do nondestructive evaluation of the steel reinforcing bar (rebar) in concrete. Using two probes and lower excitation frequencies of 3.8 and 4.2 kHz, the depth and the diameter of the steel reinforcing bar can be evaluated. Using higher excitation frequency of about 80 kHz, and the X, Y signals of the lock-in amplifier, where the X signal is the same phase signal with the AC excitation magnetic field and Y signal is the 90° phase different signal with the AC excitation magnetic field, we could evaluate the corrosion of steel rebar. A compact system with low power consumption of 0.5 W was developed, and we also did some field experiments using this system.",signatures:"Dongfeng He",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67493",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67493",authors:[{id:"202714",title:"Dr.",name:"Dongfeng",surname:"He",slug:"dongfeng-he",fullName:"Dongfeng He"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5503",title:"Wood in Civil Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb659c92f0d45acc8f960d9a656b54e2",slug:"wood-in-civil-engineering",bookSignature:"Giovanna Concu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5503.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108709",title:"Dr.",name:"Giovanna",surname:"Concu",slug:"giovanna-concu",fullName:"Giovanna Concu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2193",title:"Advances on Analysis and Control of Vibrations",subtitle:"Theory and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"926bac5ebecf5b70140e42105b5e2527",slug:"advances-on-analysis-and-control-of-vibrations-theory-and-applications",bookSignature:"Mauricio Zapateiro de la Hoz and Francesc Pozo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2193.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"148213",title:"Dr.",name:"Mauricio",surname:"Zapateiro",slug:"mauricio-zapateiro",fullName:"Mauricio Zapateiro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8822",title:"Advances in Structural Health Monitoring",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"429d24d493e64821ae08df0a71d33e37",slug:"advances-in-structural-health-monitoring",bookSignature:"Maguid H.M. 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He has also completed two Ph.D. degrees in the field of Structural Engineering at the University of Sydney and in the field of Rock Mechanics at the University of New South Wales – Sydney. Currently, he is an academic at the University of Sydney – Australia. His research areas are numerical and analytical simulations in both ductile and brittle materials.",institutionString:"The University of Sydney",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"UNSW Sydney",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8355",title:"Infrastructure Management and Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"65dbf9dbd943d058488488e73b6c592a",slug:"infrastructure-management-and-construction",bookSignature:"Samad M.E. 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A Cost-Effective Tactic",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"\r\n\tIntensive animal farming, also known as factory farming, is an advanced technique to maximize production while reducing the cost of production. Intensive animal farming is a very recent development in agribusiness which involves the high stocking of animals like cattle, poultry, and fish on a large scale and the use of advanced biotechnology to enhance production. Livestock, particularly cattle and poultry are important contributors to total food production in the world. Intensive animal farming is very important from the food security perspective as it involves a dense population of animals on small land and increases food production.
\r\n\r\n\tIntensive animal farming benefits global trade but it also has some harmful impacts on human health. To lessen the harmful effects of intensive farming, farmers should improve the health, welfare, and productivity of their animals through animal health planning and disease control measures that are less dependent on veterinary medicines without jeopardizing animal welfare.
\r\n\r\n\tIntensive animal farming is very prevalent in developed countries and the aim is to produce large quantities of milk, meat, and eggs at low cost. Intensive farming involves mass production through modernized feeding systems and improved breeding and health programs.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-102-8",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-101-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-103-5",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,hash:"c7c16a12a60f1131a1635594b98e2f11",bookSignature:"Dr. Shumaila Manzoor and Dr. Muhammad Abubakar",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11625.jpg",keywords:"Livestock, Animal Husbandry, Poultry Farming, Cattle Farming, Pasture Strengthening, Rotational Grazing, Concentrated Animal Feeding, Biotechnology, Antibiotic Resistance, Zoonotic Diseases, Socio-Economics Impact, Animal Welfare",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"January 27th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"February 24th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"April 25th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 14th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 12th 2022",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"3 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Scientist from the National Veterinary Laboratory, Pakistan, with experience of over 10 years in various areas of veterinary disease diagnosis. Dr. Manzoor’s expertise on Transboundary animal diseases (TADs) is well recognized and she has worked with FAO control programs of TADs in the country.",coeditorOneBiosketch:"An Editor-in-Chief of two journals and a Senior Scientist from the National Veterinary Laboratory with over 15 years of experience in various areas of veterinary sciences.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"174519",title:"Dr.",name:"Shumaila",middleName:null,surname:"Manzoor",slug:"shumaila-manzoor",fullName:"Shumaila Manzoor",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/174519/images/system/174519.jpg",biography:"Dr. Shumaila Manzoor, a scientist and laboratory worker from the National Veterinary Laboratory, Islamabad, Pakistan, has experience over 10 years in various areas of veterinary disease diagnosis. Her expertise on the Transboundary animal diseases (TADs) is well recognized and she has worked with FAO control programs of TADs in the country. She has been involved in conduct of various trainings for field as well as laboratory staff. She has published research papers, review articles and book chapters on different areas of veterinary disease diagnosis and control. She has been peer reviewer for two different journals of veterinary science “Research journal for Veterinary Practitioners and Veterinary Sciences; Research and Reviews” for over 03 years.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Laboratory",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null}],coeditorOne:{id:"112070",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Abubakar",slug:"muhammad-abubakar",fullName:"Muhammad Abubakar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/112070/images/system/112070.jpg",biography:"Dr. Muhammad Abubakar, a scientist from the National Veterinary Laboratory, Islamabad, Pakistan, has more than fifteen years of experience in various fields of veterinary sciences. His main area of expertise is transboundary animal diseases (TADs) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR). He has worked in academics as well as in the field of implementing disease control programs. He has worked with local and international projects to establish diagnostic laboratories for TADs. He has also conducted various training for field as well as laboratory staff. Dr. Abubakar has published numerous research papers, review articles, and book chapters on different subjects in the veterinary sciences, especially TADs like avian influenza, foot-and-mouth disease, and peste des petits ruminants. He is the co-editor of The Role of Biotechnology in Improvement of Livestock. 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From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. 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The vast majority of lung cancers are caused by cigarette smoking. It has been estimated that the lifetime risk of developing lung cancer in 2008 is 1 in 14 for men and 1 in 19 for women in the UK.
\n\t\t\tApproximately 2400 Lobectomies and 500 Pneumonectomies are undertaken in the UK annually, the majority for malignancy. For this group of patients, in-hospital mortality rates are 2-4% and 6-8% respectively in the UK, although world mortality rates as high as 11% have been cited for Pneumonectomy(2)
\n\t\t\tTo guide decisions, one must not only consider the extremely poor prognosis for inoperable patients but also be familiar with the operative risks, and understand how surgery impacts on pulmonary function both in short term and long term.
\n\t\t\tThe aim of the preoperative pulmonary assessment is to identify patients who are at increased risk of having peri-operative complications and long term disability from surgical resection using the least tests available. The purpose of this preoperative physiologic assessment is to enable adequate counselling of the patient on treatment options and risks so that they can make a truly informed decision (3)
\n\t\t\tPreoperative evaluation of a patient with lung cancer involves answering three questions: 1) is the neoplasm resectable? (Anatomic resectability), 2) Does the patient have adequate pulmonary reserve to tolerate pulmonary resection? (Operability or physiologic resectability); 3) is there any major medical contraindication to the proposed surgery?
\n\t\tAfter a tissue diagnosis of lung cancer has been made, the neoplasm should first be assessed for anatomic resectability. A neoplasm is considered resectable if the entire tumour can be removed by surgery. Knowing the extent of tumour both within and outside the thorax is the key in determining resectability. Surgical resection is considered the treatment of choice in physiologically operable patients with up to stage IIIA tumour. (4)
\n\t\t\tIf, after adequate staging, the tumour is found to be anatomically resectable, the next step is determination of operability or physiological resectability. To understand operability the physiologic changes due to surgery and the pulmonary reserve require discussion. When thoracic surgery is performed, several physiological effects occur which can be discussed under changes in Lung volume, compliance and pulmonary blood flow.
\n\t\t\t\t\tEven if no lung is resected, vital capacity declines by approximately 25% in the early postoperative period and slowly returns to baseline in a few weeks. In patients with underlying lung disease, the reduction in vital capacity by lung surgery may result in acute and chronic respiratory failure, or even death. However, it should be noted that while in most circumstances lung resection leads to reduction in lung function; this is not always the case. Patients who undergo resection of large bullae may actually have improvement in lung function postoperatively because of better lung mechanics. On occasion, lung resection only involves removal of non-functioning lung parenchyma and there is little or no change in resultant lung function after recovery. Moreover, in some highly selected cases, in particular upper lobe tumours in patients with centrilobular emphysema, there may be a lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS)-like effect. In these selected circumstances, the resultant lung function after recovery from resection is actually better than the preoperative measurements. This effect is difficult to anticipate given the obvious important differences between lobectomy and LVRS protocols, but it has been noticed in anecdotal cases (8).
\n\t\t\t\t\tChest wall compliance also decreases to less than 50% and work of breathing increases to more than 140% of the preoperative level. The cough pressure is reduced to 30% of the preoperative value and increases to 50% by 1 week (5–7).
\n\t\t\t\t\tRemoval of lung parenchyma results in reduction of the pulmonary capillary bed. The decrease in pulmonary capillary bed is well tolerated by patients with otherwise normal lungs but in patients with pulmonary dysfunction this may result in postoperative pulmonary hypertension.
\n\t\t\t\t\t\tUnlike most general surgical procedures where cardiovascular complications are the major cause of perioperative morbidity and mortality, in thoracic surgical population respiratory complications are the predominant cause of perioperative morbidity and mortality (9,10).
\n\t\t\t\t\t\tThe principles described will apply to all other types of non-malignant pulmonary resections and to other chest surgery. The major difference is that in patients with malignancy the risk/benefit ratio of cancelling or delaying surgery pending other investigation/therapy is always complicated by the risk of further spread of cancer during any extended interval prior to resection. This is never completely “elective” surgery (10).
\n\t\t\t\t\tEach patient’s management requires planning by a multi-disciplinary team (MDT), which includes a respiratory physician, a thoracic surgeon, an oncologist and other staff such as physiotherapists and respiratory nurses. If the MDT feels that surgery is appropriate, then the surgeon will decide if the tumour is technically resectable based on chest X-ray and CT scan images (Figure 1).
\n\t\t\tChest X ray and CT scan showing Lung Cancer in Left Lung.
Prevention of postoperative complications requires a detailed medical history and examination. History should address the presence of dyspnoea, exercise tolerance, cough, and expectoration, wheezing, and smoking status. Examination should also focus on respiratory rate, pattern of breathing, wheezing, and body habitus.
\n\t\t\tTripartite Risk Assessment.
Recent British Thoracic Society guidelines 2010 (BTS) presents a Tripartite risk assessment model that considers risk of operative mortality, risks of perioperative myocardial events and risk of postoperative dyspnoea.
\n\t\t\t\tThis model facilitate the calculation and assessment of individual outcomes that may be discussed by the MDT and enables the patient to make truly informed decision.
\n\t\t\tEstimating the risk of in-hospital death is one of the most important considerations for surgeons and patients when they evaluate the option of surgery for lung cancer.The 30 day mortality for lobectomy and pneumonectomy in England from National Lung Cancer Audit is 2.3% and 5.8% respectively.
\n\t\t\t\tThoracoscore is currently the largest and most validated global risk score. It is a logistic regression derived model which is based on nine variables like Age, sex, ASA score, performance status, dyspnoea score, priority of suregry, extent of surgery, malignant diagnosis and a composite comorbidity score(11).
\n\t\t\t\tMethods for using the logistic regression model to predict the risk of in-hospital death:
\n\t\t\t\tOdds are calculated with the patient values and the coefficients are determined from the regression equation:
\n\t\t\t\tThe odds for the predicted probability of in-hospital death are calculated: probablity + odds/(1 + odds).
\n\t\t\t\tASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists.
\n\t\t\tAll patients should have equal access to lung cancer services regardless of age(12). British Thoracic Society (BTS) guideline recommendations with regards to age are:
\n\t\t\t\tPerioperative morbidity increases with advancing age. The rate of respiratory complications (40%) is double that expected in a younger population and the rate of cardiac complications (40%), particularly arrhythmias, triples that which should be seen in younger patients(10)
Elderly patients undergoing lung resection are more likely to require intensive perioperative support. Preoperatively, a careful assessment of co-morbidity needs to be made. (13)
Surgery for clinically stage I and II disease can be as effective in patients over 70 years as in younger patients. Such patients should be considered for surgical treatment regardless of age. (13,14)
Age over 80 alone is not a contraindication to lobectomy or wedge resection for clinically stage I disease.
Pneumonectomy is associated with a higher mortality risk in the elderly. Age should be a factor in deciding suitability for pneumonectomy
Weight loss>10%, a low BMI or serum albumin may indicate more advanced disease or an increased risk of postoperative complications.(16) The National VA Surgical Risk Study reported that a low serum albumin level was also the most important predictor of 30-day perioperative morbidity and mortality. Mortality increased steadily from less than 1.0% to 29% as albumin declined from values greater than 4.6 g/dl to values less than 2.1 g/dl.(17)
\n\t\t\tCardiac complications are the second most common cause of perioperative morbidity and mortality in the thoracic surgical population. As with any planned major operation, especially in a population that is predisposed to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease due to cigarette smoking, a preoperative cardiovascular risk assessment should be performed.
\n\t\t\t\tThe European Respiratory Society/European Society of Thoracic Surgery (ERS/ESTS) provides an algorithm based on a well validated score system, the revised cardiac risk index (RCRI), to estimate the patient’s risk (18). The calculation of this index is simple, since it is based on the medical history, physical examination baseline ECG and plasma creatinine measurement.
\n\t\t\t\tCalculating the revised cardiac risk index (RCRI) based on history, physical examination, baseline ECG and serum Creatinine:
\n\t\t\t\tEach item is assigned 1 point. | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
High Risk Surgery (including Pneumonectomy or Lobectomy) History of Ischemic Heart disease ( Prior MI or Angina pectoris) History of Heart failure Insulin dependent Diabetes Previous Stroke or Transient ischemic attacks Pre-operative Serum Creatinine 2 mg/dl. | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
If | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
RCRI is ≥ 2 The patient has any cardiac conditions requiring medications The patient has a newly suspected cardiac condition The patient is unable to climb 2 flight of stairs | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
A cardiological consultation is needed. | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Adapted from ERS/ESTS clinical guidelines on fitness for radical therapy in lung cancer patients (14)
\n\t\t\tDysrhythmias, particularly atrial fibrillation, are a frequent complication of pulmonary resection surgery (8,15). Factors known to correlate with an increased incidence of arrhythmia are the amount of lung tissue resected, age, intraoperative blood loss, and intra-pericardial dissection (16). Prophylactic therapy with Digoxin has not been shown to prevent these arrhythmias. Diltiazem has been shown to be effective (22).
\n\t\t\tSmoking cessation should be advised to all patients. Abstinence from smoking will decrease carboxyhemoglobin acutely but improvement in mucociliary function and small airway obstruction may take up to 10 weeks (21). Stein and Cassara established that 3 weeks of smoking cessation combined with perioperative incentive spirometry in a group of patients undergoing nonthoracic general surgery improved outcomes (23,24). Three weeks of smoking cessation should be considered standard for all non-emergent major surgical procedures.
\n\t\t\tCOPD patients have 6 fold increased risk of post-operative pulmonary complications like atelectasis, pneumonia, exacerbation of COPD and Respiratory failure. Inhaled anesthetic depresses the respiratory drive in response to both hypoxia and hypercapnia even at sub-anaesthetic doses. Many COPD patients have an elevated Paco2 at rest. To identify these patients preoperatively, all moderate-to-severe COPD patients need arterial blood gas analysis. COPD patients desaturate more frequently and severely than normal patients during sleep (9).
\n\t\t\t\tAs many as 50% of COPD patients will have RV dysfunction mostly due to chronic hypoxemia. The dysfunctional RV is poorly tolerant of sudden increases in afterload such as the change from spontaneous to controlled ventilation (9,15). Pneumonectomy candidates with a ppoFEV1 ≤40% should have transthoracic echocardiography to assess right heart function (23).
\n\t\t\t\tOverall medical condition of patients with COPD who are scheduled for surgery should be optimized. Patients with evidence of suboptimal reduction in symptoms, physical examination demonstrating airflow obstruction, or submaximal exercise tolerance warrant aggressive therapy.
\n\t\t\t\tUse of bronchodilators and glucocorticoid agents, and cessation of smoking, aggressive chest physiotherapy are paramount. Antibiotic therapy should be administered if there is evidence of pulmonary infection.
\n\t\t\tRenal dysfunction after pulmonary resection surgery is associated with a very high incidence of mortality (19%) (25). History of previous renal dysfunction, concurrent diuretic therapy, Pneumonectomy surgery, postoperative infection, and blood transfusion are all associated with high risk for perioperative renal dysfunction. Fair evidence supports serum blood urea nitrogen levels of 7.5 mmol/L as a risk factor. However, the magnitude of the risk seems to be lower than that for low levels of serum albumin.
\n\t\t\tThe best assessment of respiratory function comes from a history of the patient’s quality of life (9). A unique consideration in patients considered for thoracotomy is the effect of pulmonary parenchymal resection on postoperative pulmonary function and exercise capacity. There is no single test that can reliably predict the patients’ likelihood of tolerating thoracotomy and lung resection without excessive postoperative morbidity and mortality.
\n\t\t\tGuidelines from the American College of Chest Physicians and the British Thoracic Society suggest that patients with a preoperative Forced Expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) in excess of 2 L (or >80 percent predicted) generally tolerate pneumonectomy, whereas those with a preoperative FEV1 greater than 1.5 L tolerate lobectomy (4,15) However, if there is either undue exertional dyspnea or coexistent interstitial lung disease, then measurement of Diffusing capacity(DLCO) should also be performed (2). Patients with preoperative results for FEV1 and DLCO that are both >80 percent predicted do not need further physiological testing.
\n\t\t\t\tAlthough pulmonary function that is better than the aforementioned threshold levels predicts a good surgical outcome, it has been difficult to identify a single absolute value of preoperative FEV1 below which the risk of surgical intervention should be considered prohibitive for all patients. Responsible factors for this lack of a single value include the following:
\n\t\t\t\tDifferences in the amount of lung tissue to be resected, as the extent of the planned resection will affect the choice of an acceptable preoperative FEV1.
Differences in the severity of underlying lung disease and the contribution to total lung function of the portion of lung to be resected.
Differences in size, age, gender, and race of patients undergoing lung resection.
Below these values further interpretation of the spirometry readings is needed and a value for the predicted postoperative (ppo-) FEV1 should be calculated. As the FEV1 decreases, the risk of respiratory and cardiac complications increases, mortality increases and patients are more likely to require postoperative ventilation.
\n\t\t\tRadiological imaging (usually a CT scan) identifies the area of the lung that requires resection. There are five lung lobes containing nineteen segments in total with the division of each lobe (shown in figure 2).
\n\t\t\t\tKnowledge of the number of segments of lung that will be lost by resection allows the surgeon and anaesthetist to estimate the post resection spirometry and TLCO values. These can then be used to estimate the risk to the patient of undergoing the procedure (22). Predicted postoperative function is calculated using preoperative values of FEV1 or DLCO and measurement of lobar or whole lung fractional contribution to function as determined by quantitative perfusion lung scanning, ventilation, or CT lung scanning.
\n\t\t\t\tThe value obtained is then compared to the predicted value for FEV1 for that individual’s height, age, and gender to obtain the percent predicted postoperative FEV1.
\n\t\t\t\tPredicted post-operative DLCO is the single strongest predictor of complications and mortality after lung resection, although it is important to note that DLCO is NOT predictive of long term survival,only perioperative mortality (28). Interestingly, ppoDLCO and ppoFEV1 are poorly correlated, and thus should be assessed independently (29)
\n\t\t\t\tA patient is considered to be at increased risk for lung resection with predicted postoperative values for either FEV1 or DLCO <40 percent predicted. Nakahara et al. (10) found that patients with a ppoFEV1 ≥40% had no or minor post-resection respiratory complications. Major respiratory complications were only seen in the subgroup with ppoFEV1 ≤40% and patients with ppoFEV1 ≤30% required postoperative mechanical ventilatory support. The use of epidural analgesia has decreased the incidence of complications in the high-risk group
\n\t\t\t\tThe European Respiratory Society and the European Society of Thoracic Surgery (ERS/ESTS) advise that the cutoff value for predicted postoperative FEV1 or DLCO may be lowered to 30 percent rather than 40 percent, due to improvements in surgical technique and the belief that removal of hyperinflated, poorly functioning lung tissue during surgery ameliorates the calculated loss in lung function through a “lung volume reduction effect” (15,16). However, evaluation with cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is needed prior to making a final decision on operability.
\n\t\t\tExercise tests are thought to mimic the postoperative increase in oxygen consumption and have been used to select patients at high risk of cardiopulmonary complications after thoracic, but also abdominal surgery. The aim of exercise tests is to stress the whole cardiopulmonary system and estimate the physiological reserve that may be available after lung resection. The most used and best validated exercise parameter is V’O2, max. In the literature, V’O2, max appears to be a very strong predictor of postoperative complications, as well as a good predictor of long-term post-operative exercise capacity.
\n\t\t\t\t\tPatients with a preoperative V’O2, max of 15 to 20 mL/kg/min can undergo curative-intent lung cancer surgery with an acceptably low mortality rate. In several case series, patients with a V’O2, max of ≤ 10 mL/kg/min had a very high risk for postoperative death (3,16).
\n\t\t\t\t\tInterpreting the VO2 Max | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
20 ml/kg/min or "/ 15ml/kg/min - No increased risk of complications or death. and FEV1 "/40% predicted \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <15ml/kg/min - High Risk \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <10ml/kg/min - 40-50% mortality consider non surgical treatment | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Formal CPET with VO2‘max measurements may not be readily available in all centres. Therefore, low-technology tests have been used to evaluate fitness before lung resection, including the 6-min walk test (6MWT), the shuttle test and the stair climbing test.
\n\t\t\t\tThe 6MWT is the most used low-technology test, but the distance walked does not correlate with the VO2, max in all (especially in fit) patients. Moreover, post-operative complications have been found to be associated with the distance walked in some but not all studies. As a result, the 6MWT is not recommended to select patients for lung resection (3,19).
\n\t\t\t\tThe shuttle walk test is the distance measured by walking a 10 m distance usually between two cones at a pace that is progressively increased. This test has good reproducibility and correlates well with formal cardiopulmonary exercising testing (VO2max) (44,45) Previous BTS recommendations that the inability to walk 25 shuttles classifies patients as high risk has not been reproduced by prospective study(46) Some authors report that shuttle walk distance may be useful to stratify low-risk groups (ability to walk >400 m) who would not need further formal cardiopulmonary exercise testing.(47)
\n\t\t\t\tBecause calculation of VO2 max is expensive, stair climbing has been proposed as an alternative. It is commonly cited that the ability to climb five flights of stairs without stopping (20 x 6” steps) is equivalent to a VO2 max of 15 mL/kg/min, and two flights correspond to 12 mL/kg/min.] However, the data are difficult to interpret as there is a lack of standardisation of the height of the stairs, the ceiling heights, different parameters used in the assessment (eg, oxygen saturations, extent of lung resection) and different outcomes.
\n\t\t\t\tRecent studies have shown that hypercapnia in itself is not predictive of complications after resection, particularly if patients are able to exercise adequate(28) However, such patients are often precluded because of other adverse factors—for example, postoperative FEV1 and TLCO <40% predicted.
\n\t\t\t\tNinan et al. found that there was a higher risk of postoperative complications among patients who either had oxygen saturation (SaO2) on air at rest of <90% or desaturated by >4% from baseline during exercise (34).
\n\t\t\tLung cancer patients should be assessed for “4Ms”.
\n\t\t\tMass effects (SVC, Pancoast, obstructive pneumonia, laryngeal nerve paralysis, phrenic paresis)
Metabolic effects (hypercalcemia, hyponatremia, Cushing’s, Lambert-Eaton)
Metastases to brain, bone, liver& adrenal
Medications (bleomycin [avoid high FiO2], cisplatin [avoid NSAIDs])
FEV1 and FVC are decreased by up to 65% on the first postoperative day after thoracotomy. Resolution of these changes takes up to 2 months. The effects can be mitigated somewhat through use of appropriate incisions.
\n\t\tNo single test of respiratory function has shown adequate validity as a sole preoperative assessment. Before surgery an estimate of respiratory function in all three areas: lung mechanics, parenchymal function, and cardiopulmonary interaction should be made for each patient (9).
\n\t\t\tSlinger et al has described “The 3-Legged Stool” of Pre-thoracotomy Respiratory assessment.
\n\t\t\tThe following are the risk-reduction strategies which can be considered to reduce the risks in patients undergoing lung resection
\n\t\t\tCardiopulmonary rehabilitation
Permit recovery from induction therapy
Nutritional repletion
Smoking cessation
DVT and arrhythmia prophylaxis
Perioperative pulmonary physiotherapy
Changing extent of or approach to operation
Postoperatively, use of deep-breathing exercises or incentive spirometry, use of continuous positive airway pressure, use of epidural analgesia,use of intercostals nerve blocks where applicable helps to reduce the postoperative pulmonary complications.
\n\t\tAssessment of patient anatomy is important in order to anticipate a difficult endotracheal, or endobronchial intubation. Any deviation of the trachea from the midline should alert the anaesthetists to a potentially difficult intubation or to the possibility of airway obstruction during induction of anaesthesia. In addition to the physical exam, Chest X-rays, CT scans, and bronchoscopy reports can all be of use. Important factors include tumour that impinges on the chest wall, traverses the fissures between lobes or is in close proximity to major vessels. In some cases, and where available, a PET scan (positron emission tomography) may be performed to further identify the anatomy of the tumour and to clarify whether nodal spread or metastasis has occurred (Figure2). As an anaesthetist it is important to view these scans in order to understand the planned surgery(27). For example:
\n\t\t\tchest wall resection may be necessary,
close proximity to the pleura with pleural resection may make paravertebral analgesia impossible,
proximity to the pulmonary vessels or aorta makes major blood loss more likely.
Surgical pulmonary resection and chemo radiotherapy both induce significant mortality and morbidity in lung cancer patients. A targeted preoperative assessment combined with multidisciplinary approach can help individualize the morbidity and mortality risk of surgery for each patient and provide the surgeon and patient with the information needed for operative decision making.
\n\t\tIn recent years, wireless communication systems have had a significant impact on the daily life of human beings, therefore nowadays more and more users are connecting their devices to existing networks causing a constant increase in data traffic and the need for high speed networks will continue to increase over the years [1, 2, 3]. To cope with this rise the new 5G communication systems would have to dramatically improve the communication capacity by exploiting enormous unlicensed bandwidth in particular, in the millimeter waveband. It should also be prepared to provide and support very high data rates which in turn therefore requires the design of antennas and amplifiers satisfying the expected data rate [4, 5, 6]. Research in 5G Millimeter Band wireless communication shows that as mobile industries developed to use the millimeter wave spectrum, carriers are likely to use the 28, 38 and 73GHz bands which will become available in future technologies [7]. The requirements imposed by 5G technology on the antennas are: lightweight antenna, low profile, low cost mass production, ease of installation, Despite its narrow band the microstrip patch antenna may prove to be an ideal candidate to meet these requirements and the design of a microwave amplifier becomes very interesting in view of the operation of 5G technology in millimeter band. This chapter proposes the design of a microstrip patch antenna and an amplifier for 5G application then a PA-Antenna Unit operating in the 28 GHz band. In the following lines we will respectively present the architecture of our Co-Design then the mathematical model of the antenna and the amplifier as well as their modeling then the interpretation and analysis of the results and finally the conclusion.
The principle of the Co-Design of a PA-Antenna block is based on the fact that the junction of the antenna and the amplifier must be done with as little loss as possible, which is why it is very objective for us to work on each one. Equipment with a reference impedance which will facilitate the junction of the two because the option of designing a matching network no longer becomes a necessity. So let us say the stages of Co-design illustrated in the figure below (Figure 1).
PA-antenna block Co-design principle.
In the chain of transmission of wireless communication systems, the proposed Co-Design Block is of capital importance because the amplifier will have the role of taking a weak signal as input and producing a high intensity signal at the output. This signal will be recovered at the output by the antenna and radiates by it in the free space.
In this section we will notify the different formulas used to obtain the dimensions of the rectangular patch:
where C is the speed and εr the dielectric constant of the substrate.
where the effective dielectric constant is expressed by the formula
Where h is the height of the dielectric substrate, the extension of length
The dimensions of the ground plane are expressed by the following formulas:
The feeding technique used for our antennas is the microstrip feeding technique because of its ease of manufacture and its better reliability according to [8].
The choice of the feeding technique chosen therefore imposes a choice of adaptation technique in our work we have chosen the insed feed adaptation technique. This technique involves inserting notches to bring the impedance of the antenna down to that of the power line [9]. Each notch is equivalent to a parallel admittance Y with a conductance G and a subceptance B. The following formulas on the conductance of a slot, the mutual conductance and the resistance of the antenna are expressed as follows
The mutual conductance is expressed as follows:
Where
After having developed all the theoretical analysis which allows us to find, using mathematical formulas, the various parameters important for the design of the antenna, we will now proceed to the modeling of the antenna.
The previous section allowed us to show how to obtain the different antenna dimensions of a rectangular patch antenna. Table 1 below illustrates these dimensions.
Dimension | Value (mm) |
---|---|
Wp | 4.23 |
Lp | 3.52 |
Wg | 11.84 |
Lg | 10.3 |
Wf | 0.3912 |
Lf | 1.95 |
Fi | 0.93 |
gap | 0.26 |
Antenna dimension.
When modeling the antenna several initiatives were taken first with the proposal of several antenna shapes departing from the known classical shape. The Figures 2 and 3 below represent the different forms of modeled antennas.
Rectangular patch modeled: a) with dimension, b) without dimension.
Proposed patch antenna shape.
The Other forms of antennas modeled in terms of contribution are illustrated below.
An Amplifier is an electronic device whose role is to increase the power of a signal introduced at its input. To simplify our study we will admit that our amplifier is a quadrupole whose matrix is [S] and connected to a voltage source E with an internal impedance and it is loaded by an impedance (Figure 4).
Distribution waves and reflection coefficients at the entry and exit of the quadrupole.
The matrix [S] of distribution of this linear quadrupole is such that [9]:
When making the amplifier, we try to have maximum gain. In other words, it is necessary to perform the adaptation at the input of the transistor and the source simultaneously with the adaptation between the transistor output and the load.
The transistor amplifier are very recurrent microwave amplifiers their characteristics depend on the properties of the Transistor for the design in our work we looked at the FET transistor sp_aiiAF035P1_00–19941209 manufactured by Alpha Industries so we will first illustrate the characteristics of our transistor namely the input and output reflection coefficients S11, S22 the transmission coefficient S21 which represents the transmission from the input to the output or the own gain of the transistor and of the future amplifier S12, represents the isolation or the reverse transmission from the output to the input the drain source voltage Vds = 5 V and the current Ids = 70 mA. We will therefore present and illustrate the S-parameters listed below in Figure 5.
Schematic of the transistor and simulation of S-parameters.
The S-parameters of the transistor obtained are as follows: S11 = −1.067 dB, S22 = −0.219 dB, S21 = −11.164 dB, S12 = − 35.289 dB. We realize that the inherent gain of the transistor is very low, it is imperative for us to improve this gain as well as the characteristics of the amplifier in order to produce an amplifier that meets the constraints imposed by 5G technology.
Considering K as the stability factor, the expression of the stability factor is given by the following formula:
and if
The Stability constant K of the transistor and mod_delta
The architecture of a Microwave Amplifier is shown as follows (Figure 6).
Microwave amplifier.
For the design of the amplifier, we will first start with impedance matching. The adaptation with Stub has been opted for by this document. The structure of the stub is shown in Figure 7 below.
Stub structure.
Figure 8 below shows the S-parameters of the Stub.
Stub S-parameters.
The validation of our Stub is confirmed by an impedance adaptation to 50 ohms at the input and at the output the table below summarizes the result obtained (Table 2).
Parameters | Value |
---|---|
S11 (dB) | −15.062 |
S22 (dB) | −15.062 |
S12 (dB) | −0.637 |
S21 (dB) | −0.637 |
Summary of the Sparameters of the stub.
The above table presents the results of synthesis of the S-parameters of the stub at the resonant frequency of the transistor. From these results, it can be seen that: S11 = S22, S12 = S21 Hence, the matching of the impedance is good, because the waves leaving the source and passing through the line are not partly reflected when they arrive on the load.
The design of the transistor amplifier is shown in the Figures 9 and 10 above.
Microwave amplifier without stage of transistor.
Microwave amplifier with stage of transistor.
The Antenna Parameters shown below are: Reflection Coefficient S11, Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR), Antenna Gain in (dB), and Antenna Input Impedance in Ohms The S11 reflection coefficient is the parameter demonstrating whether the antenna adaptation is good or not, the criterion for defining good adaptation through this parameter is S11 < −10 dB. The Figure 11 below illustrate the S11 parameter of the antennas.
Antennas parameter S11.
The Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) is the parameter demonstrating if the adaptation of the antenna is good the characteristic value is VSWR ≤2 the Figure 12 illustrates the voltage standing wave ratio obtained by the antennas.
Stationary wave ratio of antennas.
The gain of the antenna characterizes the capacity of the antenna to radiate the maximum power that is ingested at its input. The Figure 13 illustrate the gain of antennas.
Antennas gain.
The input impedance of the antenna obviously shows whether we have suitably adapted the antenna or not, it is also clear that this is one of the conditions to be satisfied in order to be able to make our Co-Design Block PA-Antenna the Figure 14 below illustrates the impedance of our antennas.
Antenna input impedance.
In the summary of the Figures 2 and 3 presented above we have proposed 04 antenna shapes the first shape (Figure 2) is the classic rectangular patch template then the other shapes offered are patch templates excluding classic models (Figure 3). We can obviously note that the antennas have a good adaptation and an input impedance at 50 ohms but the gain proposed by these antennas are quite low because the strongest gain proposed here is 7.25 dB to improve these gains so we have model antenna arrays. An antenna array: is the combination of several antenna of the same type in order to form a single antenna the assembly of the different radiating elements must respect a certain distance between radiating element the standard pitch most used in most cases is not worth = 0.5λ for our work we will be interested in linear networks and we will model this one with 4 elements so the distance between will be worth 0.5λ Figure 15 below presents the modeling of the two antenna arrays the step of value 0.5 λ is 5.36 mm. The Figure 15 below illustrates the configuration of these antenna networks.
Linear antenna arrays modeled with different shape.
The reflection coefficients observed in each of the antenna networks below are illustrated in the Figure 16 below.
S11 reflection coefficient of antenna arrays.
Figure 17 shows the gains obtained by these different antennas network.
Gain of different antenna network.
We are now going to explore the gain of the antenna arrays in the E plane in order to observe the side lobes generated; the Figure 18 below illustrates it.
Representation of gain in plan E of antenna network.
To confirm the validity of our results, the representation of the impedances of the antenna networks are illustrated in Figure 19 below.
Input impedance of antenna networks.
It is clear that the impedance presented by our input antenna arrays is 50 ohms at the resonant frequency. We will summarize our work on Antennas in the table below (Table 3).
The results obtained must be compared with those which have already been the subject of research and accepted in the scientific research community (Table 4).
Antenna Parameters | Values | |
---|---|---|
S11 (dB) | −15.6 | Single antenna with different shape offered |
−13.05 | ||
−24.345 | ||
−23.277 | ||
−15.515 | Antenna has 4 elements with different proposed shape | |
−13.31 | ||
−11.066 | ||
Gain (dB) | 7.25 | Single antenna with different shape offered |
6.24 | ||
5.94 | ||
6 | ||
13 | Antenna has 4 elements with different proposed shape | |
11.7 | ||
12.16 | ||
Bandwidth(MHz) | 550 | Single antenna with different shape offered |
361.3 | ||
416 | ||
473.88 | ||
504.59 | Antenna has 4 elements with different proposed shape | |
344.91 | ||
360.66 | ||
Efficiency (%) | 76.82 | Single antenna with different shape offered |
64.313 | ||
71.9 | ||
72.15 | ||
75.3 | Antenna has 4 elements with different proposed shape | |
69.81 | ||
63.99 | ||
Impédance (ohms) | 50 ohms |
Summary of antenna parameters.
Ref | S11 (dB) | Gain (dB) | VSWR | Bandwidth(GHz) | Efficiency (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
[10] | −15.35 | — | 1.79 | — | 87.8 |
[11] | −20.35 | 6.21 | 1.02 | 0.4 | 65.6 |
[12] | −17.34 | 6.72 | 1.28 | — | — |
[13] | −23.67 | 6.7 | — | 1.15 | 81.2 |
[14] | −39.37 | 6.37 | 1.022 | 2.48 | 86.73 |
[15] | −39.7 | 5.23 | — | 4.1 | — |
[16] | −14.151 | 6.06 | 1.488 | 0.8 | — |
[17] | −22.2 | 6.85 | 1.34 | — | — |
[18] | −27.7 | 6.72 | 1.22 | 0.463 | 75.875 |
Comparative analysis at the antenna level.
Comparing our works to those listed, it is clear that our obtained gain is greater than the proposed works, the bandwidth obtained is better compared to the works [11, 18]. The reflection coefficients obtained are better compared to works [16, 15] but the bandwidth obtained in these works is better than ours. We can therefore deduce from these works that our antennas comply with and meet the requirements imposed by 5G technology.
After modeling the amplifier, it is therefore important to observe the parameters obtained by the amplification after simulation. The S-parameters of the amplifier are summarized in Figure 20 below.
S-parameters of the amplifier without stage transistor.
The S-Parameters of the amplifier with stage transistor are shown in Figure 21 below.
S-parameters of amplifier with stage transistor.
As we notice in our figures above the amplifier presents 04 parameters namely S11, S22, S12, S21 the parameters S11, S22 respectively represent the reflection coefficients at the input and at the output of the amplifier and the parameter S12 represents isolation, the parameter S21 represents the amplifier transmission gain. The goal of making a transistor stage is therefore to improve the transmission gain of the amplifier. The Table 5 below illustrates the characteristics of the amplifier.
Co-Design Block PA-Antenna.
The following table establishes a comparison between our work and the work carried out by [19] (Table 6).
Amplifier Parameters | Values | |
---|---|---|
Amplifier without stages | Amplifier with stage | |
S11 (dB) | −30.784 | −29.645 |
S22 (dB) | −16.978 | −16.779 |
S12 (dB) | −16.445 | −32.941 |
S21 (dB) | 7.68 | 15.31 |
Impédance d’entrée ou de sortie | 50 ohms | |
Bandwidth (GHz) | Greater than 2GHz |
Summary of amplifier parameters.
Parameters | This Work | [19] |
---|---|---|
Frequency (GHz) | 28 | |
S11 (dB) | −13.124 | |
S22 (dB) | −15.455 | |
S12 (dB) | — | |
S21 (dB) | 10.803 | |
Application | 5G |
Comparative analysis at the amplifier level.
Our results obtained in simulation are much better than that obtained in [19]. Our amplifier has a gain of 15 dB which shows that our amplifier meets the requirements imposed by 5G technology.
The Co-Design Block PA-Antenna can be done with the greatest serenity because the impedances of the two equipment’s comply with the principles listed above. The figure below therefore illustrates the proposed PA-Antenna Co-Design (Figure 22).
Co-Design PA-Antenna Parameter S11.
The results obtained after simulation show us the following characteristics illustrated in the Figure 23 below.
The S11 parameter clearly shows us that our Co-Design is functional and well suited to the resonant frequency. In this chapter we enumerate a method of designing a transmitter block namely the antenna and the amplifier it is important to note that the design of the block requires the partial design of each of the transmitters in order to consider the design of the block. The design of the block takes into account the impedance adaptation parameters this as well as in this chapter we have arranged such that the amplifier and the antenna present at input as at output an impedance of 50 ohms thus facilitating the junction of the two block the proof Figure 23 illustrates clearly and clearly that the block is functioning correctly and the impedances of the various equipment are in conformity with the fixed reference impedance.
Having reached the end of this chapter, the objective of which is to propose a PA-Antenna Co-Design block for 5G applications, it is clear that the design of such a device requires fairly strict requirements and methodology. Therefore, we looked at the design on the one hand of the antenna and on the other hand of the amplifier by setting 50 ohms as the working impedance guaranteeing the adaptation of the impedance of the device. After design of the two equipment’s separately. We therefore proposed and simulated said device. This has characteristics that meet the requirements imposed by 5G technology, which should be noted that the antennas and amplifier proposed in this chapter offer very good characteristics compared to some existing equipment and presented in this chapter. It is also necessary to note the double resonance of our antenna in the 46.06 GHz band and presenting in this one an impedance of 50 ohms and a good bandwidth.
All my thanks go to my teachers at the National Polytechnic School of Douala Cameroon for their teachings and advice. My thanks go to the Intech-Open author community who will shed some light on this work to make it even better.
In this chapter, it is clear that we have only had the possibility of simulating our project with the reference software, namely CST microwave and ADS. In this declaration we ask the community to offer us the possibility of being able to design our project indeed we are engineers in Telecommunications and the means to develop such technologies in our country Cameroon is extremely difficult so it will be a huge pleasure for us to have the chance to be able to realize our project thanks to your help.
IntechOpen publishes different types of publications
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\n\nEdited Volumes can be comprised of different types of chapters:
\n\nRESEARCH CHAPTER – A research chapter reports the results of original research thus contributing to the body of knowledge in a particular area of study.
\n\nREVIEW CHAPTER – A review chapter analyzes or examines research previously published by other scientists, rather than reporting new findings thus summarizing the current state of understanding on a topic.
\n\nCASE STUDY – A case study involves an in-depth, and detailed examination of a particular topic.
\n\nPERSPECTIVE CHAPTER – A perspective chapter offers a new point of view on existing problems, fundamental concepts, or common opinions on a specific topic. Perspective chapters can propose or support new hypotheses, or discuss the significance of newly achieved innovations. Perspective chapters can focus on current advances and future directions on a topic and include both original data and personal opinion.
\n\nINTRODUCTORY CHAPTER – An introductory chapter states the purpose and goals of the book. The introductory chapter is written by the Academic Editor.
\n\nMonographs is a self-contained work on a particular subject, or an aspect of it, written by one or more authors. Monographs usually have between 130 and 500 pages.
\n\nTYPES OF MONOGRAPHS:
\n\nSingle or multiple author manuscript
\n\nCompacts provide a mid-length publishing format that bridges the gap between journal articles, book chapters, and monographs, and cover content across all scientific disciplines.
\n\nCompacts are the preferred publishing option for brief research reports on new topics, in-depth case studies, dissertations, or essays exploring new ideas, issues, or broader topics on the research subject. Compacts usually have between 50 and 130 pages.
\n\nCollection of papers presented at conferences, workshops, symposiums, or scientific courses, published in book format
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In this chapter, cloud computing and other information technologies based accounting start-ups are covered, and the effects of these highly increasing start-ups on the profession of accounting have been addressed. In conclusion, it has been predicted that technology-based accounting start-ups with both accounting professionals and entrepreneurs having an expertise on information technologies will come together and will increase in the future, and cloud-based accounting initiatives will shape the future of the profession.",book:{id:"6000",slug:"accounting-and-corporate-reporting-today-and-tomorrow",title:"Accounting and Corporate Reporting",fullTitle:"Accounting and Corporate Reporting - Today and Tomorrow"},signatures:"Burak Özdoğan",authors:[{id:"203445",title:"Dr.",name:"Burak",middleName:null,surname:"Ozdogan",slug:"burak-ozdogan",fullName:"Burak Ozdogan"}]},{id:"55274",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68832",title:"Paradigm Shift in Corporate Reporting",slug:"paradigm-shift-in-corporate-reporting",totalDownloads:2189,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"In this paper, we present the evolution of integrated reporting and organizations playing an active role in this process. As a result of the changes, corporate reports including only historical financial information have become insufficient. It has started to be important for the firms to be sensitive towards environment, social capital and governance. For these reasons, authorities started to search for new reporting types. Their aim was to form a report giving detailed (prospective and retrospective) information about the total performance of the firm. Sustainability reports, the starting point of integrated reporting, were established and Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) standards were formed to increase the popularization. Integrated reports aim to supply full disclosure about the firms’ strategies, goals and performances. They also respond to the demands and needs of key stakeholders. In order to actualize the financial stability and sustainability, they are necessary. Integrated reports also put related groups into play. So, decision makers become a participant instead of watching the system from outside. In addition, integrated thinking philosophy provides systematic disclosure of value creation, namely how organizations made resource allocations in the past and how they will create value in the future according to their business models.",book:{id:"6000",slug:"accounting-and-corporate-reporting-today-and-tomorrow",title:"Accounting and Corporate Reporting",fullTitle:"Accounting and Corporate Reporting - Today and Tomorrow"},signatures:"Pınar Okan Gökten and Beyhan Marşap",authors:[{id:"204188",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Okan Gokten",slug:"pinar-okan-gokten",fullName:"Pınar Okan Gokten"},{id:"204189",title:"Prof.",name:"Beyhan",middleName:null,surname:"Marsap",slug:"beyhan-marsap",fullName:"Beyhan Marsap"}]},{id:"56092",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69103",title:"Value Relevance of Accounting Data in an Emerging Market: Did Accounting Reforms Make a Difference?",slug:"value-relevance-of-accounting-data-in-an-emerging-market-did-accounting-reforms-make-a-difference-",totalDownloads:1450,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"This study investigates the association of accounting earnings (NI) and book value of equity (BV) with stock prices in Istanbul Stock Exchange (ISE), currently Borsa Istanbul (BIST), during the 1992–2006 period. We also explore the effect of accounting reforms on value relevance that is measured as the strength of the association between a firm’s NI and BV and its market value. We specifically investigate the impact of the Turkish Uniform Chart of Accounts (1994), mandatory inflation accounting, consolidations and voluntary (2003–2004), and the mandatory (2005) adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). We hypothesize that these reforms have reduced information asymmetry and thus are expected to enhance the value relevance of accounting information. We find strong evidence that the Ohlson model is a valid model, and BV is more value relevant than NI in BIST. We also find that inflation accounting and consolidations have enhanced the value relevance of BV, while IFRS has increased the value relevance of NI, but reduced that of BV. We contribute to the debate by exploiting the unique sequence of reforms, to come up with comparative value relevance testing designs and interesting results for all major reforms, which we believe will be instructive for researchers and for all emerging and developed economies undergoing similar reforms and best practices.",book:{id:"6000",slug:"accounting-and-corporate-reporting-today-and-tomorrow",title:"Accounting and Corporate Reporting",fullTitle:"Accounting and Corporate Reporting - Today and Tomorrow"},signatures:"Mine Aksu, Ayse Tansel Cetin and Can Simga Mugan",authors:[{id:"203574",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mine",middleName:null,surname:"Aksu",slug:"mine-aksu",fullName:"Mine Aksu"},{id:"204249",title:"Prof.",name:"Can Simga",middleName:null,surname:"Mugan",slug:"can-simga-mugan",fullName:"Can Simga Mugan"},{id:"204250",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayse",middleName:null,surname:"Tansel Cetin",slug:"ayse-tansel-cetin",fullName:"Ayse Tansel Cetin"}]},{id:"61095",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76867",title:"Ethical Awareness, Ethical Decision Making, and Transparency: A Study on Turkish CPAs in Istanbul",slug:"ethical-awareness-ethical-decision-making-and-transparency-a-study-on-turkish-cpas-in-istanbul",totalDownloads:1619,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"This research aims to reveal the connections among ethical awareness, ethical decision making, and transparency from the perspective of certified public accountants (CPAs) in Istanbul. Data are collected from Turkish CPAs’ survey responses, which are based on a seven-point Likert scale, and analyzed using explanatory factor analysis. Hypotheses were tested using ordinary least squares regression, and the results show that, based on the participants’ average responses, CPAs are affected mainly by the level of their ethical awareness in decision making about an ethical issue or transparency of financial reports, which indicates that the three concepts are strongly connected to each other.",book:{id:"6660",slug:"accounting-from-a-cross-cultural-perspective",title:"Accounting from a Cross-Cultural Perspective",fullTitle:"Accounting from a Cross-Cultural Perspective"},signatures:"Nida Türegün",authors:[{id:"238085",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nida",middleName:null,surname:"Türegün",slug:"nida-turegun",fullName:"Nida Türegün"}]},{id:"55385",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68778",title:"Public Accounting Reform from Institutional Theory Perspectives: Case of Turkey",slug:"public-accounting-reform-from-institutional-theory-perspectives-case-of-turkey",totalDownloads:1711,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"In the literature, it is often found that institutional theory is used as the theoretical framework to explain the development and application of accounting. By means of these studies, it becomes easier to understand accounting as a social and political activity within itself and thus to be able to understand the economic, institutional, political and social environment of the turnover of the practices. In this regard, the main aim of this study is to explain the development of the public accounting system in Turkey with the help of institutional theory. Thus, it is aimed to explain all the dynamics that provide the institutionalization of state account in the national sense, together with the economic, political and social processes of the period in question. It is revealed that the regulatory arrangements directly contribute to the institutionalization of a field, and as a result, how the public organizations directly contribute to the institutionalization process.",book:{id:"6000",slug:"accounting-and-corporate-reporting-today-and-tomorrow",title:"Accounting and Corporate Reporting",fullTitle:"Accounting and Corporate Reporting - Today and Tomorrow"},signatures:"Ceray Aldemir and Tuğba Uçma Uysal",authors:[{id:"204342",title:"Dr.",name:"Ceray",middleName:null,surname:"Aldemir",slug:"ceray-aldemir",fullName:"Ceray Aldemir"},{id:"204348",title:"Dr.",name:"Tugba",middleName:null,surname:"Ucma Uysal",slug:"tugba-ucma-uysal",fullName:"Tugba Ucma Uysal"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"78825",title:"Accounting Quality and Its Challenges in 21st Century",slug:"accounting-quality-and-its-challenges-in-21st-century",totalDownloads:256,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"This paper describes current research to drive future research challenges in accounting quality. The definition of accounting quality is mainly varying depending on the objective that the study pointed. Previous research revealed that many proxies describe the accounting quality but most of them from the financial perspective. Furthermore, this paper tries to expose this research issue in the behavioural approach and drive future research in the mixed method. It concludes that the behavioural issues can be a research model, triggering future research challenges in accounting quality. The authors support these triggers from the perspectives of political hegemony, bureaucracy ratcheting, cognitive distortion, and international accounting standard. Finally, we infer and simultaneously predict that accounting quality would broaden its concepts and lasting impression in the 21st century.",book:{id:"10818",slug:"accounting-and-finance-innovations",title:"Accounting and Finance Innovations",fullTitle:"Accounting and Finance Innovations"},signatures:"Sumiyana Sumiyana, Hendrian Hendrian, Ruslan Effendi, Krisnhoe Fitrijati and Sriwidharmanely Sriwidharmanely",authors:[{id:"328451",title:"Prof.",name:"Sumiyana",middleName:null,surname:"Sumiyana",slug:"sumiyana-sumiyana",fullName:"Sumiyana Sumiyana"},{id:"328452",title:"Dr.",name:"Sriwidharmanely",middleName:null,surname:"Sriwidharmanely",slug:"sriwidharmanely-sriwidharmanely",fullName:"Sriwidharmanely Sriwidharmanely"},{id:"350499",title:"Dr.",name:"Hendrian",middleName:null,surname:"Hendrian",slug:"hendrian-hendrian",fullName:"Hendrian Hendrian"},{id:"350500",title:"Dr.",name:"Ruslan",middleName:null,surname:"Effendi",slug:"ruslan-effendi",fullName:"Ruslan Effendi"},{id:"350501",title:"Dr.",name:"Krisnhoe",middleName:null,surname:"Fitrijati",slug:"krisnhoe-fitrijati",fullName:"Krisnhoe Fitrijati"}]},{id:"61095",title:"Ethical Awareness, Ethical Decision Making, and Transparency: A Study on Turkish CPAs in Istanbul",slug:"ethical-awareness-ethical-decision-making-and-transparency-a-study-on-turkish-cpas-in-istanbul",totalDownloads:1619,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"This research aims to reveal the connections among ethical awareness, ethical decision making, and transparency from the perspective of certified public accountants (CPAs) in Istanbul. Data are collected from Turkish CPAs’ survey responses, which are based on a seven-point Likert scale, and analyzed using explanatory factor analysis. Hypotheses were tested using ordinary least squares regression, and the results show that, based on the participants’ average responses, CPAs are affected mainly by the level of their ethical awareness in decision making about an ethical issue or transparency of financial reports, which indicates that the three concepts are strongly connected to each other.",book:{id:"6660",slug:"accounting-from-a-cross-cultural-perspective",title:"Accounting from a Cross-Cultural Perspective",fullTitle:"Accounting from a Cross-Cultural Perspective"},signatures:"Nida Türegün",authors:[{id:"238085",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nida",middleName:null,surname:"Türegün",slug:"nida-turegun",fullName:"Nida Türegün"}]},{id:"78745",title:"Analysis of Return and Risk of Cryptocurrency Bitcoin Asset as Investment Instrument",slug:"analysis-of-return-and-risk-of-cryptocurrency-bitcoin-asset-as-investment-instrument",totalDownloads:421,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"This study aims to explore the potential use of the cryptocurrency bitcoin as an investment instrument in Indonesia. The return obtained from bitcoin cryptocurrency is compared to other investment instruments, namely stock returns, gold and the rupiah exchange rate. The research period was carried out based on research data from 2011 to 2020. This study employee compares means test (t test) and analysis of variance (F test) on rate of return of bitcoin investment. The bitcoin return compare to the rate of return form the others investments instruments namely exchange rate, gold and stock. The study collected 120 data of each investments instruments: bitcoin, exchange rate, gold and stock from various of sources during 2011–2020. Then, we calculate the return and risk of individual investment instruments. The results showed that the bitcoin currency had the highest rate of return 18% with a standard deviation of 61% compared to exchange rate, gold and stock returns. While the rate of return for the others investment instruments showed less than 0.5% with standard deviation less than 5%. The rate of return bitcoin has significance difference compare to the rate of return of exchange rate, gold and stock. The study contribute for the investors who would like to invest on bitcoin. The investors should understand the characteristic of bitcoin in term of rate of returns and also the risk. This study also contributes to government of Indonesia on crypto currency development. The Indonesia government should adopt and regulate on crypto currency in the future to secure the investor and economic growth.",book:{id:"10818",slug:"accounting-and-finance-innovations",title:"Accounting and Finance Innovations",fullTitle:"Accounting and Finance Innovations"},signatures:"Sunita Dasman",authors:[{id:"348739",title:"Dr.",name:"Sunita",middleName:null,surname:"Dasman",slug:"sunita-dasman",fullName:"Sunita Dasman"}]},{id:"55587",title:"Historical Development of Government Accounting",slug:"historical-development-of-government-accounting",totalDownloads:2774,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Government accounting aims at preventing waste in government services and establishing a balance between optimal expenditure and services by managing government assets and government sources in the most efficient way. This balance can be established only by obtaining complete and accurate information from government accounting system on time. Since the users have a low level of knowledge needs in government accounting system, it has been recorded for long years in a cash basis manner. However, as the government’s area of operation expanded and the needs increased, it became obvious that cash basis system had lacking parts. So it started to focus on recording financial transactions and financial reporting. These lacking parts in the accounting system tried to be overcome through a new regulation by focusing on the areas where cash basis accounting system was insufficient; and a change was experienced with regard to applying the accrual basis in the areas of government accounting and financial reporting. This study aims to explain the historical development of government accounting by applications in countries and especially by detailed expressions for Turkey. 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Behavioral accounting concept is examined under the topics of the influence of accounting information on behavior, managerial control (budget participation, nonfinancial measures, leadership, and balanced scorecard), auditing (auditor‐client negotiations, auditor’s judgment, and decision‐making), and ethics (ethical decision‐making, ethical orientation, and rationalizations on unethical behavior) in this chapter.",book:{id:"6000",slug:"accounting-and-corporate-reporting-today-and-tomorrow",title:"Accounting and Corporate Reporting",fullTitle:"Accounting and Corporate Reporting - Today and Tomorrow"},signatures:"Filiz Angay Kutluk",authors:[{id:"203083",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Filiz",middleName:null,surname:"Angay Kutluk",slug:"filiz-angay-kutluk",fullName:"Filiz Angay Kutluk"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"62",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:286,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:101,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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He obtained a Master’s degree in Public Health and PhD in Public Health and Epidemiology. He has a background in Clinical Medicine and has taken courses at higher diploma levels in public health from University of Transkei, Republic of South Africa, and African Medical and Research Foundation (AMREF) in Nairobi, Kenya. Dr. Kasenga worked in different places in and outside Malawi, and has held various positions, such as Licensed Medical Officer, HIV/AIDS Programme Officer, HIV/AIDS resource person in the International Department of Diakonhjemet College, Oslo, Norway. He also managed an Integrated HIV/AIDS Prevention programme for over 5 years. He is currently working as a Director for the Health Ministries Department of Malawi Union of the Seventh Day Adventist Church. Dr. Kasenga has published over 5 articles on HIV/AIDS issues focusing on Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV (PMTCT), including a book chapter on HIV testing counseling (currently in press). 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His research interest focuses on computational chemistry and molecular modeling of diverse systems of pharmacological, food, and alternative energy interests by resorting to DFT and Conceptual DFT. He has authored a coauthored more than 255 peer-reviewed papers, 32 book chapters, and 2 edited books. He has delivered speeches at many international and domestic conferences. He serves as a reviewer for more than eighty international journals, books, and research proposals as well as an editor for special issues of renowned scientific journals.",institutionString:"Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados",institution:{name:"Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"76477",title:"Prof.",name:"Mirza",middleName:null,surname:"Hasanuzzaman",slug:"mirza-hasanuzzaman",fullName:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/76477/images/system/76477.png",biography:"Dr. Mirza Hasanuzzaman is a Professor of Agronomy at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Bangladesh. He received his Ph.D. in Plant Stress Physiology and Antioxidant Metabolism from Ehime University, Japan, with a scholarship from the Japanese Government (MEXT). Later, he completed his postdoctoral research at the Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of the Ryukyus, Japan, as a recipient of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) postdoctoral fellowship. He was also the recipient of the Australian Government Endeavour Research Fellowship for postdoctoral research as an adjunct senior researcher at the University of Tasmania, Australia. Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s current work is focused on the physiological and molecular mechanisms of environmental stress tolerance. Dr. Hasanuzzaman has published more than 150 articles in peer-reviewed journals. He has edited ten books and written more than forty book chapters on important aspects of plant physiology, plant stress tolerance, and crop production. According to Scopus, Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s publications have received more than 10,500 citations with an h-index of 53. He has been named a Highly Cited Researcher by Clarivate. He is an editor and reviewer for more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and was a recipient of the “Publons Peer Review Award” in 2017, 2018, and 2019. He has been honored by different authorities for his outstanding performance in various fields like research and education, and he has received the World Academy of Science Young Scientist Award (2014) and the University Grants Commission (UGC) Award 2018. He is a fellow of the Bangladesh Academy of Sciences (BAS) and the Royal Society of Biology.",institutionString:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",institution:{name:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",country:{name:"Bangladesh"}}},{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",biography:"Kusal K. Das is a Distinguished Chair Professor of Physiology, Shri B. M. Patil Medical College and Director, Centre for Advanced Medical Research (CAMR), BLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapur, Karnataka, India. Dr. Das did his M.S. and Ph.D. in Human Physiology from the University of Calcutta, Kolkata. His area of research is focused on understanding of molecular mechanisms of heavy metal activated low oxygen sensing pathways in vascular pathophysiology. He has invented a new method of estimation of serum vitamin E. His expertise in critical experimental protocols on vascular functions in experimental animals was well documented by his quality of publications. He was a Visiting Professor of Medicine at University of Leeds, United Kingdom (2014-2016) and Tulane University, New Orleans, USA (2017). For his immense contribution in medical research Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India conferred him 'G.P. Chatterjee Memorial Research Prize-2019” and he is also the recipient of 'Dr.Raja Ramanna State Scientist Award 2015” by Government of Karnataka. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Biology (FRSB), London and Honorary Fellow of Karnataka Science and Technology Academy, Department of Science and Technology, Government of Karnataka.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null},{id:"243660",title:"Dr.",name:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda",middleName:null,surname:"Biradar",slug:"mallanagouda-shivanagouda-biradar",fullName:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda Biradar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243660/images/system/243660.jpeg",biography:"M. S. Biradar is Vice Chancellor and Professor of Medicine of\nBLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India.\nHe obtained his MD with a gold medal in General Medicine and\nhas devoted himself to medical teaching, research, and administrations. He has also immensely contributed to medical research\non vascular medicine, which is reflected by his numerous publications including books and book chapters. Professor Biradar was\nalso Visiting Professor at Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University)",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"289796",title:"Dr.",name:"Swastika",middleName:null,surname:"Das",slug:"swastika-das",fullName:"Swastika Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/289796/images/system/289796.jpeg",biography:"Swastika N. Das is Professor of Chemistry at the V. P. Dr. P. G.\nHalakatti College of Engineering and Technology, BLDE (Deemed\nto be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India. She obtained an\nMSc, MPhil, and PhD in Chemistry from Sambalpur University,\nOdisha, India. Her areas of research interest are medicinal chemistry, chemical kinetics, and free radical chemistry. She is a member\nof the investigators who invented a new modified method of estimation of serum vitamin E. She has authored numerous publications including book\nchapters and is a mentor of doctoral curriculum at her university.",institutionString:"BLDEA’s V.P.Dr.P.G.Halakatti College of Engineering & Technology",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248459/images/system/248459.png",biography:"Akikazu Takada was born in Japan, 1935. After graduation from\nKeio University School of Medicine and finishing his post-graduate studies, he worked at Roswell Park Memorial Institute NY,\nUSA. He then took a professorship at Hamamatsu University\nSchool of Medicine. In thrombosis studies, he found the SK\npotentiator that enhances plasminogen activation by streptokinase. He is very much interested in simultaneous measurements\nof fatty acids, amino acids, and tryptophan degradation products. By using fatty\nacid analyses, he indicated that plasma levels of trans-fatty acids of old men were\nfar higher in the US than Japanese men. . He also showed that eicosapentaenoic acid\n(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels are higher, and arachidonic acid\nlevels are lower in Japanese than US people. By using simultaneous LC/MS analyses\nof plasma levels of tryptophan metabolites, he recently found that plasma levels of\nserotonin, kynurenine, or 5-HIAA were higher in patients of mono- and bipolar\ndepression, which are significantly different from observations reported before. In\nview of recent reports that plasma tryptophan metabolites are mainly produced by\nmicrobiota. He is now working on the relationships between microbiota and depression or autism.",institutionString:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",institution:{name:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"137240",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"mohammed-khalid",fullName:"Mohammed Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/137240/images/system/137240.png",biography:"Mohammed Khalid received his B.S. degree in chemistry in 2000 and Ph.D. degree in physical chemistry in 2007 from the University of Khartoum, Sudan. He moved to School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Australia in 2009 and joined Dr. Ron Clarke as a postdoctoral fellow where he worked on the interaction of ATP with the phosphoenzyme of the Na+/K+-ATPase and dual mechanisms of allosteric acceleration of the Na+/K+-ATPase by ATP; then he went back to Department of Chemistry, University of Khartoum as an assistant professor, and in 2014 he was promoted as an associate professor. In 2011, he joined the staff of Department of Chemistry at Taif University, Saudi Arabia, where he is currently an assistant professor. His research interests include the following: P-Type ATPase enzyme kinetics and mechanisms, kinetics and mechanisms of redox reactions, autocatalytic reactions, computational enzyme kinetics, allosteric acceleration of P-type ATPases by ATP, exploring of allosteric sites of ATPases, and interaction of ATP with ATPases located in cell membranes.",institutionString:"Taif University",institution:{name:"Taif University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"63810",title:"Prof.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Morales-Montor",slug:"jorge-morales-montor",fullName:"Jorge Morales-Montor",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63810/images/system/63810.png",biography:"Dr. Jorge Morales-Montor was recognized with the Lola and Igo Flisser PUIS Award for best graduate thesis at the national level in the field of parasitology. He received a fellowship from the Fogarty Foundation to perform postdoctoral research stay at the University of Georgia. He has 153 journal articles to his credit. He has also edited several books and published more than fifty-five book chapters. He is a member of the Mexican Academy of Sciences, Latin American Academy of Sciences, and the National Academy of Medicine. He has received more than thirty-five awards and has supervised numerous bachelor’s, master’s, and Ph.D. students. Dr. Morales-Montor is the past president of the Mexican Society of Parasitology.",institutionString:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"217215",title:"Dr.",name:"Palash",middleName:null,surname:"Mandal",slug:"palash-mandal",fullName:"Palash Mandal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217215/images/system/217215.jpeg",biography:null,institutionString:"Charusat University",institution:null},{id:"49739",title:"Dr.",name:"Leszek",middleName:null,surname:"Szablewski",slug:"leszek-szablewski",fullName:"Leszek Szablewski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49739/images/system/49739.jpg",biography:"Leszek Szablewski is a professor of medical sciences. He received his M.S. in the Faculty of Biology from the University of Warsaw and his PhD degree from the Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences. He habilitated in the Medical University of Warsaw, and he obtained his degree of Professor from the President of Poland. Professor Szablewski is the Head of Chair and Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw. Professor Szablewski has published over 80 peer-reviewed papers in journals such as Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, Biochim. Biophys. Acta Reviews of Cancer, Biol. Chem., J. Biomed. Sci., and Diabetes/Metabol. Res. Rev, Endocrine. He is the author of two books and four book chapters. He has edited four books, written 15 scripts for students, is the ad hoc reviewer of over 30 peer-reviewed journals, and editorial member of peer-reviewed journals. Prof. Szablewski’s research focuses on cell physiology, genetics, and pathophysiology. He works on the damage caused by lack of glucose homeostasis and changes in the expression and/or function of glucose transporters due to various diseases. He has given lectures, seminars, and exercises for students at the Medical University.",institutionString:"Medical University of Warsaw",institution:{name:"Medical University of Warsaw",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"173123",title:"Dr.",name:"Maitham",middleName:null,surname:"Khajah",slug:"maitham-khajah",fullName:"Maitham Khajah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/173123/images/system/173123.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Maitham A. Khajah received his degree in Pharmacy from Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, in 2003 and obtained his PhD degree in December 2009 from the University of Calgary, Canada (Gastrointestinal Science and Immunology). Since January 2010 he has been assistant professor in Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. His research interest are molecular targets for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and the mechanisms responsible for immune cell chemotaxis. He cosupervised many students for the MSc Molecular Biology Program, College of Graduate Studies, Kuwait University. Ever since joining Kuwait University in 2010, he got various grants as PI and Co-I. He was awarded the Best Young Researcher Award by Kuwait University, Research Sector, for the Year 2013–2014. He was a member in the organizing committee for three conferences organized by Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, as cochair and a member in the scientific committee (the 3rd, 4th, and 5th Kuwait International Pharmacy Conference).",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"195136",title:"Dr.",name:"Aya",middleName:null,surname:"Adel",slug:"aya-adel",fullName:"Aya Adel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195136/images/system/195136.jpg",biography:"Dr. Adel works as an Assistant Lecturer in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. Dr. Adel is especially interested in joint attention and its impairment in autism spectrum disorder",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"94911",title:"Dr.",name:"Boulenouar",middleName:null,surname:"Mesraoua",slug:"boulenouar-mesraoua",fullName:"Boulenouar Mesraoua",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94911/images/system/94911.png",biography:"Dr Boulenouar Mesraoua is the Associate Professor of Clinical Neurology at Weill Cornell Medical College-Qatar and a Consultant Neurologist at Hamad Medical Corporation at the Neuroscience Department; He graduated as a Medical Doctor from the University of Oran, Algeria; he then moved to Belgium, the City of Liege, for a Residency in Internal Medicine and Neurology at Liege University; after getting the Belgian Board of Neurology (with high marks), he went to the National Hospital for Nervous Diseases, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom for a fellowship in Clinical Neurophysiology, under Pr Willison ; Dr Mesraoua had also further training in Epilepsy and Continuous EEG Monitoring for two years (from 2001-2003) in the Neurophysiology department of Zurich University, Switzerland, under late Pr Hans Gregor Wieser ,an internationally known epileptologist expert. \n\nDr B. Mesraoua is the Director of the Neurology Fellowship Program at the Neurology Section and an active member of the newly created Comprehensive Epilepsy Program at Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar; he is also Assistant Director of the Residency Program at the Qatar Medical School. \nDr B. Mesraoua's main interests are Epilepsy, Multiple Sclerosis, and Clinical Neurology; He is the Chairman and the Organizer of the well known Qatar Epilepsy Symposium, he is running yearly for the past 14 years and which is considered a landmark in the Gulf region; He has also started last year , together with other epileptologists from Qatar, the region and elsewhere, a yearly International Epilepsy School Course, which was attended by many neurologists from the Area.\n\nInternationally, Dr Mesraoua is an active and elected member of the Commission on Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR ) , a regional branch of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE), where he represents the Middle East and North Africa(MENA ) and where he holds the position of chief of the Epilepsy Epidemiology Section; Dr Mesraoua is a member of the American Academy of Neurology, the Europeen Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society.\n\nDr Mesraoua's main objectives are to encourage frequent gathering of the epileptologists/neurologists from the MENA region and the rest of the world, promote Epilepsy Teaching in the MENA Region, and encourage multicenter studies involving neurologists and epileptologists in the MENA region, particularly epilepsy epidemiological studies. \n\nDr. Mesraoua is the recipient of two research Grants, as the Lead Principal Investigator (750.000 USD and 250.000 USD) from the Qatar National Research Fund (QNRF) and the Hamad Hospital Internal Research Grant (IRGC), on the following topics : “Continuous EEG Monitoring in the ICU “ and on “Alpha-lactoalbumin , proof of concept in the treatment of epilepsy” .Dr Mesraoua is a reviewer for the journal \"seizures\" (Europeen Epilepsy Journal ) as well as dove journals ; Dr Mesraoua is the author and co-author of many peer reviewed publications and four book chapters in the field of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurology",institutionString:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",institution:{name:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",country:{name:"Qatar"}}},{id:"282429",title:"Prof.",name:"Covanis",middleName:null,surname:"Athanasios",slug:"covanis-athanasios",fullName:"Covanis Athanasios",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/282429/images/system/282429.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"Neurology-Neurophysiology Department of the Children Hospital Agia Sophia",institution:null},{id:"190980",title:"Prof.",name:"Marwa",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoud Saleh",slug:"marwa-mahmoud-saleh",fullName:"Marwa Mahmoud Saleh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190980/images/system/190980.jpg",biography:"Professor Marwa Mahmoud Saleh is a doctor of medicine and currently works in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. She got her doctoral degree in 1991 and her doctoral thesis was accomplished in the University of Iowa, United States. Her publications covered a multitude of topics as videokymography, cochlear implants, stuttering, and dysphagia. She has lectured Egyptian phonology for many years. Her recent research interest is joint attention in autism.",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259190/images/system/259190.png",biography:"Dr. Naqvi is a radioanalytical chemist and is working as an associate professor of analytical chemistry in the Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Advance separation techniques, nuclear analytical techniques and radiopharmaceutical analysis are the main courses that he is teaching to graduate and post-graduate students. In the research area, he is focusing on the development of organic- and biomolecule-based radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis and therapy of infectious and cancerous diseases. Under the supervision of Dr. Naqvi, three students have completed their Ph.D. degrees and 41 students have completed their MS degrees. He has completed three research projects and is currently working on 2 projects entitled “Radiolabeling of fluoroquinolone derivatives for the diagnosis of deep-seated bacterial infections” and “Radiolabeled minigastrin peptides for diagnosis and therapy of NETs”. He has published about 100 research articles in international reputed journals and 7 book chapters. Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology (PINSTECH) Islamabad, Punjab Institute of Nuclear Medicine (PINM), Faisalabad and Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology (INOR) Abbottabad are the main collaborating institutes.",institutionString:"Government College University",institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",middleName:null,surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58390/images/system/58390.png",biography:"Gyula Mózsik MD, Ph.D., ScD (med), is an emeritus professor of Medicine at the First Department of Medicine, Univesity of Pécs, Hungary. He was head of this department from 1993 to 2003. His specializations are medicine, gastroenterology, clinical pharmacology, clinical nutrition, and dietetics. His research fields are biochemical pharmacological examinations in the human gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa, mechanisms of retinoids, drugs, capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves, and innovative pharmacological, pharmaceutical, and nutritional (dietary) research in humans. He has published about 360 peer-reviewed papers, 197 book chapters, 692 abstracts, 19 monographs, and has edited 37 books. He has given about 1120 regular and review lectures. He has organized thirty-eight national and international congresses and symposia. He is the founder of the International Conference on Ulcer Research (ICUR); International Union of Pharmacology, Gastrointestinal Section (IUPHAR-GI); Brain-Gut Society symposiums, and gastrointestinal cytoprotective symposiums. He received the Andre Robert Award from IUPHAR-GI in 2014. Fifteen of his students have been appointed as full professors in Egypt, Cuba, and Hungary.",institutionString:"University of Pécs",institution:{name:"University of Pecs",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"277367",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:"Martin",surname:"Márquez López",slug:"daniel-marquez-lopez",fullName:"Daniel Márquez López",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/277367/images/7909_n.jpg",biography:"Msc Daniel Martin Márquez López has a bachelor degree in Industrial Chemical Engineering, a Master of science degree in the same área and he is a PhD candidate for the Instituto Politécnico Nacional. His Works are realted to the Green chemistry field, biolubricants, biodiesel, transesterification reactions for biodiesel production and the manipulation of oils for therapeutic purposes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196544/images/system/196544.jpg",biography:"Angel Catalá studied chemistry at Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where he received a Ph.D. in Chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From 1964 to 1974, he worked as an Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of Medicine at the same university. From 1974 to 1976, he was a fellow of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor of Biochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata. He is a member of the National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and the Argentine Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for many years in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Dr. Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, published more than 100 papers in peer-reviewed journals, several chapters in books, and edited twelve books. He received awards at the 40th International Conference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999 in Dijon, France. He is the winner of the Bimbo Pan-American Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South America, Human Nutrition, Professional Category. In 2006, he won the Bernardo Houssay award in pharmacology, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Dr. Catalá belongs to the editorial board of several journals including Journal of Lipids; International Review of Biophysical Chemistry; Frontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics; World Journal of Experimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International; World Journal of Biological Chemistry, Diabetes, and the Pancreas; International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy; and International Journal of Nutrition. 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At the National Cancer Institute (National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD) he worked as a research associate on the molecular biology of selenium and its role in health and disease. After postdoctoral collaborations with Carlos Gutierrez-Merino (University of Extremadura, Spain) and Dario Alessi (University of Dundee, UK), he established his own laboratory in 2008. 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Fungal infectious illness prevalence and prognosis are determined by the exposure between fungi and host, host immunological state, fungal virulence, and early and accurate diagnosis and treatment. \r\nPatients with both congenital and acquired immunodeficiency are more likely to be infected with opportunistic mycosis. Fungal infectious disease outbreaks are common during the post- disaster rebuilding era, which is characterised by high population density, migration, and poor health and medical conditions.\r\nSystemic or local fungal infection is mainly associated with the fungi directly inhaled or inoculated in the environment during the disaster. The most common fungal infection pathways are human to human (anthropophilic), animal to human (zoophilic), and environment to human (soilophile). Diseases are common as a result of widespread exposure to pathogenic fungus dispersed into the environment. \r\nFungi that are both common and emerging are intertwined. In Southeast Asia, for example, Talaromyces marneffei is an important pathogenic thermally dimorphic fungus that causes systemic mycosis. Widespread fungal infections with complicated and variable clinical manifestations, such as Candida auris infection resistant to several antifungal medicines, Covid-19 associated with Trichoderma, and terbinafine resistant dermatophytosis in India, are among the most serious disorders. \r\nInappropriate local or systemic use of glucocorticoids, as well as their immunosuppressive effects, may lead to changes in fungal infection spectrum and clinical characteristics. Hematogenous candidiasis is a worrisome issue that affects people all over the world, particularly ICU patients. CARD9 deficiency and fungal infection have been major issues in recent years. Invasive aspergillosis is associated with a significant death rate. Special attention should be given to endemic fungal infections, identification of important clinical fungal infections advanced in yeasts, filamentous fungal infections, skin mycobiome and fungal genomes, and immunity to fungal infections.\r\nIn addition, endemic fungal diseases or uncommon fungal infections caused by Mucor irregularis, dermatophytosis, Malassezia, cryptococcosis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidiosis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, and other fungi, should be monitored. \r\nThis topic includes the research progress on the etiology and pathogenesis of fungal infections, new methods of isolation and identification, rapid detection, drug sensitivity testing, new antifungal drugs, schemes and case series reports. It will provide significant opportunities and support for scientists, clinical doctors, mycologists, antifungal drug researchers, public health practitioners, and epidemiologists from all over the world to share new research, ideas and solutions to promote the development and progress of medical mycology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",keywords:"Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Invasive Infections, Epidemiology, Cell Membrane, Fungal Virulence, Diagnosis, Treatment"},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",scope:"Parasitic diseases have evolved alongside their human hosts. In many cases, these diseases have adapted so well that they have developed efficient resilience methods in the human host and can live in the host for years. Others, particularly some blood parasites, can cause very acute diseases and are responsible for millions of deaths yearly. Many parasitic diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases because they have received minimal funding over recent years and, in many cases, are under-reported despite the critical role they play in morbidity and mortality among human and animal hosts. The current topic, Parasitic Infectious Diseases, in the Infectious Diseases Series aims to publish studies on the systematics, epidemiology, molecular biology, genomics, pathogenesis, genetics, and clinical significance of parasitic diseases from blood borne to intestinal parasites as well as zoonotic parasites. We hope to cover all aspects of parasitic diseases to provide current and relevant research data on these very important diseases. In the current atmosphere of the Coronavirus pandemic, communities around the world, particularly those in different underdeveloped areas, are faced with the growing challenges of the high burden of parasitic diseases. At the same time, they are faced with the Covid-19 pandemic leading to what some authors have called potential syndemics that might worsen the outcome of such infections. Therefore, it is important to conduct studies that examine parasitic infections in the context of the coronavirus pandemic for the benefit of all communities to help foster more informed decisions for the betterment of human and animal health.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",keywords:"Blood Borne Parasites, Intestinal Parasites, Protozoa, Helminths, Arthropods, Water Born Parasites, Epidemiology, Molecular Biology, Systematics, Genomics, Proteomics, Ecology"},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",scope:"The Viral Infectious Diseases Book Series aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends and discoveries in various viral infectious diseases emerging around the globe. The emergence of any viral disease is hard to anticipate, which often contributes to death. A viral disease can be defined as an infectious disease that has recently appeared within a population or exists in nature with the rapid expansion of incident or geographic range. This series will focus on various crucial factors related to emerging viral infectious diseases, including epidemiology, pathogenesis, host immune response, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical recommendations for managing viral infectious diseases, highlighting the recent issues with future directions for effective therapeutic strategies.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",keywords:"Novel Viruses, Virus Transmission, Virus Evolution, Molecular Virology, Control and Prevention, Virus-host Interaction"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 15th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:286,numberOfPublishedBooks:27,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRqB9QAK/Profile_Picture_1626163237970",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/415025",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"415025"},fullPath:"/profiles/415025",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()