The values of electrical and photometric parameters of LED 140 W luminaires for different levels of dimming.
\r\n\tThe book will aim to cover also the synthesis and optical properties of noble metal nanostructures, patterned surfaces, continuous or grated surfaces, and devices. This book intends to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of the current state-of-the-art in plasmonic microscopy, surface-enhanced spectroscopic properties, such as Raman scattering or fluorescence, as well developments in techniques such as surface plasmon resonance and near-field scanning optical microscopy but also data transmission, plasmonic light modulators, and optoplasmonic networks.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-003-8",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-002-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-004-5",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,hash:"15d44e3a7898842276a9a9da9863a59d",bookSignature:"Dr. Patrick Steglich",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11147.jpg",keywords:"Biosensors, Surface Plasmon Resonance, Optoplasmonic Networks, Plasmonic Communication, Fabrication Methods, Device Simulation, Device Optimization, Surface Plasmon Resonance, Plasmonic Microscopy, Phonon-Plasmon Interaction, Physical Background, Mathematical Background",numberOfDownloads:14,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 19th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"February 25th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"April 26th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 15th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 13th 2022",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"3 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A senior researcher in photonics at IHP - Leibniz Institute for Innovations in Microelectronics, book author, lecturer at Technical Unversity of Applied Sciences Wildau, and holder of three registered patents.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"223128",title:"Dr.",name:"Patrick",middleName:null,surname:"Steglich",slug:"patrick-steglich",fullName:"Patrick Steglich",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223128/images/system/223128.jpeg",biography:"Patrick Steglich is a research associate at the IHP - Leibniz-Institut für innovative Mikroelektronik, Germany, and lecturer for photonics and optical technologies at the Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau, Germany. He obtained a master's degree in Photonics from the Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau in 2013. In 2017, he received his PhD in Industrial Engineering from the Università degli Studi di Roma 'Tor Vergata” for his work in the field of integrated photonics for communication and sensing. His research focuses on emerging photonic devices and waveguide concepts for telecommunication and sensing applications.",institutionString:"Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:null}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"20",title:"Physics",slug:"physics"}],chapters:[{id:"81630",title:"Infrared Nano-Focusing by a Novel Plasmonic Bundt Optenna",slug:"infrared-nano-focusing-by-a-novel-plasmonic-bundt-optenna",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"444315",firstName:"Karla",lastName:"Skuliber",middleName:null,title:"Mrs.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/444315/images/20013_n.jpg",email:"karla@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager, my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. 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Proper lighting of the road (also in conflict zones with an intersection of pedestrian and motor traffic as well as in zones intended for pedestrian traffic, cycling and slow-moving vehicles) is an important element of road safety. Quantitative and qualitative lighting requirements for areas and road zones are characterised by a lighting class. The requirements for road lighting apply only to night hours. They may be subject to change at different times of the night and in different seasons. The EN 13201 [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] standards allow the use of different lighting classes for particular time periods of the lighting operation, e.g., depending on the traffic volume. Lowering the lighting class means reducing the requirements for lighting parameters such as luminance (or illuminance), longitudinal and overall uniformity and threshold increment. It is therefore possible to reduce the luminous flux of the luminaire by reducing the luminaire’s power.
The luminous flux of the luminaires can be changed step by step or smoothly over a wide range. However, the depth of the reduction of the luminous flux should be limited to the level at which the requirements of EN 13201 [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] are fulfilled. The highest possible energy savings must not deteriorate road safety. The literature describes a number of solutions for power regulation in lighting installations [6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11]. Lighting control systems can be divided into two groups. The first group concerns the use of individual controllers equipped with astronomical clocks in the luminaires, which automatically adjust the lighting time to sunrise and sunset, implementing the most frequently set work schedules. The use of additional sensors responding to natural light, traffic, etc. increases the functionality of the lighting installation by reacting dynamically to changing surrounding conditions. The second group concerns a central controller that supports a group of luminaires or individual circuits, which is installed, e.g., in a lighting switchboard. It can also be an IT system that is part of the Smart City system, centrally managing lighting installations [11, 12, 13, 14]. The main aim of power reduction is to improve the energy efficiency of road lighting [15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20]. This is equivalent to decreasing the electric energy consumption and CO2 emissions [15]. It should be remembered that the overall aim of road lighting is to ensure road safety, not to obtain maximum energy savings.
The flow of current through the elements of the mains causes power and energy losses. Losses of power and energy may indicate financial and technical losses. Financial losses are understood as an increase of operational costs and technical losses as an increase of electricity consumption [12, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24]. Power losses in road lighting installations depend, among other things, on the network system (single-phase, three-phase network), the complexity of the network (number of circuits and lighting luminaires) and the used power supply devices. In the case of road lighting installations, power losses occur primarily in such elements as supply cables (wires) and protection and control devices [25, 26]. When calculating the electricity consumption during the design phase of a lighting installation, power losses are often omitted. This results in an undervaluation of electricity costs compared to real consumption. Analyses of energy efficiency and operating costs of lighting installations usually neglect the aspects of reactive power [27]. The first one is related to the occurrence of active power losses due to the reactive power flow. The second aspect concerns the dependence of the reactive power of the luminaire on the power and/or control conditions. The level of losses also depends on the occurrence of higher harmonics of the supply current [28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33]. The increasingly common use of dimmable luminaires, especially LED luminaires, in road lighting means that energy consumption and energy losses depend on the lighting time and the level of luminaire power reduction. Previously, energy consumption and power losses were calculated on the assumption that the luminaire consumes constant power. During the measurements of dimmable LED luminaires, a strong dependence of the power factor (reactive power) was observed, along with an increase of the higher harmonic values at the change of the level of control. Calculations of active power losses and energy consumption should be carried out for the assumed lighting schedule.
The chapter presents the method of calculating active power losses, energy performance indicators and electricity costs in road lighting installations. The described method may be used for analysis of installations with dimmable luminaires. The usefulness of the method is presented on the example of the analysis of road lighting installation with dimmable luminaires.
The EN 13201-5 [5] standard defines two energy efficiency indicators for road lighting: the power density indicator (PDI)
According to EN 13201-2 [2], it is possible to reduce the lighting requirements of a road during a period of reduced traffic, i.e., to change the lighting class of a road, e.g., from M3 to M4. In this case, the power density indicator shall be calculated individually for road classes M3 and M4.
The annual energy consumption indicator (AECI)
EN 13201-5 [5] standard recommends the use of PDI and AECI together. The best variant of road lighting is when both of these indicators have minimum values.
The system power
In the case of dimmable luminaires according to EN 13201-5 [5], the power reduction factor
Estimating the
The road lighting installation consists of 10 luminaires with a power of
Total luminaire power at 100% of dimming is equal to
Calculated value of the
Total system power value at 100% of dimming
Total luminaire power at 50% of dimming is equal to
Total system power value at 50% of dimming
So
Power
Typical installation of road lighting consists of the following elements:
Cable protection located in the lighting switchboard
Relay placed in the lighting switchboard
Cable (wire)
Protection in the pole (placed in the pole switchboard)
Wire connecting the pole switchboard with luminaire
In each of the listed elements of the installation, an active power loss occurs. The total active power losses Δ
For three-phase installation, the total active power losses should be calculated by dependence Eq. (5):
The active power losses in the neutral conductor of the power cable should be taken into account. They are caused by the flow of higher harmonics of the zero sequence and being a multiple of the number 3.
The total power losses of the single-phase lighting installation Δ
For single-phase installations, losses in the neutral conductor are included in Δ
For three-phase lighting installation, power losses in the cable can be determined from the relationship [34]:
The active power losses in a cable in a single-phase installation are calculated from Formula (8) [34]:
The active power losses in the neutral conductor are calculated as [34]
or
Power losses in the wire connecting the pole switchboard and luminaire are calculated by using Eq. (11):
Power losses in protection in the lighting switchboard are determined by the following dependence:
In the case when the protection is realised by miniature circuit breaker (MCB)
Knowing the rated active power losses of the minimal circuit breaker Δ
The resistance of the whole protection device, if used for protection is a fuse to protect the cable, is the sum of the resistance of the fuse and the fuse carrier Eq. (15):
Resistance of fuse carrier can be determined from Eq. (16), and resistance of fuse is calculated as Eq. (17)
The active power losses in the protection device in the pole switchboard are calculated from Eq. (18)
If a miniature circuit breaker (MCB) is used, the
If a fuse is used to protect the wire in the pole, the resistance of the whole protection device is calculated as the sum of the resistance of the fuse and the fuse carrier (Formula (15) can be used).
A relay is usually used to switch on and off the lighting circuit. The active power losses of relay are calculated as
The relay resistance
The number of light points is equivalent to the number of poles, since it is assumed that the luminaires are mounted on poles individually.
In the case of road lighting installations (circuit) with luminaires without dimming (without power reduction), the active energy consumed by the circuit (installation)
For the road lighting installations with dimmable luminaires operating according to a fixed work schedule, the active energy consumed by the lighting circuit (installation) is the sum of the energy consumed at each power reduction level. It was assumed that the luminaires used in the circuit are of the same rated power and they operate according to the same daily work schedule. The active energy of the circuit is calculated as the sum of the energy absorbed at each reduction level and the number of luminaires in the
The active energy flow in the system causes active energy losses, calculated on the basis of dependence (24):
The total active energy losses for the
Taking into account the power reduction factor
These dependencies assume a constant number of luminaires in the circuits and a certain length of the power line. The total active energy collected by the lighting installation is the sum of the energy taken from the luminaires, the active energy losses and energy of auxiliary devices
Each auxiliary device has a different rated output marked as
The energy
The
After the transformation, a dependency Eq. (30) is obtained:
To estimate the energy efficiency of a lighting installation, it is necessary to know the electrical and photometric parameters of the luminaires. The parameters of all devices included in the installation should also be known i.e.: the types, cross-sections and lengths of wires or cables, types of applied protection and control devices. These data are usually available in catalogues. In the case of dimmable luminaires, the dimming characteristics are not always presented in the catalogue. Dimming characteristics are understood as the dependence of electrical and photometric parameters of the luminaire on dimming. This also applies to files with photometric data in the
In order to illustrate the presented method, the calculation results for an example of a road lighting installation with dimmable luminaires are presented. Energy performance indicators according to [5], electricity consumption and costs have been calculated for the following variants:
Without taking into account active power losses
Taking into account the active power losses for a three-phase installation
Taking into account the active power losses for a single-phase installation
When power losses are omitted, the results of calculations are identical for both types of installations (single- and three-phase). In calculations, active power losses in all previously mentioned (Section 3) elements of the installation were taken into account. The LED dimmable luminaire with a rated power of 140 W was selected for the analysis. Implemented luminaire control enabled regulation from 10 to 100% of rated power. The manufacturer did not specify the exact power values and luminous flux of the luminaire for particular levels of dimming. Measurements were taken in the full control range with a step of 10%, and the results are summarised in Table 1. The dimming levels have been adopted in accordance with the manufacturer’s assumption, which apparently does not correspond to the percentage of the luminaire’s power or its luminous flux.
Dimming (%) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
10 | 37.71 | 26.47 | 30.64 | 71.91 | 0.78 | 0.76 | 0.81 | 21.05 | 4579 | 32.52 |
20 | 49.62 | 34.82 | 32.73 | 76.81 | 0.84 | 0.82 | 0.66 | 16.84 | 5859 | 41.61 |
30 | 65.33 | 45.85 | 35.25 | 82.73 | 0.88 | 0.87 | 0.54 | 14.34 | 7437 | 52.82 |
40 | 79.27 | 55.63 | 35.95 | 84.37 | 0.91 | 0.90 | 0.45 | 12.34 | 8804 | 62.52 |
50 | 91.87 | 64.47 | 37.91 | 88.97 | 0.92 | 0.92 | 0.41 | 11.01 | 9971 | 70.81 |
60 | 103.50 | 72.64 | 39.72 | 93.22 | 0.93 | 0.93 | 0.38 | 10.42 | 10,980 | 77.98 |
70 | 114.22 | 80.16 | 40.81 | 95.78 | 0.94 | 0.94 | 0.36 | 9.82 | 11,870 | 84.30 |
80 | 124.22 | 87.18 | 41.37 | 97.09 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.33 | 9.15 | 12,664 | 89.94 |
90 | 133.56 | 93.73 | 41.86 | 98.24 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.31 | 8.45 | 13,390 | 95.09 |
100 | 142.49 | 100.00 | 42.61 | 100.00 | 0.96 | 0.96 | 0.30 | 8.00 | 14,081 | 100.00 |
The values of electrical and photometric parameters of LED 140 W luminaires for different levels of dimming.
To measure the electrical parameters of the luminaire, the FLUKE 1760 power quality analyser was used. The luminous flux was measured in an Ulbricht sphere with a diameter of 2 m and with the use of the SONOPAN L-100 lux metre. The Agilent 6834B power supply was used to supply the luminaire. The luminaire was powered by an undeformed (purely sinusoidal) rated voltage of RMS 230VAC.
Analysing the results of Table 1, it can be seen that 10% of the dimming actually corresponds to about 26% of the luminaire’s power and about 33% of the luminous flux. It can be assumed that both the active power of the luminaire and its luminous flux change approximately linearly. Analysing changes in reactive power, it is stated that its changes compared to active power are much smaller. At 10% of the dimming, reactive power reaches 79% of the initial value. This causes the power factor to decrease to 0.78 for 10% of the dimming level. It corresponds to the value of tg
Disturbances generated to the power supply network by LED luminaires are the results of a pulse switching technique used in the power supplies. Modern impulse power supplies are equipped with circuits limiting the emission of higher harmonics of current and PFC systems. Most often, these systems are designed for the case of the power supply under 100% of load. This usually results in an increase in the level of higher current harmonics for lower dimming levels, which causes an increase of
In order to calculate lighting parameters on the road, it is necessary to know the light distribution curves for a given dimming. The
Light distribution curves for the selected luminaire in a C-γ coordinate system.
The following assumptions were made for the calculations:
The installation is made of copper cable with a cross-section of 4 × 16 mm2.
For copper, the specific conductivity value of 56 m/Ω mm2 has been assumed.
The pole wire from the pole switchboard to the luminaire is a copper wire with a cross-section of 1.5 mm2 and length = 10 m.
The protection of the lighting circuit is a gG (gL)-type fuse with a rated current of 25 A together with a three-phase fuse carrier with a rated current of 160 A. The catalogued active power losses for the rated current are 12 and 2.4 W, respectively.
For single-phase installation, the following were assumed: gG (gL)-type fuse with a rated current of 25 A and active power losses equal to 2.4W and catalogued active power losses of single-phase fuse carrier 2.6W with a rated current of 160 A.
The lighting circuit is switched on by a three-phase relay with a rated current of 25 A, whose catalogue power losses for the rated current are 7.9 W and for single-phase catalogue power losses equal to 4.4 W and the rated current is 25 A.
As a protection in the pole, a gG (gL)-type fuse with a rated current of 6 A was used together with a one-phase fuse carrier with a rated current of 16 A. Power losses for the rated current read from the manufacturer’s catalogue are, respectively, 1.7 W for the fuse and 3 W for the fuse carrier.
The calculation was made for an installation of road lighting consisting of 30 points of light (single- and three-phase).
The luminaires are mounted individually on the poles, i.e., the number of light points (poles) is equal to the number of luminaires.
In order to calculate the energy efficiency performance indicators, the lighting system project must be done. The list of assumed parameters of the lighting installation of the analysed road is presented in Table 2.
Parameter | Value |
---|---|
Arrangements | Single row, bottom |
Pole distance (m) | 35 |
Height (m) | 9.5 |
Inclination (°) | 5 |
Pole distance from roadway (m) | 0.65 |
Boom length (m) | 0.5 |
Number of poles | 30 |
Street width (m) | 7 |
Maintenance factor | 0.80 |
Parameters of road lighting installations.
The results of calculations of lighting parameters for the analysed road are shown in Table 3. They have been made for the full range of luminous flux adjustment. On the road, the lighting class M3 was established. The calculations were performed in the DIALux® programme. The symbol O1 or O2 indicates the results for the observer 1 and 2, respectively.
Dimming (%) | Lighting class | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(cd m−2) | (%) | (%) | (%) | ||||||
O1 | O2 | O1 | O2 | O1 | O2 | O1 | O2 | ||
100 | 1.02 | 1.09 | 0.51 | 0.50 | 0.74 | 0.84 | 8 | 6 | M3 |
90 | 0.97 | 1.04 | 8 | 6 | M4 | ||||
80 | 0.91 | 0.98 | 8 | 6 | M4 | ||||
70 | 0.85 | 0.92 | 8 | 6 | M4 | ||||
60 | 0.79 | 0.85 | 7 | 6 | M4 | ||||
50 | 0.72 | 0.78 | 7 | 6 | M5 | ||||
40 | 0.64 | 0.69 | 7 | 5 | M5 | ||||
30 | 0.54 | 0.58 | 7 | 5 | M5 | ||||
20 | 0.43 | 0.46 | 7 | 5 | M6 | ||||
10 | 0.34 | 0.36 | 6 | 5 | M6 |
Calculated lighting parameters.
The power of the
The values of the power density indicator are determined from Formula (1).
Table 4 presents the calculated values of the active power losses and in Table 5 the calculated values of power density indicator
Dimming (%) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(W) | (W) | (W) | (W) | (W) | |
100 | 4334.10 | 55.76 | 320.02 | 4389.86 | 4654.12 |
90 | 4081.20 | 49.12 | 281.85 | 4130.32 | 4363.05 |
80 | 3806.70 | 42.95 | 246.09 | 3849.65 | 4052.79 |
70 | 3503.70 | 37.22 | 212.77 | 3540.92 | 3716.47 |
60 | 3178.20 | 30.62 | 174.52 | 3208.82 | 3352.72 |
50 | 2824.50 | 24.66 | 140.05 | 2849.16 | 2964.55 |
40 | 2433.90 | 19.50 | 109.38 | 2454.40 | 2543.28 |
30 | 2016.90 | 14.88 | 82.49 | 2031.78 | 2099.39 |
20 | 1531.50 | 9.44 | 51.20 | 1540.94 | 1582.70 |
10 | 1165.20 | 7.01 | 36.66 | 1171.21 | 1201.86 |
The calculated values of active power losses for three- and single-phase installation.
Dimming (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
(lx) | (mW lx−1 m−2) | (mW lx−1 m−2) | (mW lx−1 m−2) | |
100 | 19.00 | 32.11 | 32.52 | 34.48 |
90 | 18.00 | 31.92 | 32.30 | 34.12 |
80 | 17.00 | 31.52 | 31.87 | 33.55 |
70 | 16.00 | 30.82 | 31.15 | 32.69 |
60 | 15.00 | 29.82 | 30.11 | 31.46 |
50 | 14.00 | 28.40 | 28.64 | 29.80 |
40 | 12.00 | 28.55 | 28.79 | 29.83 |
30 | 10.00 | 28.39 | 28.60 | 29.55 |
20 | 8.01 | 26.91 | 27.08 | 27.81 |
10 | 6.29 | 26.07 | 26.23 | 26.89 |
The calculated values of the energy performance indicators for three- and single-phase installation and horizontal average illumination.
The AECI indicator value can be calculated if the light schedule is known. The luminaires can operate at 100% light output, or at set hours, it can be reduced. It was assumed that the moment of switching on and off the installation is determined on the basis of astronomical tables. For simplicity it was assumed that the same time of switching on and off the installation is the same for each day of the month. From 16.00 to 19.00 and from 5.00 to 7.00, the luminaires work with 100% of dimming. Between 23.00 and 4.00, the luminaires work with 60% of dimming. During reduced traffic hours, it is possible to lower the lighting class from M3 to M4. Based on Table 3, for 60% of dimming the lighting requirements for class M4 are met. The adopted lighting schedule is the result of this. A graphical presentation of the lighting schedule is shown in Figure 2. The time moments marked as
Installation lighting schedule accepted for calculation.
Table 6 presents the calculation results of AECI indicator (
(kWh m−2) | (kWh m−2) | (kWh m−2) | |
---|---|---|---|
Without dimming | 2.41 | 2.44 | 2.59 |
D1 = 100%, D2 = 90% | 2.34 | 2.37 | 2.51 |
D1 = 100%, D2 = 80% | 2.27 | 2.30 | 2.43 |
D1 = 100%, D2 = 70% | 2.20 | 2.22 | 2.35 |
D1 = 100%, D2 = 60% | 2.11 | 2.14 | 2.25 |
D1 = 100%, D2 = 50% | 2.02 | 2.04 | 2.15 |
D1 = 100%, D2 = 40% | 1.78 | 1.79 | 1.88 |
D1 = 100%, D2 = 30% | 1.81 | 1.83 | 1.93 |
D1 = 100%, D2 = 20% | 1.69 | 1.71 | 1.80 |
D1 = 100%, D2 = 10% | 1.60 | 1.61 | 1.70 |
Summary of the calculated values of the annual energy consumption DE indicators without and including losses for single- and three-phase installation.
The value of the AECI without dimming is 2.41 (kWh m−2) for installations without losses. For a lighting installation operating with the assumed lighting schedule, lowering the D2 dimming level to 10% causes a decrease in the AECI value to 1.60 (kWh m−2) when energy losses are not taken into account. The greatest influence on the AECI value is the dimming value and lighting time with reduced luminous flux.
Table 6 shows the results of the calculation of the active energy consumed by lighting installations without dimming. The calculations are for single- and three-phase installations with and without active power losses. Table 7 presents the calculation results of the consumed active energy for the installation working with the assumed lighting schedule. Figures 3–5 show the calculated amounts of electricity consumed in the analysed variants by lighting installation on a month-per-month scale.
Month | LED without dimming | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(kWh) | (kWh) | (kWh) | (kWh) | (kWh) | |
January | 2015 | 2041 | 2164 | 26 | 149 |
February | 1578 | 1598 | 1694 | 20 | 116 |
March | 1478 | 1497 | 1587 | 19 | 109 |
April | 1170 | 1185 | 1257 | 15 | 86 |
May | 941 | 953 | 1010 | 12 | 69 |
June | 910 | 922 | 977 | 11 | 67 |
July | 941 | 953 | 1010 | 12 | 69 |
August | 1209 | 1225 | 1299 | 15 | 89 |
September | 1430 | 1449 | 1536 | 18 | 106 |
October | 1612 | 1633 | 1731 | 21 | 119 |
November | 1820 | 1844 | 1955 | 23 | 134 |
December | 2015 | 2041 | 2164 | 26 | 149 |
Summary of the calculated values of energy consumption by lighting installation without and including losses without dimming.
The volume of electricity consumed in the analysed variants on a monthly scale without energy losses.
The volume of electricity consumed in the analysed variants on a monthly scale with three-phase energy losses.
The volume of electricity consumed in the analysed variants on a monthly scale with single-phase energy losses.
The annual active energy consumption for the considered lighting installation without control is 17,120 kWh. In the case of operation of road lighting installation with the assumed schedule, the annual energy consumption is reduced to 15,010 kWh. This is a decrease of 12%. The highest energy consumption as well as energy losses occurs in the winter months, in December and January. The highest electricity consumption equals 2015 kWh. The lowest consumption is noted in June and equals only 910 kWh for the analysed lighting system. For an installation without dimming, the inclusion of active power losses has resulted in a 1.28% increase of the calculated annual energy consumption for a three-phase installation compared to the calculation without taking into account power losses. For a single-phase installation, the increase in energy consumption is 7.38%. The application of the control luminous flux results in reduced energy consumption. For the three-phase system, the energy consumption increased by 1.16% compared to the calculations without taking losses into account. The increase in energy consumption is 6.66% for a single-phase installation.
Analysing the monthly consumption of active energy, the smallest values occur in the spring and summer months (May, June, July), which is closely related to the working time. Also, in those months, there were the smallest active energy losses. For installations with luminaires operating at a constant power, they are 26 kWh, and for installations working according to the schedule, they are equal to 22 kWh—for three-phase. Energy losses through the use of dimming have been reduced about 15% in three-phase installation. For a single-phase installation, the losses are several times greater. The use of dimming caused a reduction of energy losses equal to 18.25%.
In the next part of the analysis, the estimated costs of electricity consumption of the analysed lighting installation were calculated. Similarly as before, electricity costs were calculated taking into account the losses of active power in the single- and three-phase network. The active energy price of 0.1194 € for 1 kWh was adopted for the calculation. This is the average price for customers non-habitable in the EU based on [35]. The calculation results are summarised in Table 8 for installation without dimming and in Table 9 for installation with dimming. Figures 6–8 and Table 10 show the calculated electricity cost of analysed lighting installation variants on a month-per-month scale.
Month | LED with dimming | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(kWh) | (kWh) | (kWh) | (kWh) | (kWh) | |
January | 1836 | 1858 | 1962 | 22 | 126 |
February | 1416 | 1433 | 1512 | 17 | 96 |
March | 1299 | 1314 | 1385 | 15 | 87 |
April | 997 | 1008 | 1061 | 11 | 65 |
May | 761 | 770 | 808 | 8 | 47 |
June | 737 | 745 | 782 | 8 | 45 |
July | 761 | 770 | 808 | 8 | 47 |
August | 1030 | 1042 | 1097 | 12 | 67 |
September | 1257 | 1272 | 1341 | 15 | 84 |
October | 1433 | 1450 | 1530 | 17 | 96 |
November | 1647 | 1667 | 1760 | 20 | 113 |
December | 1836 | 1858 | 1962 | 22 | 126 |
Summary of the calculated values of energy consumption by lighting installation without and including losses with dimming.
Month | LED without dimming | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(EUR) | (EUR) | (EUR) | (EUR) | (EUR) | |
January | 231.56 | 234.54 | 248.66 | 2.98 | 17.10 |
February | 181.27 | 183.60 | 194.65 | 2.33 | 13.38 |
March | 169.81 | 172.00 | 182.35 | 2.18 | 12.54 |
April | 134.46 | 136.19 | 144.38 | 1.73 | 9.93 |
May | 108.06 | 109.45 | 116.04 | 1.39 | 7.98 |
June | 104.58 | 105.92 | 112.30 | 1.35 | 7.72 |
July | 108.06 | 109.45 | 116.04 | 1.39 | 7.98 |
August | 138.94 | 140.73 | 149.20 | 1.79 | 10.26 |
September | 164.34 | 166.45 | 176.47 | 2.11 | 12.13 |
October | 185.25 | 187.63 | 198.93 | 2.38 | 13.68 |
November | 209.15 | 211.85 | 224.60 | 2.69 | 15.44 |
December | 231.56 | 234.54 | 248.66 | 2.98 | 17.10 |
Summary of the calculated energy cost caused by lighting installation without and including losses without dimming.
Month | LED with dimming | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(EUR) | (EUR) | (EUR) | (EUR) | (EUR) | |
January | 210.98 | 213.51 | 225.49 | 2.53 | 14.51 |
February | 162.67 | 164.60 | 173.72 | 1.93 | 11.04 |
March | 149.23 | 150.96 | 159.18 | 1.74 | 9.95 |
April | 114.53 | 115.83 | 121.96 | 1.30 | 7.42 |
May | 87.48 | 88.42 | 92.87 | 0.94 | 5.39 |
June | 84.66 | 85.57 | 89.87 | 0.91 | 5.21 |
July | 87.48 | 88.42 | 92.87 | 0.94 | 5.39 |
August | 118.35 | 119.69 | 126.02 | 1.34 | 7.67 |
September | 144.41 | 146.10 | 154.04 | 1.68 | 9.63 |
October | 164.67 | 166.60 | 175.75 | 1.94 | 11.09 |
November | 189.23 | 191.49 | 202.17 | 2.26 | 12.94 |
December | 210.98 | 213.51 | 225.49 | 2.53 | 14.51 |
Summary of the calculated energy cost caused by lighting installation without and including losses with dimming.
Cost of electricity consumed in the analysed variants on a monthly basis without energy losses.
Cost of electricity consumed in the analysed variants on a monthly basis with three-phase energy losses.
Cost of electricity consumed in the analysed variants on a monthly basis with single-phase energy losses.
The use of dimming resulted in savings of 8% per month compared to installations without dimming. The annual cost of active energy losses for three-phase installation without dimming is 25.31 €. For the same installation, the costs of the active energy losses with dimming are 20.04 €. For a single-phase installation, these costs are 145.24 € (with dimming) and 114.73 € (without dimming), respectively. The costs of energy losses in a single-phase installation are more than four times higher than in a three-phase installation. The conclusion is that single-phase installations should be avoided as far as possible. If this is not possible, the energy efficiency calculations, energy balance and operating cost analysis should take into account the losses of power (energy). The financial savings achieved through dimming are proportional to the energy savings. On an annual perspective, dimming allowed to achieve financial savings:
For the installation without taking into account active power losses is 242.38 €
For the installation taking into account the active power losses for a three-phase installation is 247.66 €
For the installation taking into account the active power losses for a single-phase installation is 272.90 €
The use of dimming has brought the greatest savings for a single-phase installation. This is due to the reduction of power losses in the lighting installation as a result of dimming.
The chapter presents a method of estimating electricity consumption and operating costs of road lighting installations. This method allows for the taking into account of active power losses in the calculations. These are analytical dependencies that can be used at the design stage. An analytical dependence allowing to calculate the power of auxiliary devices has been proposed. In addition, dependencies allowed for the calculation of energy consumption and electricity costs were presented. The usefulness of the proposed method is illustrated by a calculation example.
The calculation was performed for an example lighting installation consisting of 30 road luminaires. The impact of active power losses on the energy performance indicator, energy consumption and electricity costs was estimated.
On the basis of the made analysis, the following conclusions may be concluded:
In order to use dimming, it is necessary to calculate the lighting parameters on the road first.
On the basis of calculations of lighting parameters on the road, it is possible to determine dimming for the assumed lighting class of the road.
The omission of active power losses for a three-phase installation does not significantly affect the accuracy of calculations.
For a single-phase installation, the active power losses should not be omitted because the calculation can then be made with an error of more than 5%.
The energy performance indicators PDI and AECI may be used to estimate the energy efficiency of a road lighting installation. Road lighting design is typically developed as a multivariant design. The designer decides which of them should be selected for further analysis on the basis of the values of these indicators. In summary, when making a decision, the designer must give priority to the following considerations when making a decision for road safety. Electricity savings must not be given higher priority than road safety.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
the power density indicator (W lx−1 m−2) the power density indicator with single-phase losses (W lx−1 m−2) the power density indicator with three-phase losses (W lx−1 m−2) the maintained average horizontal illuminance of the the size of the subarea “i” lit by the lighting installation (m2) the annual energy consumption indicator (Whm−2) the annual energy consumption indicator with single-phase losses (Whm−2) the annual energy consumption indicator with three-phase losses (Whm−2) total active power of the lighting circuit (installation) (W) active power of the total active power of all devices not included in power reduction factor power reduction factor of additional equipment active power of the luminaire (W) active power of the luminaire (percent of rated power) reactive power of the luminaire (var) reactive power of the luminaire (percent of rated power) displacement power factor distortion power factor tangent total harmonic distortion of the current luminaire flux (lumen) luminaire flux (percent of rated flux) average road surface luminance (cd/m2) total uniformity longitudinal uniformity threshold increment total active power of the luminaire (W) total active power of the luminaire with reduced their power (W) total active power of the lighting circuit (installation) with reduced luminaire power (W) the number of lighting points associated with the lighting installation or the representative section whichever is used in the calculation total active power losses (W) total active power losses in three-phase installation (W) total active power losses in single-phase installation (W) active power losses in the power cable in single-phase installation (W) active power losses in the power cable in three-phase installation (W) active power losses in the neutral conductor of the power cable (W) active power losses in the pole wire (W) active power losses in the protection in the lighting switchboard (W) active power losses in the protection in the pole switchboard (W) active power losses in the contactor/relay controlling the lighting installation in the switchboard (W) number of luminaires per phase distance of the first luminaire from the lighting switchboard (m) distance between the poles (m) length of wire in the pole (m) conductivity of the conductor the power cable (m/Ωmm2) conductivity of the wire the pole (m/Ωmm2) cross-section of the conductor of the power cable (mm2) cross-section of the of the wire the pole (mm2) luminaire current (A) harmonic currents of the zero sequence for h = 3,9,15 and so on (A) lighting installation current (A) resistance of the wire connecting the pole switchboard to the luminaire (Ω) resistance of the protection in the lighting panelboard (Ω) resistance of the miniature circuit breaker (Ω) current of the miniature circuit breaker (A) resistance of the fuse carrier (Ω) resistance of the fuse (Ω) resistance of the protection in the pole (Ω) resistance of the relay (Ω) active energy consumed by the lighting installation without losses (kWh) lighting time (h) total active energy of all auxiliary devices not included in number of auxiliary devices number of working period of auxiliary devices number of dimming period of luminaires working time of auxiliary devices (h) total active energy consumed by the lighting installation with losses (kWh) active energy consumed by the lighting installation with three-phase losses (kWh) active energy consumed by the lighting installation with single-phase losses (kWh) three-phase active energy losses (kWh) single-phase active energy losses (kWh) cost of electricity consumed in the installation without energy losses (EUR) cost of electricity consumed in the installation with three-phase losses (EUR) cost of electricity consumed in the installation with single-phase losses (EUR) cost of three-phase losses (EUR) cost of single-phase losses (EUR)
The word plastic refers to any material which is made of synthetic or organic compound which has malleable properties. Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) is being used for beverage and food packages all over the world, but the problem with the disposal of this non-biodegradable hydrocarbon materials has been a major challenge to the world. The major features which play a big role in the usage of plastic are malleable, light weight, impervious to water and low cost [1]. Recycling of plastic into construction materials can help in providing a cleaner environment. Much of the waste generated from this PET has ended up in water drains and eventually into the ocean. It is the belief of some school of thoughts that by 2050, there will be more plastics than fish in the ocean of the world if this trend is not quickly addressed [2]. Concrete bricks are a type of brick that is commonly used in low and medium cost housing development in developing countries since it is cheap and easy to produce. The conversion of the solid residue remaining after pyrolysis to bricks will add to sustainable value addition recycling of waste PET.
During pyrolysis the hydrocarbon bonds are broken down due to the heat applied. Figure 1 shows the most common but crude way in which people have been disposing of plastic waste in Zimbabwe.
Disposal of waste in Harare, Zimbabwe.
Table 1 shows the different types of plastics and their symbols. The different plastic types have different uses affected by their chemical structure.
Symbol | Type of plastic | Application |
---|---|---|
1 | Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) | Clear transparent plastic |
2 | High-density polyethylene (HDPE) | Opaque plastic bottles |
3 | Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) | Water service pipes, cable insulation, footwear packaging |
4 | Low density polyethylene (LDPE) | Grocery bags, packaging film |
5 | Polypropylene (PP) | Margarine tubs, microwaveable meat trays. |
6 | Polystyrene | Yoghurt pots, fish trays, egg cartons, vending cups, plastic cutlery and toys |
7 | Other | Plastics that do not fall into any of the above categories. e.g., melamine. |
Types of plastics and typical uses.
Waste utilization has become an attractive alternative to disposal given the scarcity of space for landfilling and its ever increasing cost; utilization of waste PET in concrete bricks is viable. The use of waste products in concrete not only makes it economical, but also helps in reducing disposal problems [3]. The three types of pyrolysis namely conventional/slow pyrolysis, fast pyrolysis and flash pyrolysis differ majorly in terms of temperature, residence time and products made. Table 2 summarizes the differences in order to understand the process.
Method | Temperature (°C) | Residence time | Heating rate (°C/s) | Major products |
---|---|---|---|---|
Conventional pyrolysis | 400–500 | 5–30 min | Low 10 | Gases, char, bio-oil (tar) |
Fast pyrolysis | 400–650 | 0.5–2 s | High 100 | Bio-oil (thinner), gases, char |
Flash pyrolysis | 700–100 | < 0.5 s | Very high >500 | Gases, bio oil |
Differences between types of pyrolysis [4].
Hence from the table, as the temperature increases, the residence time decreases and the solid products become less. The amount of solid residue produced is determined by the type of pyrolysis and mainly affected by the heating rate. Figure 2 clearly outlines the effect of heating rate and other pyrolysis factors on the products.
Illustration of pyrolysis properties on end products [
Hence from the figure it can be deduced that in order to obtain a higher yield of the solid residue or char, the heating rate should be slow.
Plastic pyrolysis is a tertiary recycling method for disposing of waste and repurposing it in a sustainable manner [5]. Incineration and landfilling are two traditional methods for disposing of plastic waste in developing countries, both of which have shown to be unsustainable. Plastic waste is primarily disposed of in landfills or incinerated. Utilization of PET in bricks and flexible pavements has gained momentum over the past decade. The general failures linked with basic bituminous asphaltic concrete (BAC), which are commonly used in surfacing courses in bricks and flexible pavements include rutting, bleeding, polish, cracking and potholes. Repurposing of the waste PET plastic in raw BAC used in bricks and pavements will be a more sustainable waste management option since flexible pavements constitute over 90% of paved roads around the world [6]. Due to various environmental issues such as air pollution and soil contamination, as well as economic resistance due to space waste and disposal costs, these approaches are encountering significant popular resistance [7]. The conversion of PET to bricks would be a more sustainable method of recycling plastic waste.
Incineration is a waste treatment process which includes the combustion of waste for recovering energy [8]. Landfills occupy space and are therefore unsustainable. Pyrolysis is a tertiary recycling technology because chemical degradation results in the creation of products with a higher added value than the raw material that undergoes pyrolysis. Pyrolysis is defined as the cracking process in the absence or in poor content of oxygen. By mass, 67 percent of plastic waste may be converted into fuel, gasoline oil, or diesel [8].
Pyrolysis of waste PET plastic is a more sustainable way of waste management as it creates value. The residue from the tertiary recycling method can be further treated to produce secondary raw material. The advantages of pyrolysis are:
It is an inexpensive method of processing waste and can be used with a variety of feedstock.
Minimizes the amount of non-biodegradable waste that goes to landfills and incinerators, thereby reducing greenhouse gas emission.
Reduced risk of water pollution.
Creates jobs for low income earners in developing countries based on the waste generated, they collect the waste for recycling.
In comparison with combustion it has lower process temperatures and has a lower emission of pollutants.
Hence pyrolysis of waste PET plastics will be a more sustainable method of waste management rather than the traditional methods.
Figure 3 shows the different stages in the chemical degradation process. It starts with the initiation step which involves homolytic breaking down of the carbon to carbon bonds either by random or end chain scission. The result is two radicals and it leads to propagation which is the hydrogen transfer reaction either by intra or intermolecular forming and unzipping leading to unstable free radicals. Then the final step termination of the free radicals forming unreactive materials.
Stages of radical degradation reaction.
A sustainable alternative was essential in the design due to the issues with non-biodegradable plastic waste. In the last few decades, the recycling of PET as building material has been gaining ground, the properties of the plastic make it most suitable [5]. The goal of the study was to simplify existing technologies for value addition pyrolysis. Three different options were considered. Careful consideration and analysis were conducted in order to determine which of the three concepts provided the best solution to the Product Design Specification (PDS). The plant’s primary selection criteria were the heat exchanger and the source of heat. Use of the binary dominance matrix was essential because it allowed for simultaneous analysis of all concepts. SolidWorks was used to model three design possibilities, as illustrated in Figure 3. The heat exchanger in Concept (a), the Double Pipe, was laminar for fluid flow hence the rate of heat flow was lower than in the other concepts. Since Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) is used as a heat source in Concept (b), the Shell and Tube, the target market without electricity may choose LPG. Furthermore, a Shell and Tube heat exchanger could be more expensive than a helical coil heat exchanger. Due to its helical coiled heat exchanger and coiled heater on the reactor, Concept (c), the Helical Pipe Heat Exchanger, dominated the weighted objectives. The selection was heavily influenced by the ease of assembly and fabrication. The different concepts are shown in Figure 4.
Concepts (a) double pipe; (b) shell and tube; (c) helical pipe heat exchanger.
Due to its great strength, formability, and corrosion resistance, stainless steel was chosen over mild steel. Table 3 shows the binary dominance matrix that was used to choose the most optimal concept based on functionality, efficiency, ease of maintenance, reliability, simplicity, cost, quality, and ergonomics. Concept (c) was chosen as a result.
Criteria | Weight | Concept rating/10 | Concept weighting/100% | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(a) | (b) | (c) | (a) | (b) | (c) | ||
Function | 10 | 7 | 5 | 9 | 70 | 50 | 90 |
Efficiency | 9 | 6 | 6 | 8 | 54 | 54 | 72 |
Cost | 8 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 32 | 48 | 64 |
Ease of maintenance | 6 | 7 | 7 | 9 | 42 | 42 | 54 |
Reliability | 6 | 5 | 5 | 8 | 30 | 30 | 48 |
Ease of manufacture | 4 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 24 | 28 | 36 |
Lifespan | 4 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 28 | 32 | 36 |
Simplicity of layout | 2 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 10 | 14 | 16 |
Quality | 1 | 8 | 6 | 9 | 8 | 6 | 9 |
Weight | 1 | 8 | 5 | 9 | 8 | 5 | 9 |
Ergonomics | 1 | 6 | 6 | 8 | 6 | 6 | 8 |
Total score | 312 | 315 | 443 |
Concept selection using the binary dominance matrix.
Due to the helical heater on the pyrolysis tank there is even heating and the molten PET is then combined with the bituminous asphaltic concrete (BAC). This mixture is then put into casting bricks and also used in making concrete [8]. Recycling of PET and using it in construction will be a great stride since the PET is non-biodegradable and its chemical properties will further make the BAC durable.
The pulverized plastic wastes used in this work were collected from disposed plastic waste used for packaging water and fruit juices at Petreco Zimbabwe. The PET waste (Figure 5) was collected and cleaned with tap water to remove any form of contaminants and deleterious materials before sun drying for a minimum of three days.
Sample pulverized PET.
The waste PET was added into the pyrolysis tank with a helical heating coil for even heat distribution. Oxygen was eliminated from the chamber by use of oxygen scavengers. Weight batching was used to be able to eliminate errors due to size and void in the material. Whilst molten the PET was tapped out of the pyrolysis tank into the brick cast mold. Mechanical tests were key to ascertain the properties of the brick. Hence compression test, water absorption test and flexural strength test were carried out. The different mechanical tests are described below.
Compressive strength is a mechanical test that measures the amount of compressive load a material can sustain before failure. It is the most accurate indicator for measuring the engineering properties of a building material because a higher compressive strength indicates a good and strong material. Compressive strength in bricks and flexible pavements greatly depends on the amount of compaction, heat treatment and the concrete mix ratio.
Absorption of water is a critical factor for the durability of bricks and flexible pavements. When water penetrates brick, it decreases the strength of bricks. Hence the brick internal structure must be adequately dense to avoid the leaking of water. To increase density and decrease water absorption of clay bricks, the firing temperature must be raised [7]. Generally, the water absorption values decreased with increasing temperature, and decreased with increasing amounts of waste plastic in the mixtures. Hence PET plastic would reduce the water absorption of the pavements and bricks.
The flexural strength of brick is its ability to resist bending through internal stresses generated within the brick or flexible pavement. Elastic stresses are developed within the brick and pavement material to resist the external load. Resistant tensile stress that develop, keep the bricks in shape until the failure of the structure. Whenever the material is overloaded the structure will rupture, and flexural cracks are developed at the point of highest tensile stress on the brick or flexible pavement [5]. It’s an integral test in determining properties of the brick.
The model of choice was the Helical Heat Exchanger. In order to enhance mobility and temperature monitoring, wheels and a thermometer also included in the frame as shown in Figure 6. In this model electrical energy is used to melt the plastic making use of an oxygen scavenger to remove oxygen from the reactor. In order to optimize the intended operation, the heat exchanger’s dimension was to be calculated. Using Eq. (1) below to calculate the required length of wire, ten turns of the helical copper pipe were chosen.
SolidWorks model of the heat exchanger (a) assembled heat exchanger (b) exploded view (c) parts list.
Using Eq. (2), the helical pipe volume was found.
The pulverized PET was melted in the pyrolysis chamber in the absence of oxygen Different amounts of PET were used in the mixture with bituminous asphaltic concrete to optimize the best properties from the materials. After testing the compressive strength of the bricks at different percentages of PET the results in Figure 7 were obtained.
Compressive strength results.
Figure 7 shows that the compressive strength of flexible pavements decreased with increase in the percentage of the PET. The results showed a maximum compressive strength of 10 N/mm2. However, the water absorption properties decreased with increase in percentage content of PET that is the brick absorbed less water with an increase in the amount of PET.
Since coarse aggregates account for more than 60% of the aggregates, the BAC can be defined as coarse dense-graded and it is suited for all pavement layers and traffic conditions. The PET reduced the flexible pavement and brick compressive strength whilst increasing its fatigue resistance. In addition, it created better mixing between asphalt and the aggregates. During the compressive test the PET bricks had a maximum compressive strength of 10 N/mm2 which was within the standard range and had less water absorbing tendencies and hence a longer lifespan. Generally bigger aggregate sizes give better mechanical properties, as well as good permeability and traction, and are typically focused at achieving high surface drainage and durability [9]. The flexible pavements with PET as a filler also exhibited increased workability and durability, as well as resistance to irreversible deformation, stress, and low-temperature cracking, and moisture damage [8]. The filler’s purpose was to improve stiffness, workability, moisture resistance, and aging properties. The use of waste PET as a flexible pavement is one of the possible uses of the plastic waste.
Globally there is growing demand for high-performance pavement due to increase in traffic and failure of ordinary pavements. In a bid to increase durability of roads especially in developing countries where the roads are deplorable, use of PET waste with BAC and cement as a binder. PET wastes in flexible pavement, brick construction and road rehabilitations would essentially utilize several million metric tons of PET wastes from the waste stream which would have good sustainable effects on the environment such as minimization of pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. It also encourages ecosystem balance by the limiting of non-biodegradable PET wastes from the ecosystem.
The concept of employing composite brick and pavement was investigated in this research. PET materials melted during the pyrolysis process due to their low melting point of 250°C. This research brought about the purpose of eco-friendly construction material production in the drive toward achieving sustainable development in the fourth industrial revolution. It enlightens on the concept of eco-friendly road construction by use of flexible pavements and bricks by utilizing waste, non-biodegradable PET plastic. The properties of plastic meant it would not be affected by water absorption which weakens the bricks and flexible pavements. Further research can be done on exploiting the properties of PET in the manufacture of construction materials, especially its light weight and temperature regulation. As a reference for future work the residue char from pyrolysis can be further investigated for use as an activated carbon.
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\\n\\nIntechOpen publishes all of the aforementioned formats in compliance with the requirements and criteria established by the European Commission for the Horizon 2020 Program.
\\n\\nAuthors requiring additional information are welcome to send their inquiries to funders@intechopen.com
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'Publishing with IntechOpen means that your scientific publications already meet these basic requirements. It also means that through our utilization of open licensing, our publications are also able to be copied, shared, searched, linked, crawled, and mined for text and data, optimizing our authors' compliance as suggested by the European Commission.
\n\nMetadata for all publications is also automatically deposited in IntechOpen's OAI repository, making them available through the Open Access Infrastructure for Research in Europe's (OpenAIRE) search interface further establishing our compliance.
\n\nIn other words, publishing with IntechOpen guarantees compliance.
\n\nRead more about Open Access in Horizon 2020 here.
\n\nWhich scientific publication to choose?
\n\nWhen choosing a publication, Horizon 2020 grant recipients are encouraged to provide open access to various types of scientific publications including monographs, edited books and conference proceedings.
\n\nIntechOpen publishes all of the aforementioned formats in compliance with the requirements and criteria established by the European Commission for the Horizon 2020 Program.
\n\nAuthors requiring additional information are welcome to send their inquiries to funders@intechopen.com
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Ahmed",authors:[{id:"175649",title:"Dr.",name:"Tarek A",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"tarek-a-ahmed",fullName:"Tarek A Ahmed"}]},{id:"29240",title:"Oral Absorption, Intestinal Metabolism and Human Oral Bioavailability",slug:"oral-absorption-intestinal-metabolism-and-human-oral-bioavailability-",totalDownloads:26955,totalCrossrefCites:24,totalDimensionsCites:55,abstract:null,book:{id:"672",slug:"topics-on-drug-metabolism",title:"Topics on Drug Metabolism",fullTitle:"Topics on Drug Metabolism"},signatures:"Ayman El-Kattan and Manthena Varma",authors:[{id:"85539",title:"Dr.",name:"Ayman",middleName:null,surname:"El-Kattan",slug:"ayman-el-kattan",fullName:"Ayman El-Kattan"},{id:"88221",title:"Dr.",name:"Manthena",middleName:null,surname:"Varma",slug:"manthena-varma",fullName:"Manthena Varma"}]},{id:"66742",title:"Introductory Chapter: Alkaloids - Their Importance in Nature and for Human Life",slug:"introductory-chapter-alkaloids-their-importance-in-nature-and-for-human-life",totalDownloads:3944,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:29,abstract:null,book:{id:"6828",slug:"alkaloids-their-importance-in-nature-and-human-life",title:"Alkaloids",fullTitle:"Alkaloids - Their Importance in Nature and Human Life"},signatures:"Joanna Kurek",authors:[{id:"214632",title:"Dr.",name:"Joanna",middleName:null,surname:"Kurek",slug:"joanna-kurek",fullName:"Joanna Kurek"}]},{id:"65128",title:"Natural Products in Drug Discovery",slug:"natural-products-in-drug-discovery",totalDownloads:6529,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:39,abstract:"Drug discovery using natural products is a challenging task for designing new leads. It describe the bioactive compounds derived from natural resources, its phytochemical analysis, characterization and pharmacological investigation. It focuses on the success of these resources in the process of finding and discovering new and effective drug compounds that can be useful for human resources. From many years, natural products have been acting as a source of therapeutic agents and have shown beneficial uses. Only natural product drug discovery plays an important role to develop the scientific evidence of these natural resources. Research in drug discovery needs to develop robust and viable lead molecules, which step forward from a screening hit to a drug candidate through structural elucidation and structure identification through GC–MS, NMR, IR, HPLC, and HPTLC. The development of new technologies has revolutionized the screening of natural products in discovering new drugs. Utilizing these technologies gives us an opportunity to perform research in screening new molecules using a software and database to establish natural products as a major source for drug discovery. It finally leads to lead structure discovery. Powerful new technologies are revolutionizing natural herbal drug discovery.",book:{id:"8290",slug:"pharmacognosy-medicinal-plants",title:"Pharmacognosy",fullTitle:"Pharmacognosy - Medicinal Plants"},signatures:"Akshada Amit Koparde, Rajendra Chandrashekar Doijad and Chandrakant Shripal Magdum",authors:[{id:"268668",title:"Dr.",name:"Akshada",middleName:"Amit",surname:"Koparde",slug:"akshada-koparde",fullName:"Akshada Koparde"}]},{id:"48805",title:"Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics",slug:"biopharmaceutics-and-pharmacokinetics",totalDownloads:26050,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"4491",slug:"basic-pharmacokinetic-concepts-and-some-clinical-applications",title:"Basic Pharmacokinetic Concepts and Some Clinical Applications",fullTitle:"Basic Pharmacokinetic Concepts and Some Clinical Applications"},signatures:"S. Lakshmana Prabu, T.N.K. Suriyaprakash, K. Ruckmani and R.\nThirumurugan",authors:[{id:"91590",title:"Dr.",name:"Sakthivel",middleName:null,surname:"Lakshmana Prabu",slug:"sakthivel-lakshmana-prabu",fullName:"Sakthivel Lakshmana Prabu"},{id:"128690",title:"Dr.",name:"Suriyaprakash",middleName:null,surname:"Tnk",slug:"suriyaprakash-tnk",fullName:"Suriyaprakash Tnk"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"219",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"81126",title:"Antituberculosis Drug Repurposing: A New Hope for Tackling Multi-Challenging TB in Timely Manner",slug:"antituberculosis-drug-repurposing-a-new-hope-for-tackling-multi-challenging-tb-in-timely-manner",totalDownloads:30,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101642",abstract:"Tuberculosis still stands as the world’s leading infectious disease as 1/4th of the world’s population harbors Latent TB infection (LTBI) > 10 million develops active TB and ~ 1.5 million people die per year. Approximately 4,65,000 people fell ill with multidrug or rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (MDR/RR-TB)/year. This deadly TB scenario demands new TB drug regimens to tackle global infection reservoir, and worldwide spread of drug resistance and DS TB. Successful entry of single new drug into market is much complicated mission owing to time, cost, efficacy, and safety issues. Therefore, drug repurposing seems one reliable hope to meet the challenges of modern TB drug discovery timely, as it starts with examining market acclaimed drugs against other diseases for their efficacies against tuberculosis avoiding several lengthy and costly steps required for new molecules. Several drugs have been identified, which show potential for TB treatment. There is need for careful consideration of various trial designs to ensure that TB phase III trials are initiated for fruitful development of new TB treatment regimens. TB drug repurposing will not only give fast track novel drugs but will also serve to identify new targets for future development in cost-effective manner.",book:{id:"10881",title:"Drug Repurposing - Molecular Aspects and Therapeutic Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10881.jpg"},signatures:"Shahnawaz Majeed, Safiya Mehraj and Zahoor Ahmad"},{id:"80848",title:"High-Throughput Screening for Drug Discovery toward Infectious Diseases: Options and Challenges",slug:"high-throughput-screening-for-drug-discovery-toward-infectious-diseases-options-and-challenges",totalDownloads:34,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102936",abstract:"The increase in the number of antibiotic-resistant microbial strains makes it evident to discover and develop newer efficacious anti-infective drugs. High-throughput screening (HTS) is a robust technology that plays a crucial role in identifying novel anti-infective lead compounds. This chapter briefly explains the role of virtual HTS (vHTS) and HTS technologies in lead identification using various categories of chemical libraries through structure-based drug design, ligand-based drug design, in vitro cell-based assay, and biochemical assay approaches involved in the process of drug design and discovery. The chapter also gives an insightful survey of the technologies such as fluorescence, luminescence, and atomic absorbance used for the detection of biological responses in the HTS bioassays. Applications of HTS, reverse pharmacology, current challenges, and future perspectives of HTS in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry are discussed in the context of anti-infective drug design, discovery, and development.",book:{id:"10234",title:"High-Throughput Screening for Drug Discovery",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10234.jpg"},signatures:"Ankur Gupta, Swatantra Kumar, Vimal K. Maurya, Bipin Puri and Shailendra K. Saxena"},{id:"80532",title:"Recent Progress in Drug Repurposing Using Protein Variants and Amino Acids in Disease Phenotypes/Disorders",slug:"recent-progress-in-drug-repurposing-using-protein-variants-and-amino-acids-in-disease-phenotypes-dis",totalDownloads:49,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102571",abstract:"Life is constituted of large group of macromolecule, functional and structural called “Protein,” made of amino acids (AA), and linked with peptide bonds with specific protein unique sequences. Variations in proteins are thought to have diverse effects with consequences on structure, stability, interactions, pH, enzymatic activity, abundance and other properties. Variants can be of genetic origin or it could occur de novo at the post-translational protein level. The sequence of amino acids defines protein structure and functions. Protein is involved in several critical functions like the physical cell-cell communication. Breakthrough in molecular science has shown that, to develop drugs for managing a disease-associated variations requires understanding of consequences of variants on the function of the affected protein and the impact on the pathways, in which protein is involved. Using biophysical/bioinformatics methods, immense amount of variation data generated is handled-connected to disease phenotypes. Obviously, there remain continuous needs for the combinations of genetic probing methods/bioinformatics, to predict single-nucleotide variations (SNV), for effective rational drug design that would embrace naturally occurring bioactive components of plant origin, towards the effective management of disease phenotype emanating from protein and amino acid variations. This, well thought out and synchronized concept, remains a way forward.",book:{id:"10881",title:"Drug Repurposing - Molecular Aspects and Therapeutic Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10881.jpg"},signatures:"Michael P. Okoh and Lukman A. Alli"},{id:"80170",title:"Role of Activated Cdc42-Associated Kinase 1 (ACK1/TNK2)-Inhibitors in Precision Oncology",slug:"role-of-activated-cdc42-associated-kinase-1-ack1-tnk2-inhibitors-in-precision-oncology",totalDownloads:56,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102343",abstract:"Activated Cdc42-associated kinase 1 (ACK1) is an intracellular non-receptor tyrosine kinase referred to as TNK2, which is considered as an oncogene and therapeutic target in various cancers including breast cancer, non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and many others. Oncogenic non-receptor tyrosine kinase mutations occur either due to point mutations, duplications or insertions and deletions, or by involving in the development of a fusion gene resulting from a chromosomal rearrangement. ACK1 is involved with multiple signaling pathways of tumor progression. With these signaling networks, ACK1 participates in cell survival, invasion, migration, and tumorigenesis that are strongly related to the prognosis and clinicopathology of cancers. Previous studies predicted that ACK1 is a carcinogenic factor and blockage of ACK1 inhibits cancer cell survival, proliferation, migration, and radiation resistance. FDA has approved many multi-kinase inhibitors as therapeutic drugs that show good inhibitory activity not against ACK1 but also towards multiple targets. As ACK1 is a key target for other neurological diseases, inflammation, and immunological diseases also, so the studies on these inhibitors not only provide potential strategies for the treatment of cancers that require simultaneous targeting of multiple targets but also can be used in drug repurposing for other diseases.",book:{id:"10881",title:"Drug Repurposing - Molecular Aspects and Therapeutic Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10881.jpg"},signatures:"Ruby Srivastava"},{id:"79784",title:"Breast Cancer Drug Repurposing a Tool for a Challenging Disease",slug:"breast-cancer-drug-repurposing-a-tool-for-a-challenging-disease",totalDownloads:100,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101378",abstract:"Drug repurposing is one of the best strategy for drug discovery. There are several examples where drug repurposing has revolutionized the drug development process, such as metformin developed for diabetes and is now employed in polycystic ovarian syndrome. Drug repurposing against breast cancer is currently a hot topic to look upon. With the continued rise in breast cancer cases, there is a dire need for new therapies that can tackle it in a better way. There is a rise of resistance to current therapies, so drug repurposing might produce some lead candidates that may be promising to treat breast cancer. We will highlight the breast cancer molecular targets, currently available drugs, problems with current therapy, and some examples that might be promising to treat it.",book:{id:"10881",title:"Drug Repurposing - Molecular Aspects and Therapeutic Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10881.jpg"},signatures:"Jonaid Ahmad Malik, Rafia Jan, Sakeel Ahmed and Sirajudheen Anwar"},{id:"79878",title:"Evaluation of Drug Repositioning by Molecular Docking of Pharmaceutical Resources to Identification of Potential SARS-CoV-2 Viral Inhibitors",slug:"evaluation-of-drug-repositioning-by-molecular-docking-of-pharmaceutical-resources-to-identification-",totalDownloads:106,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101395",abstract:"Unfortunately, to date, there is no approved specific antiviral drug treatment against COVID-19. Due to the costly and time-consuming nature of the de novo drug discovery and development process, in recent days, the computational drug repositioning method has been highly regarded for accelerating the drug-discovery process. The selection of drug target molecule(s), preparation of an approved therapeutics agent library, and in silico evaluation of their affinity to the subjected target(s) are the main steps of a molecular docking-based drug repositioning process, which is the most common computational drug re-tasking process. In this chapter, after a review on origin, pathophysiology, molecular biology, and drug development strategies against COVID-19, recent advances, challenges as well as the future perspective of molecular docking-based drug repositioning for COVID-19 are discussed. Furthermore, as a case study, the molecular docking-based drug repurposing process was planned to screen the 3CLpro inhibitor(s) among the nine Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved antiviral protease inhibitors. The results demonstrated that Fosamprenavir had the highest binding affinity to 3CLpro and can be considered for more in silico, in vitro, and in vivo evaluations as an effective repurposed anti-COVID-19 drug.",book:{id:"10881",title:"Drug Repurposing - Molecular Aspects and Therapeutic Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10881.jpg"},signatures:"Fatemeh Hosseini, Mehrdad Azin, Hamideh Ofoghi and Tahereh Alinejad"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:20},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:286,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:101,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",issn:"2632-0517",scope:"Paralleling similar advances in the medical field, astounding advances occurred in Veterinary Medicine and Science in recent decades. These advances have helped foster better support for animal health, more humane animal production, and a better understanding of the physiology of endangered species to improve the assisted reproductive technologies or the pathogenesis of certain diseases, where animals can be used as models for human diseases (like cancer, degenerative diseases or fertility), and even as a guarantee of public health. Bridging Human, Animal, and Environmental health, the holistic and integrative “One Health” concept intimately associates the developments within those fields, projecting its advancements into practice. This book series aims to tackle various animal-related medicine and sciences fields, providing thematic volumes consisting of high-quality significant research directed to researchers and postgraduates. It aims to give us a glimpse into the new accomplishments in the Veterinary Medicine and Science field. By addressing hot topics in veterinary sciences, we aim to gather authoritative texts within each issue of this series, providing in-depth overviews and analysis for graduates, academics, and practitioners and foreseeing a deeper understanding of the subject. Forthcoming texts, written and edited by experienced researchers from both industry and academia, will also discuss scientific challenges faced today in Veterinary Medicine and Science. In brief, we hope that books in this series will provide accessible references for those interested or working in this field and encourage learning in a range of different topics.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/13.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 14th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"38652",title:"Dr.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",biography:"Rita Payan Carreira earned her Veterinary Degree from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1985. She obtained her Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"19",title:"Animal Science",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/19.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11415,editor:{id:"259298",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward",middleName:null,surname:"Narayan",slug:"edward-narayan",fullName:"Edward Narayan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Edward Narayan graduated with Ph.D. degree in Biology from the University of the South Pacific and pioneered non-invasive reproductive and stress endocrinology tools for amphibians - the novel development and validation of non-invasive enzyme immunoassays for the evaluation of reproductive hormonal cycle and stress hormone responses to environmental stressors. \nDr. Narayan leads the Stress Lab (Comparative Physiology and Endocrinology) at the University of Queensland. A dynamic career research platform which is based on the thematic areas of comparative vertebrate physiology, stress endocrinology, reproductive endocrinology, animal health and welfare, and conservation biology. \nEdward has supervised 40 research students and published over 60 peer reviewed research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Queensland",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/20.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11416,editor:{id:"175967",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",fullName:"Manuel Gonzalez Ronquillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",biography:"Dr. Manuel González Ronquillo obtained his doctorate degree from the University of Zaragoza, Spain, in 2001. He is a research professor at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico. He is also a level-2 researcher. He received a Fulbright-Garcia Robles fellowship for a postdoctoral stay at the US Dairy Forage Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA in 2008–2009. He received grants from Alianza del Pacifico for a stay at the University of Magallanes, Chile, in 2014, and from Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT) to work in the Food and Agriculture Organization’s Animal Production and Health Division (AGA), Rome, Italy, in 2014–2015. He has collaborated with researchers from different countries and published ninety-eight journal articles. 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Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait. His research interests include optimization, computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, and intelligent systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker at various platforms around the globe. He has advised/supervised more than 110 students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He has authored and/or edited around seventy books. Prof. Sarfraz is a member of various professional societies. He is a chair and member of international advisory committees and organizing committees of numerous international conferences. He is also an editor and editor in chief for various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:"Beijing University of Technology",institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Lakhno Igor Victorovich was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPhD – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSc – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nLakhno Igor has been graduated from an international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held in Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s a professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education . He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 17 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Lakhno Igor is a rewiever of Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for DSc degree \\'Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention and treatment”. Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, cardiovascular medicine.",institutionString:"V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University",institution:{name:"Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education",country:{name:"Ukraine"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZkkQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-09T12:55:18.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"338222",title:"Mrs.",name:"María José",middleName:null,surname:"Lucía Mudas",slug:"maria-jose-lucia-mudas",fullName:"María José Lucía Mudas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"147824",title:"Mr.",name:"Pablo",middleName:null,surname:"Revuelta Sanz",slug:"pablo-revuelta-sanz",fullName:"Pablo Revuelta Sanz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"4",type:"subseries",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Invasive Infections, Epidemiology, Cell Membrane, Fungal Virulence, Diagnosis, Treatment",scope:"Fungi are ubiquitous and there are almost no non-pathogenic fungi. Fungal infectious illness prevalence and prognosis are determined by the exposure between fungi and host, host immunological state, fungal virulence, and early and accurate diagnosis and treatment. \r\nPatients with both congenital and acquired immunodeficiency are more likely to be infected with opportunistic mycosis. Fungal infectious disease outbreaks are common during the post- disaster rebuilding era, which is characterised by high population density, migration, and poor health and medical conditions.\r\nSystemic or local fungal infection is mainly associated with the fungi directly inhaled or inoculated in the environment during the disaster. The most common fungal infection pathways are human to human (anthropophilic), animal to human (zoophilic), and environment to human (soilophile). Diseases are common as a result of widespread exposure to pathogenic fungus dispersed into the environment. \r\nFungi that are both common and emerging are intertwined. In Southeast Asia, for example, Talaromyces marneffei is an important pathogenic thermally dimorphic fungus that causes systemic mycosis. Widespread fungal infections with complicated and variable clinical manifestations, such as Candida auris infection resistant to several antifungal medicines, Covid-19 associated with Trichoderma, and terbinafine resistant dermatophytosis in India, are among the most serious disorders. \r\nInappropriate local or systemic use of glucocorticoids, as well as their immunosuppressive effects, may lead to changes in fungal infection spectrum and clinical characteristics. Hematogenous candidiasis is a worrisome issue that affects people all over the world, particularly ICU patients. CARD9 deficiency and fungal infection have been major issues in recent years. Invasive aspergillosis is associated with a significant death rate. Special attention should be given to endemic fungal infections, identification of important clinical fungal infections advanced in yeasts, filamentous fungal infections, skin mycobiome and fungal genomes, and immunity to fungal infections.\r\nIn addition, endemic fungal diseases or uncommon fungal infections caused by Mucor irregularis, dermatophytosis, Malassezia, cryptococcosis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidiosis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, and other fungi, should be monitored. \r\nThis topic includes the research progress on the etiology and pathogenesis of fungal infections, new methods of isolation and identification, rapid detection, drug sensitivity testing, new antifungal drugs, schemes and case series reports. It will provide significant opportunities and support for scientists, clinical doctors, mycologists, antifungal drug researchers, public health practitioners, and epidemiologists from all over the world to share new research, ideas and solutions to promote the development and progress of medical mycology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11400,editor:{id:"174134",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuping",middleName:null,surname:"Ran",slug:"yuping-ran",fullName:"Yuping Ran",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9d6QAC/Profile_Picture_1630330675373",biography:"Dr. Yuping Ran, Professor, Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. Completed the Course Medical Mycology, the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Netherlands (2006). International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) Fellow, and International Emerging Infectious Diseases (IEID) Fellow, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA. Diploma of Dermatological Scientist, Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Ph.D. of Juntendo University, Japan. Bachelor’s and Master’s degree, Medicine, West China University of Medical Sciences. Chair of Sichuan Medical Association Dermatology Committee. General Secretary of The 19th Annual Meeting of Chinese Society of Dermatology and the Asia Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (2013). In charge of the Annual Medical Mycology Course over 20-years authorized by National Continue Medical Education Committee of China. Member of the board of directors of the Asia-Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (APSMM). Associate editor of Mycopathologia. Vice-chief of the editorial board of Chinses Journal of Mycology, China. 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Fungal infectious illness prevalence and prognosis are determined by the exposure between fungi and host, host immunological state, fungal virulence, and early and accurate diagnosis and treatment. \r\nPatients with both congenital and acquired immunodeficiency are more likely to be infected with opportunistic mycosis. Fungal infectious disease outbreaks are common during the post- disaster rebuilding era, which is characterised by high population density, migration, and poor health and medical conditions.\r\nSystemic or local fungal infection is mainly associated with the fungi directly inhaled or inoculated in the environment during the disaster. The most common fungal infection pathways are human to human (anthropophilic), animal to human (zoophilic), and environment to human (soilophile). Diseases are common as a result of widespread exposure to pathogenic fungus dispersed into the environment. \r\nFungi that are both common and emerging are intertwined. In Southeast Asia, for example, Talaromyces marneffei is an important pathogenic thermally dimorphic fungus that causes systemic mycosis. Widespread fungal infections with complicated and variable clinical manifestations, such as Candida auris infection resistant to several antifungal medicines, Covid-19 associated with Trichoderma, and terbinafine resistant dermatophytosis in India, are among the most serious disorders. \r\nInappropriate local or systemic use of glucocorticoids, as well as their immunosuppressive effects, may lead to changes in fungal infection spectrum and clinical characteristics. Hematogenous candidiasis is a worrisome issue that affects people all over the world, particularly ICU patients. CARD9 deficiency and fungal infection have been major issues in recent years. Invasive aspergillosis is associated with a significant death rate. Special attention should be given to endemic fungal infections, identification of important clinical fungal infections advanced in yeasts, filamentous fungal infections, skin mycobiome and fungal genomes, and immunity to fungal infections.\r\nIn addition, endemic fungal diseases or uncommon fungal infections caused by Mucor irregularis, dermatophytosis, Malassezia, cryptococcosis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidiosis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, and other fungi, should be monitored. \r\nThis topic includes the research progress on the etiology and pathogenesis of fungal infections, new methods of isolation and identification, rapid detection, drug sensitivity testing, new antifungal drugs, schemes and case series reports. It will provide significant opportunities and support for scientists, clinical doctors, mycologists, antifungal drug researchers, public health practitioners, and epidemiologists from all over the world to share new research, ideas and solutions to promote the development and progress of medical mycology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",keywords:"Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Invasive Infections, Epidemiology, Cell Membrane, Fungal Virulence, Diagnosis, Treatment"},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",scope:"Parasitic diseases have evolved alongside their human hosts. In many cases, these diseases have adapted so well that they have developed efficient resilience methods in the human host and can live in the host for years. Others, particularly some blood parasites, can cause very acute diseases and are responsible for millions of deaths yearly. Many parasitic diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases because they have received minimal funding over recent years and, in many cases, are under-reported despite the critical role they play in morbidity and mortality among human and animal hosts. The current topic, Parasitic Infectious Diseases, in the Infectious Diseases Series aims to publish studies on the systematics, epidemiology, molecular biology, genomics, pathogenesis, genetics, and clinical significance of parasitic diseases from blood borne to intestinal parasites as well as zoonotic parasites. We hope to cover all aspects of parasitic diseases to provide current and relevant research data on these very important diseases. In the current atmosphere of the Coronavirus pandemic, communities around the world, particularly those in different underdeveloped areas, are faced with the growing challenges of the high burden of parasitic diseases. At the same time, they are faced with the Covid-19 pandemic leading to what some authors have called potential syndemics that might worsen the outcome of such infections. Therefore, it is important to conduct studies that examine parasitic infections in the context of the coronavirus pandemic for the benefit of all communities to help foster more informed decisions for the betterment of human and animal health.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",keywords:"Blood Borne Parasites, Intestinal Parasites, Protozoa, Helminths, Arthropods, Water Born Parasites, Epidemiology, Molecular Biology, Systematics, Genomics, Proteomics, Ecology"},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",scope:"The Viral Infectious Diseases Book Series aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends and discoveries in various viral infectious diseases emerging around the globe. The emergence of any viral disease is hard to anticipate, which often contributes to death. A viral disease can be defined as an infectious disease that has recently appeared within a population or exists in nature with the rapid expansion of incident or geographic range. This series will focus on various crucial factors related to emerging viral infectious diseases, including epidemiology, pathogenesis, host immune response, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical recommendations for managing viral infectious diseases, highlighting the recent issues with future directions for effective therapeutic strategies.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",keywords:"Novel Viruses, Virus Transmission, Virus Evolution, Molecular Virology, Control and Prevention, Virus-host Interaction"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 15th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:286,numberOfPublishedBooks:27,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRqB9QAK/Profile_Picture_1626163237970",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/414271",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"414271"},fullPath:"/profiles/414271",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()