\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5301",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Tropical Forests - The Challenges of Maintaining Ecosystem Services while Managing the Landscape",title:"Tropical Forests",subtitle:"The Challenges of Maintaining Ecosystem Services while Managing the Landscape",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Large regions of the planet have been transformed from their natural composition into different human-made landscapes (farmlands, forest plantations, pastures, etc.). Such process, called land use change, is one of the major components of the current global change, which has brought the planet into a new geological era: the Anthropocene. Land use change is particularly important in tropical forests, as this ecosystem type is still heavily affected by deforestation for timber extraction, agricultural land creation of urban expansion. Changing land use has important implications for the services that tropical forests provide: production of goods such as timber, food or water; regulation of process such as nutrient cycling, carbon sequestration, local weather or climate extremes; generating the framework for economic and cultural activity, etc. Therefore, keeping ecosystem services when changing the use of the tropical lands is a major challenge in tropical regions. This brief book, by showcasing different research work done in tropical countries, provides a first introduction on this topic, discussing issues such as biodiversity loss, changes in local weather or nutrient cycling patterns, and economic activities around tropical forests, and tools to detect and quantify the importance of land use change.",isbn:"978-953-51-2759-8",printIsbn:"978-953-51-2758-1",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4157-0",doi:"10.5772/61920",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"tropical-forests-the-challenges-of-maintaining-ecosystem-services-while-managing-the-landscape",numberOfPages:136,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!0,hash:"818e94b80f9ae07a70326fa70c7df615",bookSignature:"Juan A. Blanco, Shih-Chieh Chang and Yueh-Hsin Lo",publishedDate:"November 9th 2016",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5301.jpg",numberOfDownloads:9779,numberOfWosCitations:13,numberOfCrossrefCitations:8,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:20,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:41,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 17th 2015",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 6th 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 11th 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 11th 2016",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 14th 2016",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,8,9",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"51995",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",middleName:"A.",surname:"Blanco",slug:"juan-blanco",fullName:"Juan Blanco",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/51995/images/1076_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Blanco is an Assistant Professor at the Public University of Navarre. His work is focused on the development and evaluation of ecological models to simulate the influences of management, climate and other ecological factors on tree growth. He is currently collaborating with research teams from Canada, Taiwan, USA, Spain, Cuba, and China in using ecological models to explore the effects of climate change, atmospheric pollution and alternative forest practices in natural and planted forest in boreal, temperate and tropical forests. His research has been applied in mining to optimize reclamation plans, in forestry to assess the potential for carbon sequestration and by government agencies to define local guidelines for long-term sustainable forest management. Among other topics related to forest ecology, Dr. Blanco has studied the influence of climate variations on tree growth and estimated the possible ecological consequences of climate change in forest ecosystems. He has also co-authored the first book dedicated exclusively to the use of hybrid ecological models in forest management, entitled 'Forecasting Forest Futures” (Earthscan, London), edited three books on Climate Change effects, mitigation and adaptation (InTech, Rijeka), and three more on Forest Ecosystems, Biodiversity and Tropical Forests (InTech, Rijeka).",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"5",institution:{name:"Universidad Publica De Navarra",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"171181",title:"Dr.",name:"Yueh-Hsin",middleName:null,surname:"Lo",slug:"yueh-hsin-lo",fullName:"Yueh-Hsin Lo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171181/images/4956_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Lo graduated in Forest and Natural Resource Management at the National Taiwan University, and obtained a PhD in Forest Ecology from the University of British Columbia (Canada). She is currently working as Research Associate at the Public University of Navarra (Spain). During her research, Dr. Lo has studied the influence of climate on tree growth and productivity, and developed and tested models to simulate the effects of climate change on tree productivity, combining the use of tree-ring records with field data on biogeochemical factors and tree distribution. At present, she is involved in several research lines studying the long-term influence of environmental factors on tree growth and forest development. She is also interested in the practical applications of forest ecology in restoration of altered forest plantations, and has co-edited books of forests and biodiversity published by InTech.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:null,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Universidad Publica De Navarra",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},coeditorTwo:{id:"200894",title:"Dr.",name:"Shih-Chieh",middleName:null,surname:"Chang",slug:"shih-chieh-chang",fullName:"Shih-Chieh Chang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/200894/images/4955_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Chang obtained his PhD from the Bayreuth Institute for Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, University of Bayreuth (Germany). He is currently an Associate Professor at the Department of Natural Resources and Environment, National Dong Hwa University (Taiwan). Dr. Chang is an ecosystem ecologist working on the energy, water, and nutrient budgets of forest ecosystems in Taiwan. His main research focuses on the study of subtropical montane cloud forest dominated by yellow cypress and a lowland broad-leaved plantation in Taiwan. His recent works focus on studying carbon and water fluxes using chamber, eddy covariance, and modeling methods.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"833",title:"Climatology",slug:"earth-science-climatology"}],chapters:[{id:"52598",title:"Introductory Chapter: Land Use Change Ecosystem Services and Tropical Forests",doi:"10.5772/65840",slug:"introductory-chapter-land-use-change-ecosystem-services-and-tropical-forests",totalDownloads:1675,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Shih-Chieh Chang, Juan A. Blanco and Yueh-Hsin Lo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52598",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52598",authors:[{id:"51995",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",surname:"Blanco",slug:"juan-blanco",fullName:"Juan Blanco"}],corrections:null},{id:"52735",title:"Fauna Diversity in Tropical Rainforest: Threats from Land-Use Change",doi:"10.5772/64963",slug:"fauna-diversity-in-tropical-rainforest-threats-from-land-use-change",totalDownloads:2484,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:10,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Tropical rainforests are the cradle of life (perfect conditions for life) on Earth, i.e., rich in plant species composition (>250 plant species/hectare) and fauna diversity (>50% of animal species in the world). Rainforests occur near the Earth's equator and cover 6% of the Earth's surface across the tropical regions and are characterized by wet climate, i.e., heavy rainfall (125—660 cm), relative humidity (77—88%) and temperature (20—34°C). They are dominated by a wide range of broad-leaved trees that form dense canopy and the most complex ecosystem. Currently, the tropical rainforest ecosystem is changing faster than ever in human history due to anthropogenic activities, such as habitat loss and degradation due to deforestation for timber and conversion into agriculture fields (oil palm plantation), mining, fire, climate change, etc. The habitat loss and degradation had adversely influenced the distribution and richness of the fauna species. The current information on the fauna diversity of tropical rainforest is not sufficient and in the future, more research is required to document the various community parameters of the fauna species in order to conserve and protect them. For better future, conservation, and management, we must identify the major drivers of changes and how these factors alter the tropical rainforest.",signatures:"Mohamed Zakaria, Muhammad Nawaz Rajpar, Ibrahim Ozdemir\nand Zamri Rosli",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52735",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52735",authors:[{id:"183095",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Nawaz",surname:"Rajpar",slug:"muhammad-nawaz-rajpar",fullName:"Muhammad Nawaz Rajpar"},{id:"186144",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed",surname:"Zakaria",slug:"mohamed-zakaria",fullName:"Mohamed Zakaria"},{id:"186573",title:"Prof.",name:"Ibrahim",surname:"Ozdemir",slug:"ibrahim-ozdemir",fullName:"Ibrahim Ozdemir"},{id:"186575",title:"Dr.",name:"Zamri",surname:"Rosli",slug:"zamri-rosli",fullName:"Zamri Rosli"}],corrections:null},{id:"52660",title:"Detection of Amazon Forest Degradation Caused by Land Use Changes",doi:"10.5772/65493",slug:"detection-of-amazon-forest-degradation-caused-by-land-use-changes",totalDownloads:1383,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Field and satellite optical methods for estimation of chlorophyll content were applied in three study sites of the Ecuadorian Amazon rainforest. Those sites represent a wide range of land use disturbance in secondary and pristine lowland rainforest. The first field method is based on transmittance from the SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter index, the second field method is based on reflectance measurements collected by a spectroradiometer, and the third method estimates chlorophyll content from the PROSPECT radiative transfer model. For the first method, seven models that account for a wide range of vegetation species showed similar average leaf chlorophyll contents until 80 units of SPAD-502. An average of the results of these models was computed and used as ground truth from where a generalized second-order polynomial model was created. For the second method, five chlorophyll indices based on reflectance measurements provided similar chlorophyll content estimations for all SPAD range (15–95 units). The third method estimates chlorophyll content based on the inversion process of the PROSPECT model. The satellite methods estimate vegetation indices sensitive to chlorophyll content from space. All methods have shown to be an alternative approach to detect forest degradation at local and regional levels caused by forest disturbances and land use changes.",signatures:"Paul Arellano, Kevin Tansey and Heiko Balzter",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52660",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52660",authors:[{id:"183204",title:"Dr.",name:"Paul",surname:"Arellano",slug:"paul-arellano",fullName:"Paul Arellano"},{id:"190750",title:"Prof.",name:"Heiko",surname:"Balzter",slug:"heiko-balzter",fullName:"Heiko Balzter"},{id:"190751",title:"Prof.",name:"Kevin",surname:"Tansey",slug:"kevin-tansey",fullName:"Kevin Tansey"}],corrections:null},{id:"51906",title:"Analyzing the Contribution of Cameroon’s Council Forests to Climate Change Mitigation and Socioeconomic Development",doi:"10.5772/63833",slug:"analyzing-the-contribution-of-cameroon-s-council-forests-to-climate-change-mitigation-and-socioecono",totalDownloads:1244,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Council forests were officially enacted in Cameroon in 1994 as part of the forestry law reform. The law provided rural councils with the legal right to create their own forests estate within the Permanent Forest Estate (PFE) of the State, following the preparation of a management plan approved by the forest administration. In this chapter, we analyze the socioeconomic and climate change mitigation potentials of these forests and propose possible options for improving their socioeconomic importance as well as their ability to mitigate climate change. Results indicate that Cameroon’s council forests provide socioeconomic opportunities to communities in which they are located including employment and revenue from the sale of timber and nontimber forest products emanating from these forests. Additionally, given their diversity in terms of the various forest types (e.g., humid dense evergreen forests, humid dense semideciduous forests, and gallery forests), these forests have enormous carbon stocks which can provide huge opportunities for international climate initiatives such as the REDD+ mechanism to be initiated within them as a potential for mitigating global climate change. The chapter identifies and discusses possible options for improving the socioeconomic and climate change mitigation potential of these forests. Progress on the options the chapter opines, will help in improving the contributions of these forests to socioeconomic development and climate change mitigation.",signatures:"Dieudonne Alemagi, Lalisa Duguma, Peter Minang, Anderson\nKehbila, Martin Yemefack and Zac Tchoundjeu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51906",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51906",authors:[{id:"184237",title:"Dr.",name:"Dieudonne",surname:"Alemagi",slug:"dieudonne-alemagi",fullName:"Dieudonne Alemagi"}],corrections:null},{id:"51852",title:"Analysis of Precipitation and Evapotranspiration in Atlantic Rainforest Remnants in Southeastern Brazil from Remote Sensing Data",doi:"10.5772/64533",slug:"analysis-of-precipitation-and-evapotranspiration-in-atlantic-rainforest-remnants-in-southeastern-bra",totalDownloads:1587,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The Atlantic Rainforest has been intensely devastated since the beginning of the colonization of Brazil, mainly due to wood extraction and urban and rural settlement. Although the Atlantic Rainforest has been reduced and fragmented, its remnants are important sources of heat and water vapor to the atmosphere. The present study aimed to characterize and to analyze the temporal dynamics of precipitation and evapotranspiration in the Atlantic Rainforest remnants in São Paulo state, southeastern Brazil, for the period from January 2000 to December 2010. To achieve this, global precipitation and evapotranspiration data from TRMM satellite and MOD16 algorithm as well as forest remnant maps produced by SOS Mata Atlântica Foundation and Brazilian National Institute for Space Research (INPE) were used. Results found in this study demonstrated that the use of remote sensing was an important tool for analyzing hydrological variables in Atlantic Rainforest remnants, which can contribute to better understand the interaction between tropical forests and the atmosphere, and for generating input data necessary for surface models coupled to atmospheric general circulation models.",signatures:"Gabriel de Oliveira, Elisabete C. Moraes, Nathaniel A. Brunsell, Yosio\nE. Shimabukuro, Guilherme A.V. Mataveli and Thiago V. dos Santos",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51852",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51852",authors:[{id:"182397",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriel",surname:"de Oliveira",slug:"gabriel-de-oliveira",fullName:"Gabriel de Oliveira"},{id:"190568",title:"Dr.",name:"Nathaniel",surname:"Brunsell",slug:"nathaniel-brunsell",fullName:"Nathaniel Brunsell"},{id:"190569",title:"Dr.",name:"Elisabete",surname:"C. Moraes",slug:"elisabete-c.-moraes",fullName:"Elisabete C. Moraes"},{id:"190573",title:"Dr.",name:"Yosio",surname:"E. Shimabukuro",slug:"yosio-e.-shimabukuro",fullName:"Yosio E. Shimabukuro"},{id:"190574",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Guilherme",surname:"Mataveli",slug:"guilherme-mataveli",fullName:"Guilherme Mataveli"},{id:"190575",title:"MSc.",name:"Thiago",surname:"V. Dos Santos",slug:"thiago-v.-dos-santos",fullName:"Thiago V. Dos Santos"},{id:"193463",title:"Dr.",name:"Luiz E. O. C.",surname:"Aragão",slug:"luiz-e.-o.-c.-aragao",fullName:"Luiz E. O. C. Aragão"}],corrections:null},{id:"51524",title:"Ecological and Environmental Aspects of Nutrient Cycling in the Atlantic Forest, Brazil",doi:"10.5772/64188",slug:"ecological-and-environmental-aspects-of-nutrient-cycling-in-the-atlantic-forest-brazil",totalDownloads:1407,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In developing countries, where population growth is on the rise, intense anthropogenic actions in natural forests are observed usually in the form of burnings and shallow cuts. With aiming to deploy crops or even promote irrational exploitation of forest products. In this context, preservation of natural forests (tropical and subtropical forests) depends on the knowledge of their dynamics. This information is important to allow exploration of natural forests sustainably or to subsidize conservation actions. In planted and native forests, the biogeochemical cycling of nutrients predominantly occurs through production and decomposition of litterfall. The information provided in this chapter, in particular with regard to nutrient cycling, is an important basis for understanding the structure and dynamics of nutrients in the ecosystem. We characterized nutrient stocks and elucidate some aspects of forest growth and productivity. This information is important to enhance biodiversity conservation and generate ecosystem goods and services in the Atlantic Forest Biome. Even with the intense change of land use (from forest to agricultural, pasture and urbanization), the region has high diversity of endemic species, and is considered a priority area for biodiversity conservation.",signatures:"Márcio Viera, Marcos Vinicius Winckler Caldeira, Franciele Francisca\nMarmentini Rovani and Kallil Chaves Castro",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51524",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51524",authors:[{id:"105032",title:"Dr.",name:"Márcio",surname:"Viera",slug:"marcio-viera",fullName:"Márcio Viera"},{id:"183354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcos",surname:"V. W. Caldeira",slug:"marcos-v.-w.-caldeira",fullName:"Marcos V. W. Caldeira"},{id:"183355",title:"MSc.",name:"Franciele",surname:"F. M. Rovani",slug:"franciele-f.-m.-rovani",fullName:"Franciele F. M. Rovani"},{id:"183356",title:"MSc.",name:"Kallil",surname:"C. Castro",slug:"kallil-c.-castro",fullName:"Kallil C. Castro"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"4483",title:"Biodiversity in Ecosystems",subtitle:"Linking Structure and Function",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d488928dfd93614e6a94950be7131fa0",slug:"biodiversity-in-ecosystems-linking-structure-and-function",bookSignature:"Yueh-Hsin Lo, Juan A. Blanco and Shovonlal Roy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4483.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51995",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",surname:"Blanco",slug:"juan-blanco",fullName:"Juan Blanco"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"396",title:"Climate Change",subtitle:"Geophysical Foundations and Ecological Effects",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"91533aaf574321169cf86308e82808bf",slug:"climate-change-geophysical-foundations-and-ecological-effects",bookSignature:"Juan Blanco and Houshang Kheradmand",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/396.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51995",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",surname:"Blanco",slug:"juan-blanco",fullName:"Juan Blanco"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"616",title:"Forest Ecosystems",subtitle:"More than Just Trees",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"00ecaa84de1aa2d7116ab5871b353b82",slug:"forest-ecosystems-more-than-just-trees",bookSignature:"Juan A. Blanco and Yueh-Hsin Lo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/616.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51995",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",surname:"Blanco",slug:"juan-blanco",fullName:"Juan Blanco"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1402",title:"Climate Change",subtitle:"Research and Technology for Adaptation and Mitigation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e90423b1dd2e255705177b4413f1d7de",slug:"climate-change-research-and-technology-for-adaptation-and-mitigation",bookSignature:"Juan Blanco and Houshang Kheradmand",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1402.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51995",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",surname:"Blanco",slug:"juan-blanco",fullName:"Juan Blanco"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5860",title:"Current Perspective to Predict Actual Evapotranspiration",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cfbe21ff67263a8b0346e4e79fef9ebd",slug:"current-perspective-to-predict-actual-evapotranspiration",bookSignature:"Daniel Bucur",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5860.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50794",title:"Prof.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Bucur",slug:"daniel-bucur",fullName:"Daniel Bucur"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6982",title:"Arctic Studies",subtitle:"A Proxy for Climate Change",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6545831965fb2dcef181c46d18fed1ba",slug:"arctic-studies-a-proxy-for-climate-change",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Yoshihiro Kakinami and Genti Toyokuni",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6982.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79356",slug:"erratum-fractal-geometry-an-attractive-choice-for-miniaturized-planar-microwave-filter-design",title:"Erratum - Fractal Geometry: An Attractive Choice for Miniaturized Planar Microwave Filter Design",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/66069.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66069",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66069",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/66069",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/66069",chapter:{id:"64430",slug:"fractal-geometry-an-attractive-choice-for-miniaturized-planar-microwave-filter-design",signatures:"Hadi T. Ziboon and Jawad K. Ali",dateSubmitted:"June 5th 2018",dateReviewed:"September 6th 2018",datePrePublished:"December 31st 2018",datePublished:"April 3rd 2019",book:{id:"7293",title:"Fractal Analysis",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Fractal Analysis",slug:"fractal-analysis",publishedDate:"April 3rd 2019",bookSignature:"Sid-Ali Ouadfeul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7293.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"103826",title:"Dr.",name:"Sid-Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Ouadfeul",slug:"sid-ali-ouadfeul",fullName:"Sid-Ali Ouadfeul"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"261659",title:"Prof.",name:"Jawad",middleName:null,surname:"Ali",fullName:"Jawad Ali",slug:"jawad-ali",email:"jawadkali@theiet.org",position:null,institution:{name:"Institution of Engineering and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"262048",title:"Dr.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Ziboon",fullName:"Hadi Ziboon",slug:"hadi-ziboon",email:"haditarishziboon@yahoo.co.uk",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"64430",slug:"fractal-geometry-an-attractive-choice-for-miniaturized-planar-microwave-filter-design",signatures:"Hadi T. Ziboon and Jawad K. Ali",dateSubmitted:"June 5th 2018",dateReviewed:"September 6th 2018",datePrePublished:"December 31st 2018",datePublished:"April 3rd 2019",book:{id:"7293",title:"Fractal Analysis",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Fractal Analysis",slug:"fractal-analysis",publishedDate:"April 3rd 2019",bookSignature:"Sid-Ali Ouadfeul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7293.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"103826",title:"Dr.",name:"Sid-Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Ouadfeul",slug:"sid-ali-ouadfeul",fullName:"Sid-Ali Ouadfeul"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"261659",title:"Prof.",name:"Jawad",middleName:null,surname:"Ali",fullName:"Jawad Ali",slug:"jawad-ali",email:"jawadkali@theiet.org",position:null,institution:{name:"Institution of Engineering and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"262048",title:"Dr.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Ziboon",fullName:"Hadi Ziboon",slug:"hadi-ziboon",email:"haditarishziboon@yahoo.co.uk",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"7293",title:"Fractal Analysis",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Fractal Analysis",slug:"fractal-analysis",publishedDate:"April 3rd 2019",bookSignature:"Sid-Ali Ouadfeul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7293.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"103826",title:"Dr.",name:"Sid-Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Ouadfeul",slug:"sid-ali-ouadfeul",fullName:"Sid-Ali Ouadfeul"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"9513",leadTitle:null,title:"Medical Research",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tThe word “research” comes from the French word “recherche” which means an intensive force to search. Medical research is designed to provide recent information on health or disease. There are three areas of research, i.e. basic medical research, clinical research and epidemiological research. This book aims to be a comprehensive guide for medical research, and will discuss the topics on ethics, statistics, study designs, resources, recent advances and grants for medical research.
\r\n\r\n\tThe book "Medical Research” will bring together the worldwide contributions and experiences of renowned medical researchers from several parts of the world the clinical applications from different academic medical research institutions. Each chapter will be structured and designed for those with a basic knowledge of research. This book will be very useful and informative to fellows in medical research, residents in internal medicine. The authors will concentrate on advances in modern medical research useful in daily clinical practice.
",isbn:null,printIsbn:"979-953-307-X-X",pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"f054553b4f0531b051d2fa79a63374e6",bookSignature:"Prof. Sharan Badiger and Prof. Prema T. Akkasaligar",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9513.jpg",keywords:"Ethical Review, Good Clinical Practice, Conflict of Interest, Medical Statistics, Statistical Analysis, Study Sample Calculation, Clinical Trials, Human Resource, Animal Resource, Stem cell research, Cancer research, Funding Agencies",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 13th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 4th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 2nd 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 22nd 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 21st 2020",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"3 years",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"168832",title:"Prof.",name:"Sharan",middleName:null,surname:"Badiger",slug:"sharan-badiger",fullName:"Sharan Badiger",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/168832/images/system/168832.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sharan Badiger was born in 1968. He completed his MD in Internal Medicine, Gulbarga University, Gulbarga, Karnataka, India in 1994 and MBBS, Gulbarga University, Gulbarga, Karnataka, India in 1989. He is presently working as Professor and Head in the Department of Medicine, Sri. B. M. Patil Medical College, Vijayapur, Karnataka, India affiliated to BLDE University Vijayapur, Karnataka, India. He's recently been awarded Senior Scientist award – 2019 in 7th convocation 2019. \r\n\r\nHis main research interests are in Internal Medicine, Echocardiography and Imaging in Medicine. He has 60 publications in International/National Journals and Proceedings of the conferences. He is a Life Member of Association of Physicians of India (API) since 1996, Research Society for the Study of Diabetes in India (RSSDI) since 2005, Indian Society of Cardiology (ISC) since 2006, Indian Society of Electro-cardiology (ISE) since 2010, Indian Academy of Geriatrics (IAG) since 2010, International Association of Computer Science and Information Technology (IACSIT), Singapore since 2010. He is an Associate Member of American College of Cardiology; he is serving as editor-in-chief, editorial board member, the peer reviewer and advisory board member of various journals of national and international repute.",institutionString:"Shri B. M. Patil Medical College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Shri BM Patil Medical College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"168831",title:"Prof.",name:"Prema T.",middleName:null,surname:"Akkasaligar",slug:"prema-t.-akkasaligar",fullName:"Prema T. Akkasaligar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/168831/images/10715_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Prema T. Akkasaligar is working as a Professor and PG coordinator at the Department of Computer Science and Engineering of BLDEA's V P Dr. PG Halakatti College of Engineering & Technology, Vijayapur, Karnataka, India. She has completed her Ph.D. from Gulbarga University, Gulbarga in 2013, ME (CSE) from Gulbarga University, Kalaburagi in 1999. \r\n\r\nShe has published 8 book chapters, 24 articles in international journals, 17 international conference papers and 3 national conference papers. She was selected for National Level AICTE – UKIERI Technical Leadership Development Programme for the year 2019-2020. She has been awarded for highest research publications for the year 2018. Appreciation certificate by the LEAD program of Deshpande foundation on account of International Women’s Day 2019. BEST Publisher of the Department for the Year 2017-2018. She is guiding several research scholars\r\nunder VTU, Belagavi. She is a life member of the Computer Society of India (CSI), Indian Society for Technical Education (ISTE), The Institution of Engineers, India (IEI) and International Association of Computer Science and Information Technology (IACSIT), Singapore. She has been a resource person in several workshops and FDPs. She has completed several research projects sanctioned by KBITS Incubation center Karnataka, VTU- FOSS Belagavi. Her areas of interest are Medical image processing and Computer vision.",institutionString:"BLDEA's V. P. Dr. P. G.Halakatti College of Engineering",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"304289",firstName:"Rebekah",lastName:"Pribetic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/304289/images/13255_n.png",email:"rebekah@intechopen.com",biography:null}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6550",title:"Cohort Studies in Health Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"01df5aba4fff1a84b37a2fdafa809660",slug:"cohort-studies-in-health-sciences",bookSignature:"R. Mauricio Barría",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88861",title:"Dr.",name:"R. Mauricio",surname:"Barría",slug:"r.-mauricio-barria",fullName:"R. Mauricio Barría"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9500",title:"Recent Advances in Bone Tumours and Osteoarthritis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea4ec0d6ee01b88e264178886e3210ed",slug:"recent-advances-in-bone-tumours-and-osteoarthritis",bookSignature:"Hiran Amarasekera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9500.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67634",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiran",surname:"Amarasekera",slug:"hiran-amarasekera",fullName:"Hiran Amarasekera"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"872",title:"Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention",subtitle:"Environmental and Analytical Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f01dc7077e1d23f3d8f5454985cafa0a",slug:"organic-pollutants-ten-years-after-the-stockholm-convention-environmental-and-analytical-update",bookSignature:"Tomasz Puzyn and Aleksandra Mostrag-Szlichtyng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/872.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84887",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",surname:"Puzyn",slug:"tomasz-puzyn",fullName:"Tomasz Puzyn"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"6763",title:"Human Factor Guideline for Applying AR-based Manuals in Industry",doi:"10.5772/7131",slug:"human-factor-guideline-for-applying-ar-based-manuals-in-industry",body:'\n\t\tAugmented reality (AR)-based manuals, which replace the paper-based manuals used in the past, is a promising application of AR in industrial settings such as manufacturing, maintenance and so on. In our previous research, we conducted experiments to compare the case where workers referred to a traditional paper-based manual with that where they referred to an AR-based manual in the tasks of assembling, wiring and inspection (Nakanishi & Okada, 2006, Nakanishi et al., 2007). We confirmed that, in the latter case, they completed each type of task in around 15% less time and made fewer errors than in the former case. Further, we found that psychological stress in referring to the manual was mitigated in the latter case. This is possibly because the AR-based manual enabled workers to view task-related information superimposed on real objects and made it easy to cognitively link the objects and information.
\n\t\t\tFor these reasons, AR-based manuals are expected to serve as effective tools for increasing efficiency, preventing human errors and promoting comfort in industrial settings. However, before practical use of such manuals, it is necessary to clarify human factor requirements concerning workers, the environment and the information presented.
\n\t\t\tThus, we have been examining basic human factor requirements through a series of experiments, particularly under the assumption that workers see an AR-based manual using monocular see-through head-mounted displays (HMDs). In this chapter, we review how the performance of workers using AR-based manuals is changed by differences in the workers themselves, the work environment and the information presented by HMDs, based on behavioural, physiological and psychological data. Furthermore, we summarise a human factor guideline for applying AR-based manuals. The guideline can give suggestions for smooth and effective introduction of AR technology to industries.
\n\t\tFirst, we introduce an experimental result that shows that workers’ performance is improved by using an AR-based manual instead of a traditional paper-based manual.
\n\t\t\tThe experimental task was to insert plugs into a panel according to information in the manual. Five colours of cables (red, green, blue, white and yellow) with plugs on both ends were prepared (Fig. 1). The panel had 37 holes on the left side and 43 on the right (Fig. 2). Subjects inserted one end of each cable into a left-side hole and the other into a right-side hole following the manual shown in Fig. 3. In this manual, two numbers and a character appear inside each circle corresponding to each hole on the left side. The upper-left-hand number indicate the order in which one end should be inserted, the upper-right-hand character indicate the plug colour, and the lower number indicate the hole on the right side into which the other end should be inserted. Subjects inserted both ends of 37 plugs into the panel in a task. Then they performed the task lying on their back (Fig. 5), as seen in some actual situations such as maintenance or inspection.
\n\t\t\t\tIn this experiment, basic and comparative conditions were prepared. In the basic condition, subjects performed the task using the paper-based manual. In the comparative condition, they wore HMDs (NOMAD, made by Microvision, Inc.) and used an AR-based manual, so that they could see the manual superimposed on the panel, as shown in Fig. 4. Subjects (six students with good vision) performed the task using different patterns in the manual in each condition.
\n\t\t\t\tPlugs
Operational panel
Manual
Overlay of AR-based manual on panel
Experimental environment
\n\t\t\t\t\tFigure 6 illustrates the process flow for inserting a plug. Based on this process, errors that occurred during the task were classified into four types, as shown in Table 1. Below, the time for a task and the frequency of each error are compared for the two conditions.
\n\t\t\t\tProcess of inserting a plug
Classification of errors during the experiment
(I)Time for a task
\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tFig. 7 shows the average time for the task in each condition. It is clear that the time was about 15% less in the comparative condition than in the basic condition. One reason is that subjects’ eye movement was reduced because they could see both the manual and the panel at the same time when they used an AR-based manual, whereas they had to see them one after the other when they used a paper-based manual. Another reason is that they could plug into the panel more easily in the comparative condition, which allowed hands-free operation, than in the basic condition, which required them to hold the paper-based manual.
\n\t\t\t\tAverage time for the task
(II) Frequency of errors
\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tFig. 8 shows the frequencies of four types of errors in each condition. First, the error in remembering the procedures was less frequent in the comparative condition than in the basic condition. As described above, subjects could perform the task more smoothly when they used an AR-based manual. Further, it prevented them from forgetting what number hole they should next plug into. Second, the frequency of errors in recognising the positions was smaller in the comparative condition than in the basic condition. When subjects used HMDs, they could see the manual superimposed on the panel so that they could easily check both of them. Third, the error in recognising the objects seldom occurred in either condition. Fourth, the frequency of error in action in the comparative condition was about a quarter of that in the basic condition. This is probably because an AR-based manual made it less difficult to compare the manual and the panel, reducing such careless errors.
\n\t\t\t\tAverage frequency of errors
In addition, we have reported that an AR-based manual can support both skilled and unskilled workers (Nakanishi & Okada, 2006). An AR manual is especially effective for rule-based tasks of the three types described in the SRK task model (Nakanishi, et al., 2009a), and it makes it easy to foresee future situations in dynamic control tasks (Nakanishi & Okada, 2003, Nakanishi & Okada, 2004; Nakanishi & Okada, 2005).
\n\t\t\tAs shown in the previous section, AR-based manuals are promising as a next-generation tool for both preventing errors and enhancing task efficiency. Based on this prospect, it is necessary and important to clarify the basic human factor requirements before they are put into practical use.
\n\t\t\tIn this section, we describe the conditions required to effectively enhance the performance of the workers who use an AR-based manual. In particular, we discuss what should be considered when they work with HMDs, and also how much information should be provided by HMDs depending on the real view, through experiments (Nakanishi et al., 2007, Nakanishi et al., 2008a).
\n\t\t\tThe main characteristics of using an AR-based manual are wearing HMDs and superimposing a digital image on the real view. Thus, we focus on the following eight significant points.
\n\t\t\t\t(I) Effect of wearing HMDs
\n\t\t\t\tWhen an AR-based manual is used in assembling or inspecting tasks, it is of primary importance that workers can see real objects clearly enough. Accordingly, the use of a monocular transparent HMD is recommended. Thus, we examine the following six points that should be considered when workers wear HMDs.
\n\t\t\t\tDifficulty in preparing to use AR-based manuals: Does it take more time to prepare to use AR-based manuals with HMDs than paper-based manuals?
Effect of eyesight correction: Although it is currently difficult for the workers wearing glasses to also wear HMDs, is it possible to apply AR-based manuals with HMDs to the workers wearing contact lenses?
Effect of eye dominance: Is it better for the workers to wear monocular HMDs on their dominant or non-dominant eye?
Effect of surrounding illumination: Is the workers’ view affected by surrounding illumination when they use HMDs?
Workload: Is the workers’ workload heavier when they use AR-based manuals with HMDs than when they use traditional paper-based manuals?
Attention to surroundings: Is it more difficult to recognise changes in surroundings when they use AR-based manuals with HMDs than when they use paper-based manuals?
(II) Effect of superimposing information on the real view
\n\t\t\t\tAn AR-based manual allows workers to see an overlay of task-related information and real objects to be manipulated. This characteristic shows a great potential to reduce human errors and enhance task efficiency in actual work situations. However, if too much information is given by an AR-based manual, it may interfere with the real view. Thus, we further examine the following two points for clues to the proper design of AR-based manuals.
\n\t\t\t\tEffect of information presented by HMDs (static background): How does the workers’ performance change depending on the balance between the complexities of digital information and the static real background?
Effect of information presented by HMDs (dynamic background): How does the workers’ performance change depending on the balance between the complexities of digital information and the dynamic real background?
To answer the above questions, we considered an experimental approach. To examine points (1) to (6), which concern the use of an HMD, we conducted experiments in which subjects performed the same task described in section 2. The detailed settings of the experiment were different for each examined point (described in the following sections).
\n\t\t\t\tFurther, to examine points (7) and (8), which concern superimposition of digital images on the real view, we prepared another experimental task in which subjects experienced various grades of complexity of the AR-based manual and the real view. Its details are also given in later sections.
\n\t\t\tCurrent technology offers two easily available human interfaces for AR-based manuals: a see-through display (STD) and a retinal-scanning display (RSD). An STD (Fig. 9) is an HMD that lets a user see images projected from a PC onto a half-mirror in front of his/her eye, and an RSD (Fig. 10) is an HMD that lets a user see images by shining a low-power laser beam directly into his/her retina and scanning it at high speed.
\n\t\t\t\tIn the experiments for examining points (1) to (6), we asked subjects to perform the task using the AR-based manual with STDs (Dataglass2A, made by SHIMADZU) and RSDs (NOMAD, made by Microvision, Inc). Further, if it was necessary for comparison, we asked them to perform the task while holding the paper-based manual, an A4 paper showing the same image as Fig. 3, in their hand. When they used the AR-based manual, they could see the superimposed image of the manual and the panel, as shown in Fig. 4. The image size was set to the same in every case. However the transparency was different between STDs (approximately 15%) and RSDs (almost 100%). Moreover, in the experiment for examining points (7) and (8), subjects used RSDs whose transparency was higher.
\n\t\t\t\tSTD
RSD
In all the experiments, they practiced well in advance of data collection.
\n\t\t\t\tIn the following sections, the detailed settings of each experiment and their results are described.
\n\t\t\t(I) Setting details
\n\t\t\t\t\tSubjects were nine students whose right eyes were dominant. Each of them sat as shown in Fig. 11 with an STD or RSD in his/her hand. At a signal, they started putting on the STD or RSD on their dominant eye and then adjusted their own position so that they could see the superimposed image of the panel and the manual presented by the STD or RSD. They were asked to say “Wore” when they finished putting on the STDs or RSDs and “Saw” when they could see the superimposed image; the time they said these words were recorded. Each of them repeated the procedure three times.
\n\t\t\t\t\tPosition of a subject
(II) Result
\n\t\t\t\t\tThe average time until they finished putting on the STDs was 19.7 (s), and that until they finished putting on the RSDs was 19.2 (s). The average time until they could see the perfectly superimposed image was 5.4 (s) when they used STDs and 6.0 (s) when they used RSDs.
\n\t\t\t\t\tFrom these results, we can say that workers easily prepare to use either STDs or RSDs. Moreover it is expected that in future these HMDs will become simpler, just like glasses, so workers can more easily wear them.
\n\t\t\t\t(I) Setting details
\n\t\t\t\t\tSubjects were nine students with normal eyesight of 1.0 or better (normal group) and nine students with eyesight of 1.0 or better corrected by contact lens (corrected group). Their eyesight was tested with the Landolt C test. Each subject’s dominant eye was the right.
\n\t\t\t\t\tTheir task was to insert 25 plugs into holes on the panel following the manual as quickly as possible. Two experimental conditions were prepared: a) wearing an STD on the non-dominant eye and b) wearing an RSD on the non-dominant eye. They performed the task once in each condition. The position of a subject and the panel was the same as in Fig. 11.
\n\t\t\t\t\t(II) Result
\n\t\t\t\t\tThe error rate per task for both groups was below 1.0 in both conditions. The average time per task for each group is given in Table 2.
\n\t\t\t\t\tTime per task
These results show no significant difference between the groups in either condition. Thus, we can say that workers whose eyes are corrected by contact lenses as well as workers with good eyesight can use AR-based manuals with either STDs or RSDs.
\n\t\t\t\t(I) Setting details
\n\t\t\t\t\tSubjects were 14 students whose right eyes were dominant and 6 students whose left eye was dominant. Their dominant eye was determined by the Rosenbach test.
\n\t\t\t\t\tTheir task was to insert 20 plugs into holes on the panel according to the manual as quickly as possible. Four experimental conditions were prepared: a) wearing an STD on the dominant eye, b) wearing an STD on the non-dominant eye, c) wearing an RSD on the dominant eye and d) wearing an RSD on the non-dominant eye. They performed the task once in each condition and after each task five questions were answered by giving scores of −5 to +5. The position of a subject and the panel is shown in Fig. 12.
\n\t\t\t\t\t(II) Result
\n\t\t\t\t\tThe error rate per task was below 1.0 in all conditions. The average time per task for each condition is given in Fig. 13.
\n\t\t\t\t\tThis chart shows that if they used either STDs or RSDs, the time tended to be shorter when they wore it on their non-dominant eye than when they wore it on their dominant eye. The scores for the five questions are given in Fig. 14. The score for the question “Easy to see the panel or not?” means that they felt it easier to see the panel when they wore STDs or RSDs on their non-dominant eye, while the score for the question “Easy to see the manual or not?” means that they felt it easier to see the manual when they wore STDs or RSDs on their dominant eye. This result is natural, because they can more clearly see an object with their dominant eye. However, focusing on the questions asking about factors that could
\n\t\t\t\t\tPosition of a subject
Average time per task
Scores for the five questions in each condition
potentially influence their overall performance, such as “Feel much eye-fatigue or not?” or “Easy to insert plugs or not?”, the scores were found to be more favourable when they wore STDs or RSDs on their non-dominant eye. This seems to be because it was primarily important for them to clearly see the real panel and plugs in this task.
\n\t\t\t\t\tFrom the above examination, it is recommended that if either STDs or RSDs are used for AR-based manuals in tasks such as assembly or inspection, they should be worn on the non-dominant eye. Accordingly, design of the manuals shown by STDs or RSDs should be simple enough for the workers to easily read them with their non-dominant eye.
\n\t\t\t\t(I) Setting details
\n\t\t\t\t\tSubjects were 10 students whose right eyes were dominant.
\n\t\t\t\t\tTheir task was to insert 25 plugs into holes on the panel according to the manual as quickly as possible. Two experimental conditions were prepared: a) wearing an STD on the non-dominant eye and b) wearing an RSD on the non-dominant eye. The position of a subject and the panel is the same as in Fig. 12.
\n\t\t\t\t\tJapanese Industrial Standard (JIS) Z 9110 specifies that 300 (lx) to 3000 (lx) is recommended as the standard of illumination in assembling or inspecting tasks (Japan Standards Association, 1979). However it does not consider the use of STDs or RSDs, and workers sometimes have to work under low or high illumination. So we set the experimental environment as follows: six grades of indoor illumination [100 (lx), 400 (lx), 800 (lx), 1200 (lx), 1600 (lx)] and outdoor illumination (under the direct rays of the morning sun). Each subject performed the task once each using an STD or RSD under each of seven lighting conditions.
\n\t\t\t\t\t(II) Result
\n\t\t\t\t\tThe outdoor illumination level was 68,333 (lx) on average. The error rate per task is given in Fig. 15. The error rate in cases of indoor illumination was below 1.0 when subjects used either STDs or RSDs. However, it was comparatively high when they used STDs under outdoor illumination. The average time per task is given in Fig. 16. We see that the time was more than 150 (s) longer only when they used STDs under outdoor illumination compared with the other cases. This is possibly because an STD sends images to a user’s retina via a half-mirror and it is easily affected by surrounding illumination, whereas an RSD sends images directly to the retina and is scarcely affected by surrounding illumination.
\n\t\t\t\t\tError rate per task
Average time per task
From the above examination, we can say that there is no evident problem in using either STDs or RSDs under indoor illumination if it is within the range of the standard level. However, when workers use STDs under extremely high illumination, it may be difficult to read the information they present. In such cases, the problem can be solved by using RSDs instead of STDs.
\n\t\t\t\t(I) Setting details
\n\t\t\t\t\tSubjects were 10 students whose right eyes were dominant.
\n\t\t\t\t\tTheir task was to insert 30 plugs into holes on the panel according to the manual as quickly as possible, and three repetitions of this task were defined as a term. In this experiment, each of them was given three terms, including breaks of two minutes. Before the first term and after each term, an electrocardiogram (ECG) was recorded using EP-202 (made by Parama-Tech), and the critical flicker frequency (CFF) was recorded using 501BTKK (made by Takei Kiki Kogyo). They also answered 22 questions concerning workload such as “heavy head”, “stiff shoulders” by giving scores of 1 (light) to 5 (heavy) (Institute for Science of Labour, 1970). Fig. 17 shows the experimental procedure. The experimental conditions were as follows: a) using the paper-based manual, b) wearing an STD on the non-dominant eye and c) wearing an RSD on the non-dominant eye. Subjects experienced each experimental condition on different days following the above procedures. The position of a subject and the panel is the same as in Fig. 11.
\n\t\t\t\t\t(II) Result
\n\t\t\t\t\tGenerally, it has been said that workload should be examined using multiple indicators (Hayashi et al., 1981). We adopted the following four indicators to evaluate workload (Ito, 1988).
\n\t\t\t\t\ti. Time per task: As workload is increased, performance drops, and the time should increase.
\n\t\t\t\t\tii. CFF: As workload is increased, the CFF should decrease. We calculated the average value of top-down CFF and bottom-up CFF for each measurement and focused on the difference from the first value.
\n\t\t\t\t\tExperimental procedure
iii. Cardiac wave ratio (W.R.): This is the ratio of waves to the cardiac frequency. As workload is increased, W.R. should increase. We focused on change against the first W.R. W.R. is given by the following expressions.
\n\t\t\t\t\tiv. Self-evaluation score: This is the total score for all questions. As workload is increased, the score should increase. We focused on the difference from the first score.
\n\t\t\t\t\tFirst, the result for indicator (i) is given in Fig. 18. We cannot find any significant change in this chart, so it seems that their performance hardly decreased. Second, the result of indicator (ii) is given in Fig. 19. This chart shows that the CFF gradually decreased when the paper-based manual was used; however, it did not do so when the AR-based manual with an STD or RSD was used. Thus, it seems that their workload did not increase when they used the AR-based manual as much as when they used the paper-based manual. Third, the result of indicator (iii) is given in Fig. 20. This chart shows a similar tendency to Fig. 19. That is, the W.R. in the condition of the paper-based manual increased monotonously, but the W.R. in the conditions of the AR-based manual went up once and back down. Fourth, the result of indicator (iv) is given in Fig. 21. In this chart, we can see that the score in any condition increased as the terms progressed. However, there was some difference in the scores after the third term between the conditions.
\n\t\t\t\t\tFrom these results, we can understand that the AR-based manual does not add more workload to workers than the paper-based manual. In fact, the AR-based manual saves time for these tasks, so it can reduce their workload compared with the traditional way.
\n\t\t\t\t\tShift of average time per task as terms progress
Shift of CFF as terms progress
(I) Setting details
\n\t\t\t\t\tThe subjects were 14 students whose right eyes were dominant. The position of a subject and the panel is the same as in Fig. 12. The panel was surrounded by 45 small LED boards (NT-16, made by EK JAPAN), which were positioned in a horizontal range of −90 (deg) to +90 (deg) and a vertical range of −60 (deg) to +60 (deg), as shown in Fig. 22. On each board, 10 LEDs were lined up. During the experiment, the LED boards flashed at random.
\n\t\t\t\t\tShift of W.R. as terms progress
Shift of self-evaluation score as terms progress
Positions of a subject and the LED boards: view from the top (left) and view from the side (right)
Their task was to insert 20 plugs into holes on the panel according to the manual as quickly as possible. They were told to concentrate on this task, but if they noticed one of the LED boards flashing, they should say “Found” immediately. The experimental conditions were as follows: a) using the paper-based manual, b) wearing an STD on the non-dominant eye and c) wearing an RSD on the non-dominant eye.
\n\t\t\t\t\t(II) Result
\n\t\t\t\t\tThe detection rate of each LED board in the condition of using the paper-based manual is given in Fig. 23, that in the condition of using STDs is given in Fig. 24 and that in the condition of using RSDs is given in Fig. 25. In these charts, the rate can be distinguished by colour. Darker cells represent higher rates. By comparing these charts, we can see that Figs. 24 and 25 include more dark cells than Fig. 23, in particular in the horizontal range of −60 (deg) to +60 (deg) and the vertical range of −45 (deg) to 0 (deg). This is probably because the subjects could keep viewing the panel through the task when they used the AR-based manual. However, we can also observe that when they used RSDs, they could not notice any flash positioned in the vertical range over 55 (deg). This is possibly because their view to the upper front was blocked by the RSD’s frame (Fig. 10). Summarising the above results, we can infer that it was easier for workers to notice a change in their surroundings when they used STDs than when they used the paper-based manual. Moreover, when they used RSDs, they could easily notice changes occurring in the vertical range under 50 (deg), but they
\n\t\t\t\t\tDetection rate of each LED board when subjects used the paper-based manual
Detection rate of each LED board when subjects used STDs
Detection rate of each LED board when subjects used RSDs
could not notice those in the vertical range over 55 (deg). However, it is expected that RSDs will become smaller in the near future, so the problem of blocked sight will be improved.
\n\t\t\t\t(I) Setting details
\n\t\t\t\t\tFor the experiment, a simple operational panel was displayed on a PC monitor (PCG-241N, made by Sony). A pattern of the operational panel is shown in Fig. 26, and a pattern of the AR-based manual is shown in Fig. 28. In addition, an overlay image of the operational panel and the AR-based manual is shown in Fig. 29. On the operational panel, blocks including buttons numbered from 1 to 6 (Fig. 27) were arranged in a matrix of m m. In the AR-based manual, numbers within the range of 1 to 6 were arranged in the same size matrix as on the operational panel. The matrix size of the operational panel and the number of numbers presented at the same time by the AR-based manual were changed depending on the experimental conditions explained in the following paragraph. Clicking a button that
\n\t\t\t\t\tA pattern of the operational panel
A block on the operational panel
A pattern of the AR-based manual
An overlay of the operational panel and AR manual
had the same number as that given by the AR-based manual was defined as a unit operation for a block. Subjects’ task was to complete operation for all blocks correctly as quickly as possible.
\n\t\t\t\t\tWe set five levels of complexity for the operational panel by changing the matrix size (m m): m = 4 (Fig. 30), m = 6 (Fig. 31), m = 8 (Fig. 32), m = 10 (Fig. 33) and m = 12 (Fig. 34). Further, we set three levels of complexity for the AR-based manual by changing the number of numbers appearing at the same time: the whole indication (m m) (Fig. 35), one-line indication (1 m) (Fig. 36) and individual indication (1 1) (Fig. 37). In one-line and individual indication, subjects had to switch images of the AR-based manual from one line to the next or from one number to the next with a keystroke.
\n\t\t\t\t\tOperational panel (m = 4)
Operational panel (m = 6)
Operational panel (m = 8)
Operational panel (m = 10)
Operational panel (m = 12)
Whole indication (m = 8)
One-line indication (m = 8)
Individual indication (m = 8)
Fifteen conditions were prepared: five levels of complexity of the operational panel three levels of complexity of the AR-based manual. Subjects were six students whose right eyes were dominant. They wore RSDs on their non-dominant eye, and performed the task five times in each of the fifteen conditions. The numbers presented by the AR-based manual were random. We recorded the operation logs during the task in time sequence. The position of a subject and a PC monitor displaying the operational panel is shown in Fig. 38.
\n\t\t\t\t\tPosition of the PC monitor and a subject
(II) Result
\n\t\t\t\t\tIn the present situations, the complexity of the real view is given. Thus, we focused on how subjects’ performance changed depending on the conditions of the AR-based manual under each condition of the operational panel.
\n\t\t\t\t\tFirst, we counted the case where a subject clicked on a different numerical button from the number presented by the AR-based manual as an error and calculated the error rate per unit operation. Figs. 39, 40, 41, 42 and 44 show the error rates in each condition of the operational panel (m = 4, 6, 8, 10, 12). The vertical axis is scaled individually for each graph so that the error rates can be compared between the conditions of the AR-based manual under different conditions of the operational panel. When the matrix size of the operational panel was 4 and 6 (m = 4, 6), the error rates were comparatively low when the AR-based manual presented the whole indication. This is possibly because in this case subjects did not have to switch images of the AR-based manual and could pay attention to the operational panel throughout the task. On the other hand, when the matrix size was 8, 10 and 12 (m = 8, 10, 12), the error rates were comparatively high when the AR-based manual presented the whole indication. This is possibly because, when many blocks appear on the operational panel, and furthermore numbers were overlaid on each of those blocks by the AR-based manual, too much information was given to subjects at once. Then they tended to click on wrong buttons or mistake operated blocks for unoperated ones.
\n\t\t\t\t\tError rate per operation unit (m = 4)
Error rate per operation unit (m = 6)
Error rate per operation unit (m = 8)
Error rate per operation unit (m = 10)
Error rate per operation unit (m = 12)
Second, we analysed time per unit operation. Figs. 44, 45, 46, 47-4 and 48 show the average time per unit operation in each condition of the operational panel (m = 4, 6, 8, 10, 12). When the matrix size of the operational panel was 4 and 6 (m = 4, 6), the operation time tended to be longer when the AR-based manual presented the individual indication. On the other hand, when the matrix size was 8, 10 and 12 (m = 8, 10, 12), the operation time was shorter in the case of the one-line indication than in the other cases. Moreover, when the matrix size was 12 (m = 12), the operation time was remarkably longer in the case of the whole indication. We can understand these results as follows. When a small number of blocks appeared on the operational panel, the efficiency of operation was affected more by switching images of the AR-based manual than by viewing much information. Conversely, when many blocks appeared on the operational panel, the efficiency of operation was affected more by viewing much information than by switching images of the AR-based manual. When these two factors were balanced, the efficiency of operation was highest.
\n\t\t\t\t\tThe above examination yields the following suggestions for designing AR-based manuals. If the real view is not very complex, giving a large amount of information at a time saves workers the trouble of switching images in an AR-based manual. However, if the real view is rather complex, giving too much information reduces workers’ performance, so giving information part by part is recommended. Moreover, in situations where human errors are to be strictly avoided, it will be better to give information one after the other.
\n\t\t\t\t\tOperation time(m = 4)
Operation time(m = 6)
Operation time(m = 8)
Operation time (m = 10)
Operation time (m = 12)
As an extra challenge, we attempted to build a model that describes the most effective design of AR-based manuals according to real-world conditions (Akasaka et al., 2007\n\t\t\t\t\t\t, Tamamushi et al., 2008, Nakanishi et al., 2008b; Nakanishi et al., 2009). First, we considered two aspects of task performance, accuracy (lack of errors) and efficiency (speed). Assuming that both accuracy and efficiency were equally necessary and important, we defined damage to task performance (DP) using both error rates (E) and unit operation time (T).
\n\t\t\t\t\tSecond, we quantified the conditions of visual information based on the idea of complexity. In general, the more crowded the items are, the more complex the information looks. Thus, we defined complexity (C) as the number of items to be attended to (n) divided by their dispersion (M). M was defined as the standard deviation of the distance from each item to the centre of the items (di: i = 1, 2,..., n) divided by the mean of the distances ( ), so that C did not depend on measurement of di.
\n\t\t\t\t\tWe examined the experimental data and found that the relationship between the complexity of the real view (CR), the complexity of the AR-based manual (CA) and DP could be expressed by the following equation.
\n\t\t\t\t\tMoreover, we suggested that when CR was given, CA that minimised DP could be determined by the following equation.
\n\t\t\t\t\tmin. \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Equation (6) provides the effective complexity of AR-based manuals according to the complexity of the real view. Accordingly, it can be regarded as the basic model that describes effective design of AR-based manuals using the number and dispersion of information items.
\n\t\t\t\t(I) Setting details
\n\t\t\t\t\tIn this experiment, the blocks displayed on the PC monitor moved left to right at a constant speed (Fig. 49). The numbers on the AR-based manual were synchronised with the blocks (Fig. 50). Thus, the subjects could see the correspondence between them (Fig. 51). A unit operation for a block was defined as clicking a button that had the same number as that given by the AR-based manual. The subjects’ task was to operate each block as correctly and quickly as possible. The task was continued for three minutes.
\n\t\t\t\t\tA pattern of the operational panel
A pattern of the AR manual
An overlay of the operational panel and the AR-based manual
We set three levels of complexity for the operational panel by changing the matrix size (m m): m = 4 (Fig. 52), m = 8 (Fig. 53) and m = 12 (Fig. 54). Furthermore, we set four levels of complexity for the AR-based manual by changing the number of numbers appearing at the same time: 1-indication (1 1) (Fig. 55), 6-indication (3 2) (Fig. 56), 8-indication (4 2) (Fig. 57) and 16-indication (4 4) (Fig. 58). Twelve conditions were prepared: three levels of complexity of the operational panel four levels of complexity of the AR-based manual. During the task, if subjects operated the blocks indicated by the AR-based manual, they switched the manual images to refer to the next indication with a keystroke.
\n\t\t\t\t\tOperational panel (m = 4)
Operational panel (m = 8)
Operational panel (m = 12)
indication (m = 8)
indication (m = 8)
indication (m = 8)
indication (m = 8)
Subjects were 15 students whose right eyes were dominant. They wore RSDs on their non-dominant eye and performed the task once in each of the twelve conditions.
\n\t\t\t\t\t(II) Result
\n\t\t\t\t\tFirst, we counted the case where a subject clicked on a different numerical button from the number presented by the AR-based manual as an error and calculated the error rate per unit operation. Figs. 59, 60 and 61 show the error rates for each condition of the operational panel (m = 4, 8, 12). The vertical axis is scaled individually for each graph so that the error rates can be compared between the conditions of the AR-based manual under a condition of the operational panel. For any matrix size on the operational panel, the error rate was high when the AR-based manual presented 1-indication. Moreover, as a large number of blocks appeared on the panel, the error rate when the AR-based manual presented 16-indication increased.
\n\t\t\t\t\tSecond, we counted the number of blocks that left the PC monitor without any operation as a misoperation and calculated the rate per unit operation. Figs. 62, 63 and 64 show the misoperation rate. These results show a tendency roughly similar to that of the error rate (Fig. 591, 60 and 61).
\n\t\t\t\t\tBecause 1-indication required switching the manual images after every operation, it took more time than the other indication patterns. Moreover, because subjects had to adjust the superimposition every time in this case, errors tended to occur. On the other hand, when many blocks existed on the panel, the 16-indication made the distinction between each block more difficult. Further, in particular, when the matrix size was 12 (m = 12) and when the AR-based manual presented 16-indication, the blocks, which were quite close to each other, moved continuously, such that it was not easy for subjects to correctly operate on the block that they intended.
\n\t\t\t\t\tError rate per operation unit (m = 4)
Error rate per operation unit (m = 8)
Error rate per operation unit (m = 12)
Rate of misoperation (m = 4)
Rate of misoperation (m = 8)
Rate of misoperation (m = 12)
From the above examination, we can understand the relationship between AR manual design and task performance as follows. When the items flow dynamically in real-world conditions, the complexity of visual information depends on the number of items, their dispersion and the distance between neighbouring items. Task performance is damaged if the complexity of the real view and that of an AR-based manual is unbalanced.
\n\t\t\t\t\tAs an extra challenge, we tried to build a model that gives the most effective design of AR-based manuals according to real-world conditions (Tamamushi et al., 2009a, Tamamushi et al., 2009b). First, assuming that both aspects of task performance, accuracy (lack of errors) and efficiency (speed), were equally necessary and important, we defined damage to task performance (DP) using both error rates (E) and misoperation rates (L).
\n\t\t\t\t\tSecond, we quantified the complexity (C) of visual information that was dynamically flowing using the number of items to be attended to (n), their dispersion (M) and the separation between neighbouring items (s). M was defined as the standard deviation of the distance from each item to the centre of the items (di: i = 1, 2,..., n).
\n\t\t\t\t\tWe examined the experimental data and found that the relationship between the complexity of the real view (CR), the complexity of the AR-based manual (CA) and DP could be expressed by the following equation.
\n\t\t\t\t\tMoreover, we suggested that when CR was given, CA that minimised DP could be determined by the following equation.
\n\t\t\t\t\tmin. \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Equation (10) provides the effective complexity of AR-based manuals according to the complexity of the real view. Accordingly, it can be regarded as the basic model, which gives effective design of AR-based manuals when the items are dynamically flowing in real-world conditions.
\n\t\t\t\tWe clarified experimentally the conditions favourable for the effective use of AR-based manuals in actual work situations, particularly considering that AR manuals require users to wear HMDs and to view digital images superimposed on the real view. Based on the results, a human factor guideline for effective use of AR manuals is proposed as follows.
\n\t\t\t1. Difficulty in preparing to use AR-based manuals:
\n\t\t\tIt is easy to prepare to use either STDs or RSDs. Thus, there is no disadvantage compared to traditional paper-based manuals. Simple and compact HMDs just like glasses are expected to be developed in the near future, allowing workers to more easily use AR-based manuals.
\n\t\t\t2. Effect of eyesight correction:
\n\t\t\tWorkers with contact lens can use AR-based manuals with either STDs or RSDs as well as workers with good eyesight. Although it is currently difficult for workers wearing glasses to also wear HMDs, this is simply a technical problem. Depending on their needs, it is fully possible to redesign HMDs for workers wearing glasses.
\n\t\t\t3. Effect of eye dominance:
\n\t\t\tWearing STDs or RSDs on the non-dominant eye is recommended when these are used for presenting AR-based manuals in assembling or inspecting tasks, because it is of primary importance for workers to clearly see real-world objects. Design of the AR-based manuals should be simple enough for the workers to easily read them with their non-dominant eye.
\n\t\t\t4. Effect of surrounding illumination:
\n\t\t\tThere is almost no problem in using AR-based manuals under standard illumination. However, under extremely high or low illumination, RSDs should be better. If workers have to perform a difficult task under morning sunshine or a delicate task in a dark laboratory, they may not clearly read a paper-based manual; however, they can clearly read an AR-based manual presented by an RSD.
\n\t\t\t5. Workload:
\n\t\t\tAR-based manuals do not add more workload than paper-based manuals do. In fact, AR-based manuals enable workers to refer to task-related information without using their hands, increasing task efficiency, so they can reduce the workload compared with the traditional way.
\n\t\t\t6. Attention to surroundings:
\n\t\t\tWorkers can easily notice changes in their surroundings even when they wear STDs or RSDs. In current situations, a problem remains because the frame of these HMDs blocks part of a worker’s view; however, the design is fully expected to be improved in the near future.
\n\t\t\t7. Effect of information presented by HMDs (static background):
\n\t\t\tWhen the real background is static, the effective complexity of AR-based manuals can be determined according to the complexity of the real view, which is described by the following formula.
\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\tFigs. 65, 66, 67, 68 and 69 show rough examples of the effective complexity when the background real view is static.
\n\t\t\t8. Effect of information presented by HMDs (dynamic background):
\n\t\t\tWhen the real background is dynamically flowing, as products move on a conveyer belt, the effective complexity of AR-based manuals can be determined according to the complexity of the real view, which is described by the following formula.
\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\tFigs. 65, 66 and 67 show rough examples of the effective complexity when the real background view is dynamic.
\n\t\t\tAn example of effective complexity (m = 4)
An example of effective complexity (m = 6)
An example of effective complexity (m = 8)
An example of effective complexity (m = 10)
An example of effective complexity (m = 12)
An example of effective complexity (m = 4)
An example of effective complexity (m = 8)
An example of effective complexity (m = 12)
In this chapter, first, we introduced experimental data showing that an AR-based manual helped reduce errors and enhanced task performance compared to the traditional paper-based manual, and demonstrated that AR manuals show promise for practical use. Second, considering that the main characteristics of using an AR-based manual are wearing HMDs and superimposing a digital image on the real view, we showed the results of detailed experiments conducted to clarify the human factor requirements that should be examined before practical use. Furthermore, we summarised these results and provided a guideline for effective use of an AR-based manual by workers.
\n\t\t\tAlthough some imperfect points remain in the usability of an HMD, which plays a major role in an AR-based manual, in current situations these can be addressed by rising demand and continued efforts of developers. In fact, a certain Japanese manufacturing corporation has developed a compact and light HMD that looks like glasses, and some industries are interested in introducing it into their operations.
\n\t\t\tNew application will be expanded into other fields by the mutual advance of both users’ needs and technical development. In the case of an AR-based manual, although the technical aspects are maturing rapidly, information concerning the influence of its introduction on workers or the restrictions in using it has not been sufficiently provided to field workers yet. Accordingly, workers have not been able to discuss and judge, based on data, whether they should choose an AR-based manual instead of the paper-based manual used in the past. We are sure that the contents of this chapter complement such information and we hope that it helps workers understand AR-based manuals and triggers dramatic improvement in industrial settings.
\n\t\tAs the world population grows, the reduction of several natural sources becomes more evident. One of the major concerns is the fastest decrease of metals ores. Currently, the hyper-technological society demands several metals in order to attend the rising request for electrical and electronical devices. The fact of the production of these devices is gradually cheapest and its useful life is increasingly shorter. Equally, the advertising campaigns increase the people desires to renew the older devices by a brand-new much faster and modern. It has been triggering the generation of waste of electrical and electronical devices (E-waste). It has been rising 5 folds in the last 20 years [1]. The organic and inorganic fractions of E-waste could be a serious threat to environment and public health if its final disposition is not done accurately. The incineration and landfill are the global strategies frequently applied in a whole world for final disposal of E-waste [2]. Although of its highly toxic nature, E-waste particularly, printed circuit boards (PCBs) are a promising secondary source of metals. The concentrations of copper (Cu) and precious metals, such as gold (Au), platinum (Pt) and palladium (Pd), are high compared to natural mines [3]. Urban E-waste mining knowing as Biomining is expected to be an important secondary source of metals in the near future. PCBs are electronic components whose most abundant metal is Cu (roughly 20–25% by weight). PCBs are also composed of a substantial amount of precious metals. Precious metals constitute the largest fraction of the value of discarded PCBs and are the main economic driver of metal recovery [4]. In the last 20 years, great efforts have been focused in the recovery of these metals from the E-waste, mainly based in traditional approaches such as pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy. However, these two approaches have been inconvenient, due to the high consumption of energy and the high emission of polluting gases in the first one approach and in the second one the high generation of acid leachates, these leachates could reach easily the subterranean and surface water bodies [5].
Recent biotechnological developments have made possible the adaptation of various microorganisms to hostile bioleaching environments. Thus, emerging a new approach for the metal recovery from E-waste called biohydrometallurgy. This process involve microorganism in order to make use of metal elements for their structural and metabolic functions. This process based on the use of biomass has the advantages over pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy processes such as: it does not require the construction of a huge infrastructure, it is not necessary to deal with a large amount of harmful residual pollutants generated in the process. However, the main bottleneck that prevents this process from being attractive at an industrial level despite its high efficiency, it is the drop in yield of metal recovery when using large amounts of E-waste. However, the main bottleneck that prevents this process from being attractive at an industrial level despite its high efficiency, it is the drop in yield of metal recovery when using large amounts of E-waste. The cell-to-cell communication system known as Quorum sensing, it allows bacteria to colonize new ecological niches, to resist environmental changes and toxic substances, enhances its competitiveness and to resist host defenses [6]. As this quorum sensing system regulates near to 25% of non-essential genes, its knowledge, understanding and modulation could help to enhance the bioleaching reactions at industrial level. In this chapter, we focused to review the quorum sensing system in the bacterium
The gram-negative bacterium
The genome size of
In the bacterium
Previous studies have shown that
Cooperative bacterial behavior is one of the most intensively studied topics of microbial ecology in recent decades. The understanding of this lifestyle allows us to revel the fitness strategies of bacteria to thrive in very different environmental niches. Quorum sensing (QS) is a system of bacterial cell–cell communication that enables the microorganism to sense a minimum number of cells (quorum) in order to respond to external stimuli in a concerted fashion. QS system is based on the production, releasing to the extracellular environment and perception of small diffusible molecules known as auto-inducers (AI) [15]. Thus, this communication allows the bacteria to detect changes in the density of the population, which leading to generate variations in the concentration of nutrients, oxygen, inorganic molecules, pH and osmolarity in the extracellular environment. In this way, an increase in the bacterial population causes the accumulation of the AI molecule in the medium, which, when detected by the bacteria, generates changes in the expression of several target genes in order to regulate phenotypes traits in pathogenic or environmental bacteria. The main traits regulated are: attachment, virulence, resistance and bioluminescence among others [16].
In Gram-negative bacteria including the extremophiles (i.e. thermophiles, halophiles, psychrophiles and acidophiles) the most studied system involves AI molecules of the N-acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs) or autoinducer-1 (AI-1) type. This QS system is involved in intra-species and inter-species communications [17]. It was first described in the bioluminescent marine bacterium
Schematic representation of Quorum Sensing system type I AI-1. AHLs are synthesized inside the bacteria by protein I. The AHLs molecules diffuse towards the extracellular environment, increasing their concentration both in the internal and external environment of the cell in proportion to the increase in the cell population. Upon reaching the threshold concentration, the AHLs molecules bind with the R protein, which dimerizes and promotes or represses the transcription of target genes. Some of these target genes have a binding site for the R/AHL complex in their promoter region.
The biological meaning of cell to cell communication in extreme environments is not completely comprehended, however, this communication systems play a pivotal role in the survival to fitness to these restrictive habitats. However, a better understanding about the adaptation strategies regulated by quorum sensing in these extreme ecological niches, could possibly contribute to the design and development of innovative approaches for the biotechnological solutions with industrial, medical and research applications.
Most of the Quorum sensing systems present in mesophyll bacteria are shared by thermophilic bacteria. Bioinformatic analysis revealed the existence of complete AI-2 systems in 17 thermophilic bacteria from phyla Deinococcus-Thermus.
For other hand, 18 show incomplete QS systems having only LuxS [22]. Particularly interesting is the AI-2 production in the bacteria
Psychrophile bacteria produce DiKetoPiperazine (DKPs) molecules, which can activate the LuxR circuit.
Acidophiles bacteria have endowed with Quorum Sensing systems such as: AI-1, AI-2 and CAI-1. The genome of acidophilic iron oxidizing bacterium
Enteric pathogenic bacterium
The bacterium
Synthetic biology is based on the use of engineering principles to design and apply new biological components, besides to integrate functions and traits into the present ones in order to standardize or modulate their behavior. The completely understanding of a particular Quorum sensing circuit enable to design tools to precisely and predictably manipulate cell responses under quorum sensing regulation. That is, QS and synthetic biology research have been highly complementary, with QS research expanding the synthetic biology toolkit and synthetic biology providing new tools for investigating QS [35]. The HLA QS system is a relatively simple system to synthetic biology approaches, due to few components to comprise the circuit. Several studies using synthetic biology to engineer cell were performed to modulate behavior when the phenotype is depending on cell density. One of the most usual approaches in this case is the manipulation of the regulator protein LuxR i.e. modifying its affinity to is cognate or not cognate AHL signals, regulating the transcription to control the number of copies of LuxR and by modifying the AHL binding site [36, 37]. Some of the above mentioned approaches were used with success in the biomining sewage bioremediation [38].
Secretion of EPS (Extracellular Polymeric Substances) by
Early studies showed that it is feasible to modulate
The cell communication system Quorum sensing is a ubiquitous phenomenon in prokaryotes. This communication system modulates near to 25% of no essential genes. Induction or quenching of quorum sensing system could be a high valuable tool to select the desire trait in bacteria. The bacterium
The author thanks to all researchers of department of microbiology and biotechnology at Gujarat University for their unavailable help and disposition. This work was supported by Administrative Department of Science and Technology MINCIENCIAS and Energy Mining Planning Unit UPME, Grant No 80740-008-2020.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
.
",metaTitle:"Order Print Copies - Terms",metaDescription:".",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"page/order-print-copies-terms/",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Orders have to be prepaid in advance and before printing. We accept payment in GBP, EUR and USD. Payments can be made by bank transfer or cheque, by credit card (Visa, MasterCard, American Express, Discover Card) and PayPal worldwide online payments system. In accordance with the best security practice, we do not accept card orders via email.
\\n\\nThe combined printing and delivery times for orders vary from 12-20 business days, depending on the printed quantity and destination. This period does not include any customs clearance difficulties that may arise and that are beyond our control. Once your order has been printed and shipped, you will receive a confirmation email that includes your DHL tracking number. You can then track your order at www.dhl.com.
\\n\\nMy order has not arrived, what do I do?
\\n\\nIf you do not receive your order within 30 days, please contact us to inquire about the shipping status at orders@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nPOD products are non-returnable and non-refundable, except in the event of poor print quality or an error in quantity. If we delivered the item to you in error or the item is faulty, please contact us. Inspect your order carefully when it arrives. Any problems should be immediately reported to orders@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nTaxes: Residents of European Union countries need to add a Book Value-Added Tax of 5%. Institutions and companies, registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state, will not pay VAT by providing us their VAT registration number. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\\n\\nCustoms: Shipping costs do not include any duties, taxes or clearing charges levied by the destination country. These charges are the responsibility of the customer and will vary from country to country.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'Orders have to be prepaid in advance and before printing. We accept payment in GBP, EUR and USD. Payments can be made by bank transfer or cheque, by credit card (Visa, MasterCard, American Express, Discover Card) and PayPal worldwide online payments system. In accordance with the best security practice, we do not accept card orders via email.
\n\nThe combined printing and delivery times for orders vary from 12-20 business days, depending on the printed quantity and destination. This period does not include any customs clearance difficulties that may arise and that are beyond our control. Once your order has been printed and shipped, you will receive a confirmation email that includes your DHL tracking number. You can then track your order at www.dhl.com.
\n\nMy order has not arrived, what do I do?
\n\nIf you do not receive your order within 30 days, please contact us to inquire about the shipping status at orders@intechopen.com.
\n\nPOD products are non-returnable and non-refundable, except in the event of poor print quality or an error in quantity. If we delivered the item to you in error or the item is faulty, please contact us. Inspect your order carefully when it arrives. Any problems should be immediately reported to orders@intechopen.com.
\n\nTaxes: Residents of European Union countries need to add a Book Value-Added Tax of 5%. Institutions and companies, registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state, will not pay VAT by providing us their VAT registration number. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\n\nCustoms: Shipping costs do not include any duties, taxes or clearing charges levied by the destination country. These charges are the responsibility of the customer and will vary from country to country.
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:13404},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:11681},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:4213},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:22421},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:2020},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:33697}],offset:12,limit:12,total:135704},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"1",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11616",title:"Foraging",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"955b60bb658c8d1a09dd4efc9bf6674b",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11616.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11632",title:"Updated Research on Bacteriophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d34dfa0d5d10511184f97ddaeef9936b",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11632.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11697",title:"Scoliosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"fa052443744b8f6ba5a87091e373bafe",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11697.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11699",title:"Neonatal Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e52adaee8e54f51c2ba4972daeb410f7",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11699.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11730",title:"Midwifery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"95389fcd878d0e929234c441744ba398",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11730.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11773",title:"Archaeology - Challenges and Updates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"17d91462fa926279f65164ac0d5641cd",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11773.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11776",title:"Fashion Industry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e8d53d1029a7bccf825aa55d43fecc68",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11776.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11794",title:"Coconut Cultivation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"48e1cb42a4162f64cae3a2e777472f21",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11794.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11797",title:"Clostridium difficile",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4cb066b44bb8d4a8b93a627de26e3ebf",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11797.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11809",title:"Lagomorpha",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1e8fd5779205c16e5797b05455dc5be0",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11809.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11818",title:"Uveitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f8c178e6f45ba7b500281005b5d5b67a",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11818.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11837",title:"Ecology and Geography of the Mediterranean",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"bbb25987a982d61da4f47fb13614ba3c",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11837.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:29},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:12},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:79},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:21}],offset:12,limit:12,total:227},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3737",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"Modelling, Programming and Simulations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"matlab-modelling-programming-and-simulations",bookSignature:"Emilson Pereira Leite",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3737.jpg",editors:[{id:"12051",title:"Prof.",name:"Emilson",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira Leite",slug:"emilson-pereira-leite",fullName:"Emilson Pereira Leite"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"1770",title:"Gel Electrophoresis",subtitle:"Principles and Basics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"279701f6c802cf02deef45103e0611ff",slug:"gel-electrophoresis-principles-and-basics",bookSignature:"Sameh Magdeldin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1770.jpg",editors:[{id:"123648",title:"Dr.",name:"Sameh",middleName:null,surname:"Magdeldin",slug:"sameh-magdeldin",fullName:"Sameh Magdeldin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4802},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7175,editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1981,editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2308,editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1473,editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",publishedDate:"April 26th 2011",numberOfDownloads:318571,editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",publishedDate:"September 26th 2012",numberOfDownloads:271836,editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",publishedDate:"July 1st 2013",numberOfDownloads:243450,editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1582,editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2082,editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",publishedDate:"October 17th 2012",numberOfDownloads:256294,editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8452",title:"Organizational Conflict",subtitle:"New Insights",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"96bdaaba38a7850a7e7379aa5a505748",slug:"organizational-conflict-new-insights",bookSignature:"Josiane Fahed-Sreih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8452.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"103784",title:"Dr.",name:"Josiane",middleName:null,surname:"Fahed-Sreih",slug:"josiane-fahed-sreih",fullName:"Josiane Fahed-Sreih"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10778",title:"Model-Based Control Engineering",subtitle:"Recent Design and Implementations for Varied Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e39a567d9b6d2a45d0a1d927362c9005",slug:"model-based-control-engineering-recent-design-and-implementations-for-varied-applications",bookSignature:"Umar Zakir Abdul Hamid and Ahmad `Athif Mohd Faudzi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10778.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"268173",title:"Dr.",name:"Umar Zakir Abdul",middleName:null,surname:"Hamid",slug:"umar-zakir-abdul-hamid",fullName:"Umar Zakir Abdul Hamid"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10780",title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"badce0e23eb5176fd653b049d5295c0a",slug:"current-trends-in-orthodontics",bookSignature:"Farid Bourzgui",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"52177",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid",middleName:null,surname:"Bourzgui",slug:"farid-bourzgui",fullName:"Farid Bourzgui"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10793",title:"Molecular Mechanisms in Cancer",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3ed2817275edb3de6f5683602314706e",slug:"molecular-mechanisms-in-cancer",bookSignature:"Metin Budak and Rajamanickam Rajkumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10793.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"226275",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Metin",middleName:null,surname:"Budak",slug:"metin-budak",fullName:"Metin Budak"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11308",title:"Selected Topics on Infant Feeding",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"213c3e403327a2919eca1dc5e82a0ec3",slug:"selected-topics-on-infant-feeding",bookSignature:"Isam Jaber AL-Zwaini and Haider Hadi AL-Musawi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11308.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"30993",title:"Prof.",name:"Isam Jaber",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Zwaini",slug:"isam-jaber-al-zwaini",fullName:"Isam Jaber Al-Zwaini"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11331",title:"Secondary Metabolites",subtitle:"Trends and Reviews",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6274f42d5441e537c5fa744bc84523",slug:"secondary-metabolites-trends-and-reviews",bookSignature:"Ramasamy Vijayakumar and Suresh Selvapuram Sudalaimuthu Raja",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11331.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"176044",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramasamy",middleName:null,surname:"Vijayakumar",slug:"ramasamy-vijayakumar",fullName:"Ramasamy Vijayakumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10820",title:"Data Clustering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"086d299ffd05aacd2311c3ca4ebf0d3a",slug:"data-clustering",bookSignature:"Niansheng Tang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"221831",title:"Prof.",name:"Niansheng",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",slug:"niansheng-tang",fullName:"Niansheng Tang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10827",title:"Oral Health Care",subtitle:"An Important Issue of the Modern Society",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a0ceb9ced4598aea3f3723f6dc4ea04",slug:"oral-health-care-an-important-issue-of-the-modern-society",bookSignature:"Lavinia Cosmina Ardelean and Laura Cristina Rusu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"180569",title:"Dr.",name:"Lavinia",middleName:null,surname:"Ardelean",slug:"lavinia-ardelean",fullName:"Lavinia Ardelean"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11139",title:"Geochemistry and Mineral Resources",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"928cebbdce21d9b3f081267b24f12dfb",slug:"geochemistry-and-mineral-resources",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11139.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"August 17th 2022",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"464",title:"Unemployment",slug:"unemployment",parent:{id:"73",title:"Labour Economics",slug:"labour-economics"},numberOfBooks:1,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:10,numberOfWosCitations:7,numberOfCrossrefCitations:7,numberOfDimensionsCitations:11,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"464",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"5727",title:"Unemployment",subtitle:"Perspectives and Solutions",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c1dc975f62d4169949cf2461f3b396ba",slug:"unemployment-perspectives-and-solutions",bookSignature:"Yang Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5727.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"178609",title:"Dr.",name:"Yang",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",slug:"yang-liu",fullName:"Yang Liu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:1,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"56183",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69817",title:"Unemployment Normalization in Different Economic Contexts",slug:"unemployment-normalization-in-different-economic-contexts",totalDownloads:1342,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"A recent strand of research has raised the question of whether a change is underway in the relationships that people have with work and nonwork. This body of work suggests that the manner in which people view unemployment and not working is changing. This chapter pursues and clarifies the first results of this research. The authors hypothesize a process of unemployment normalization, defined as the view that unemployment is a normal or even inevitable phase of life in a person’s career path and is the result of external circumstances rather than personal ones. This was tested with 600 unemployed people in two different economic contexts—France and Luxembourg—using a scale that revealed two latent factors: Justification for current unemployment situation and Perceived normality of unemployment. The findings reveal differences in the degree of normalization according to socioeconomic variables as well as an impact on the perceived health of the unemployed.",book:{id:"5727",slug:"unemployment-perspectives-and-solutions",title:"Unemployment",fullTitle:"Unemployment - Perspectives and Solutions"},signatures:"Claude Houssemand and Anne Pignault",authors:[{id:"196722",title:"Prof.",name:"Claude",middleName:null,surname:"Houssemand",slug:"claude-houssemand",fullName:"Claude Houssemand"},{id:"196907",title:"Dr.",name:"Anne",middleName:null,surname:"Pignault",slug:"anne-pignault",fullName:"Anne Pignault"}]},{id:"56148",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69809",title:"Factors Affecting Employment and Unemployment for Fresh Graduates in China",slug:"factors-affecting-employment-and-unemployment-for-fresh-graduates-in-china",totalDownloads:3571,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"The factors such as college reputation, major, and gender, which affect job search prospects of graduates from Shandong Province in China, are studied. A duration model including parametric, semiparametric, and nonparametric approaches is used and yielded several important findings. First, graduates find jobs faster if they come from the research universities. The study shows that economics and management, and engineering graduates find jobs more easily. Other major graduates have no significant difference although they are not more likely to find jobs than the former. Moreover, there is no remarkable gap between female and male graduates.",book:{id:"5727",slug:"unemployment-perspectives-and-solutions",title:"Unemployment",fullTitle:"Unemployment - Perspectives and Solutions"},signatures:"Kong Jun",authors:[{id:"196476",title:"Prof.",name:"Jun",middleName:null,surname:"Kong",slug:"jun-kong",fullName:"Jun Kong"}]},{id:"56197",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69810",title:"Changing Jobs in Mexico: Hopping between Formal and Informal Economic Sectors",slug:"changing-jobs-in-mexico-hopping-between-formal-and-informal-economic-sectors",totalDownloads:1319,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"We reviewed the discussion on the concept of informal employment in Latin America over the past 40 years. Some of the findings of labor mobility among the formal and informal sectors of the economy are also described. With data from the quarterly panel of the National Occupation and Employment Survey (NOES) of 2014–2016, we analyzed the mobility between eight categories: four of formal employment (non‐manual high‐skilled, non‐manual semi‐skilled, manual skilled manual and manual low‐skilled), two of informal employment (non‐manual and manual), unemployed and not in labor force. We found there is a high mobility among these eight categories, showing that labor markets in Mexico have been unstable in the last quarter century. A more precise analysis is done by dividing the population into three stages of life course: youth (15–24 years of age), early adulthood (25–44 years), and mature adulthood and old age (45–79 years). There is greater mobility in youth and mature adulthood and old age than in early adulthood; and the majority of young and early adult women leaving labor force attribute it to motherhood.",book:{id:"5727",slug:"unemployment-perspectives-and-solutions",title:"Unemployment",fullTitle:"Unemployment - Perspectives and Solutions"},signatures:"Virgilio Partida and Maria Edith Pacheco",authors:[{id:"203465",title:"Dr.",name:"Virgilio",middleName:null,surname:"Partida",slug:"virgilio-partida",fullName:"Virgilio Partida"}]},{id:"56156",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69808",title:"Ageing Issue in Activation Labour Policies: The ‘Intergenerational Approach’ to Tackle Unemployment",slug:"ageing-issue-in-activation-labour-policies-the-intergenerational-approach-to-tackle-unemployment",totalDownloads:1176,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Starting from the theoretical-political paradigm of activation, the chapter analyses welfare reforms (focusing on pension and labour policies) in two European countries: France and Italy. Special attention is given to the intergenerational approach implemented in recent years, following international agencies’ recommendations. First evaluations of the devices put in practice to face employment problems affecting young and mature workers allow to develop some considerations on the ambiguity that characterize activation paradigm in the context of the global crisis, having produced a severe employment reduction and putting into question the validity of this widespread paradigm. In this context, the implementation of intergenerational measures seems to reveal little effects on unemployment rates for both young and older workers and on the availability of new jobs into the labour market. Nevertheless, they tend to improve the quality of work, reducing fixed-term contracts and allowing public finance savings. A cultural implication is also cited, referring to the change of perspective these measures may foster to overlap age discriminations in workplaces, as in public debate.",book:{id:"5727",slug:"unemployment-perspectives-and-solutions",title:"Unemployment",fullTitle:"Unemployment - Perspectives and Solutions"},signatures:"Barbara Barabaschi",authors:[{id:"196787",title:"Dr.",name:"Barbara",middleName:null,surname:"Barabaschi",slug:"barbara-barabaschi",fullName:"Barbara Barabaschi"}]},{id:"56202",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69813",title:"Labor Market Inclusion Through Social Economy in Slovakia",slug:"labor-market-inclusion-through-social-economy-in-slovakia",totalDownloads:1398,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The social economy becomes an effective and a modern instrument of social market economy, and the importance of this sector is constantly increasing. According to the degree of acceptance of the concept of social economy, the European Union countries are divided into several groups. This business area in Slovakia is currently developing, and it is supported slightly. France, Italy, and Spain are among the leaders, and their experience can serve as inspiration for the establishment of social initiatives in Slovakia. They prefer social objective before making a profit; they are democratically organized and based on the unmet demand of the local community. The social enterprises are often creating sustainable jobs, bringing innovative solutions to social problems, and they have close links to active labor market policies. The chapter focuses on the current situation in the social economy in relation to the labor market, points out the successful path of development, and identifies opportunities for progress in this area in Slovakia with emphasis on the employment of disadvantaged job seekers.",book:{id:"5727",slug:"unemployment-perspectives-and-solutions",title:"Unemployment",fullTitle:"Unemployment - Perspectives and Solutions"},signatures:"Eva Pongrácz and Hana Poláčková",authors:[{id:"196711",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eva",middleName:null,surname:"Pongrácz",slug:"eva-pongracz",fullName:"Eva Pongrácz"},{id:"204654",title:"Dr.",name:"Hana",middleName:null,surname:"Poláčková",slug:"hana-polackova",fullName:"Hana Poláčková"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"56148",title:"Factors Affecting Employment and Unemployment for Fresh Graduates in China",slug:"factors-affecting-employment-and-unemployment-for-fresh-graduates-in-china",totalDownloads:3580,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"The factors such as college reputation, major, and gender, which affect job search prospects of graduates from Shandong Province in China, are studied. A duration model including parametric, semiparametric, and nonparametric approaches is used and yielded several important findings. First, graduates find jobs faster if they come from the research universities. The study shows that economics and management, and engineering graduates find jobs more easily. Other major graduates have no significant difference although they are not more likely to find jobs than the former. Moreover, there is no remarkable gap between female and male graduates.",book:{id:"5727",slug:"unemployment-perspectives-and-solutions",title:"Unemployment",fullTitle:"Unemployment - Perspectives and Solutions"},signatures:"Kong Jun",authors:[{id:"196476",title:"Prof.",name:"Jun",middleName:null,surname:"Kong",slug:"jun-kong",fullName:"Jun Kong"}]},{id:"56202",title:"Labor Market Inclusion Through Social Economy in Slovakia",slug:"labor-market-inclusion-through-social-economy-in-slovakia",totalDownloads:1400,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The social economy becomes an effective and a modern instrument of social market economy, and the importance of this sector is constantly increasing. According to the degree of acceptance of the concept of social economy, the European Union countries are divided into several groups. This business area in Slovakia is currently developing, and it is supported slightly. France, Italy, and Spain are among the leaders, and their experience can serve as inspiration for the establishment of social initiatives in Slovakia. They prefer social objective before making a profit; they are democratically organized and based on the unmet demand of the local community. The social enterprises are often creating sustainable jobs, bringing innovative solutions to social problems, and they have close links to active labor market policies. The chapter focuses on the current situation in the social economy in relation to the labor market, points out the successful path of development, and identifies opportunities for progress in this area in Slovakia with emphasis on the employment of disadvantaged job seekers.",book:{id:"5727",slug:"unemployment-perspectives-and-solutions",title:"Unemployment",fullTitle:"Unemployment - Perspectives and Solutions"},signatures:"Eva Pongrácz and Hana Poláčková",authors:[{id:"196711",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eva",middleName:null,surname:"Pongrácz",slug:"eva-pongracz",fullName:"Eva Pongrácz"},{id:"204654",title:"Dr.",name:"Hana",middleName:null,surname:"Poláčková",slug:"hana-polackova",fullName:"Hana Poláčková"}]},{id:"56156",title:"Ageing Issue in Activation Labour Policies: The ‘Intergenerational Approach’ to Tackle Unemployment",slug:"ageing-issue-in-activation-labour-policies-the-intergenerational-approach-to-tackle-unemployment",totalDownloads:1177,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Starting from the theoretical-political paradigm of activation, the chapter analyses welfare reforms (focusing on pension and labour policies) in two European countries: France and Italy. Special attention is given to the intergenerational approach implemented in recent years, following international agencies’ recommendations. First evaluations of the devices put in practice to face employment problems affecting young and mature workers allow to develop some considerations on the ambiguity that characterize activation paradigm in the context of the global crisis, having produced a severe employment reduction and putting into question the validity of this widespread paradigm. In this context, the implementation of intergenerational measures seems to reveal little effects on unemployment rates for both young and older workers and on the availability of new jobs into the labour market. Nevertheless, they tend to improve the quality of work, reducing fixed-term contracts and allowing public finance savings. A cultural implication is also cited, referring to the change of perspective these measures may foster to overlap age discriminations in workplaces, as in public debate.",book:{id:"5727",slug:"unemployment-perspectives-and-solutions",title:"Unemployment",fullTitle:"Unemployment - Perspectives and Solutions"},signatures:"Barbara Barabaschi",authors:[{id:"196787",title:"Dr.",name:"Barbara",middleName:null,surname:"Barabaschi",slug:"barbara-barabaschi",fullName:"Barbara Barabaschi"}]},{id:"56183",title:"Unemployment Normalization in Different Economic Contexts",slug:"unemployment-normalization-in-different-economic-contexts",totalDownloads:1345,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"A recent strand of research has raised the question of whether a change is underway in the relationships that people have with work and nonwork. This body of work suggests that the manner in which people view unemployment and not working is changing. This chapter pursues and clarifies the first results of this research. The authors hypothesize a process of unemployment normalization, defined as the view that unemployment is a normal or even inevitable phase of life in a person’s career path and is the result of external circumstances rather than personal ones. This was tested with 600 unemployed people in two different economic contexts—France and Luxembourg—using a scale that revealed two latent factors: Justification for current unemployment situation and Perceived normality of unemployment. The findings reveal differences in the degree of normalization according to socioeconomic variables as well as an impact on the perceived health of the unemployed.",book:{id:"5727",slug:"unemployment-perspectives-and-solutions",title:"Unemployment",fullTitle:"Unemployment - Perspectives and Solutions"},signatures:"Claude Houssemand and Anne Pignault",authors:[{id:"196722",title:"Prof.",name:"Claude",middleName:null,surname:"Houssemand",slug:"claude-houssemand",fullName:"Claude Houssemand"},{id:"196907",title:"Dr.",name:"Anne",middleName:null,surname:"Pignault",slug:"anne-pignault",fullName:"Anne Pignault"}]},{id:"56197",title:"Changing Jobs in Mexico: Hopping between Formal and Informal Economic Sectors",slug:"changing-jobs-in-mexico-hopping-between-formal-and-informal-economic-sectors",totalDownloads:1321,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"We reviewed the discussion on the concept of informal employment in Latin America over the past 40 years. Some of the findings of labor mobility among the formal and informal sectors of the economy are also described. With data from the quarterly panel of the National Occupation and Employment Survey (NOES) of 2014–2016, we analyzed the mobility between eight categories: four of formal employment (non‐manual high‐skilled, non‐manual semi‐skilled, manual skilled manual and manual low‐skilled), two of informal employment (non‐manual and manual), unemployed and not in labor force. We found there is a high mobility among these eight categories, showing that labor markets in Mexico have been unstable in the last quarter century. A more precise analysis is done by dividing the population into three stages of life course: youth (15–24 years of age), early adulthood (25–44 years), and mature adulthood and old age (45–79 years). There is greater mobility in youth and mature adulthood and old age than in early adulthood; and the majority of young and early adult women leaving labor force attribute it to motherhood.",book:{id:"5727",slug:"unemployment-perspectives-and-solutions",title:"Unemployment",fullTitle:"Unemployment - Perspectives and Solutions"},signatures:"Virgilio Partida and Maria Edith Pacheco",authors:[{id:"203465",title:"Dr.",name:"Virgilio",middleName:null,surname:"Partida",slug:"virgilio-partida",fullName:"Virgilio Partida"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"464",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:91,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:333,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:144,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:124,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:23,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188",scope:"This series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in various Infectious Diseases (as per the most recent Baltimore classification). Topics will include general overviews of infections, immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, etiology, and current clinical recommendations for managing infectious diseases. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This book series will focus on various aspects and properties of infectious diseases whose deep understanding is essential for safeguarding the human race from losing resources and economies due to pathogens.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 16th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:13,editor:{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{id:"11478",title:"Recent Advances in the Study of Dyslexia",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11478.jpg",hash:"26764a18c6b776698823e0e1c3022d2f",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"June 30th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"294281",title:"Prof.",name:"Jonathan",surname:"Glazzard",slug:"jonathan-glazzard",fullName:"Jonathan Glazzard"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:21,paginationItems:[{id:"83115",title:"Fungi and Oomycetes–Allies in Eliminating Environmental Pathogens",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106498",signatures:"Iasmina Luca",slug:"fungi-and-oomycetes-allies-in-eliminating-environmental-pathogens",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:null,totalDimensionsCites:null,authors:null,book:{title:"Animal Welfare - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11579.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82991",title:"Diseases of the Canine Prostate Gland",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105835",signatures:"Sabine Schäfer-Somi",slug:"diseases-of-the-canine-prostate-gland",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82956",title:"Potential Substitutes of Antibiotics for Swine and Poultry Production",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106081",signatures:"Ho Trung Thong, Le Nu Anh Thu and Ho Viet Duc",slug:"potential-substitutes-of-antibiotics-for-swine-and-poultry-production",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Antibiotics and Probiotics in Animal Food - Impact and Regulation",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11578.jpg",subseries:{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition"}}},{id:"82905",title:"A Review of Application Strategies and Efficacy of Probiotics in Pet Food",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105829",signatures:"Heather Acuff and Charles G. Aldrich",slug:"a-review-of-application-strategies-and-efficacy-of-probiotics-in-pet-food",totalDownloads:16,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Antibiotics and Probiotics in Animal Food - Impact and Regulation",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11578.jpg",subseries:{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition"}}},{id:"82773",title:"Canine Transmissible Venereal Tumor: An Infectious Neoplasia in Dogs",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106150",signatures:"Chanokchon Setthawongsin, Somporn Techangamsuwan and Anudep Rungsipipat",slug:"canine-transmissible-venereal-tumor-an-infectious-neoplasia-in-dogs",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82797",title:"Anatomical Guide to the Paranasal Sinuses of Domestic Animals",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106157",signatures:"Mohamed A.M. Alsafy, Samir A.A. El-Gendy and Catrin Sian Rutland",slug:"anatomical-guide-to-the-paranasal-sinuses-of-domestic-animals",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82457",title:"Canine Hearing Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105515",signatures:"Peter M. Skip Scheifele, Devan Marshall, Stephen Lee, Paul Reid, Thomas McCreery and David Byrne",slug:"canine-hearing-management",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82285",title:"Parvovirus Vectors: The Future of Gene Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105085",signatures:"Megha Gupta",slug:"parvovirus-vectors-the-future-of-gene-therapy",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82170",title:"Equine Stress: Neuroendocrine Physiology and Pathophysiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105045",signatures:"Milomir Kovac, Tatiana Vladimirovna Ippolitova, Sergey Pozyabin, Ruslan Aliev, Viktoria Lobanova, Nevena Drakul and Catrin S. Rutland",slug:"equine-stress-neuroendocrine-physiology-and-pathophysiology",totalDownloads:33,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"81793",title:"Canine parvovirus-2: An Emerging Threat to Young Pets",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104846",signatures:"Mithilesh Singh, Rajendran Manikandan, Ujjwal Kumar De, Vishal Chander, Babul Rudra Paul, Saravanan Ramakrishnan and Darshini Maramreddy",slug:"canine-parvovirus-2-an-emerging-threat-to-young-pets",totalDownloads:34,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Animal Nutrition",value:20,count:3,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Animal Science",value:19,count:18,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10897",title:"Food Systems Resilience",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",slug:"food-systems-resilience",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Ana I. Ribeiro-Barros, Daniel S. Tevera, Luís F. Goulao and Lucas D. Tivana",hash:"ae9dd92f53433e4607f1db188dc649b4",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Food Systems Resilience",editors:[{id:"171036",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana I.",middleName:null,surname:"Ribeiro-Barros",slug:"ana-i.-ribeiro-barros",fullName:"Ana I. Ribeiro-Barros",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171036/images/system/171036.jpg",institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"University of Lisbon",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society",value:91,count:1}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:189,paginationItems:[{id:"221831",title:"Prof.",name:"Niansheng",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",slug:"niansheng-tang",fullName:"Niansheng Tang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221831/images/system/221831.jpeg",biography:"Niansheng Tang is a Professor of Statistics and Dean of the School of Mathematics and Statistics, Yunnan University, China. He was elected a Yangtze River Scholars Distinguished Professor in 2013, a member of the International Statistical Institute (ISI) in 2016, a member of the board of the International Chinese Statistical Association (ICSA) in 2018, and a fellow of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics (IMS) in 2021. He received the ICSA Outstanding Service Award in 2018 and the National Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of China in 2012. He serves as a member of the editorial board of Statistics and Its Interface and Journal of Systems Science and Complexity. He is also a field editor for Communications in Mathematics and Statistics. His research interests include biostatistics, empirical likelihood, missing data analysis, variable selection, high-dimensional data analysis, Bayesian statistics, and data science. He has published more than 190 research papers and authored five books.",institutionString:"Yunnan University",institution:{name:"Yunnan University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"1177",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"J. R.",surname:"José Ribeiro Neves",slug:"antonio-jose-ribeiro-neves",fullName:"António José Ribeiro Neves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1177/images/system/1177.jpg",biography:"Prof. António J. R. Neves received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from the University of Aveiro, Portugal, in 2007. Since 2002, he has been a researcher at the Institute of Electronics and Informatics Engineering of Aveiro. Since 2007, he has been an assistant professor in the Department of Electronics, Telecommunications, and Informatics, University of Aveiro. He is the director of the undergraduate course on Electrical and Computers Engineering and the vice-director of the master’s degree in Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering. He is an IEEE Senior Member and a member of several other research organizations worldwide. His main research interests are computer vision, intelligent systems, robotics, and image and video processing. He has participated in or coordinated several research projects and received more than thirty-five awards. He has 161 publications to his credit, including books, book chapters, journal articles, and conference papers. He has vast experience as a reviewer of several journals and conferences. As a professor, Dr. Neves has supervised several Ph.D. and master’s students and was involved in more than twenty-five different courses.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"11317",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Javier Gallegos-Funes",slug:"francisco-javier-gallegos-funes",fullName:"Francisco Javier Gallegos-Funes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/11317/images/system/11317.png",biography:"Francisco J. Gallegos-Funes received his Ph.D. in Communications and Electronics from the Instituto Politécnico Nacional de México (National Polytechnic Institute of Mexico) in 2003. He is currently an associate professor in the Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica (Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Higher School) at the same institute. His areas of scientific interest are signal and image processing, filtering, steganography, segmentation, pattern recognition, biomedical signal processing, sensors, and real-time applications.",institutionString:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"428449",title:"Dr.",name:"Ronaldo",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira",slug:"ronaldo-ferreira",fullName:"Ronaldo Ferreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/428449/images/21449_n.png",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165328/images/system/165328.jpg",biography:"Vahid Asadpour, MS, Ph.D., is currently with the Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California. He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:{name:"Association for Computing Machinery",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"417317",title:"Mrs.",name:"Chiedza",middleName:null,surname:"Elvina Mashiri",slug:"chiedza-elvina-mashiri",fullName:"Chiedza Elvina Mashiri",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Midlands State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"352140",title:"Dr.",name:"Edina",middleName:null,surname:"Chandiwana",slug:"edina-chandiwana",fullName:"Edina Chandiwana",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Midlands State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"342259",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Leonard",middleName:null,surname:"Mushunje",slug:"leonard-mushunje",fullName:"Leonard Mushunje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Midlands State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"347042",title:"Mr.",name:"Maxwell",middleName:null,surname:"Mashasha",slug:"maxwell-mashasha",fullName:"Maxwell Mashasha",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Midlands State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"2941",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto J.",middleName:"Jorge",surname:"Rosales-Silva",slug:"alberto-j.-rosales-silva",fullName:"Alberto J. Rosales-Silva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"437913",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Urriolagoitia-Sosa",slug:"guillermo-urriolagoitia-sosa",fullName:"Guillermo Urriolagoitia-Sosa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"435126",title:"Prof.",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"José de Castro Ferreira",slug:"joaquim-jose-de-castro-ferreira",fullName:"Joaquim José de Castro Ferreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"437899",title:"MSc.",name:"Miguel Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Ángel Castillo-Martínez",slug:"miguel-angel-angel-castillo-martinez",fullName:"Miguel Angel Ángel Castillo-Martínez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"289955",title:"Dr.",name:"Raja",middleName:null,surname:"Kishor Duggirala",slug:"raja-kishor-duggirala",fullName:"Raja Kishor Duggirala",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"9",type:"subseries",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11405,editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",slug:"luis-villarreal-gomez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",biography:"Dr. Luis Villarreal is a research professor from the Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana, Baja California, México. Dr. Villarreal is the editor in chief and founder of the Revista de Ciencias Tecnológicas (RECIT) (https://recit.uabc.mx/) and is a member of several editorial and reviewer boards for numerous international journals. He has published more than thirty international papers and reviewed more than ninety-two manuscripts. His research interests include biomaterials, nanomaterials, bioengineering, biosensors, drug delivery systems, and tissue engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343"},editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",slug:"cecilia-cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"gil-goncalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",slug:"johann-f.-osma",fullName:"Johann F. Osma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDv7QAG/Profile_Picture_1626602531691",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad de Los Andes",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Colombia"}}},{id:"69697",title:"Dr.",name:"Mani T.",middleName:null,surname:"Valarmathi",slug:"mani-t.-valarmathi",fullName:"Mani T. Valarmathi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/69697/images/system/69697.jpg",institutionString:"Religen Inc. | A Life Science Company, United States of America",institution:null},{id:"205081",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:"Vinícius",surname:"Chaud",slug:"marco-chaud",fullName:"Marco Chaud",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDGeQAO/Profile_Picture_1622624307737",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Sorocaba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{id:"81321",title:"Velocity Planning via Model-Based Reinforcement Learning: Demonstrating Results on PILCO for One-Dimensional Linear Motion with Bounded Acceleration",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103690",signatures:"Hsuan-Cheng Liao, Han-Jung Chou and Jing-Sin Liu",slug:"velocity-planning-via-model-based-reinforcement-learning-demonstrating-results-on-pilco-for-one-dime",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Applied Intelligence - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11418.jpg",subseries:{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10843",title:"Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)",subtitle:"Monitoring, Impact and Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10843.jpg",slug:"persistent-organic-pollutants-pops-monitoring-impact-and-treatment",publishedDate:"April 13th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",hash:"f5b1589f0a990b6114fef2dadc735dd9",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) - Monitoring, Impact and Treatment",editors:[{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",middleName:null,surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63465/images/system/63465.gif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Aswan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:91,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:333,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:144,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:124,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:23,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[{id:"10",title:"Animal Physiology",scope:"Physiology, the scientific study of functions and mechanisms of living systems, is an essential area of research in its own right, but also in relation to medicine and health sciences. The scope of this topic will range from molecular, biochemical, cellular, and physiological processes in all animal species. Work pertaining to the whole organism, organ systems, individual organs and tissues, cells, and biomolecules will be included. Medical, animal, cell, and comparative physiology and allied fields such as anatomy, histology, and pathology with physiology links will be covered in this topic. Physiology research may be linked to development, aging, environment, regular and pathological processes, adaptation and evolution, exercise, or several other factors affecting, or involved with, animal physiology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/10.jpg",keywords:"Physiology, Comparative, Evolution, Biomolecules, Organ, Homeostasis, Anatomy, Pathology, Medical, Cell Division, Cell Signaling, Cell Growth, Cell Metabolism, Endocrine, Neuroscience, Cardiovascular, Development, Aging, Development"},{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology",scope:"\r\n\tThe integration of tissues and organs throughout the mammalian body, as well as the expression, structure, and function of molecular and cellular components, is essential for modern physiology. The following concerns will be addressed in this Cell Physiology subject, which will consider all organ systems (e.g., brain, heart, lung, liver; gut, kidney, eye) and their interactions: (1) Neurodevelopment and Neurodevelopmental Disease (2) Free Radicals (3) Tumor Metastasis (4) Antioxidants (5) Essential Fatty Acids (6) Melatonin and (7) Lipid Peroxidation Products and Aging Physiology.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/11.jpg",keywords:"Neurodevelopment and Neurodevelopmental Disease, Free Radicals, Tumor Metastasis, Antioxidants, Essential Fatty Acids, Melatonin, Lipid Peroxidation Products and Aging Physiology"},{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology",scope:"Human physiology is the scientific exploration of the various functions (physical, biochemical, and mechanical properties) of humans, their organs, and their constituent cells. The endocrine and nervous systems play important roles in maintaining homeostasis in the human body. Integration, which is the biological basis of physiology, is achieved through communication between the many overlapping functions of the human body's systems, which takes place through electrical and chemical means. Much of the basis of our knowledge of human physiology has been provided by animal experiments. Because of the close relationship between structure and function, studies in human physiology and anatomy seek to understand the mechanisms that help the human body function. The series on human physiology deals with the various mechanisms of interaction between the various organs, nerves, and cells in the human body.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/12.jpg",keywords:"Anatomy, Cells, Organs, Systems, Homeostasis, Functions"},{id:"13",title:"Plant Physiology",scope:"Plant Physiology explores fundamental processes in plants, and it includes subtopics such as plant nutrition, plant hormone, photosynthesis, respiration, and plant stress. In recent years, emerging technologies such as multi-omics, high-throughput technologies, and genome editing tools could assist plant physiologists in unraveling molecular mechanisms in specific critical pathways. The global picture of physiological processes in plants needs to be investigated continually to increase our knowledge, and the resulting technologies will benefit sustainable agriculture.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/13.jpg",keywords:"Plant Nutrition, Plant Hormone, Photosynthesis, Respiration, Plant Stress, Multi-omics, High-throughput Technology, Genome Editing"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188",scope:"This series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in various Infectious Diseases (as per the most recent Baltimore classification). Topics will include general overviews of infections, immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, etiology, and current clinical recommendations for managing infectious diseases. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This book series will focus on various aspects and properties of infectious diseases whose deep understanding is essential for safeguarding the human race from losing resources and economies due to pathogens.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 16th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:124,numberOfPublishedBooks:13,editor:{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},subseries:[{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Antibiotics, Biofilm, Antibiotic Resistance, Host-microbiota Relationship, Treatment, Diagnostic Tools",scope:"