Glossary of terms and definitions.
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Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"10787",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Hepatocellular Carcinoma - Challenges and Opportunities of a Multidisciplinary Approach",title:"Hepatocellular Carcinoma",subtitle:"Challenges and Opportunities of a Multidisciplinary Approach",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents one of the most significant global health issues, given its high prevalence and the challenging nature and physiology of the liver and hepatic surgery, in its many forms. This means that the most appropriate management for HCC should incorporate a multidisciplinary approach, combining the expertise from several different specialties. This book showcases the various steps in the development, diagnosis, staging, and management of HCC and provides views and thoughts from true experts in the field. As such, it is a useful resource for any physician or surgeon, whether training or practicing, who is interested in caring for patients with HCC.",isbn:"978-1-83969-111-9",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-110-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-112-6",doi:null,price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"hepatocellular-carcinoma-challenges-and-opportunities-of-a-multidisciplinary-approach",numberOfPages:202,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"bc00a66513e51003e5dbbc0294e0fc3d",bookSignature:"Georgios Tsoulfas",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10787.jpg",numberOfDownloads:1240,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:null,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 8th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 5th 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"June 4th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 23rd 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 22nd 2021",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"57412",title:"Prof.",name:"Georgios",middleName:null,surname:"Tsoulfas",slug:"georgios-tsoulfas",fullName:"Georgios Tsoulfas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/57412/images/system/57412.png",biography:"Dr. Georgios Tsoulfas received his medical degree from Brown University School of Medicine, Rhode Island, and completed his general surgery residency at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, as well as a transplant research fellowship at the Starzl Transplant Institute, University of Pittsburgh. He then completed a two-year transplantation surgery fellowship at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and then joined the Division of Solid Organ Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Surgery at the University of Rochester Medical Center, New York, as Assistant Professor of Surgery. He has currently moved back to Greece, where he is a Professor of Transplantation Surgery and Chief of the Department of Transplantation Surgery at the Aristotle University School of Medicine. He has published more than 150 papers in peer-reviewed journals and PubMed, as well as 35 book chapters. He is a reviewer for more than forty international journals and serves on the editorial boards of several others.",institutionString:"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"6",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"8",institution:{name:"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1078",title:"Gastrointestinal Oncology",slug:"gastrointestinal-oncology"}],chapters:[{id:"78357",title:"Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) - Induced Hepatocarcinogenesis, a Founding Framework of Cancer Evolution and Development (Cancer Evo-Dev)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99838",slug:"hepatitis-b-virus-hbv-induced-hepatocarcinogenesis-a-founding-framework-of-cancer-evolution-and-deve",totalDownloads:103,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, we present the founding framework of a novel theory termed as Cancer Evolution-Development (Cancer Evo-Dev), based on the current understanding of hepatitis B virus (HBV) induced hepatocarcinogenesis. The interactions of genetic predispositions and HBV infection is responsible for the maintenance of chronic non-resolving inflammation. Under the inflammatory microenvironment, pro-inflammatory factors trans-activate the expression of cytidine deaminases and suppress the expression of uracil DNA glycosylase. The imbalance between the mutagenic forces and mutation-correcting forces facilitates the generations of somatic mutations, viral mutations, and viral integrations into the host genomes. The majority of cells with genomic mutations and mutated viruses are eliminated in survival competition. Only a small percentage of the mutated cells adapted to the hostile environment can survive, retro-differentiate, and function as cancer-initiating cells, representing a process of “mutation-selection-adaptation”. Cancer Evo-Dev lays the theoretical foundation for understanding the mechanisms by which chronic infection of HBV promotes hepatocarcinogenesis. This theory also plays an important role in specific prophylaxis, prediction, early diagnosis, and targeted treatment of cancers.",signatures:"Wenbin Liu and Guangwen Cao",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78357",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78357",authors:[{id:"355126",title:"Prof.",name:"Guangwen",surname:"Cao",slug:"guangwen-cao",fullName:"Guangwen Cao"},{id:"355203",title:"Dr.",name:"Wenbin",surname:"Liu",slug:"wenbin-liu",fullName:"Wenbin Liu"}],corrections:null},{id:"78741",title:"Histopathological Features of the Steatohepatitic Variant of Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Its Relationship with Fatty Liver Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99842",slug:"histopathological-features-of-the-steatohepatitic-variant-of-hepatocellular-carcinoma-and-its-relati",totalDownloads:77,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary malignant tumor of the liver in adults. Steatohepatitic HCC (SH-HCC) is a recently described, rarer variant of HCC and is associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The relationship between fatty liver disease and/or steatohepatitis and SH-HCC is now known. This subtype can be confused with lipid-containing nodules (such as cirrhotic nodules, regenerative nodules, focal nodular hyperplasia) clinically, radiologically and histopathologically. Here, the histopathological features of SH-HCC, its relationship with fatty liver disease and briefly its clinical features will be discussed. In addition, histopathological features of this specific variant, immunohistochemical staining of the tumor and diagnostic difficulties in tru-cut biopsies will also be discussed. Actually, I think this article will raise clinicopathological awareness about this rare variant.",signatures:"Emine Turkmen Samdanci",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78741",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78741",authors:[{id:"357242",title:"Prof.",name:"Emine",surname:"Turkmen Samdanci",slug:"emine-turkmen-samdanci",fullName:"Emine Turkmen Samdanci"}],corrections:null},{id:"78261",title:"Multimodal Imaging of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Using Dynamic Liver Phantom",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99861",slug:"multimodal-imaging-of-hepatocellular-carcinoma-using-dynamic-liver-phantom",totalDownloads:142,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Liver phantom is used at various medical levels, such as detecting hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the early stages, training medical staff to deal with HCC by taking biopsies, developing new sequences on medical imaging devices, confirming the image quality, applying treatments to HCC, and others. All of the trials should be applied before entering the real human body. The phantom includes properties very similar to those of the human body, as well as the properties of liver cancer and how it is treated within the body through its biological form. Therefore, the present chapter aims to provide comprehensive information to consider when fabricating HCC-containing phantoms and the characteristics of those phantoms in proportion to multimodal medical imaging to aid in understanding the main target of dynamic phantom for HCC.",signatures:"Muntaser S. Ahmad, Osama Makhamrah and Mohammad Hjouj",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78261",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78261",authors:[{id:"354581",title:"Dr.",name:"Muntaser",surname:"S.Ahmad",slug:"muntaser-s.ahmad",fullName:"Muntaser S.Ahmad"},{id:"428307",title:"Ms.",name:"Osama",surname:"Makhamrah",slug:"osama-makhamrah",fullName:"Osama Makhamrah"},{id:"428308",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad",surname:"Hjouj",slug:"mohammad-hjouj",fullName:"Mohammad Hjouj"}],corrections:null},{id:"78406",title:"Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Diagnosis and Surveillance",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99839",slug:"hepatocellular-carcinoma-diagnosis-and-surveillance",totalDownloads:157,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Hepatocellular carcinoma arises commonly on the background of liver cirrhosis. Patients presenting with clinical symptoms have advanced stage and often are unsuitable for curative therapies. Diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma is commonly performed by multiphase computed tomography (CT) and / or magnetic resonance imaging scans (MRI). Contrast enhanced ultrasound and MRI with hepatobiliary contrast agents are better in characterizing small lesions. Tumor markers play an adjunct role in diagnosis. For HCC in cirrhotic liver biopsy is seldom required and diagnosis is based on typical imaging features of non-rim arterial phase hyperenhancement and washout on delayed phase and pseudocapsule appearance. This is due to differential blood supply of liver parenchyma, regenerative nodules and tumor. Biopsy is only required in noncirrhotic liver, vascular liver diseases, atypical imaging features. Surveillance programs involving high risk groups can help in early detection of lesions which are amenable for curative therapies. Biannual ultrasound with or without alfa fetoprotein are commonly used surveillance tests. Multidisciplinary teams provide platform for care coordination, reassessments of clinical course, and fine changes in treatment plans required for management of this complex group of patients.",signatures:"Aditya Kale",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78406",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78406",authors:[{id:"355318",title:"Dr.",name:"Aditya",surname:"Kale",slug:"aditya-kale",fullName:"Aditya Kale"}],corrections:null},{id:"77115",title:"Circulating Biomarkers for Early Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98483",slug:"circulating-biomarkers-for-early-diagnosis-of-hepatocellular-carcinoma",totalDownloads:171,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors, which is also often fatal. An early and accurate diagnosis is a decisive step towards the survival of the patients. Molecular biology improved significantly the prognosis of liver cancers through learned use of tumor markers like proteantigens, cytokines, enzymes, isoenzymes, circulating RNAs, gene mutations and methylations. Nevertheless, much improvement is still achievable and needed in this area, which is crucial in order to make an early diagnosis and monitor the progression of the disease. We present in this review what we believe to be the most relevant data regarding tissue and serum biomarkers related to HCC.",signatures:"Hoang Van Tong, Pham Van Dung, Nguyen Thi Mong Diep and Nguyen Linh Toan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77115",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77115",authors:[{id:"417099",title:"Dr.",name:"Hoang",surname:"Van Tong",slug:"hoang-van-tong",fullName:"Hoang Van Tong"},{id:"417100",title:"Dr.",name:"Pham",surname:"Van Dung",slug:"pham-van-dung",fullName:"Pham Van Dung"},{id:"417101",title:"Dr.",name:"Nguyen",surname:"Thi Mong Diep",slug:"nguyen-thi-mong-diep",fullName:"Nguyen Thi Mong Diep"},{id:"417102",title:"Prof.",name:"Nguyen",surname:"Linh Toan",slug:"nguyen-linh-toan",fullName:"Nguyen Linh Toan"}],corrections:null},{id:"78483",title:"Classification of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Using Machine Learning",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99841",slug:"classification-of-hepatocellular-carcinoma-using-machine-learning",totalDownloads:125,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) proves to be challenging for detection and classification of its stages mainly due to the lack of disparity between cancerous and non cancerous cells. This work focuses on detecting hepatic cancer stages from histopathology data using machine learning techniques. It aims to develop a prototype which helps the pathologists to deliver a report in a quick manner and detect the stage of the cancer cell. Hence we propose a system to identify and classify HCC based on the features obtained by deep learning using pre-trained models such as VGG-16, ResNet-50, DenseNet-121, InceptionV3, InceptionResNet50 and Xception followed by machine learning using support vector machine (SVM) to learn from these features. The accuracy obtained using the system comprised of DenseNet-121 for feature extraction and SVM for classification gives 82% accuracy.",signatures:"Lekshmi Kalinathan, Deepika Sivasankaran, Janet Reshma Jeyasingh, Amritha Sennappa Sudharsan and Hareni Marimuthu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78483",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78483",authors:[{id:"355782",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Lekshmi",surname:"Kalinathan",slug:"lekshmi-kalinathan",fullName:"Lekshmi Kalinathan"},{id:"421771",title:"Ms.",name:"Deepika",surname:"Sivasankaran",slug:"deepika-sivasankaran",fullName:"Deepika Sivasankaran"},{id:"421773",title:"Ms.",name:"Amritha",surname:"Sennappa Sudharsan",slug:"amritha-sennappa-sudharsan",fullName:"Amritha Sennappa Sudharsan"},{id:"421774",title:"Ms.",name:"Janet Reshma",surname:"Jeyasingh",slug:"janet-reshma-jeyasingh",fullName:"Janet Reshma Jeyasingh"},{id:"421775",title:"Ms.",name:"Hareni",surname:"Marimuthu",slug:"hareni-marimuthu",fullName:"Hareni Marimuthu"}],corrections:null},{id:"78329",title:"Minimally Invasive Surgery for Hepatocellular Carcinoma; Latest Advances",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99840",slug:"minimally-invasive-surgery-for-hepatocellular-carcinoma-latest-advances",totalDownloads:57,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Surgical resection is the gold standard for hepatocellular carcinoma management for early stages of the disease. With advances in technology and techniques, minimally invasive surgery provides a great number of advantages for these patients during their surgery and for their post-operative care. The selection of patients following a multi-disciplinary approach is of paramount importance. Adding to this, the developments in laparoscopic instruments and training, as well as the promising advantages of robotic surgery along with other forms of technology, increase the pool of patients that can undergo operation safely and with good results worldwide. We review results from great centres worldwide and delineate the accurate multi-disciplinary approach for this.",signatures:"Alexandros Giakoustidis, Apostolos Koffas, Dimitrios Giakoustidis and Vasileios N. Papadopoulos",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78329",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78329",authors:[{id:"40807",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",surname:"Giakoustidis",slug:"alexandros-giakoustidis",fullName:"Alexandros Giakoustidis"},{id:"423726",title:"Dr.",name:"Apostolos",surname:"Koffas",slug:"apostolos-koffas",fullName:"Apostolos Koffas"},{id:"423727",title:"Prof.",name:"Dimitrios",surname:"Giakoustidis",slug:"dimitrios-giakoustidis",fullName:"Dimitrios Giakoustidis"},{id:"423728",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasileios N.",surname:"Papadopoulos",slug:"vasileios-n.-papadopoulos",fullName:"Vasileios N. Papadopoulos"}],corrections:null},{id:"80990",title:"Laparoscopic Liver Resection for Hepatocellular Carcinoma",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102981",slug:"laparoscopic-liver-resection-for-hepatocellular-carcinoma",totalDownloads:26,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), remains one of the most common causes of cancer-related death globally. HCC typically arises in the setting of chronic liver disease and cirrhosis and as such, treatment must be balanced between the biology of the tumor, underlying liver function and performance status of the patient. Hepatic resection is the procedure of choice in patients with high-performance status who harbor a solitary mass (regardless of size). Before the first laparoscopic hepatectomy (LH) was described as early as 1991, open hepatectomy (OH) was the only choice for surgical treatment of liver tumors. LH indications were initially based solely on tumor location, size, and type and was only used for partial resection of the anterolateral segments. Since then, LH has been shown to share the benefits of other laparoscopic procedures, such as earlier recovery and discharge, and reduced postoperative pain; these are obtained with no differences in oncologic outcomes compared to open resection. Specific to liver resection, LH can limit the volume of intraoperative blood loss, shorten portal clamp time and decrease overall and liver-specific complications. This chapter will offer an overview of standard steps are in pursuing laparoscopic liver resection, be it for a minor segmentectomy or a lobectomy.",signatures:"Melina Vlami, Nikolaos Arkadopoulos and Ioannis Hatzaras",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80990",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80990",authors:[{id:"355048",title:"Prof.",name:"Ioannis",surname:"Hatzaras",slug:"ioannis-hatzaras",fullName:"Ioannis Hatzaras"},{id:"452698",title:"Prof.",name:"Nikolaos",surname:"Arkadopoulos",slug:"nikolaos-arkadopoulos",fullName:"Nikolaos Arkadopoulos"},{id:"452699",title:"Ms.",name:"Melina",surname:"Vlami",slug:"melina-vlami",fullName:"Melina Vlami"}],corrections:null},{id:"78327",title:"Treatment of Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99837",slug:"treatment-of-advanced-hepatocellular-carcinoma",totalDownloads:90,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer and represents the fourth most common cause of cancer related death worldwide. Treatment of HCC is dictated based upon cancer stage, with the most universally accepted staging system being the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) staging system. This system takes into account tumor burden, active liver function, and patient performance status. BCLC stage C HCC is deemed advanced disease, which is often characterized by preserved liver function (Child-Pugh A or B) with potential portal invasion, extrahepatic spread, cancer related symptoms, or decreased performance status. Sorafenib has been the standard treatment for advanced HCC over the past decade; however, its use is limited by low response rates, decreased tolerance, and limited survival benefit. Researchers and clinicians have been investigating effective treatment modalities for HCC over the past several years with a focus on systemic regimens, locoregional therapy, and invasive approaches. In this systemic review, we discuss the management of advanced HCC as well as the ongoing research on various treatment opportunities for these patients.",signatures:"Mahmoud Aryan, Ellery Altshuler, Xia Qian and Wei Zhang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78327",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78327",authors:[{id:"345604",title:"Dr.",name:"Ellery",surname:"Altshuler",slug:"ellery-altshuler",fullName:"Ellery Altshuler"},{id:"355009",title:"Dr.",name:"Wei",surname:"Zhang",slug:"wei-zhang",fullName:"Wei Zhang"},{id:"357255",title:"M.D.",name:"Mahmoud",surname:"Aryan",slug:"mahmoud-aryan",fullName:"Mahmoud Aryan"},{id:"435070",title:"Dr.",name:"Xia",surname:"Qian",slug:"xia-qian",fullName:"Xia Qian"}],corrections:null},{id:"78221",title:"Research Frontier of Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment Guided by Molecular Typing of Hepatocellular Carcinoma",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99836",slug:"research-frontier-of-accurate-diagnosis-and-treatment-guided-by-molecular-typing-of-hepatocellular-c",totalDownloads:100,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Liver cancer will continue to be a major disease threatening the lives and health of our people in the next few decades. In recent years, with the development of early diagnosis and treatment of liver cancer, precise liver resection, and the development of targeted and immunotherapeutic drugs, the survival rate of liver cancer patients has been improved. Nevertheless, due to the high heterogeneity of liver cancer, patients with liver cancer in the same clinical stage still have great differences in response to treatment and prognosis. New staging and classification indicators are urgently needed to facilitate accurate diagnosis and treatment of liver cancer, so as to further improve the survival rate of patients. The continuous progress and development of multi-omics technology, single-cell technology, tumor molecular visualization technology and medical artificial intelligence, etc., make the molecular classification of liver cancer more and more approaching the true nature of tumor biological characteristics, thus contributing to the accurate diagnosis and treatment of liver cancer.",signatures:"Haicaho Zhao, Changzhou Chen and Jiefeng He",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78221",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78221",authors:[{id:"354074",title:"Dr.",name:"Haichao",surname:"Zhao",slug:"haichao-zhao",fullName:"Haichao Zhao"},{id:"354075",title:"Dr.",name:"Changzhou",surname:"Chen",slug:"changzhou-chen",fullName:"Changzhou Chen"},{id:"354848",title:"Prof.",name:"Jiefeng",surname:"He",slug:"jiefeng-he",fullName:"Jiefeng He"}],corrections:null},{id:"79097",title:"Surgical Therapy of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: State of the Art Liver Resection",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100231",slug:"surgical-therapy-of-hepatocellular-carcinoma-state-of-the-art-liver-resection",totalDownloads:111,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents the third most common cause of cancer-related death, showing incremental growth rates throughout the last decades. HCC requires multidisciplinary approach in a group of patients suffering from underlying chronic liver disease, usually in the setting of cirrhosis. The mainstay of treatment in resectable cases is surgery, with anatomic and non-anatomic liver resections widely implemented, as well as liver transplantation in well-selected individuals. Nowadays, there is a variety of liver parenchyma transection devices used by hepatobiliary surgeons in specialized centers, which has significantly improved postoperative outcomes in HCC patients. Therefore, hepatectomy is considered safe and feasible and should be the main therapeutic option for HCC patients, candidates for resection. Liver resection utilizing cavitron ultrasonic aspirator in combination with bipolar radiofrequency ablation is safe and effective for the treatment of HCC with favorable clinical and oncological outcomes.",signatures:"Spyridon Davakis, Michail Vailas, Alexandros Kozadinos, Panagiotis Sakarellos, Anastasia Karampa, Dimitrios Korkolis, Georgios Glantzounis, Alexandros Papalampros and Evangelos Felekouras",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79097",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79097",authors:[{id:"357291",title:"Prof.",name:"Evangelos",surname:"Felekouras",slug:"evangelos-felekouras",fullName:"Evangelos Felekouras"},{id:"477996",title:"Dr.",name:"Spyridon",surname:"Davakis",slug:"spyridon-davakis",fullName:"Spyridon Davakis"},{id:"477997",title:"Dr.",name:"Michail",surname:"Vailas",slug:"michail-vailas",fullName:"Michail Vailas"},{id:"477998",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",surname:"Kozadinos",slug:"alexandros-kozadinos",fullName:"Alexandros Kozadinos"},{id:"477999",title:"Dr.",name:"Panagiotis",surname:"Sakarellos",slug:"panagiotis-sakarellos",fullName:"Panagiotis Sakarellos"},{id:"478000",title:"Dr.",name:"Anastasia",surname:"Karampa",slug:"anastasia-karampa",fullName:"Anastasia Karampa"},{id:"478001",title:"Dr.",name:"Dimitrios",surname:"Korkolis",slug:"dimitrios-korkolis",fullName:"Dimitrios Korkolis"},{id:"478002",title:"Dr.",name:"Georgios",surname:"Glantzounis",slug:"georgios-glantzounis",fullName:"Georgios Glantzounis"},{id:"478003",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",surname:"Papalampros",slug:"alexandros-papalampros",fullName:"Alexandros Papalampros"}],corrections:null},{id:"78669",title:"Systemic Therapy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100257",slug:"systemic-therapy-in-hepatocellular-carcinoma",totalDownloads:86,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Systemic therapy of advanced stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was limited to the sorafenib in the past decade since 2007. Novel agents including multiple targeting agents, immune checkpoint inhibitors and anti-angiogenesis reported efficacy in treatment. This is the first time, the combination of atezolizumab and bevacizumab as first-line treatment is superior to sorafenib. Standard guideline in advanced HCC was changing. New novel drugs increase in available including multiple targeting agents and immune checkpoint blockade such as Lenvatinib, regorafenib, cabozantinib, ramucirumab and immunotherapy as first line or second line therapy will benefit in term of survival benefit and quality of life in advanced stage or unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma.",signatures:"Chanchai Charonpongsuntorn",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78669",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78669",authors:[{id:"353777",title:"Dr.",name:"chanchai",surname:"Charonpongsuntorn",slug:"chanchai-charonpongsuntorn",fullName:"chanchai Charonpongsuntorn"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6705",title:"Organ Donation and Transplantation",subtitle:"Current Status and Future 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The contents of the book will be written by multiple authors and edited by experts in the field.",isbn:null,printIsbn:null,pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"e52adaee8e54f51c2ba4972daeb410f7",bookSignature:"",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11699.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 30th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 21st 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"December 20th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"March 10th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"May 9th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"10 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:1,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6550",title:"Cohort Studies in Health Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"01df5aba4fff1a84b37a2fdafa809660",slug:"cohort-studies-in-health-sciences",bookSignature:"R. 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In the last 20 years, novel techniques utilising next-generation sequencing (NGS) to identify bacteria have become available, enabling detection and description of bacterial communities without the need for conventional culture. These technologies have allowed a greater understanding of bacterial communities throughout the human body and have revealed functional roles in both health and disease.
A healthy human gut, for example, is home to a highly diverse community of bacteria, termed as microbiome, which has symbiotic functions including metabolism of otherwise indigestible compounds and defence against opportunistic pathogens [1, 2]. Furthermore, bacteria in the gut influence the stimulation and development of the innate mucosal immune system [3]. In addition to the roles in health, there has been significant interest in the relationship between microbiomes and diseases such as obesity, inflammatory bowel disease and diabetes mellitus [4, 5, 6].
Studies utilising culture-independent techniques to analyse the lungs have identified the presence of bacterial communities that are much more complex than the previously appreciated. The lungs were long considered to be an inherently sterile environment, in part due to the fact that conventional culture techniques often yielded negative results during health and it was only during disease that pathogens were detected. However, the advent of culture-independent techniques has demonstrated that multiple organisms comprise a community, termed the ‘microbiome’, in the lungs of patients, both healthy and diseased [7, 8, 9]. In this chapter, we discuss the techniques employed in 16S rRNA sequencing and the evidence these techniques have generated so far in relation to cystic fibrosis.
The 16S rRNA gene codes for a ribosomal subunit present in nearly all bacteria. The gene itself is approximately 1.5 kb long and consists of conserved regions, similar in nearly all microorganisms, and nine variable regions labelled, V1–V9, which are practically specific to each microorganism [10]. The identification of a specific DNA sequence that corresponds to the known variable region of 16S rRNA gene can allow discrimination of the presence and relative abundance of different microorganisms (Figure 1).
Schematic illustration of structure of the 16S rRNA gene. Orange regions—variable regions; blue region—conserved region.
Once the samples have been processed, DNA is extracted, and the 16S rRNA gene is amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Next-generation sequencing allows elucidation of the precise gene sequences, and online reference databases can then be used to match each sequence to an organism and quantify its relative proportion within a multispecies population. However, it is important to note that sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene has limited resolution and often cannot distinguish species with similar gene sequences apart. Therefore, instead of distinct species, sequences are referenced against and assigned into operational taxonomic units (OTU) (see Table 1).
Term | Definition | |
---|---|---|
Microbiome | The microorganisms in a particular environment | |
16S rRNA gene | A gene which codes for a ribosomal subunit. Present in all prokaryotes and has variable regions, which differ slightly between bacterial species | |
Richness | A measure of the number of species in a community | |
Evenness | A measure of similarity of the relative abundance for each species in a community That is, does one species dominate, or do all species have similar relative abundance? | |
Diversity | A measure of variety in a community. Combination of richness and evenness | |
Alpha diversity | Within-sample diversity | |
Beta diversity | Between-sample diversity | |
Operational taxonomic unit (OTU) | Group of strains/species with similar 16S rRNA gene sequences |
Glossary of terms and definitions.
Given the large number of species identified even in healthy lungs, ecological theory and analyses are often employed to understand community dynamics [9]. According to ecological principles, the composition of the lung microbiome is determined by three factors:
Immigration of organisms into the lung
Elimination of microbes from the airways
Regional growth factors [11]
The lung microbiome in healthy individuals is dictated largely by immigration and elimination and hence generally consists predominantly of those Gram-negative anaerobes also resident in the oral flora such as
Understanding the development of the CF respiratory microbiota in early life has attracted interest in order to appreciate the driving factors behind the distinct microbiota seen later in life and also to identify potential opportunities for intervention. Neonates and infants cannot expectorate sputum independently, and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is only used sparingly; hence, upper respiratory tract samples are often used as surrogates. The imperfection of this approach was recently highlighted where large differences in concordance between BAL samples and upper respiratory tract (URT) samples were observed in some taxa [12]. Nevertheless, concordance was high for some important taxa such as
The composition of CF nasopharyngeal microbiota diverges from that of non-CF infants as early as the first few months of life [13, 14]. Newborn healthy infants appear to have nasopharyngeal microbiota dominated by
The divergence observed in the first few months of life usually precedes antibiotic administration and demonstrates that CF itself is associated with compositional changes in the microbiota, but as CF infants grow older, exposure to antibiotics, either via acute treatment for respiratory illnesses or prophylaxis against classic CF pathogens, becomes inevitable. Mika et al. investigated the relationship between antibiotics and the nasal microbiota by prospectively following 30 newborn infants with CF with fortnightly sampling for the first 12 months of life [14]. Antibiotic administration was associated with an increase in the Shannon diversity measure (a measure of the richness and evenness of a community), but this was judged to be most likely secondary to an increase in transient colonisers. Interestingly, antibiotic therapy was staphylococcal directed, but decreases in
As babies grow older, sampling from the lower airways becomes more common, and comparisons between the lower and upper airways become feasible. Given the close proximity and interrelated spaces of the nose, throat and lungs, it could be expected that they all may share similar community structures; however, the reality is that the nasal community appears different from that of the throat and lung, which are much more closely aligned. Boutin et al. found differences in the community structure of the nasal cavity compared to throat and sputum samples; in that diversity, richness and evenness were significantly higher in nasal samples, and up to 21 of the 76 most abundant nasal OTUs were not present in the throat or sputum samples [16]. Interestingly, the authors also found that subjects could be broadly defined into one of two ecotypes based on the presence or absence of
Once the lungs are colonised with CF pathogens, a pattern of progressively uneven community structures ensues. Cox et al. examined biobanked sputum samples from a cohort of 63 clinically stable people with CF of ages ranging from 9 months to 72 years [7]. This cross-sectional approach identified the loss of community richness, evenness and diversity as age increased.
Zhao et al. were the first to confirm these findings longitudinally when they followed up six patients over a 9-year period with serial sputum collections. It was observed that the three patients with what they termed as more ‘progressive’ disease had significant decreases in community diversity over the course of several years. Decreasing lung function and increasing age were also associated with decreasing community diversity [19]. This study was soon followed by Fodor et al. who focussed more on changes in the microbiota associated with acute changes in clinical status but did observe a strong correlation between low species richness and poor lung function [20]. Stokell et al. followed up a single patient up to over 3 years and observed increasing total bacterial load as well as diminishing community richness and diversity [21].
Contrastingly, Whelan et al. recently published a study of six patients who submitted thrice-weekly sputum samples for a year [22]. No overall changes in community structure were observed over the course of the year, and the authors concluded that the respiratory microbiome is unique to each patient and the previously reported associations between community structure and clinical parameters may be true on a cohort/population level but not at an individual level. There is some merit in this argument, but it is also worth noting that the six patients in the study appeared relatively stable with a median of only one exacerbation in the 12-month study period. It is also therefore a possibility that the follow-up period was not long enough to capture the more indolent changes likely to be present in those patients [23]. A much longer study period was adopted by Acosta et al. [24] who analysed samples from matched patients with biobanked sputum samples in three historic cohorts spanning nearly 20 years at a single centre. Across all the three cohorts, the core microbiome constituents were preserved, but the proportion of
The association reported in most studies between community structure and clinical outcomes has inevitably led to the question of whether a less diverse or even rich microbiome is simply a marker of increased pulmonary disease or is itself a driver in disease pathogenesis [25]. If the latter were true, efforts to promote a more diverse community could have the potential to slow pulmonary disease progression. An Italian group has led efforts to find patterns or signatures in the microbiome that may predispose patients to accelerated lung function decline; however, no causal association has been elucidated [26, 27, 28]. Instead, Zhao et al. found that the relationship between age, lung function and community diversity disappeared once controlled for antibiotic use, thus suggesting antibiotic therapy is the predominant driver of reducing community diversity [19]. The same group later developed a statistical approach to more precisely correct the antibiotic exposure when examining relationships between microbiota and clinical outcomes. The approach was applied to 478 sputum samples and confirmed that antibiotic use was an independent predictor for decreased diversity [29].
Accurately recording antibiotic use is troublesome in longitudinal studies due to the frequent episodic use of antibiotics in CF which is often self-directed by patients themselves, due to the widespread use of long-term antibiotics for which compliance may be heterogeneous and also due to the retrospective nature of a number of CF microbiome studies [30]. However, Pittman et al. were able to prospectively perform bronchoscopy and record antibiotic exposure of 32 subjects as part of the AREST-CF study. In that study, community diversity was much lower in the BAL of those patients receiving antibiotics [31].
Thus it appears likely that the strong association between community structure and degree of lung disease is related to the inevitable prolonged and aggressive use of antibiotics in CF rather than direct pathogenesis from a less diverse microbiome.
Despite the importance of exacerbations on long-term outcomes of people with CF, the pathophysiology of these events remains undefined [32, 33]. Clinically, exacerbations are frequent and are characterised by rapid changes in symptoms such as an increase in sputum volume or purulence, shortness of breath and fatigue. The precise mechanisms underlying these important events remain elusive, and studies looking for answers using culture-independent techniques have not found consistent answers. For example, one may expect to find evidence of increases in known pathogens at the time of exacerbations, yet there is no consistent evidence of this [23]. In fact, a number of studies have found the CF microbiota to be extremely stable over time and resilient to change at exacerbation and following subsequent treatment [19, 20, 34, 35].
However, when the community structure as a whole is considered, a number of larger studies have found reduced diversity or richness at the times of exacerbation compared to clinical stability. Coburn et al. found small decreases in Shannon diversity in exacerbation samples compared to their baseline study of 269 people with CF [18]. Similarly, Filkins et al. found that samples taken during exacerbations had significantly lower diversity than samples taken when patients were stable [36]. Perhaps most convincingly, Li et al. collated data from 18 previous studies to analyse over 700 sputum samples and found that there were significant reductions in community richness at exacerbation [37].
Whilst increases in
The first concept is supported by Whelan et al. who found in longitudinal sampling of six patients that some but not all exacerbations were associated with changes in the microbiota [22]. Attempts to identify different types of exacerbations in COPD have identified four distinct aetiological clusters, bacterial, viral, eosinophilic predominant and ‘paucinflammatory’, and even though these clusters may not be mirrored in CF, it is plausible that not all exacerbation clusters would be associated with changes apparent in either individual taxa or overall bacterial community structure [39].
Changes in the metabolic activity of specific taxa or the community as a whole triggering an exacerbation could be another explanation for an apparent lack of change in the community structure seen in some studies. The metabolites lactate and putrescine were found by Twomey et al. to increase during exacerbation in the absence of clear changes in the community structure [40]. Quinn et al. used the ecological functional networking to identify the non-mevalonate pathway of isoprenoid synthesis as a ‘keystone’ pathway in CF infections. Intriguingly fosmidomycin, an antimalarial agent, is known to be effective at targeting this pathway [41].
The second concept to emerge from the study of Carmody et al. relates to the changes in
To summarise, the aetiologies underpinning the transition from a stable state to an acute exacerbation are not well understood. It is likely that there multiple aetiological clusters but only some of which may be associated with changes in community structure.
Traditional dogma would dictate that intensive, targeted antimicrobial therapy with dual anti-pseudomonal agents will result in significant reductions in abundance of
One of the predominant themes that has emerged from studies of the respiratory microbiota response to acute antibiotics is that
In contrast, two studies have found reductions in
There are a number of factors that may explain the differences between the studies mentioned in this section, and many of them apply to studies of the CF microbiome in general. The most obvious is the heterogeneous study designs, which are mostly retrospective and observational in nature and include a wide range of antibiotic regimens. For example, some authors such as Cuthbertson and Daniels included exacerbations treated with oral antibiotics as well as those requiring intravenous therapy [35, 45]. Milder exacerbations are often treated with oral antibiotics, and hence associated changes in the microbiota may also be expected to be more subtle. Even in those studies where only intravenous regimens were used, the antibiotic regimens or doses given are often not listed. The lack of a control or comparator group further makes interpreting results difficult [35, 45].
A further consideration is the sampling timeframes in each study, where again there exists a considerable variation that may have implications for interpreting results, particularly given that Smith et al. reported significant but transient reductions in
Sample collection, storage, handling and DNA extraction techniques all also have the potential to impact on subsequent sequencing results. For example, multiple freeze–thaw cycles have been demonstrated to affect the results of microbiota analysis in respiratory samples [49]. Furthermore, different sequencing platforms can also produce different profiles [50].
There is no universally standardised protocol for the extraction of DNA from respiratory samples, and hence methods are often inconsistent between study groups. One obvious inconsistency is the use of propidium monoazide (PMA), a chemical compound that binds DNA in cells with damaged membranes and hence allows exclusion of non-viable DNA from sequencing. Excluding non-viable DNA has been suggested to be important for accurately identifying which members of the community are active at times of exacerbation and helps to avoid overestimation of viable microorganisms following treatment with antibiotics, but it is not utilised by all groups [51, 52]. There are concerns that PMA may incompletely penetrate sputum, hence only identifying a portion of non-viable cells. PMA is also known to stain viable cells of some species and stain dead cells in others [53]. In CF exacerbations, PMA treatment was not found to significantly alter the community as a whole, and only changes in low abundance ‘satellite’ taxa were apparent [51].
Overall, there is certainly evidence that acute antibiotic administration alters the respiratory microbiota; however, in the absence of prospective controlled trials, it is difficult to interpret these results given the confounders mentioned above. Indeed there have been calls for future clinical trials in CF to include biobanking of samples to allow a more rigorous scrutiny of the effect of antibiotic agents on the microbiome [54].
Inhaled antibiotics such as colistimethate (COL), tobramycin (TOB), aztreonam (AZLI) and levofloxacin (LIS) preparations are all licenced in the UK for the treatment of chronic
In the last 5 years, treatments targeted towards correcting the underlying defect in CF have become available. Ivacaftor, a cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) potentiator, is licenced specifically for the treatment of people with a G551D mutation and a number of other rare gating mutations, which together account for approximately 5–10% of the CF population in the UK [60]. In this subset of the CF population, ivacaftor use has been associated with improvements in lung function, reductions in exacerbations, reductions in sweat chloride, improved weight gain and improved quality of life [61, 62]. The restoration of CFTR activity by ivacaftor and the associated clinical benefits, in particular improved lung function and reductions in exacerbation, has inevitably raised questions as to whether ivacaftor has an antimicrobial effect.
Theoretically, ivacaftor could have an antimicrobial effect in a number of ways. Firstly, the restoration of CFTR activity should result in a rehydrated airway surface layer, and this in turn will allow the mucociliary escalator to function physiologically. The improved clearance of airway secretions would then result in the elimination of bacteria. Secondly, the restoration of CFTR activity could result in a dramatic change in the local pulmonary microenvironment, turning a previously favourable environmental niche into an inhospitable one for resident microbiota. There is evidence to support a similar effect in the GI tract, where CFTR modulation with ivacaftor was associated with improved proximal small intestinal pH, likely secondary to improved bicarbonate secretion [63]. Thirdly, a direct bactericidal effect of ivacaftor itself has been postulated given that its chemical structure contains a quinolone ring and many quinolone derivatives have antimicrobial properties [64]. This theory is supported by evidence that ivacaftor exerted in vitro antibacterial effects on clinical respiratory isolates of
Interest has since focussed on clinical microbiological outcomes of patients commenced on ivacaftor therapy in an effort to investigate differences post-treatment initiation. Interestingly, despite ivacaftor appearing to have no innate activity against
In contrast to the relative lack of focus on inhaled antibiotics, a number of studies have investigated the effects of ivacaftor on the respiratory microbiome. Peleg et al. [70] conducted the only placebo-controlled trial in this field when they performed a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study of 28-day ivacaftor treatment. Sputum was collected at the start and end of each 28-day treatment period, and 16S rRNA sequencing with qPCR correlation was subsequently performed. No significant differences were observed for either total bacterial load or
In longer-term observational studies, a number of changes have been observed. Bernarde et al. [71] noted no significant changes in bacteria load and also no significant changes in overall community composition at 1 year following ivacaftor initiation. However, individual taxa were observed to change in that the relative abundance of
Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are identified in approximately 10% of CF patients, but only a small proportion will go on to develop NTM pulmonary disease (NTM-PD) warranting treatment. First and foremost, the management of CF pulmonary disease should be optimised, including antibiotic therapy targeted to the individual’s usual airway bacteria, prior to considering treatment for NTM-PD. Those who fulfil criteria for NTM lung disease may not necessarily require treatment and could be monitored expectantly if symptoms and radiographic findings are minimal or stable over a period of surveillance. However, the presence of
Clinical (both required)
|
ATS/IDSA clinical and microbiologic criteria for diagnosing nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease (NTM-PD) [73].
Inhaled liposomal amikacin for maintenance treatment has also drawn interest. In a randomised placebo-controlled trial, CF subjects with NTM lung disease refractory to standard therapy were assigned to 590 mg OD inhaled liposomal amikacin or placebo, in addition to their standard CF treatments and ongoing NTM therapy [76]. The group of 90 patients was stratified based on MAC (64%) and MABSC (36%) [77]. At the end of the 6-month treatment period, there was a statistically significant increase in culture negativity overall and for the MAC group.
Reported NTM prevalence in CF ranges from 3 [78] to 23% [79]. The majority (95%) of NTM isolated from CF patients are
Typical treatment schedules for individuals with CF with
MABSC has been demonstrated to accelerate lung function decline in CF patients compared to uninfected CF controls [83, 84]. In CF, a common measure of lung disease severity is percent-predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), with lower values indicating more severe lung disease. Qvist et al. showed that MABSC had a greater rate of FEV1% predicted decline than other organisms, including
Individuals who are NTM culture positive but who do not meet ATS criteria for disease should be monitored closely [74]. Patients with CF meeting criteria for NTM-PD should be considered for therapy; however, treatment decisions should be individualised [74, 85]. It may be reasonable to monitor individuals with mild CF lung disease, MAC lung disease with mild symptoms and radiographic changes or a high possibility of drug intolerance or drug interactions [85]. However, CF patients with MABSC and/or severe CF lung disease should generally be treated in the absence of contraindications [85].
Clinical manifestations of respiratory fungal diseases in adult CF patients are very heterogeneous, ranging from asymptomatic colonisation to chronic infections, allergic disorders or invasive diseases in immunosuppressed CF patients following lung transplantation.
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) refers to a complex hypersensitivity reaction which often occurs in patients affected by CF or asthma. ABPA is beyond the scope of discussion in this chapter.
In CF patients, the disease-related progressive damage of the lungs may favour the development of chronic
The pulmonary microbiome of people with CF diverging significantly from that of the healthy individuals has been the focus of much research in the last 5 years often producing more questions than answers. As the disease progresses, community structure becomes progressively less diverse, most likely as a consequence of long-term aggressive antibiotic therapy. The impact of acute antibiotic therapy, antifungal treatments and CFTR modulators are less well defined, and prospective clinical trials with sputum biobanking are needed to answer these questions.
There seems to be a dearth in the generation of theories in the education phenomenon despite the large volumes of educational research that scholars have produced [1, 2]. The “intellectuals” generally take recourse to technicist education, which is characterized by the overreliance on technical rationality. The practitioners consider what was discovered by renowned academics to be the effective panacea to all academic ills even in situations that are apparently diverse. There is a tendency to apply the all-size-fits-all approach. The education practitioners are thus involved in miseducative practices which make the learners unaware pawns in written theories [3]. The teacher, education practitioners, both lecturers, and mentors lack knowledge about action research to the extent that they eschew it. Consequently, they adversely affect the life-long professional development of the teacher education students. The student should learn how to acquire procedural knowledge through action research.
This chapter aims at providing insights into the precipitation of agoraphobic dispositions when teacher education students are exposed to action research. The chapter is hinged on an empirical study with some teacher education students. For the clarification of issues that are in the discourse, firstly there are explications of critical concepts. The informants’ (teacher education students’) verbatim responses are then used to substantiate some viewpoints in the discourse.
At Columbia University in the United States of America, action research was formally introduced by Stephen Cory in teacher education in the 1950s [4]. Cory as a staunch advocate of action research postulated;
We are convinced that the disposition to study … the consequences of our own teaching is more likely to change and improve our practices than is reading about what someone else has discovered of his teaching.
Cory was emphasizing on the essence of action research as far as theories can be generated by the practitioners themselves. He was encouraging the education practitioners to embrace action research as it could liberate them from the academic slavery of technical rationality and systematicity. When action research was introduced in the United States of America, it was branded to be riddled with more vices than virtues [4]. In the 1970s, there was a revival of action research and educators questioned the applicability of conventional research that was grounded in positivism in generating solutions to educational problems. Some critical education practitioners postulated that conventional research was too theoretical and too general and thus not grounded on practice [5].
The renaissance of action research in the USA came with so much vigor that it was considered to be synonymous with professional development. The importance of action research was explained;
Action research is considered a requisite for professional development. The practitioner who embarks on action research is actively involved in the creation of knowledge about how to improve practice.
Agoraphobia is an anxiety disorder that is manifested by a person in situations that are perceived to be unsafe for the well-being of that person. It develops when one thinks that the immanent situation is potentially prone to causing feelings of entrapment, helplessness, or embarrassment. In other words, agoraphobia is the fear of situations that are suspected to cause estrangement or embarrassment. The person affected will go to great lengths to avoid these situations [6, 7]. Agoraphobia is often, but not always, compounded by a fear of social embarrassment. In most cases, the person who experiences agoraphobia avoids the situations and stays in the comfort of his/her safe haven [8]. Due to agoraphobic dispositions, some people refuse to leave their old practices even when the old practices are no longer valuable because the fear of being outside of their comfort areas is too great.
Agoraphobic dispositions are habits of the mind or tendencies to be apprehensive of some situations [9]. Being habits of the mind, agoraphobic dispositions are precipitated by some experiences. Experience is the conscious involvement of a person in a situation or event which requires that one thinks, feels, does, and concludes at the time or immediately thereafter [10]. It is given meaning and value when one does some reflections, that is when one recaptures his or her experience, thinks about it, mulls it over, and evaluates. Thus an experience shapes one’s perceptions. The definition of perception is given as;
Thus, perception is the viewpoint of an individual that was developed through interaction with the environment in particular situations. Through perception, the respondent gains information about properties and elements of the situation, which are critical to his or her survival [12]. The nexus between conception and experiences conjures up praxis.
Praxis is about action informed by theory and the construction of theory from practice. The contemporary conception of praxis was developed from the conception of the ancient Greek philosophers who considered it as human action in the natural and social world [13]. Aristotle, the ancient Greek philosopher, considered praxis as transformative and emphasized on the prominence of action over thought [14, 15]. Thus, according to him, praxis is a goal-directed action. The conception has since been developed to refer to the enactment or embodiment of theory. The worthiness of the theory was determined by the extent to which it could be put into practice for the transformation of the natural and social terrain.
In the education realm, praxis is realized through the cyclical process of experiential learning that was propounded by David Kolb [16]. In other words, praxis is also considered as reflection and action focused on critical consciousness of the oppressive structures [17]. The philosophy of praxis is emancipatory since it is antithetical to one-sided counterfeit venerations of reasoning that are rampant in spheres of life like religion and intellectualism [18].
Praxis is about philosophical discourses that consider the close intertwinement of empiricism and rationalism. In other words, praxis involves knowing, acting, and reasoning [19]. In praxis, reflection is the nodal point between theory and action. Reflection makes theory valuable by enabling its contextual embodiment. On the other hand, reflection provides rationality for action. Thus in praxis, the reality is interacted with consciously with the express purpose of transforming it for the improvement of the natural and social world [20, 21].
Action research is a mode of research in the quest for the requisite attitudes, knowledge, and skills about how to improve one’s practice. The educator-researcher embarks on research to improve the self in terms of teaching skills, techniques, and strategies. The value of action research is in the change that occurs in everyday classroom practice. Action research can be viewed as a tool for classroom practice reforms [4].
Action research is defined as;
Thus action research is a requisite research strategy that should be employed by educators when they are learning to solve contextual problems in their working environments [23]. The educator develops introspection and is not susceptible to externalization of teaching-learning problems. Thus the essence of action research is to improve on own practice which is tantamount to sustainable professional development [24]. Action to improve on practice is connected to research. Thus research and action are done simultaneously [25].
The teacher education learners’ perceptions and experiences were empirically explored by employing the qualitative research approach. The focus was on the generation of verbal data, which were about the descriptions of the learners’ perceptions of and meanings that they gave to experiences with action research. Thus the paradigm that guided the empirical part of the chapter is hermeneutical phenomenology. The essence of hermeneutical phenomenology is to interpret the lived experiences of the informants [26, 27, 28, 29]. The data were generated through in-depth interviews which were carried out one-on-one with 16 teacher education learners. The informants were purposively selected after they had abandoned the action research, which they had initially chosen. The interview questions were pilot-tested on four teacher education learners who had attributes similar to the sampled learners. The data generated from the pilot test were judged to be trustworthy and then the interview questions were presented to the informants whose gender data are presented in the Table 1.
Informant | Male | Female |
---|---|---|
Informant 1 | X | |
Informant 2 | X | |
Informant 3 | X | |
Informant 4 | X | |
Informant 5 | X | |
Informant 6 | X | |
Informant 7 | X | |
Informant 8 | X | |
Informant 9 | X | |
Informant 10 | X | |
Informant 11 | X | |
Informant 12 | X | |
Informant 13 | X | |
Informant 14 | X | |
Informant 15 | X | |
Informant 16 | X |
Informants’ bio-data.
The interviews carried out were audio-taped so as not to miss any data that were generated. The data were then transcribed and analyzed by employing the thematic approach. The data were coded according to themes that were identified and scrutinized for intra-coder consistency through reflexive, critical, and rigorous thinking guided by the Johnson-Christensen method. Thus the teacher education learners’ verbatim perceptions and experiences were categorized into themes that gave meaning to the prevailing situation [30, 31, 32].
Agoraphobia is the condition where sufferers become anxious in unfamiliar situations or when they perceive that they have little knowledge about a situation is precipitated by some experiences [33]. Informant 1 met with experiences that precipitate agoraphobic dispositions. He posited:
Similar experiences were met with by informant 2 who stated:
Action research is denigrated by some education practitioners. The denigration is miseducative and causes agoraphobic dispositions toward action research. In formant 3 postulated,
The condemnation of action research was corroborated by informant 4 who posited:
Further corroborative remarks were given by informant 5 who claimed:
The stage of action research non-acceptance in education that was explained by the teacher education learners was once experienced in the USA in the 1950s. Action research was attacked as being unscientific, a bit more than common sense, and an amateur’s work [4]. The attack was exacerbated by the increased interest in positivist inquiry during that era. The academics exalted positivism to utopian levels of objectivity and verifiability. To some extent the situation experienced by the teacher education, students could be worse off since some influential education practitioners are skeptical about the essence of action research.
Action research is surrounded by skepticism since most of the teacher educators did not formally study action research but the traditional conventional research. Informant 6 explained how she developed agoraphobic dispositions towards action research;
Further remarks were given by informant 7 who asserted:
In the same line of experiences, informant 8 gave the remarks;
Some teacher educators are not well versed in both declarative and procedural knowledge about action research. Such a situation leads them to the conservatism of their traditional research orientations and vilifications of action research. Lack of adequate knowledge of academic issues evokes some agoraphobic dispositions towards that issue. The dispositions are latent in some teacher educators when they insidiously discourage teacher education students to undertake action research. Thus the action research supervisors have an influence on the perceptions and experiences of students in action research.
In academia the separation of theory from practice makes the practitioners of education lose touch with reality. Detachment from reality begets alienation which according to Marx is the estrangement of learners from their experiential realities [35] which could subsequently cause the development of agoraphobic dispositions. The panacea to alienation is praxis which is conceptualized as the action and reflection upon the world in order to transform it [17]. Thus, the theory is used in studying the word and action uses the studied ‘word’ to interact meaningfully with the world. On the other hand, interaction with the world begets the generation of the meaningful ‘word’. Thus the word-world gulf is closed by the philosophy of praxis.
Informant 9 explained some experiences that lacked praxis and were causing agoraphobic dispositions;
Praxis is regarded as the only philosophy that is based on practice [36]. It is concerned with practical reasoning which is reasoning about what should be rather than what is there in real- life experiences.
The teacher should forever be a student [17]. There should never be a time of complacency and feelings of omnipotence in education since society is never at stasis. The teacher education student should always be learning how to learn in order to be an effective educator. Learning how to learn is
Learning is a pedagogical activity that focuses on the acquisition of requisite skills, knowledge, and attitudes for sustainable interaction with the environment. Learning cannot take place without a bearing on the contextual realities of life. If there was an instrument that measures the extent of learning (learnometer) it was supposed to focus on how the acquired attributes can be put into practice. The teacher education learner shows that learning would have taken place if he or she is in a position to embody the learned theories and discover their contextual virtues and vices. This can be shown when one embarks on participatory action research, which has an emphasis on reflection-in-action and reflection-on-action.
In pedagogical situations, there are some pseudo-learning activities which among others are; memorizing, cramming, mimicking, plagiarizing, and reciting. These activities lack reflection but are often confused with the learning activity by most education practitioners and learners. Informant 10 exposed how he developed agoraphobic dispositions from colleagues who had not been exposed to
Situation bereft of context-based learning.
Agoraphobic tendencies could be precipitated when pedagogical situations are bereft of context-based learning (CBL) scenarios. The CBL scenarios are efficacious since they make references to the use of real-life examples in teaching-learning situations. Thus the learners hinge learning on their practical experiences. The efficacy of the theories that are exposed to the learners should be tested against their lived experiences. Furthermore, practical experiences should help in the development of theories [37].
Informant 11 described a situation that was bereft of contextual learning, which precipitated an agoraphobic disposition in action research;
In 1896 John Dewey, the American pedagogue philosopher experimented on the efficacy of the first laboratory school [38]. The school was the first embodiment of praxis. Dewey wanted to show the intertwinement of empiricism and rationalism in the creation of knowledge. It was Dewey’s conviction that all ideas about education should be tested empirically in the laboratory (the classroom) and reflected upon to create contextual knowledge. Dewey’s praxis orientation can be considered contemporary action research [39]. Lack of proper awareness of the essence of action research exacerbated the development of agoraphobic dispositions towards action research. Informant 12 postulated;
The laboratory school was characterized by the experimentation of teaching-learning ideas and practices. The other issue focused on by the laboratory school was the relevance of the curriculum content in solving the problems experienced by the learners and society at large [40]. Taking from Dewey’s laboratory school, contemporary teacher education should discourage the practice of traditional education that is characterized by the regurgitation of facts given by the ‘educator’ or found in textbooks or the internet. The teacher education students should be encouraged to be creators of knowledge in the ‘laboratory’ which is the classroom.
The students who were exposed to monological teaching techniques are apprehensive of challenging the status quo in the acquisition of knowledge. Researching in teacher education has become confirmatory of the hunches of the renowned “educators.” Informant 13 exclaimed:
The informant had acquired the traits of a traditional teacher. When encountered by a problem, the traditional education-oriented learner ‘researches’ from the textbooks, or the internet when instead he or she is supposed to research with the learners focusing on the context of the learners he is teaching.
The other strategy that is followed by the traditional teacher education student is absolution. The student abstains from intervening in the problem and thinks that providential intervention would bring the solution. Informant 14 postulated:
The teacher education learner in a traditional education setup is by and large exposed to the acquisition of declarative knowledge which can also be referred to as descriptive knowledge, propositional knowledge, or “know that” knowledge. This type of knowledge focuses on specific facts [41]. It is content-based and could be associated with pseudo- learning activities such as cramming and memorization. Informant 15 described an agoraphobic situation derived from considering declarative knowledge on its own;
The implication is that declarative knowledge is not adequate for teacher education which requires the learner to be an effective facilitator of learning. The worthiness of declarative knowledge is realized when it provides insights into the contextual practicing of teaching. There should be a strong bond between declarative knowledge and procedural knowledge. The dearth of knowledge from experiences or practicing begets technical rationality [42].
One who succumbs to technical rationality relies on declarative knowledge which is acquired from external and secondary sources which are among others; teachers, textbooks, or the internet. The technical rationalist learner memorizes theories that he or she can hardly actualize or authenticate their efficacy in contextual situations. Informant 16 proclaimed;
Technical rationality is embedded in logical positivism since its adherents have the view that social reality is objective, measurable, explained in rational terms, and reflected upon in professionalization to enrich scientific problem-solving abilities [43]. The approach of technical rationality to problem-solving is linear since it purports that there is a systematic application of tried and tested solutions to some professional problems [44]. Thus technical rationality is employed by established professions in solving problems by considering concrete technical knowledge [45].
Technical rationality forecloses reflection-in-action for the creation of procedural knowledge. It also pertains more to the scientific and objectifiable manner in which knowledge should be obtained while reflection-in-action correlates more to the application of action that practitioners employ within their given professions to attain knowledge [43].
Procedural knowledge is concerned with the knowledge of how to perform a specific skill. It is also known as; practical knowledge, imperative knowledge, performative knowledge, or “knowing-how” knowledge [46]. The prime activity is practicing a skill that is focused on problem-solving in particular situations. Practicing and experiencing with reflection enhance the development of effective teaching skills [47]. In the context of the teacher education student, procedural knowledge about the skill of teaching is best developed when the student is oriented in action research which promotes practical and pragmatic rationality.
The teacher education learner as a practitioner should develop both practical and pragmatic rationality. Practical rationality is the substantiation of one’s knowledge anchored on one’s reflections on own experiences. In other words, practical rationality is the intellectual capacity for resolving a problem through reflection on the actions performed [48].
Practical rationality is closely related to pragmatic rationality which is now a contemporary educational value. This rationality is antithetical to the systematicity that is inherent in traditional education [48]. It makes reference to the results that are produced out of conscious action. Pragmatic rationality requires the practitioner to actively participate in making interventions to solve a problem. Subsequently, there should be reflections on the process adopted to come up with the desired results. Pragmatic rationality is realized by reflecting in action.
Schon is credited for integrating the role of science into professional practice and education through reflection-in-action [49]. Reflection-in-action entails active, persistent, and careful consideration of any belief or supposed form of knowledge in light of the grounds that support it and the further consequences to which it leads [1].
The employment of reflection-in-action in professional practice is characterized by the practitioner’s actions that show his/her desire to learn, obtain knowledge, and understand the situation that he/she works in [44]. Thus the practitioner reflects on phenomena and considers prior interpretations of knowledge that are understood and then employs this knowledge in the operation of generating new knowledge [50]. The theoretical framework in which reflection-in-action is found is reflective practice.
Reflective practice provides the anchorage for reflecting in- and on-action when being engaged in the process of continuous learning. Thus, the continuous reflection that the practitioner does on his or her own practice promotes lifelong learning. Reflective practice involves paying critical attention to the practical values and theories which inform everyday actions, by examining practice reflectively and reflexively [51]. From the definitions above, the prime rationale for reflective practice is that experience alone does not necessarily lead to professional development but the reflection on experience. Professional development does not come about with experience but is influenced by how one reflects on experience [52].
Reflective practice can be an important tool in practice-based professional learning settings where people learn from their own professional experiences, rather than from formal learning or knowledge transfer [53]. Reflective practice is one of the most important sources of personal professional development and improvement. It is also an important way to bring together theory and practice. Through reflection a practitioner is able to see and label forms of thought and theory within the context of his or her work [54]. A practitioner who reflects throughout his or her practice does not merely review the past actions and events but makes conscious scrutiny of his or her emotions, experiences, actions, and responses to gain insights into his or her existing knowledge base so as to develop professionally [55].
The concept of reflective practice is now widely employed in the field of teacher education and teacher professional development and is the basis for many programs of initial teacher education [56]. The practitioner in education is expected to embrace reflective practice since it entails the process by which the practitioner studies his or her own teaching methods to discover the best practice of learning facilitation. It involves the consideration of the ethical consequences of classroom procedures on students [56, 57]. Reflective practice in education can be described as teacher metacognition [58].
The term reflective practice is complex since it incorporates a wide range of the practitioner’s metacognition of activities in teaching-learning situations. Teaching and learning are complex concepts, and there is no universally right approach since their effectiveness is contextual rather than global. Reflecting on different approaches to teaching, and reshaping the understanding of past and current experiences, will lead to improvement in teaching practices in particular contexts [53]. The practitioners can gain insights from Schon’s reflection-in-action since they can develop professional knowledge from their experiences in the classroom.
Reflection can be regarded as learning from experience and is paramount to the educator’s practice since it evokes awareness of being accountable. Without reflection, educators are not able to look objectively at their actions or take into account the emotions, experiences, or consequences of actions to improve their practice [59]. Through reflective practice, educators get engaged in continuous professional learning. The educators are conscientized on the essence of retrospection in their practices and reflect on how they support learners to achieve optimal learning outcomes.
Reflective practice moves teachers from their knowledge base of distinct skills to a stage in their careers where they are able to modify their skills to suit specific contexts and situations, and eventually invent new strategies [60]. Thus through reflective practice educators are able to develop themselves beyond existing theories in practice and become responsive to the dynamic environments of their day-to-day practices.
Agoraphobic dispositions in action research of the teacher education learners are precipitated by the miseducative experiences of the learners. The teacher education practitioners, the lecturers, and the mentors are the perpetrators of the miseducative experiences. They have a proclivity to traditional education, which in research emphasizes the traditional fundamental research at the expense of action research. The educators explicitly vilify action research. The learners though in the laboratory (classroom) are not encouraged to be creators of procedural knowledge. The learners are credited for exhibiting technical rationality which focuses only on the use of declarative knowledge. Instead, the learners should be encouraged to focus on practical and pragmatic rationality, which uses procedural knowledge created by them. The agoraphobic dispositions could easily be warded off when learners are exposed to
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Singh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8018",title:"Extracellular Matrix",subtitle:"Developments and Therapeutics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8018.jpg",slug:"extracellular-matrix-developments-and-therapeutics",publishedDate:"October 27th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula, Joseph Orgel P.R.O. and Zvi Loewy",hash:"c85e82851e80b40282ff9be99ddf2046",volumeInSeries:23,fullTitle:"Extracellular Matrix - Developments and Therapeutics",editors:[{id:"212416",title:"Dr.",name:"Rama Sashank",middleName:null,surname:"Madhurapantula",slug:"rama-sashank-madhurapantula",fullName:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212416/images/system/212416.jpg",institutionString:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institution:{name:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:6},{group:"subseries",caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:9},{group:"subseries",caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:14}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:9},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:7},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:12},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:2}],authors:{paginationCount:148,paginationItems:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165328/images/system/165328.jpg",biography:"Vahid Asadpour, MS, Ph.D., is currently with the Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California. He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:{name:"Association for Computing Machinery",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Vatankhah",slug:"maryam-vatankhah",fullName:"Maryam Vatankhah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Borough of Manhattan Community College",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"414879",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",slug:"mohammad-reza-akbarzadeh-totonchi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"414878",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Public University System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"426586",title:"Dr.",name:"Oladunni A.",middleName:null,surname:"Daramola",slug:"oladunni-a.-daramola",fullName:"Oladunni A. Daramola",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Technology",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"357014",title:"Prof.",name:"Leon",middleName:null,surname:"Bobrowski",slug:"leon-bobrowski",fullName:"Leon Bobrowski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bialystok University of Technology",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"302698",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yao-shan",fullName:"Yao Shan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"354126",title:"Dr.",name:"Setiawan",middleName:null,surname:"Hadi",slug:"setiawan-hadi",fullName:"Setiawan Hadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Padjadjaran University",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"125911",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jia-ching-wang",fullName:"Jia-Ching Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Central University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"332603",title:"Prof.",name:"Kumar S.",middleName:null,surname:"Ray",slug:"kumar-s.-ray",fullName:"Kumar S. Ray",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Statistical Institute",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"415409",title:"Prof.",name:"Maghsoud",middleName:null,surname:"Amiri",slug:"maghsoud-amiri",fullName:"Maghsoud Amiri",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Allameh Tabataba'i University",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. Mohan",middleName:null,surname:"Anand",slug:"p.-mohan-anand",fullName:"P. Mohan Anand",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356696",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"P.V.",middleName:null,surname:"Sai Charan",slug:"p.v.-sai-charan",fullName:"P.V. Sai Charan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"357086",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandeep K.",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"sandeep-k.-shukla",fullName:"Sandeep K. Shukla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"18",type:"subseries",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11414,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,series:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983"},editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",slug:"arli-aditya-parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",slug:"cesar-lopez-camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",slug:"shymaa-enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/81926/images/system/81926.png",institutionString:"Suez Canal University",institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:26,paginationItems:[{id:"83087",title:"Role of Cellular Responses in Periodontal Tissue Destruction",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106645",signatures:"Nam Cong-Nhat Huynh",slug:"role-of-cellular-responses-in-periodontal-tissue-destruction",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Periodontology - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11566.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"82654",title:"Atraumatic Restorative Treatment: More than a Minimally Invasive Approach?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105623",signatures:"Manal A. 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