\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"7111",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Poisoning in the Modern World - New Tricks for an Old Dog?",title:"Poisoning in the Modern World",subtitle:"New Tricks for an Old Dog?",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:'Over 400 years ago, Swiss alchemist and physician Paracelsus (1493-1541) cited: "All substances are poisons; there is none that is not a poison. The right dose differentiates a poison from a remedy." This is often condensed to: "The dose makes the poison." So, why are we overtly anxious about intoxications?In fact, poisons became a global problem with the industrial revolution. Pesticides, asbestos, occupational chemicals, air pollution, and heavy metal toxicity maintain high priority worldwide, especially in developing countries. Children between 0 and 5 years old are the most vulnerable to both acute and chronic poisonings, while older adults suffer from the chronic effects of chemicals. This book aims to raise awareness about the challenges of poisons, to help clinicians understand current issues in toxicology.',isbn:"978-1-83880-786-3",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-785-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-787-0",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73906",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"poisoning-in-the-modern-world-new-tricks-for-an-old-dog-",numberOfPages:128,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"08164f9300bc6bf4900c9166d960278b",bookSignature:"Ozgur Karcioglu and Banu Arslan",publishedDate:"June 19th 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7111.jpg",numberOfDownloads:18315,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:111,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:2,numberOfDimensionsCitations:256,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:3,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:367,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"July 11th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"August 29th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"October 28th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"January 16th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"March 17th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"221195",title:"Prof.",name:"Ozgur",middleName:null,surname:"Karcioglu",slug:"ozgur-karcioglu",fullName:"Ozgur Karcioglu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221195/images/system/221195.jpeg",biography:"In 1994, I started residency in Dokuz Eylul University Medical School, Department of Emergency Medicine. I completed Fellowship Program in International EM in Pennsylvania State University (2005). I have served as the chairman of the department in DEU (2005-2007). I have been in charge of the ED of Bakirkoy Research and Training Hospital (2007-2009), and then faculty member in Acıbadem University (2009-15).\nI have served as a founder and a board member of The Emergency Medical Association of Turkey (2007-2009). 159 articles of mine were published in international journals. I have contributed in six books as editor, and authored 40 chapters. I’m serving as a member of The Editorial Board or as a section editor in a number of indexed journals. I’m also an instructor of the AHA-based Basic and Advanced Cardiac Life Support Course.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"232986",title:"Dr.",name:"Banu",middleName:null,surname:"Arslan",slug:"banu-arslan",fullName:"Banu Arslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/232986/images/system/232986.JPG",biography:null,institutionString:"Marmara University, Pendik Education and Research Hospital",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Marmara University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1208",title:"Medical Toxicology",slug:"medical-toxicology"}],chapters:[{id:"66310",title:"General Approach to Poisoned Patient",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84681",slug:"general-approach-to-poisoned-patient",totalDownloads:1967,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Poisoning is a serious worldwide public health problem. Based on the World Health Organization data in 2012, almost 190,000 people died worldwide and the number of deaths due to poisoning in 2008 exceeded the number of deaths due to motor vehicular crashes; also, poisoning death rate nearly tripled worldwide. The number of patients presenting to the emergency departments with overdose had been increased both intentionally and accidentally. All the previous facts make toxicology an important field in emergency medicine. According to the American Association of Poison Control Centers (AAPCC) in the United States, over 2.1 million human exposure calls are reported in 2016. Management of intoxicated patients has a unique approach because of the challenge in diagnosis and treatment of overdose cases. This chapter focuses on general approaches for intoxicated patients and initial management and on how the history and physical examinations could help physicians to have a clue about the drugs that have been abused. Patients are most commonly poisoned via oral ingestion, but other routes could also cause intoxication including inhalation, insufflation, cutaneous and mucous membrane exposure, and injection.",signatures:"Ehab Said Aki and Jalal Alessai",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66310",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66310",authors:[{id:"230047",title:"Dr.",name:"Ehab",surname:"Aki",slug:"ehab-aki",fullName:"Ehab Aki"}],corrections:null},{id:"65525",title:"Poisoning in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83573",slug:"poisoning-in-the-pediatric-intensive-care-unit",totalDownloads:1175,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Poisonings during childhood (both accidental and voluntary) are a common cause of presentation in the emergency departments (EDs) and the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). The admission to PICU is warranted both for treatment and for continuous monitoring, as sometimes the evolution of a poisoning could be unpredictable. Sometimes, complications arise that may prolong the patients’ hospitalization and may contribute to lowering the survival rate. The staff in these departments must be well trained to ensure patient monitoring, early detection of complications, and rapid intervention. Supporting vital functions is the main objective of the management of a poisoned patient admitted in PICU. In recent years, staff competence and advanced medical technology have helped to improve the prognosis of the patients admitted to these departments, including of the poisoned patients.",signatures:"Nicolai Nistor, Otilia Frăsinariu, Aniela Rugină, Irina Mihaela Ciomaga and Violeta Ștreangă",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65525",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65525",authors:[{id:"219606",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicolai",surname:"Nistor",slug:"nicolai-nistor",fullName:"Nicolai Nistor"},{id:"219884",title:"Dr.",name:"Otilia",surname:"Frasinariu",slug:"otilia-frasinariu",fullName:"Otilia Frasinariu"},{id:"219885",title:"Dr.",name:"Violeta",surname:"Streanga",slug:"violeta-streanga",fullName:"Violeta Streanga"},{id:"271778",title:"Dr.",name:"Irina",surname:"Ciomaga",slug:"irina-ciomaga",fullName:"Irina Ciomaga"},{id:"271779",title:"Dr.",name:"Aniela",surname:"Rugina",slug:"aniela-rugina",fullName:"Aniela Rugina"}],corrections:null},{id:"65005",title:"Forensic Toxicology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82869",slug:"forensic-toxicology",totalDownloads:1363,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Forensic toxicology is a broad science that integrates principles and practices about toxicology and legal aspects, which occur in conjunction with medicolegal instances as with homicide, suicide, road traffic and other types of accident and/or disasters. Nowadays, the practitioners of forensic toxicology science have to deal with three chief sections, namely: postmortem, drug testing, and human performance forensic toxicology. Postmortem forensic toxicology is dealing mostly with investigation of abnormal deaths, or when drug intoxication incidence is assumed as a cause of death and no abnormal findings were detected during autopsy.",signatures:"Sahar Y. Issa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65005",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65005",authors:[{id:"268527",title:"Dr.",name:"Sahar",surname:"Issa",slug:"sahar-issa",fullName:"Sahar Issa"}],corrections:null},{id:"65686",title:"Review of Health Hazards and Toxicological Effects of Constituents of Cosmetics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84590",slug:"review-of-health-hazards-and-toxicological-effects-of-constituents-of-cosmetics",totalDownloads:1687,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Cosmetic products are designed for use on human body for beautifying and promoting attractiveness and appearance; for these reasons, cosmetics are in high demand especially among women of all ages in every country. Despite many vulnerabilities associated with cosmetic usage, the cosmetic and ‘makeup’ continues to enjoy wide acceptability irrespective of age and sex. This is made possible by massive advertising employed by producers and marketers of cosmetics. Advertising is the link between manufactured products and would-be consumers; it plays a crucial role in determining the product that is mostly patronised and vice versa. Therefore, ethical advertising that promotes utilitarian benefits of cosmetics should be encouraged over and above emotional advertisement that lowers self-esteem of consumers and offers such products as solution to their low self-esteem. Despite the ban in many countries of poisonous substances in cosmetic products, inexhaustive list of substances, such as lead, chromium, nickel, mercury, arsenic, cadmium, hydroquinone, steroids, nitrosamine, etc. are still present in many cosmetic products. In most cases, above regulatory values, cancers, renal disorders, thinning and easy brushing of the skin, dermatophyte infection with lesions, macular hyper pigmentation, pityriasis vesicular, diabetes mellitus, micropapular eruption, hypertension, etc. are possible toxicological and health hazards that may be associated with continuous cosmetic application.",signatures:"John Kanayochukwu Nduka, Henrietta Ijeoma Kelle and Isaac Omoche Odiba",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65686",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65686",authors:[{id:"107866",title:"Dr.",name:"John Kanayochukwu",surname:"Nduka",slug:"john-kanayochukwu-nduka",fullName:"John Kanayochukwu Nduka"}],corrections:null},{id:"64762",title:"Mechanism and Health Effects of Heavy Metal Toxicity in Humans",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82511",slug:"mechanism-and-health-effects-of-heavy-metal-toxicity-in-humans",totalDownloads:10469,totalCrossrefCites:107,totalDimensionsCites:247,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Several heavy metals are found naturally in the earth crust and are exploited for various industrial and economic purposes. Among these heavy metals, a few have direct or indirect impact on the human body. Some of these heavy metals such as copper, cobalt, iron, nickel, magnesium, molybdenum, chromium, selenium, manganese and zinc have functional roles which are essential for various diverse physiological and biochemical activities in the body. However, some of these heavy metals in high doses can be harmful to the body while others such as cadmium, mercury, lead, chromium, silver, and arsenic in minute quantities have delirious effects in the body causing acute and chronic toxicities in humans. The focus of this chapter is to describe the various mechanism of intoxication of some selected heavy metals in humans along with their health effects. Therefore it aims to highlight on biochemical mechanisms of heavy metal intoxication which involves binding to proteins and enzymes, altering their activity and causing damage. More so, the mechanism by which heavy metals cause neurotoxicity, generate free radical which promotes oxidative stress damaging lipids, proteins and DNA molecules and how these free radicals propagate carcinogenesis are discussed. Alongside these mechanisms, the noxious health effects of these heavy metals are discussed.",signatures:"Godwill Azeh Engwa, Paschaline Udoka Ferdinand, Friday Nweke Nwalo and Marian N. Unachukwu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64762",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64762",authors:[{id:"241837",title:"Mr.",name:"Godwill Azeh",surname:"Engwa",slug:"godwill-azeh-engwa",fullName:"Godwill Azeh Engwa"},{id:"274194",title:"BSc.",name:"Paschaline Ferdinand",surname:"Okeke",slug:"paschaline-ferdinand-okeke",fullName:"Paschaline Ferdinand Okeke"},{id:"286975",title:"Dr.",name:"Friday",surname:"Nweke Nwalo",slug:"friday-nweke-nwalo",fullName:"Friday Nweke Nwalo"},{id:"286976",title:"Dr.",name:"Marian",surname:"Unachukwu",slug:"marian-unachukwu",fullName:"Marian Unachukwu"}],corrections:null},{id:"65306",title:"Nephrotoxic Effects of Drugs",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83644",slug:"nephrotoxic-effects-of-drugs",totalDownloads:1654,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Drug-induced nephrotoxicity is a renal dysfunction that occurs as a result of exposure to nephrotoxic drugs. It is a common problem in certain clinical situations such as underlying renal dysfunction, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and sepsis. Drugs can cause mild to moderate nephrotoxic problems such as intrarenal obstruction, interstitial nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, acid-base and fluid-electrolyte disturbances, alteration in intraglomerular hemodynamics, inflammatory changes in renal tubular cells, tubulointerstitial disease, and renal scarring leading to acute or chronic kidney injury. Therefore, early detection of adverse effects of drugs as well as the clinical history of the patient, basic renal functions, drug-related risk factors, and nephrotoxic drug combinations must be well known in order to prevent drug-induced nephrotoxicity and progression to end-stage renal disease.",signatures:"Azade Sari",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65306",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65306",authors:[{id:"271267",title:"Dr.",name:"Azade",surname:"Sari",slug:"azade-sari",fullName:"Azade Sari"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6662",title:"Trauma Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9721b9ac98bf237058cafd0a0303bdbc",slug:"trauma-surgery",bookSignature:"Ozgur Karcioglu and Hakan Topacoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6662.jpg",editedByType:"Edited 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The intended purpose of the book will be to extend the circle of users of the Kalman filter by considering it not as a means of theoretical analysis, but rather as a powerful tool for the design of a technical system. The editor accumulated experience of using suboptimal KF in various aerospace applications and would wish to share it with the pool of potential users and like-minded specialists. Instead of the formal programming of the recursive KF equations some simple and robust sub-optimal forms are proposed. For example, developed by the editor, suboptimal (KBF), with bounded grows of memory (FBGM) and its steady-state form- the time-invariant filter with constant coefficients is aimed to be considered. This allows the developer to use the KBF not only for system state estimation but for control as well. Proceeding in this way developer can be guaranteed the filter stability and robustness in many practically uncertain situations when the statistic characteristics of system disturbances and measured errors are not entirely known. A guaranteed approach with using an equivalent white noise is also aimed to be considered. Some representative examples from typical aerospace systems (the editor’s main professional field) are intended to be presented. Summarizing the above, it can be emphasized that when implementing the KF it is always useful to replace the art of programming with the experience of designing conventional robust systems having an idealistic estimate of maximum (best) of achievable performance. This would prevent the system's real-time computer from many possible situations with “empty “computations and even to the divergence of the computational process. It can also show that the filter is not a magic mill and cannot achieve the desired performance if it cannot be achieved in principle, better that it can be “promised” by the KF quadratic criterion minimum, or if some state vector components are not observable and controllable.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-576-7",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-575-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-577-4",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"4c3e68adcaeaa44f9fbfe9bb19bdd55b",bookSignature:"Dr. Yuri Kim",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11504.jpg",keywords:"Separation Theorem, Extended Kalman Filter, Covariance Matrix, Riccati Equation, FBGM, Analytical Implementation Forms, Physical Implementation Forms, Steady State Filter, Inertial Navigation System, Global Positioning System, Controllability, Multisensory Navigation",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 15th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 2nd 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 1st 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 20th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 19th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"3 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Prof. Y.V. Kim is a Doctor of Technical Science, having a broad and wealthy international scientific, engineering, and teaching experience, obtained in the former USSR, Israel, and Canada. He has many scientific publications and implemented inventions dedicated to Aerospace GN&C.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"316140",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuri",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",slug:"yuri-kim",fullName:"Yuri Kim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/316140/images/system/316140.jpg",biography:"Yuri Kim\n24 Buttenut, Gatineau, QC, Canada\nTel : 1-(514)- 466-1033, e-mail: yurikim@hotmail.ca\n\nHIGHLIGHTS OF QUALIFICATIONS:\n\nExperienced scientist, engineer and manager with internationally recognized achievements in area of Aerospace Avionics, (GN&C); Analysis, design (HW&SW), integration, testing and operation for various aerospace platforms and missions. \n\nGained a broad experience in preparation of technical documents for Joint (Industry-Customer) State Commissions for the acceptance (commissioning) of Aerospace Avionics, Navigation and Special application experimental equipment for further serial production, and operational support. Last works have been dedicated to R&D projects developing new Satellite Navigation Control Technology and customer support of Canadian satellites Control system design.\n\n\nACADEMIC DEGREES:\n\n 1991 *Doctor of Technical Science Diploma in Aerospace Vehicles Guidance \n Navigation and Control \n Scientific Council of State Institute of Automatic Systems, Ministry of Aviation\n Industry of USSR, Moscow\n (Recognized by Canadian Professional Counsel of Engineers) \n1982 * Senior Scientific Fellow Diploma in Gyroscopes and Navigation systems \n Capital Certification Commission of Scientists, Ministry of High Education of\n USSR, Moscow.\n (Recognized by Canadian Professional Counsel of Engineers)\n1974 * Candidate of Technical Science Diploma in Aerospace Navigation\n and Control Systems (Accredited as Ph.D by York University, Toronto.)\n Scientific Council of Moscow Aviation Institute, Moscow.\n1970 * Engineer Electromechanic Diploma in Gyro and Navigation systems,\n Faculty of Flight Apparatuses Control Systems, Moscow Aviation Institute, \n Moscow (Accredited as between Masters Degree and Bachelor Degree by\n York University, Toronto).\n1965 * Radio and TV Systems Technician Certificate, Dnepropetrovsk Technical School \n of preparation of technical specialists for Soviet Army, Military Aviation and \n Navy.\n\nMILITARY EDUCATION:\n\n1970 * Engineer in ballistic rocket control system, Military Faculty of MAI, last rank senior engineer-lieutenant (in reserve)\n\n\n\nEMPLOYMENT HISTORY:\nA. GOVERNMENT\n\nAt present - Canadian Space Agency, Space Science and Technology Division, David Florida Laboratory\n\n Senior Aerospace System engineer \n\n° Performing, developing and supporting phases of design, testing, commissioning and \n operation for space vehicle orbit and attitude control systems, in particular: Tecsas, Scope, \n J2Sat, Small satellite, M3Msat, Cassiopea, Neossat, RCM, PCW\n\n° Reviewing and commenting on Attitude Control systems design documentations, related to \n all phases of system development commissioning and operation\n \n° Supporting Aerospace Industry R&D projects funding by CSA (STDP) as Scientific\n Authority, in particular: Microwheel (Dynacon), LOCOOS (NGC), PCW (Bristol)\n\n° Providing expertise on new initiatives for Space Exploration and Utilization regarding \n Attitude and Orbital Control and possible development of Canadian space launcher\n\n° Developing basic mathematical (Simulink/Matlab) simulator for developing the \n requirements and expected performance of AODCS for new space vehicles\n\n° Developing new basic technology (based on Kalman Filter) for satellite attitude\n determination and sensor calibration, developing of FF test-bed equipment and GPS \n navigation in environment of CSA laboratory, developing of methods of ACS sensors\n calibration, measuring and compensation of satellite residual magnetic moment, experimental determination of satellite inertia matrix during ACS integration tests\n\n° Interacting with Space Industry and Universities in the problems, related to development of \n new methods and systems for space vehicle attitude and orbit determination and control\n \n° Sharing with International Aerospace community CSA achievements and experience in\n development of new technologies and methods for space vehicle attitude and orbit \n determination and control through publications, presentations and participation in scientific\n conferences, meetings and symposiums as well as maintaining an awareness about new \n technological advancements\n \n° Providing professional training for students and post. Graduates in the area of Orbital and\n Attitude Dynamic and Control\n\nB. INDUSTRIAL\n\nSept. 1998 – Feb. 1999 – Olympia Engineering Ltd. (Toronto)\n\nResearch and Development Engineer\n\n•\tDevelopment of measuring instrument for measuring remote measuring of micro- deformations of machinery (milling machine) equipment\n•\tResearch and testing of differential GPS survey equipment and antennas in environment of industrial facility for developing a new remote method for the measuring of machinery micro-deformations\n\n\n\n\nFeb.1999 – Jun.2002 – Saskatoon Engineering Division of Calian Company, \n Radarsat-1 Operation Team (CSA, Montreal)\n\nAttitude Control System Analyst\n\n•\tWorking as RADARSAT-1 Attitude Control System Analyst performing day-to-day operation TLM data analysis; reporting, monitoring and solving ACS flight anomaly problems, maintaining ACS software and performance \n•\tAuthor of many reports (see attached list of publications), devoted to solving of Radarsat-1 non-benign Safe Hold Mode problem, Momentum Wheel failure problems and improvement of the performance of attitude determination method with Magnetometer and Sun Sensor (back up, ADM3 mode for the case of potential failure of Horizon Scanner).\n•\tPreparation and implementation of the solution for RADARSAT-1 operation without failed Momentum Wheels, that saved the satellite mission after the wheel failures\n(This work was prolonged after in CSA and awarded by the Canadian Government Award for the invention used by the Government)\n•\tDesign and implementation of new dynamic simulators (based on Simulink\ntoolbox) for Radarsat-1 ACS for operation support\n•\tPreparation for operation of new Canadian satellites Scisat and RADARSAT-2 \n\n\n\nJan. 1994 – Sep. 1997 – Israel Aviation Industry (IAI factories: TASHAN, LAHAV)\n\nAvionics system engineer\n\n•\tResearch and preliminary design of the Special Data Fusion System for a fighter-interceptor\n•\tIntegration of Inertial Navigation System with Global Position System into Upgraded Avionics Suit and installation in aircraft cockpit for A/C – trainer T-38\n\nNov. 1977 – Apr. 1993 – Moscow Research and Design Institute of Electromechanic and Automatic (formerly P/B: M5537, presently “Aviapribor” Corporation)\n\n \nHead of Division (R&D in Pilot-Navigation Systems)\n\n•\tLeadership of the Division, performing planning, financial and methodological duties, related to this position, reporting to the R&D deputy director of the Institute\n•\tResponsibility for Pilot-Navigation System integration, interaction, tests and transferring for serial production and operational support\n•\tInitiation and methodical leadership of innovative research and development projects\n•\tReviewing, commenting and implementation of Technical standards and Navigation norms\nas well as sharing progressive methods and results within Aerospace organizations within former USSR\n \n Head of Department (INS and Flight Management System SW Development)\n\n•\tLeadership and performing of duties of Head of Department \n•\tResponsibility for the prospective research and preliminary design of the Inertial Navigation Systems (INS) and Flight Management Systems (FMS)\n•\tDesign of the INS and FMS algorithms and simulation of expected performance\n•\tDevelopment of INS/FMS flight code\n•\tDevelopment of test procedures and simulators for FMS, and pilot nav.complexis for aircrafts \n•\tResponsibility for system performance analysis in the ground and flight tests\n\n Head of Sector (System Flight Test data analysis) \n\n•\tLeadership of the Sector\n•\tDevelopment of ground and flight test simulation procedures and requirements for test equipment and simulators, for flight test aircraft measuring equipment, installation and recorded data processing\n•\tDesign of Estimation and Identification algorithms for ground and flight data processing\n•\tTest data analysis, preparation of test results analysis reports and conclusions\n\n Senior Scientific Fellow\n\n•\tResearch, development and principal design of the special Suboptimal Kalman Filter for the fusion of data of various navigation sensors for aviation and space platforms\n•\tDevelopment of new Guidance and Navigation methods for aviation and space platforms\n•\tAnalysis of INS and FMS performance in ground and flight tests\n\nC. ACADEMIC \n\n1977–1993 – Moscow Aviation Institute, Moscow Institute of Instrument -\n Making, Aviation Industry Ministry Upgrade Qualification Institute\n(Part Time) Professor, Associate professor, Chairmen of State Diploma Commission,\n Member of Scientific Council\n•\tLecturer of the disciplines: Applied Oscillation, Theory (MIIM), Design of Instruments (MIIM), Integrated Navigation Systems (MUQI)\n•\tChairman of the State Diploma Commission -Gyro Instruments and Systems (MAI)\n•\tLeadership of postgraduates, participation in sessions of Scientific Council (MAI)\n•\tMethodical management of cathedra of Orientation and Navigation in MAI \n\n2009 McGill University, Montreal\n\nPart time lecturer for course (in English): Aircraft Performance, Stability and Control\n\n1970–1977 – Moscow Aviation Institute \n(Full Time) Associate Professor, Senior Researcher, Assistant Lecturer \n•\tLecturer of the courses: Spacecraft orbital mechanics and attitude determination and control, Inertial Navigation Systems, Gyro Instruments and Systems\n•\tResearch and development of suboptimal robust estimation methods for navigation data processing\n•\tResponsibility for the navigation systems laboratory\n•\tDeputy head of cathedra of Orientation and Navigation\n\nFIELDS OF THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGIC EXPERTISE:\n \n•\tSpace vehicle Orbit and Attitude determination and control\n•\tGyro instruments and systems\n•\tRadio navigation systems\n•\tInertial Navigation systems\n•\tAirplane Navigation and Control\n•\tAnalytical mechanics \n•\tApplied oscillation theory\n•\tAutomatic control theory\n•\tStochastic estimation theory\n\nENGINEERING EXPERIENCE:\n\n•\tFlight and laboratory tests of Aerospace Avionics Equipment\n•\tDistribution of mission requirements between Aerospace vehicle subsystems, definition of functions and ICD \n•\tSpacecraft operation and performance maintenance\n•\tAvionics system (hardware and software) development and testing (autonomously and integration)\n•\tInertial navigation systems\n•\t Development of Avionics for Soviet Military aircrafts: Tu-142, Tu-95MC, An-124, An-70, A-40, Soviet Space shuttle “Buran” (responsibility for preliminary design of radio-navigation automatic landing system), \n•\tIsrael (IAI) upgrade of Avionics system for T-38 (USA Air force trainer) \n•\tOperation and modification in space Canadian Satellite RADARSAT-1 Attitude Control system\n•\tParticipation in commissioning of ACS of Canadian Satellite Scisat\n•\tDevelopment of a generic mathematical simulator for satellite AODCS analysis and simulation of expected performance for a family of Canadian new generation small satellites\n\nSCIENTIFIC EXPERIENCE:\n\n•\tTheoretical and experimental investigation in the fields of S/C Orbital and Attitude Control\n•\tKalman Filter suboptimization and robust guarantee estimation theory development: authorship of new Suboptimal Kalman Filter modification, methods of INS correction and calibration, Geomagnetic Inertial Navigation System\n•\tResearch in areas of ACS and INS sensors development, their performance improvement\n•\tVarious Avionics Systems Mathematical models development and mathematical and semi-natural simulation\n•\tCoordination of research and development projects related to Aerospace equipment performed by Universities and Industries\n•\tScientific reports and articles reviewing and editorship \n•\tMembership in Scientific Counsels and Commissions\n•\tTutorship of under-graduate, graduated and post -graduate students \n\n•\tScientific reports and inventions in the field of GN&C for aircraft and spacecraft methods development \n•\tSeveral articles dedicated to the development of new methods in estimation theory: new suboptimal Kalman Filter with limited growth of the memory, observability and factor of state vector components estimation, guaranteed ellipsoidal estimation and stochastic estimation comparison \n\nLANGUAGES:\n \n•\tEnglish, Russian, Ukrainian, Hebrew, French (beginning level)\n•\tProgramming languages: Matlab/Simulinc/С",institutionString:"Canadian Space Agency",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Canadian Space Agency",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"15",title:"Mathematics",slug:"mathematics"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"453623",firstName:"Silvia",lastName:"Sabo",middleName:null,title:"Mrs.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/453623/images/20396_n.jpg",email:"silvia@intechopen.com",biography:null}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and 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We can be able to multiplex analog or digital signal. If analog signals are multiplexed, then this type of multiplexer is called analog multiplexer. If digital signals are multiplexed, then this type of multiplexer is called digital multiplexer. The advantage of multiplexing is that we can transmit a large number of signals to a single medium. This channel can be a physical medium like a coaxial, metallic conductor or a wireless link and will have to handle multiple signals at a time. Thus the cost of transmission can be reduced. Even though the transmission occurs on the same channel, they do not necessarily occur at the same instant. In general multiplexing is a technique in which several message signals are combined into a composite signal so that these can be transmitted over a common channel. In order to transmit various signals over the same channel, it is essential to keep the signals apart to avoid the interference between them, and then it can be easily separated at the receiving end.
\nDomains in which multiplexing can be accomplished are time, phase, frequency wavelength, etc. Multiplexing circuits are called multiplexer or MUX.
\nMultiplexers are mainly classified as shown in Figure 1. Analog multiplexing and digital multiplexing are the major classification.
\nClassification of multiplexing techniques.
The most commonly used analog multiplexing techniques are frequency division multiplexing (FDM) and wavelength division multiplexing.
\nFDM is used for analog signal transmission. It does not need synchronization between the transmitter and receiver. Here a large number of signals can be transmitted simultaneously. It suffers the problem of cross talk, and intermodulation distortion may take place.
\nFDM is used in amplitude modulation (AM) and FM broadcasting, public telephone networks, and cable TV network systems. The allocation of frequency bands to different users is shown in Figure 2.
\nAllocation of different frequencies to different users in FDM.
Fiber-optic communications require a different kind of multiplexer called a wavelength division multiplexer (WAD) [2, 4]. It is an analog multiplexing technique. It is designed for high data rate capability fiber cable. In this technique the bandwidth of the communication channel should be greater than the combined bandwidth of the individual channels. Here signals are converted to light signals; each light which has different wavelengths is transmitted through the same fiber cable. WDM transmission system divides the optical fiber bandwidth into a number of nonoverlapping optical wavelengths; these are referred to as WDM channels. WDM mixes all incoming signals having different wavelengths and are transmitted over a common channel. A demultiplexer does the reverse operation and separates the wavelengths. This multiplexing mechanism provides a much higher available transmission capacity.
\nFigure 3 shows the representation of WDM system that consists of both multiplexer and demultiplexer.
\nRepresentation of WDM multiplexing.
WDM multiplexing and demultiplexing are similar to the refraction of light through a prism as shown in Figure 4.
\nRefraction of light through prism.
Wavelength division multiplexing is divided into two types, unidirectional WDM and
Bidirectional WDM.
\n
In WDM full-duplex transmission is possible.
It is easier to reconfigure.
Optical components are more reliable and provide higher bandwidth.
Provide high security and faster access to new channel.
Low cost and easy system expansion.
Simultaneous transmission of various signals.
\n
Scalability is a concern as optical line termination (OLT); optical line termination has to have transmitter array with one transmitter for each optical network unit (ONU). Adding a new ONU could be a problem unless transmitters were provisioned in advance. Each ONU must have a wavelength-specific laser.
The cost of the system increases with addition of optical components.
Inefficiency in BW utilization, difficulty in wavelength tuning, and difficulty in cascaded topology.
FDM [1, 2, 3, 4] is based on sharing of the available bandwidth of a communication channel among the signals to be transmitted. It is an analog multiplexing technique that uses a single transmission medium which is divided into several frequency channels. Here the total bandwidth of the channel must be higher than the sum of the individual bandwidth. If the channels are closer to each other, then cross talk may occur; thus, it is necessary to implement channel synchronization. For that purpose some bandwidth is allocated as guard band; these are unused channels placed between the successive transmission channels to avoid cross talk.
\nFor frequency division multiplexing if the input signal is digital, it must be converted to analog before giving it as the input to the modulator.
\nIn FDM signals are generated by sending devices and there are multiple input lines. From the block diagram (Figure 6), channel 1 to channel n are taken as the input channels. These signals reach at the input of the corresponding modulator where it receives another signal from a crystal oscillator known as carrier signal, which is a high-frequency high-amplitude signal. The carrier signal is modulated with the input signal. Different modulators use different carrier signals for modulation. It should be noted that the frequency band of one modulator will not make any interference to the frequency band of other modulators.
\nBlock diagram of FDM transmitter.
Each of the modulator produces the corresponding modulated signal at their output. All the output of the modulators will be given to an adder or mixer circuit; from there it is given to another modulator for further shift of total bandwidth. Finally, this higher-frequency signal will be transmitted over the channel.
\nThe following block diagram (Figure 7) shows the concept of demodulation of FDM signal at the receiving side. The antenna receives the multiplexed modulated signal from the transmitter. This signal will be weak at the receiver. Therefore it is necessary to amplify the signal. This is done at the initial stage of the receiver. The amplified signal is then forwarded to the demodulator. The output of the demodulator will be given to the band-pass filters which are well designed with the central frequencies of the carriers as used individually at the transmitting side. Thus the output of each BPF will be the same as that of the originally modulated output of the corresponding modulator.
\nBlock diagram of FDM receiver.
Then we use the corresponding individual demodulators to recover the original signal.
\n\n
A large number of signals (channels) can be transmitted simultaneously.
Demodulation of FDM is easy.
FDM does not need synchronization between its transmitter and receiver for proper operation.
Due to slow narrowband fading, only a single channel gets affected.
\n
The communication channel must have a very large bandwidth.
Intermodulation distortion takes place.
A large number of modulators and filters are required.
FDM suffers from the problem of cross talk.
All the FDM channels get affected due to wideband fading.
\n
FDM is used for FM and AM radio broadcasting.
FDM is used in television broadcasting.
First-generation cellular telephone also uses FDM.
In time division multiplexing (TDM) [1, 2, 3, 4], all signals operate with the same frequency at different times, i.e., it is a technique of transmitting several signals over a single communication channel by dividing the time frame into equal slots. Here the signal transmitted can occupy the total bandwidth of the channel, and each signal will be transmitted in its specified time period only. In TDM all signal operates at same frequency at different time slots.
\nFigure 8 shows the schematic diagram of implementation of TDM system. From this it is clear that a circular ring has been split into eight equal segments and is completely separated from one another. It is also noted that there is a movable arm attached to the inner ring, and it slides over the eight segments over the ring. The eight segments are eight inputs, and the selector moves in clockwise direction from A to H; after completing one revolution, it starts again. The output is taken from the inner ring that contains the signal from only one slot at a time.
\nSchematic diagram of TDM operation.
The same arrangement is also made at the receiving side. The two inner rings of the transmitting and receiving stations are rotated at the same speed, and they are synchronized. Thus the signal at segment A of the transmitter will reach segment A of the receiver in the period the arm is contacting the segment A. The same is in the case of other segments.
\nTime division multiplexing is used when data transmission rate of media is greater than the total transmission rate of the sources. Here each signal is allotted to a definite amount of time. These slots are too small so that the transmission appears to be parallel. In TDM all the signals to be transmitted are not transmitted simultaneously. Instead, they are transmitted one by one. When all the signals are transmitted once on the transmission channel, it is said to be one cycle of completion.
\nSynchronization between the multiplexer and demultiplexer is a major issue in TDM. If the multiplexer and the demultiplexer are not properly synchronized, a bit belonging to one channel may be received by another channel. Therefore, one or more synchronization bits are generally added to the beginning of each frame. These bits, called framing bits, allow the demultiplexer to synchronize with the incoming stream so that it can separate the time slots accurately. Normally, this synchronization information consists of 1 bit per frame, alternating between 0 and 1.
\nThere are two types of TDM multiplexing, synchronous TDM and asynchronous or statistical TDM or intelligent TDM.
\nIn synchronous TDM the slots are arranged in a round robin manner, i.e., if there are n sources, then a single frame consists of n time slots, and each time slot is dedicated to exactly one source for carrying data from the corresponding input. Each source places its data to the link only when the corresponding slot arrives. In synchronous TDM, if a device does not have data to send, then its time slots remain empty. The transmission of data with synchronous TDM is shown in Figure 9.
\nSynchronous TDM transmission representation.
\n
The channel capacity cannot be fully utilized when some source do not want to send the data.
The capacity of the transmission link must be higher than the total capacity of input lines.
It is very complex to implement.
In synchronous TDM if a particular terminal has no data to transmit at a particular time period, the corresponding slot in a frame is wasted or an empty slot will be transmitted. Asynchronous TDM or statistical TDM is used to overcome this difficulty. It dynamically allocates the time slots on the demand to separate input channels, thus saving the channel capacity. Here the time slots are flexible, and the total capacity of input lines can be greater than the link capacity of the channel. In synchronous TDM if there are n input lines, there must be n time slots, but in asynchronous TDM if we have n input lines, then the frame may contain less than n slots. Here the number of slots in a frame is based on a statistical analysis of the number of input lines. The transmission of data with asynchronous TDM is shown in Figure 10.
\nData transmission with asynchronous TDM.
\n
Frames have different sizes.
An output slot in synchronous TDM is totally occupied by data, in statistical TDM; a slot needs to carry data as well as the address of the destination.
It requires buffer, and address information is needed as there is no separate slots assigned for each user.
Code division multiplexing (CDM) [3] is a form of multiplexing in which the transmitter encodes the signal by using a unique chip code which is generated by a pseudorandom sequence generator. It uses spread-spectrum communication, and a narrowband signal is spread over a large band of frequency; it allows multiple signals from multiple users to share a common communication channel. CDM involves the modulation of data with this spreading code in the transmitter side. The receiver also wants to know the same code used at the transmitter side in order to decode the signal at the receiving side. Here different random sequences correspond to different communication channels from different stations. To separate other channels, CDM assigns each channel with its own code. The main advantage of CDM is protection from interference and tapping because only the sender and the receiver know the spreading code (Figure 11).
\nCode division multiplexing (CDM).
CDM is widely used in second-generation and third-generation wireless communication network.
\n\n
The CDM does not require any synchronization.
In CDM more number of users can share the same bandwidth.
It is scalable.
It is well-matched with other cellular technologies.
Interference is reduced because different code words are allocated to each user.
Efficient utilization of fixed frequency spectrum.
\n
The system is more complicated.
As the number of users increases, the overall quality of services decreases.
More complex system and primarily it is used in wireless transmission.
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) [4, 5] is a multiplexing technique used in broadband communication system. It is a multicarrier modulation scheme. Now it is used in 4G broadband communication system and next-generation systems. OFDM is popular in broadband wireless systems due to its resistance to multipath fading. OFDM has high data rate capability with reasonable computational complexity. OFDM divides a broadband channel into multiple parallel narrowband subchannels, and each channel carries a low data rate stream of signals. Finally these signals are summing and then transmit as a high data rate stream. In an OFDM transmitter, the input signal bits are mapped into a bank of quadrature amplitude modulator which encodes these into complex symbols. This is fed to an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) to ensure the orthogonality of the subchannels. This output is converted into parallel to serial, modulated into a carrier wave, and then transmitted into the air. At the receiver the reverse process is performed for recovering the original signal. The advantages of OFDM are that its low computational complexity because OFDM may be viewed as a many slowly modulated narrowband signals rather than a rapidly modulated wideband signal.
\nThe block diagram depicting the OFDM transmitter is shown in Figure 12. For OFDM transmitter, a serial stream of binary digits is considered as the input. The input is converted into N parallel streams using inverse multiplexing. The transformation of N parallel streams into the state-space mechanism is performed by means of modulation techniques like quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) and phase shift keying (PSK).
\nOFDM transmitter.
A digital modulation system for data communication by varying or modulating the phase of the reference signal or the carrier wave signal is known as PSK. A finite number of phases is involved in PSK with each phase having a distinctive pattern of binary digits. An integration of trouble-free AM and simple phase modulation is called QAM in which the large amount of data is transmitted over the same bandwidth due to the synergistic effect of simple amplitude modulation and phase modulation. Hence, QAM increases the efficiency of data transmission for radio communication systems (Figure 13).
\nOFDM transmitter simple block diagram.
To provide a set of complex time-domain samples, IFFT is calculated for each set of symbols. Later, the time-domain samples are quadrature mixed to passband in the normal way. By the use of digital-to-analog converters (DACs), the real and imaginary components are primarily converted to the analog domain. Such analog signal helps to modulate corresponding cosine and sine waves at the carrier frequency. Finally, those signals are summed up to provide the transmission signal.
\nAt the OFDM receiver’s side, the reverse process of transmitter side is performed. The block diagram representing the OFDM receiver is shown in Figure 14. The transmitter-generated signal is further transmitted over the channel for receiving. The receiver receives the baseband OFDM signals, and then it passes through a low-pass filter to remove the unwanted signals. The baseband signals are then sampled and digitized using ADCs, and a forward FFT is used to convert back to the frequency domain.
\nOFDM simple block diagram of OFDM receiver.
By means of an appropriate symbol detector, the frequency domain signals are converted to N parallel streams, and each stream is converted to a binary stream. A sequential stream combining all binary stream acts as an estimate of the original binary stream at the transmitter side.
\n\n
OFDM is computationally efficient to deploy the modulation and demodulation techniques through IFFT and FFT, respectively.
OFDM signal is robust and more tolerant in multipath propagation environment to delay spread.
OFDM is more resistant to frequency selective fading than single carrier transmission systems.
OFDM system gives good protection against co-channel interference and impulsive parasitic noise.
OFDM system uses pilot subcarriers to prevent the frequency and phase shift errors.
OFDM system has also certain limitations rather than the abovementioned potential capabilities. High peak-to-average power ratios (PAPR) of transmitted signal are the major drawback of the OFDM signal. OFDM is very sensitive to carrier frequency offset and hence becomes difficult to synchronize during sharing of subcarriers different transmitters.
\nDigital multiplexer [6, 7, 8] or data selector is a logic circuit that has several input lines and a single output line. It also consists of data selector switch which is used to select the inputs and permit the data into the device to output.
\nThe logic symbol and circuit for a four-input multiplexer are shown inFigure 15.
\nCircuit diagram of four-in-one multiplexer.
Here D0, D1, D2, and D3 are data input lines. S0 and S1 are data selector or logic switches. When S0 = S1 = 0, then the two inputs of the first AND gate become actively high because the selectors S0 and S1 are inverted using NOT gate and given to this gate. Thus the data from D0 line is outputted through this AND gate. At that time the other gates are in 0 output position. Similarly when S0 = 1 and S1 = 0, then the two inputs of the AND gate 2 become actively high; thus, data from D1 is transmitted through gate 2 as output, and all other gates are in 0 output position. In this manner D2 and D3 are inputted to consecutive switch positions. Here an OR gate is used to combine these four output lines as a single output (Figure 16).
\nCircuit symbol and selector switch pattern of four-in-one multiplexer.
The logic symbol and data selector of eight-in-one multiplexer is shown in Figure 17.
\nLogic symbol and switching pattern of eight-in-one multiplexer.
If input is 2, then one data selector switch is needed; if input is 4, then two selector switches are needed; if input is 8, then three selector switches are needed; if input is 16, then four selector switches are needed; and so on.
\nIn an eight-in-one multiplexer (Figure 18), eight data input lines such as D0, D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, and D7, data selector S0, S1, and S2. In this circuit these inputs are fed to eight AND gates, and the outputs of the AND gates are combined by using an OR gate.
\nLogic diagram of eight-in-one multiplexer.
When the three selector switches are actively low, then the three inputs of the first AND gate become actively high because the selector outputs are NOTed and given to the first AND gate. Thus the data from D0 line is outputted through the first AND gate, and all other AND gates are in 0 output position. When S0 = 1, S1 = 0, and S2 = 0, then the three input terminals of the second AND gate become actively high, and D1 is outputted through this gate. At that time all other gates are in 0 output position. In that manner D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, and D7 data are outputted in the next consecutive switch positions.
\nImportant TTL multiplexer IC’s are as follows:
\n74,157—2 input data selector/MUX.
\n74,151—8 input data selector/MUX.
\n74,150—16 input data selector/MUX.
\n\n
Seven-segment display unit
Function generators
Digital counters
Parallel-to-serial conversion
Demultiplexer [6] is a logic circuit that performs the reverse multiplexer function. Demultiplexer receives signal from a single line (serial input) and transmits these information into multiple output lines and parallel output lines (Figure 19).
\nCircuit diagram of one-to-eight demultiplexer.
In analog communication we use different modulation schemes like amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, phase modulation, etc. [9]. In digital communication we use the following schemes:
Amplitude shift keying (ASK)
Frequency shift keying (FSK)
Phase shift keying (PSK)
The principle of amplitude shift keying is that the amplitude of the carrier wave is modulated in accordance with the digital message signal, i.e., ASK signal represents the binary data in the form of variations in the amplitude of the carrier signal. When an ON condition of digital pulse exists, then carrier will be switched ON, and when an OFF condition encounters, the carrier will be switched OFF. The time period for which the carrier is present or absent depends on the time interval for which the unipolar pulses are present.
\nHere the amplitude of carrier signal is varied to represent binary 1 and binary 0 data inputs, while the frequency and phase of the carrier signal remain constant. Voltage levels are left to designers of the modulation system (Figure 20).
\nAmplitude shift keying.
The major advantage of ASK includes high bandwidth efficiency and simplicity in its design. In ASK the modulation and demodulation processes are comparatively inexpensive.
\nIts disadvantages include lower power efficiency, and it is very susceptible to noise interference.
\n\n
Used in our infrared remote controls
Used in fiber optical transmitter and receiver
The principle of frequency shift keying is that the frequency of the carrier wave is modulated in accordance with the digital message signal, i.e., FSK signal represents the binary data in the form of variations in the frequency of the carrier signal. When an ON condition of digital pulse exists, then carrier will be switched to one frequency, and when an OFF condition encounters the carrier, it will be switched to another frequency, i.e., in “frequency shift keying,” the frequency of a sinusoidal carrier is shifted between two discrete values (Figure 21).
\nFrequency shift keying.
Its advantages include lower probability of error and provide high signal-to-noise ratio. It has higher immunity to noise due to constant envelope. Therefore the probability of error-free reception of data is high. FSK transmitter and FSK receiver implementations are simple for low data rate application.
\nThe disadvantage of FSK includes the usage of larger bandwidth than other modulation techniques such as ASK and PSK. Hence it is not bandwidth efficient and is extensively used in low-speed modems having bit rates below 1200 bits/sec. It is not preferred for the high-speed modems because with increase in speed, the bit rate increases.
\nMany modems used FSK in telemetry systems.
\nThe principle of phase shift keying is that the phase of the carrier wave is modulated in accordance with the digital message signal, i.e., PSK signal represents the binary data in the form of variations in the phase of the carrier signal. Here the carrier signal changes its phase depending on the nature of the transmitted bit, i.e., 0 or 1. In two levels of PSK, the difference of 180-phase shift is used between binary 1 and binary 0 (Figure 22).
\nPhase shift keying.
It is a more power-efficient modulation technique than the ASK and FSK as it is less susceptible to errors than ASK modulation and occupies the same bandwidth as ASK. The disadvantage of PSK includes lower bandwidth efficiency. The binary data is decoded by estimation of phase states of the signal. These detection and recovery algorithms are very complex. It is also one form of FSK, and hence it also offers lower bandwidth efficiency than ASK modulation type.
\n\n
Used in our ADSL broadband modem
Used in satellite communication
Used in our mobile phones
This chapter “multiplexing” deals with different multiplexing techniques commonly used in both analog and digital communication systems and their classifications. This chapter contains the detailed description of analog modulation techniques like FDM, WDM, etc. It also describes about OFDM techniques and various digital modulation schemes like TDM and its variants. It also focuses on CDM multiplexing techniques and different digital multiplexers and demultiplexers and varies in digital demodulation techniques like ASK, PSK, and FSK with detailed diagrams.
\nCancer cells need to control their environment to survive. Under a nutrient-limited microenvironment, they compete for oxygen and micronutrients with normal cells to survive and maintain their malignancy potential. Thus, oncogene-directed metabolic reprogramming is needed for cancer cell survival. Since lipids are essential molecules for cancer cells, understanding lipid metabolism reprogramming might be a useful hallmark for cancer. Those hallmarks include sustaining growth signaling, evading growth suppressors, resisting apoptosis programs, inducing angiogenesis, and activating invasion and metastasis.
In this chapter, we will focus on changes in fatty acid metabolism. Fatty acids are essential building blocks for some lipids with numerous essential roles in the human body. The body usually gains fatty acids from the diet, known as exogenous fatty acids. However, fatty acids can also be obtained endogenously through de novo fatty acid synthesis. In cancer conditions, a large number of fatty acids are needed. Changes in fatty acid metabolism are common to provide the needs of fatty acids for cancer cells.
A high rate of fatty acid metabolism must be followed by activating several enzymes involved in fatty acid metabolism. Overexpression of those enzymes might be useful as a marker for a cancer condition. Another benefit of understanding how a tumor cell influences the environment around it is also essential for developing new targeted therapies.
Lipids are molecules that have numerous essential roles in the human body. In intracellular activity, lipids act as a ligand and second messenger. Lipids are composed of water-insoluble molecules such as fatty acids, triacylglycerides, phospholipids, or cholesterol. Fatty acids are molecules consisting of a carboxylic acid group and a hydrocarbon chain. Fatty acids are classified based on their hydrocarbon chain length: short-chain fatty acids (less than six carbon atoms), medium-chain fatty acids (6–12 carbon atoms), long-chain fatty acids (12–21 carbon atoms), and very-long-chain fatty acids (22 or more carbon atoms) [1, 2, 3].
Fatty acids are essential building blocks for lipids such as phospholipids, sphingolipids, and more complex lipids such as diacylglycerides (DAGs) and triacylglycerides (TAGs), which are important in regulating biochemical processes in a normal cell. In mammals, the main source of fatty acids is gained from the microenvironment (exogenous) through some transporter: fatty acid translocase (FAT) or cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36), fatty acid transport protein family (FATPs), and plasma membrane fatty-acid-binding proteins (FABPpm). In some conditions, fatty acids can be synthesized through de novo synthesis inside the body [3].
In order to build some essential lipids, fatty acids are obtained from direct uptake from the microenvironment. Exogenous fatty acids are taken up to the plasma membrane by some transporters: CD36, FATPs, and FABPpm. Those fatty acids are then stored as lipid droplets, which can convert to nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and acetyl CoA via β-oxidation, or known as fatty acid oxidation (FAO) [1, 3, 4].
NADPH is then used as energy fuel for metabolism activity, meanwhile acetyl-CoA is used as a material for the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Acetyl-CoA is not only produced by β-oxidation, but is also generated from glucose and acetate metabolism. In the TCA cycle, acetyl-CoA is converted into citrate. When de novo fatty acid synthesis (FAS) is activated, those mitochondria-derived citrate together with glucose and amino acids then enter de novo FAS to produce fatty acids [3, 4].
De novo FAS is the formation of fatty acids from carbon atoms derived from carbohydrates such as glucose and amino acids, including glutamine. De novo synthesis occurs mainly in the liver and adipose tissue and is highly responsive to changes in dietary regimen. This pathway contributes to triacylglycerol’s homeostasis, where most of the TAG is obtained from the diet. A high-carbohydrate diet activates a lipogenic response in liver tissue to increase the synthesis and secretion of very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and increase hepatic de novo synthesis contributing to hypertriglyceridemia [1, 2].
De novo FAS requires some catalyst enzymes, such as ATP citrate lyase (ACLY), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), and fatty acid synthase (FASN). ACLY bridges glucose and FA metabolism by converting six-carbon citrate to oxaloacetate and two-carbon acetyl-CoA. The acetyl-CoA transforms into malonyl-CoA by ACC, which is regulated by citrate and glutamate. The next step produces 16-carbon palmitate from malonyl-CoA by FASN. Acetyl-CoA synthetase 2 (ACSS2) also plays a role in de novo FAS by converting acetate to acetyl-CoA before entering the TCA cycle [3, 5].
One of TCA products is mitochondria-derived citrate, which converts to acetyl-CoA by ACLY in the cytosol. This acetyl-CoA is fuel for de novo FAS as it converts into malonyl-CoA by ACC. Finally, malonyl-CoA converts into palmitate by FASN (Figure 1). Subsequently palmitate is then esterified to form triglycerides or cholesterol esters. Palmitate may also form new fatty acids by elongation of very-long-chain fatty acid protein (ELOVLs) [1, 3, 4].
Reprogramming of fatty acid metabolism in cancer cell [
The regulation of de novo lipogenesis occurs through the activation of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs). There are three main transcription factors: SREBP1a and SREBP1c, and SREBP2. SREBPs are inactive 125-kDa precursors bound to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). When the concentration of intracellular cholesterol is high, insulin-induced genes (INSIGs) will bind to SREBP-cleavage-activating proteins (SCAPs) and localize the SREBP precursors to the ER. But, when the cholesterol concentration is low, SCAPs will facilitate the translocation of ER-bound SREBPs to the Golgi and then release the active N terminus. This N-terminal fragment translocates to the nucleus and induces the transcription of genes containing sterol regulatory elements (SREs), such as FASN, ACLY, and ACC. Some growth factors and estrogen receptors also regulate FASN expressions, such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), estrogen receptor, and progesterone receptor [3].
Fatty acid oxidation, known as fatty acid β-oxidation, is the degradation of long-chain fatty acids in mitochondria. The balance between exogenous fatty acid uptake, FAO, and de novo FAS depends on dietary intake and metabolic rate in mitochondria [4, 6].
Carnitine palmitoyl transferase (CPT) 1, CPT2, and carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase (CACT) are enzymes needed to catalyze the FAO (Figure 2). CPT1 is an outer membrane enzyme and has a role in translocating long-chain fatty acids into acyl-CoA across the membrane. In this process, acyl-CoA is converted into acylcarnitine. After successfully penetrating the membrane, the CPT2 as an inner membrane enzyme converts acylcarnitine back into acyl-CoA for oxidation [4, 6].
Role of CPT1 and CPT2 in FAO [
Tumor cells need to control their environment to survive. Under a nutrient-limited microenvironment, they compete for oxygen and micronutrients with normal cells to survive and even maintain their malignancy potential. Changes in lipid metabolism are common to provide the needs of fatty acids for cancer cells. Cancer cells require fatty acids to build the membrane and molecule signaling. Thus, fatty acid metabolism reprogramming is one of the hallmarks of the cancer condition. This reprogramming includes alteration of fatty acid uptake, de novo fatty acid synthesis, and fatty acid oxidation (FAO) [3, 4, 5].
Overexpression of CD36 has been correlated with breast cancer survival and leads to elevation of exogenous fatty acid uptake. This elevated exogenous fatty acid uptake is implicated in enhancing tumor growth and metastasis and providing the cancer cell with chemoresistance. Elevated lipid droplets resulting from excess fatty acids are used by cancer cells for various vital roles, such as maintaining lipid homeostasis and preventing cancer cells from death under metabolic stress [3, 4, 5].
The body usually uses exogenous fatty acids to maintain homeostasis in normal conditions. De novo FAS is present when the diet is not adequate. But in the presence of cancer cells, increased de novo fatty acid synthesis usually occurs to meet the demand for high fatty acids. This is thought to be part of the general metabolic shift from a nonproliferative catabolic phenotype to a proliferative anabolic phenotype [2, 4].
Cancer cells upregulate some critical enzymes, such as ACC, ACLY, and FASN, to enhance the rate of de novo FAS (Figure 3). ACLY has a role in glucose metabolism and FA metabolism by converting six-carbon citrate to oxaloacetate and two-carbon acetyl-CoA. ACLY overexpression and activity have been represented in some cancers: in the lung, prostate, bladder, breast, and liver. This overexpression was correlated with a poorer prognosis in lung adenocarcinoma. Thus, inhibiting ACLY may induce activation of p53, which plays a role in suppressing cancer cell proliferation [3, 7].
De novo FA synthesis alteration. GLUT1: glucose transporter 1, FASN: fatty acid synthase, ACLY: ATP citrate lyase, ACC: acetyl-CoA carboxylase, TCA: tricarboxylic acid.
FASN is a 270-kDa dimeric enzyme responsible for producing fatty acids from malonyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA. In breast cancer, HER2/neu increased FASN transcription and lipogenesis. In addition, a study found that HER2/neu directly phosphorylates FASN, and this phosphorylation increases FASN synthesis activity [2, 5, 8].
Overexpression of FASN has been known as a hallmark of phenotypic alteration for most human malignancies. This elevation of FASN leads to increase fatty acid synthesis and correlates with poor prognosis for many cancer types. FASN also promotes tumor angiogenesis since it correlates with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).
The level of fatty acids is also correlated with gynecological outcomes in epithelial ovarian cancer. A study reports that a higher level of fatty acids is correlated with suboptimal debulking in epithelial ovarian cancer patients. Increased FASN expression and activity were also found in early oncogenesis and correlated with cancer development. A study in ovarian cancer showed that overexpression of FASN is more correlated with tumor proliferation than tumor metastasis. Conversely, FASN inhibition leads to accumulating malonyl-CoA, which induces apoptosis [3, 5, 9, 10].
Cancer cells tend to upregulate ACC under metabolic stress or lipid depletion. These ACC then convert acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA to meet the high demand for fatty acids. On the other hand, ACC inhibition decreases palmitic acid and induces an apoptosis program. In a breast cancer cell, apoptosis triggered by depletion of ACC only occurs in the nonmalignant cell [3, 10].
Another reprogramming of fatty acid metabolism is increased fatty acid oxidation. The products of fatty acid oxidation such as NADH, NADPH, FADH2, and ATP are used for cancer cells as energy-carrying molecules, which are important for their survival. High levels of ATP from FAO are correlated with the proliferation of triple-negative breast cancer. Acetyl-CoA from the FAO also can be used by cancer cells to gain fatty acids through de novo FAS. An increase in CPT1 is common in cancer cells. CPT1 also provides neovascularization for the tumor microenvironment [4, 6].
CPT1C is one of the subtypes of CPTC, which is upregulated in some cancers and protects the cancer cells from metabolic stress such as hypoxia or glucose depletion. Elevation of CPT1C in cancer cells provides FAO and adaptation to metabolic stress and resistance to mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) inhibitor. Thus, increased FAO is essential not only for tumor growth but also for cancer chemoresistance [4, 6].
As mentioned above, fatty acid metabolism has some essential roles in helping the cancer cell to survive. Interestingly, fatty acids are involved in signaling pathways to regulate cellular homeostasis and create an appropriate microenvironment for tumor progression and metastasis. Those signaling pathways include phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (Akt), and mTOR signaling pathways [3, 11].
Synthesis of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids is increased due to the high rate of de novo FAS in cancer cells. Interestingly, a rigid and stable cell membrane is formed from de novo FAS products. This high cholesterol structure protects the cell from peroxidation and limits its ability to spread (Figure 4A). To reduce the rigidity and increase the fluidity of cell membranes, the cancer cell needs to release intracellular cholesterol. After decreasing cholesterol levels, the cell membrane is less rigid and more flexible in changing its shape, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) can occur [3, 11].
Role of fatty acids in signaling pathway [
EMT is an important mode for cancer cells to spread. As an enzyme involved in de novo FAS, FASN correlates with EMT. The level of FASN is increased in EMT cells. FASN can regulate the Wnt or (transforming growth factor β) TGF-β signaling pathways to alter cell membrane rigidity and increase the mobility of cancer cells. This opportunity gives the cancer cell ability to spread. But conversely, high cholesterol levels in cell membrane lead to cholesterol-rich lipid rafts formation and induce oncogenic signaling via PI3K-AKT (Figure 4B). With this contradictive theory, inhibiting cholesterol synthesis still can be considered as a therapy for early-stage cancer [3, 11].
Another signaling molecule, which contributes in tumorigenesis, is phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns). PtdIns is composed of two fatty acid chains bound to an inositol ring and glycerol. Some phosphoinositide species, such as phosphatidylinositol (3,4)-bisphosphate or PI(3,4), phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate or PI(4,5), phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate or PI(3)P, and phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate or PIP3, are generated from hydroxyl group of inositol ring. PIP3 activates oncogenic AKT and induces activation of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2), leading to tumorigenesis. On the other hand, PI(3)P induces tumorigenesis via serum- and glucocorticoid-induced protein kinase-3 (SGK3) activation.
Considering reprogramming fatty acid metabolism is an important hallmark for cancer development; targeting key enzymes involved in fatty acid metabolism is a promising strategy. Not only de novo FAS and FAO, but lipid uptake is also a potential target for cancer treatment.
CD36 inhibition might be useful for tumors with lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and CD36 overexpression. Anti-CD36 use implicates complete inhibition of metastasis in immunodeficient mice without any adverse effect. In prostate cancer, CD36 monoclonal antibody use can reduce exogenous fatty acid uptake and several oncogenic signaling lipids. Further study is still needed to reveal the side effects of long-term inhibition of CD36. Decreased lipid uptake into the cell using orlistat may also be used for targeted therapy. Orlistat is used to inhibit LPL in order to decrease exogenous fatty acid uptake [4].
Since the role of FASN is important in supporting both anabolic metabolism and oncogenic signaling, targeting FASN for cancer therapy might be promising. Inhibition of FASN leads to toxic accumulation of malonyl-CoA in inducing cell death. In cells derived from a lymph node metastasis of prostate carcinoma (LNCaP), RNA interference (RNAi) activity against FASN implicates cancer cell growth inhibition. First-line chemical inhibitors of FASN such as C75, orlistat, and cerulenin are shown to reduce and inhibit tumor growth by inducing cell-cycle arrest. Orlistat provides antitumor properties for some cancers such as breast cancer and melanoma. FASN inhibition was also sensitive for ovarian cancer cells by C75 and G28UCM. Using this first generation of FASN inhibitors had some adverse effects such as increased energy expenditure, loss of adipose tissue, and decreased body weight [3, 4, 5].
The next generation of FASN inhibitors, such as TVB-3166 and TVB-2640, has shown antitumor potential, higher specificity for FASN, and limited systemic toxicity in a preclinical study. Antitumor activity has been shown in breast cancer and colorectal cancer by TVB-3166 and TVB-3664 use in preclinical study. In a clinical trial, TVB- 3166 and TVB-2640 showed limiting systemic toxicity in early phase. The significant difference between the first and next generations is that the newer generation does not implicate indirect CPT1 in peripheral tissue. Omeprazole may also be used for FASN inhibitors and has entered clinical trials in triple-negative breast cancer patients [3, 4].
Some ACLY inhibitors have shown high efficacy in lowering LDL cholesterol. ETC- 1002 has entered clinical trial in phase 2/3, and hydroxy citrate has already entered randomized control trials. Thus, ACLY inhibitors can be considered as a therapeutic strategy for cancer therapy and have been demonstrated to reduce tumor proliferation in some cancers, such as breast cancer, lung cancer, and prostate cancer [4].
SCD1 inhibitors such as CVT 11127, MF-483 also have potential as an anticancer therapeutic target. The combination of SCD1 inhibitor with other drugs shows potency against cancer cell chemoresistance and enhances therapeutic efficacy. Commonly used drugs in combination with SCD1 are gefitinib, temozolomide, and temsirolimus [4].
AKT/mTOR/SREBP-1 pathway is also interesting to point out as targeted therapy. The activity of fatty acid synthase may be reduced by reducing its transcription levels. Inhibiting SREBP-1 in cancer cells could decrease fatty acid synthase gene expression and prevent cancer cell growth. Among SREBP-1 inhibitors, betulin has increased the sensitivity of hepatocellular carcinoma cells to their first-line antitumor agent, sorafenib. On the other hand, a combination of the mTOR inhibitor everolimus and metformin can inhibit the proliferation of breast cancer cells [4].
Limiting excess fatty acids by increasing fatty acid degradation by mitochondria β-oxidation can be beneficial in reducing the proliferation of cancer cells. Otherwise, the high rate of fatty acid oxidation could prevent cancer cells from metabolic stress by providing abundant ATP as an energy fuel. Thus, decreasing fatty acid oxidation might be a promising strategy against cancer cells [4, 5].
CPT1 is the first and rate-limiting step of fatty acid oxidation. The use of CPT1 inhibitors such as etomoxir may inhibit tumor cell proliferation. Perhexiline, aβ-oxidation inhibitor has also shown to be beneficial by inhibiting fatty acid utilization and tumor cell proliferation. In addition to perhexiline, sensitivity in gastrointestinal cancer for its first-line regimen therapy has increased (Figure 5) [4].
Therapuetic targets in fatty acid metabolism [
Fatty acids are essential building blocks for lipids, which have numerous essential roles in the human body. Fatty acids are needed for cell survival, not only in healthy cells but also in cancer cells. Thus, fatty acid reprogramming is a useful hallmark for cancer conditions. Understanding several enzymes involved in fatty acid metabolism, such as FASN, ACC, and ACLY, is also helpful in developing therapeutic targets for cancer.
This study was supported by a grant from the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, RSUP Dr. Hasan Sadikin and Universitas Padjajaran Bandung.
The author declares no conflict of interest.
The author declares all the figures as original and not published elsewhere.
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to President Director of RSUP Dr. Hasan Sadikin, dr. Azhar Jaya SKM, MARS, Dean of Faculty of Medicine Universitas Padjadjaran, Prof Dr. Yudi Mulyana Hidayat, dr., SpOG(K)-Onk, head of Obstetrics and Gynecology Department RSUP Dr. Hasan Sadikin, Dr. dr. Ruswana Anwar, Sp.OG-KFER., M.Kes, and my assistant Dr Ayu Insafi Mulyantari for guidance, support, and encouragement has been invaluable throughout this study.
Ove Odredbe i uvjeti ističu pravila i regulacije u svezi korištenja IntechOpenove stranice www.intechopen.com i svih poddomena u vlasništvu IntechOpena, tvrtke sa sjedištem u 5 Princes Gate Court, London, SW7 2QJ, Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo.
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\\n\\nSljedeća terminologija odnosi se na Odredbe i uvjete, te na sve naše ugovore:
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\\n\\nKompanija, tvrtka, mi, naše odnosi se na tvrtku IntechOpen;
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\\n\\nMi koristimo kolačiće. Korištenjem IntechOpenove stranice slažete se s korištenjem kolačića u skladu s IntechOpenovom Politikom privatnosti. Većina modernih, interaktivnih stranica koristi kolačiće kako bi omogućila ponovno pronalaženje korisničkih detalja kod svakog posjeta. Na našoj stranici kolačići se uglavnom koriste kako bi omogućili funkcionalnost i olakšali posjetiteljima korištenje stranice.
\\n\\nIntechOpen ili njegovi suradnici niti u jednom slučaju neće biti odgovorni za štete (štete uključuju gubitak podataka ili profita, druge poslovne prekide, te sve ostale štete) koje nastanu zbog korištenja materijala na IntechOpenovoj stranici ili nemogućnosti da se iste koriste, čak i ako je IntechOpen ili njegov predstavnik o takvoj šteti obaviješten pismenim ili usmenim putem. Neke jurisdikcije ne dozvoljavaju ograničenja garancija ili ograničenja obveza za posljedične ili slučajne štete pa se u tom slučaju ova ograničenja možda ne odnose na vas.
\\n\\nMaterijali koji se pojavljuju na IntechOpenovoj stranici mogu sadržavati manje greške, tipfelere ili fotografske greške. IntechOpen može napraviti promjene na bilo kojem materijalu koji se nalazi na stranici u bilo koje vrijeme.
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\\n\\nAko smatrate da je bilo koja poveznica na našoj stranici sumnjiva iz bilo kojeg razloga, molimo vas da nas kontaktirate. U tom slučaju razmotrit ćemo micanje poveznice s naše stranice, iako nismo obvezni to napraviti.
\\n\\nBez prethodne privole i izričite pisane dozvole, ne možete stvarati okvire oko naših stranica ili koristiti druge tehnike koje na bilo koji način mogu promijeniti prezentaciju ili izgled naše stranice.
\\n\\nIntechOpen može ove Odredbe izmijeniti u bilo koje vrijeme i bez prethodne obavijesti. Koristeći ovu stranicu vi se slažete s trenutnim Odredbama i uvjetima koje su na snazi.
\\n\\nOve Odredbe i uvjeti su sastavljeni u skladu s odredbama prava Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva, a za sve sporove nadležan je sud u Londonu, Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo.
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\n\nSljedeća terminologija odnosi se na Odredbe i uvjete, te na sve naše ugovore:
\n\nKlijent, stranka, vi, vaš odnosi se na vas, osobu koja pristupa ovoj stranici i prihvaća IntechOpenove Odredbe i uvjete;
\n\nKompanija, tvrtka, mi, naše odnosi se na tvrtku IntechOpen;
\n\nStranke, strane odnosi se na klijenta i na nas, ili samo na klijenta ili nas.
\n\nSve odredbe koje se odnose na ponudu, prihvat ili razmatranje plaćanja, a za koja mi pružamo asistenciju klijentu, bilo na ugovoreni ili fiksni način, a s ciljem da se ostvare potrebe i želje klijenta u svezi s našim uslugama, su podložne zakonskim odredbama Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva.
\n\nOsim ako nije suprotno navedeno, IntechOpen i/ili svi davatelji licence vlasnici su intelektualnog vlasništva nad svim materijalima na www.intechopen.com. Sva prava intelektualnog vlasništva su pridržana. Stranice sa www.intechopen.com možete gledati, preuzimati, dijeliti, dijeliti poveznice i printati za osobnu uporabu, a temeljem pravila sadržanih u ovim Odredbama i uvjetima.
\n\nMi koristimo kolačiće. Korištenjem IntechOpenove stranice slažete se s korištenjem kolačića u skladu s IntechOpenovom Politikom privatnosti. Većina modernih, interaktivnih stranica koristi kolačiće kako bi omogućila ponovno pronalaženje korisničkih detalja kod svakog posjeta. Na našoj stranici kolačići se uglavnom koriste kako bi omogućili funkcionalnost i olakšali posjetiteljima korištenje stranice.
\n\nIntechOpen ili njegovi suradnici niti u jednom slučaju neće biti odgovorni za štete (štete uključuju gubitak podataka ili profita, druge poslovne prekide, te sve ostale štete) koje nastanu zbog korištenja materijala na IntechOpenovoj stranici ili nemogućnosti da se iste koriste, čak i ako je IntechOpen ili njegov predstavnik o takvoj šteti obaviješten pismenim ili usmenim putem. Neke jurisdikcije ne dozvoljavaju ograničenja garancija ili ograničenja obveza za posljedične ili slučajne štete pa se u tom slučaju ova ograničenja možda ne odnose na vas.
\n\nMaterijali koji se pojavljuju na IntechOpenovoj stranici mogu sadržavati manje greške, tipfelere ili fotografske greške. IntechOpen može napraviti promjene na bilo kojem materijalu koji se nalazi na stranici u bilo koje vrijeme.
\n\nIntechOpen nije formalno povezan niti s jednom vanjskom stranicom čije poveznice vode na www.intechopen.com, osim ako to nije izravno navedeno. Iz tog razloga IntechOpen nije odgovoran za sadržaj koji se pojavljuje na takvim stranicama. Poveznica na IntechOpenovu stranicu ne implicira povezanost sa IntechOpenom. Korištenje takvih poveznica isključiva je odgovornost korisnika.
\n\nZadržavamo pravo vlasništva nad cjelokupnom stranicom www.intechopen.com i nad svim materijalom na toj stranici. Koristeći se našim uslugama, slažete se da maknete sve poveznice na našu stranicu odmah nakon što to od vas zatražimo. Također, zadržavamo pravo da ove Odredbe i uvjete, i politiku o poveznicama izmjenimo u bilo koje vrijeme. Koristeći se poveznicama na naše stranice slažete se s ovim Odredbama i uvjetima.
\n\nAko smatrate da je bilo koja poveznica na našoj stranici sumnjiva iz bilo kojeg razloga, molimo vas da nas kontaktirate. U tom slučaju razmotrit ćemo micanje poveznice s naše stranice, iako nismo obvezni to napraviti.
\n\nBez prethodne privole i izričite pisane dozvole, ne možete stvarati okvire oko naših stranica ili koristiti druge tehnike koje na bilo koji način mogu promijeniti prezentaciju ili izgled naše stranice.
\n\nIntechOpen može ove Odredbe izmijeniti u bilo koje vrijeme i bez prethodne obavijesti. Koristeći ovu stranicu vi se slažete s trenutnim Odredbama i uvjetima koje su na snazi.
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. 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He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. 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His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. 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In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. 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Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. 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His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University Plovdiv",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. 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This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 14th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},subseries:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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