Clinico-radiological, surgical and pathological findings at initial diagnosis (33 patients).
\r\n\tThe WHO classification in 2007; was based on the histogenesis and cell origin of the tumor. In the latest classification made in 2016; to better characterize the tumor and obtain better data on its prognosis; The combination of molecular and genetic biomarkers and histopathological features of the tumor was used. Despite all current treatment approaches, the median survival time is around 12 months in most GBM patients. Compared with the situation of some types of successfully treated cancers; the survival time of GBM patients is not at an acceptable level today. In the treatment of CNS tumors; surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation treatments (x-rays, gamma rays, electron and proton beams) are used. The therapeutic potential of chemotherapy; New strategies are needed to increase drug concentration at the diseased site, as this largely depends on the ability of the chemotherapeutic agent to achieve effective concentrations at tumor localization. Based on our better understanding of the genetic and molecular characteristics of CNS tumors; Targeted therapies, including vaccines, and treatment protocols such as immunotherapy are promising developments.
\r\n\r\n\tThis book supposes to be written by many authors who have an internationally honored place in their field to share their ideas about the treatment of CNS tumors. Surgery, Radiotherapy, Chemotherapy and Antiangiogenic Therapy Protocols, Immunotherapy, Molecular Therapy, Specific target-agents therapy with Nanoparticles and Gene Therapy for CNS tumors among the book chapters.
\r\n\tIn these sections; there are many practical pieces of information that can help the students who graduated from the Medicine Faculty and specialist doctors who are interested in Neurosurgery.
Devices for performing chemical reactions are widely used to produce heat and work. Heat, in turn, produces work, e.g., in the form of electric energy in the so-called heat engines. It is the well-known fact that the efficiency of heat engines is restricted by Carnot principle. Therefore, it is generally recognized that heat cannot be fully converted to work. The efficiency of electric energy production due to the burning of fossil fuel of various kinds varies from 30 to 50 %.
On the other hand, there are galvanic and fuel cells whose efficiency can reach theoretically unity if it implies the ratio between the electric energy produced and the value of a change in Gibbs energy during chemical reactions occurring in a cell. These devices operate at constant temperature and pressure. It is concluded then that the devices, similar to a galvanic cell, cannot work at constant and uniform temperature according to the principle of heat engine. These devices assumed to operate only due to the direct transformation of chemical reaction energy, described by a change in the Gibbs energy, into work [1]. This viewpoint causes, however, numerous contradictions. The goal of this work is to analyze in detail the mechanism of useful work and heat production in chemical systems functioning at constant temperature and pressure.
In this Section, the fundamental functions of thermodynamics will be characterized, as the fundamental functions play the important role in the description of the process of the energy transformation. This notion includes four functions, i.e., internal energy, enthalpy, Helmholtz energy, and Gibbs energy. All of them are the state functions of energy dimension. It is generally believed that the value with energy dimension describes energy but this is by no means always the case. Below, the fundamental functions will elucidate whether these are energy values or not.
According to IUPAC [2], "
According to IUPAC, "
According to IUPAC, "
where
If the process occurs at constant volume, the expansion work is absent and
Thus, eq. (1) is of the form in the case of reversible process
where
According to IUPAC [2], "
where
Unfortunately, the word "energy" as defined by IUPAC for a Gibbs energy (and also for a Helmholtz energy), causes great confusion. The Gibbs energy
Consider now the problem of
Let us consider another example. Let the ideal gas-phase system involves a spontaneous process of the monomolecular transformation of substance A into B. As suggested a change in enthalpy tends to zero in this reaction. Thus, the internal energy, temperature, pressure, and volume will not undergo changes in this process. However, the entropy will increase due to the entropy of the mixing, because the entropy is a function of state. The value of the
Since neither enthalpy nor
Nevertheless, the notions that the Gibbs energy is the energy and thus, obeys conservation laws, prove to be long-lived, which causes erroneous interpretation of a number of processes some of which are of paramount importance.
Let us consider now the reaction of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) hydrolysis in water solution which is of great concern in biochemistry
ATP + H2O = ADP + Pi.
Under the standard conditions [6]
The heat of 4 kcal mol-1 is actually released into solution due to hydrolysis. Unfortunately, it is then assumed that the Gibbs energy is conserved which makes his difference in
Thus, among the four quantities, that claims to be called energy quantity, only the internal energy deserves this name. The other functions, i.e., enthalpy
This Section is devoted to the discussion of the generally accepted theory of the direct conversion of energy [1, 8] produced by chemical reaction to useful work. For simplicity, hereafter exergonic
The useful work of the chemical reaction occurring at constant temperature and pressure in the reversible conditions can be calculated through the change in the Gibbs function (5). When the interest is the useful work performed by the system in the environment
From eq. (6) it follows formally that the useful work of the reversible system in the environment is the sum of the enthalpy member
Fromeq. (6) it follows, that for
The second case of
The third case is
In the fourth case
As mentioned in the Introduction, at present, it is generally accepted that the high efficiency of reversible devices is inconsistent with the notions that heat can be used to produce work and that such devices realize the direct conversion of chemical system energy into work. But below it will be shown that in all the cases, the useful work results from the heat of volume
In this Section, it will demonstrate the mechanism of producing useful reversible work which involves no notions of the direct conversion of reaction energy into useful work. To this end, let us consider a Van’t Hoff equilibrium box (VHEB) [9 – 11]. A thermodynamic system must provide realization of the reversible process. This means that all changes in the system are infinitely slow at infinitely minor deviation from equilibrium.
It is assumed that in the system the following reaction occurs
where
Production of useful work and heat in a closed reversible system. Ast (Bst) indicate the reagents A
Let us consider reversible chemical process in a closed system (Fig. 1). The realization of the reversible chemical process consists in reversible transformation of the reagents to products via chemical reaction. Let us consider the closed system.
The process of reversible work production includes six stages.
A small amount of substance A
Then, the change in the Gibbs function and the work are zero
Reagent A
where
The thermostat enthalpy varies as follows:
Reagent A
The useful work production and the change in thermostat enthalpy
where
The same procedure is used to bring products from the standard vessels to reactor.
An equivalent amount of product B
Product B
Product B
The change in the thermostat enthalpy upon thermal energy conversion into useful work at step 5 is
where and
The change in the thermostat enthalpy at the second and fifth steps obeys the equation
where
For the reversible process, the maximal useful work is numerically equal to
The process has resulted in the useful work of the reaction,
Thus, the mixture in the reactor is moved off balance to be restored later. As a result, the reaction heat is emitted into the thermostat. Indeed, because of the elementary chemical act in the reactor, the energy released concentrates at the degrees of freedom of the product molecules. As the reactor temperature is constant, this energy is dissipated in the reactor and transferred to the thermostat which causes a
The cycle is over. Equations (12, 13) can be used to calculate the total change in thermostat enthalpy
The change in thermostat enthalpy is controlled only by reaction entropy [11].
This consideration demonstrates the main characteristics of the reversible process of useful work production at constant temperature and pressure in closed systems:
The useful work arises from the stage of the reversible transport of reagents from reservoir to reactor and from the stage of the reversible transport of products from the reactor.
The only energy source of useful work is the thermal energy of thermostat (or environment).
The heat released by chemical reactions is dissipated to the thermostat; the reaction heat is infinitely small in comparison with the volume of the thermostat thermal energy; therefore no reaction heat is really needed to produce work.
Although the useful work is produced by the cooling of one body (thermostat), the second law of thermodynamics is not violated, because the process is followed by a change in the amount of reagents and products.
The useful work is produced by heat exchange with thermostat (environment) according to the scheme
reaction heat → thermal thermostat energy → useful work(scheme I)
The maximal useful work is equal the heat dragged by tools from thermostat.
Useful work depends on the difference in the concentrations of standard and equilibrium states of reagents and products. Therefore, the amount of extracted energy can be calculated via the change in the Gibbs function.
There is no direct conversion of the Gibbs energy into useful work. Gibbs energy is equal numerically the thermal energy dragged by systems from the environment for doing work.
Usually, the total energy which can be produced by chemical system, is
The open system is depicted in Fig. 2. As compared with the closed one (Fig. 1), the open system consists of two thermostats: the first one contains a reactor and the second one contains standard vessels with substances A and B and tools. The second thermostat can be replaced by the environment. In the process, steps 1, 2, 5, and 6 occur in the second thermostat (environment); steps 3 and 4 take place in the first one. Thus, the heat is released in the first thermostat only and the work is performed by thermal energy of the second thermostat (environment). The processes of heat and work production are spatially separated! The energy potential of the open system obeys the equation
Production of useful work and heat in the open reversible system. The designations see in the subscription to
In the case of coal burning, it is possible to obtain the double total energy [11]. Thus, understanding the mechanism of useful work production in the reversible process allows us to predict an increase in the energy potential of chemical reactions in the open system.
It is worth noting that the open system under study is not a heat pump. The heat pump consumes energy to transfer heat from a cold body to the warm one. The open system studied does not consume external energy and produces heat due to chemical reactions in one thermostat and performs work by extraction of thermal energy from the second one.
The chemical reaction heat is always released in the reversible chemical processes and passes to the environment independent of the fact whether the system produces work or not, whether it is closed or open. The discussed mechanism of useful work production in the reversible systems did not use such notions as "free energy", "bound energy", "direct Gibbs energy conversion". The useful work arises only due to the heat exchange with a thermal basin in the process, described by the scheme I. The total energy of chemical system can be high and equal to
The current theory of galvanic cells [1, 3, 8] is based on a direct transformation of the energy (
The mechanism of electric energy production in galvanic cells will be solved by analyzing the behavior of one ion. But it does not denote that thermodynamics will be applied to a real single ion: thermodynamic parameters of one ion imply the averaged parameters of many ions.
For simplicity a Daniell cell will be considered, consisting of zinc (№1) and copper (№2) electrodes (Fig. 3). The activity of salts in solutions is denoted by
where
where
which readily gives the expression for both the work performed on the first electrode and its galvanic potential [3]
The latter is the potential for a half-cell. Thus, the approach, based on the consideration of the behavior of one ion, provides a common expression for electrode potential.
Establishment of equilibrium on the electrodes
The change in electrode enthalpy involves dissolution enthalpy and thermal energy consumption upon ion transport into solution. The equation for dissolution enthalpy is readily obtained from eq. (16)
where
where
As follows from eq. (22), the change in enthalpy, related to the first electrode, is independent of the processes, occurring on the second one. Therefore, studying either release or absorption of heat on a separate electrode, one may calculate the change in entropy due to the escape of the ions of the same type into the bulk.
A corresponding expression for the second electrode is of the same form but index "1" should be substituted by index "2":
In the operation of the galvanic cell, the processes on the second electrode are oppositely directed which should be taken into account in consideration of the thermodynamic cell parameters.
Equations (20) and (26) allow to get the Nernst equation for the potential of the cell [3]
where
The electric work of the galvanic cell (
The change in thermostat enthalpy is of the form
which is in fair agreement with similar expression, described by eq. (14), for the VHEB. The detailed equation for
The sum of eqs. (31) and (33) gives the total energy (electric work + heat), produced by the galvanic cell
From eq.(34) it follows that the total energy produced by the galvanic cell is equal to the heat emitted by oxidation-reduction reaction.
Thus, the approach, based on the analysis of the behavior of one ion gives the same results as the present-day theory. However, it uses not a mysterious, direct transformation of the chemical energy (
reaction heat → thermal thermostat energy → potential energy of charged electrodes → electric energy.
Thus, in various systems with uniform temperature, useful work is produced by the same mechanism through the exchange of thermal energy with thermostat (environment). No direct conversion of chemical energy into useful work is observed. Unfortunately, in the galvanic cell, the processes of heat release and useful work production cannot be spatially separated, because both of them occur in a double layer. Therefore, galvanic cells are unpromising in production of a double amount of energy.
Consider now a concentration cell, consisting of two electrodes, e.g., the zinc ones of different solution activity. Standard changes in the Gibbs function, enthalpy, and entropy for the concentration cell tend to zero due to the same chemical nature of both of the electrodes. By definition, it has been considered that
which is a usual expression for the electric energy of the concentration cell. From eq. (34) it follows
For the system in which the activities are temperature-independent, the electric energy arises from the thermal thermostat energy (environment)
which is in fair agreement with conventional concepts.
An ideal system with concentration gradient has no potential energy because the mixing does not result in heat release and
The useful work of the system with a concentration gradient
Any non-equilibrium state can serve as an energy source. The thermostat (environment) is an active participant of the process of reversible useful work production in devices operating at constant temperature. The heat released by chemical reactions, always dissipates in the thermostat (environment). The useful work is produced by special tools that provide the extraction of the thermal energy of the thermostat (environment) and the transformation of thermal energy into work at the process of the restoration of the chemical equilibrium. The volume of the useful work is equal, in reversible conditions, to the change in Gibbs function. A spatial separation of reactor and tools can lead to a substantial increase in the energy produced. The direct conversion of the Gibbs energy into useful work does not exist. The concepts of free and bound energy become unnecessary.
The recurrence’s rate of intracranial meningiomas ranges from 10–32% at 10 years [1, 2, 3] .The main risk factors include the WHO grade [4, 5, 6, 7], the extent of resection according to Simpson [8, 9, 10], the proliferation index Ki67-MIB1 [11, 12, 13, 14] and mitotic index [15] and the postoperative adjuvant treatments [1, 16, 17]. Other factors have also been suggested, such as patient age and sex [4, 18], tumor size [19, 20, 21], location [22, 23] and morphology [19, 22, 24], brain invasion [10, 14], progesterone receptor (PR) expression [25, 26, 27].
Meningiomas may recur with different patterns of growth, from more localized to more extensive and sometimes diffuse forms. This carries several diagnostic and therapeutic implications. However, all published studies consider the overall recurrences, with no focusing on their topography and extension, which were first discussed only in our recent report [28].
According to their topography on the post-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and surgical findings, the recurrences of meningiomas may be classified in 4 types [28]:
type 1, local, at the previous dural site;
type 2, peripheral, at the surrounding dura, contiguous to the previous site;
type 3, multicentric, with multiple nodules both at the dural site and distant, with seemly normal interposed dura mater;
type 4, diffuse, with multiple nodules with interposed dural infiltration, or diffuse dural and extradural infiltration.
Local type 1 is the most frequent regrowth pattern. It may occur after resection of Simpson grades 2 to 4; the tumor may growth both intradurally and at the bone. The recurrence may involve from a variable portion to the whole initial dural attachment and may extend to the contiguous previously normal dura.
Peripheral type 2 recurrences may be observed after initial resection of grade 1, but also of grade II when the dural attachment was carefully and extensively coagulated. The recurrence may involve a variable dural portion contiguous to the initial attachment and may often extend to it. In cases with larger recurrences the site of regrowth (local versus peripheral) is difficult to be defined.
Multicentric type 3 recurrences are characterized by tumor nodules or mass both at initial dural attachment or contiguous dura and in distal dural regions where no tumor nodules nor dural enhancement were visible on the magnetic resonance imaging at initial surgery. In this type the dura mater between local-peripheral and distal recurrent nodules seems to be normal.
Diffuse type 4 recurrences show multiple nodules of tumor regrowth even in very distal regions, with variable infiltration of the interposed dura and bone.
The above discussed patterns of recurrence suggest that multicentric and diffuse recurrences are two phases of the same pathological conditions.
The pathological mechanisms responsible for meningioma recurrence in distal dural regions are not well defined and deserve to be discussed.
The concept of regional multicentricity of meningiomas is known since about 35 years. Borovich and Doron [29] demonstrated in convexity meningiomas small tumor nodules as well as intradural clusters of tumor cells in the dural specimens taken up to 3 cm from the tumor. Qi et al. [30] found tumor invasion in 88% of dura adjacent to convexity meningioma up to 2,5 cm from the tumor origin. These observations may explain some “unexpected relapses” after an apparent complete resection (Simpson grade 1) of convexity meningiomas [29] and the frequent peripheral recurrences at the dura surrounding the initial attachment after resection od Simpson grades 1 and 2 in all locations.
These pathological findings support the concept of a wide dural excision 2-3 cm beyond the tumor base (grade zero resection), which was suggested for convexity [31] and falx meningiomas [32].
Mooney et al. [32] suggest that in the falcine meningiomas the tumor cells may spread from the site of origin to other falx regions between the two dural leaflets of the falx. However, this pattern of diffusion of the tumor cells cannot explain the very distant recurrences from other locations. For multiple meningiomas some studies [33, 34] have suggested that they may arise from a single progenitor cell and could then spread through the subarachnoid space. A similar mechanism may also be advocated for distant recurrences.
However, it is more like that multicentric-diffuse recurrences represent the progressive growth of multiple distant dural nodules with different growth potential. In this way the meningioma may be considered, at least in several cases, a diffuse disease of the meninges than a localized tumor.
Thirty-three patients with multicentric-diffuse recurrences of meningiomas are included in our series [28] (Tables 1–3 and Figures 1–3). They are 22 females (67%) and 11 males (33%), with a median age of 52 years. The findings at initial surgery were as follows (Table 1). The most frequent location was non skull-base (55%), followed by lateral (36%) and medial skull-base (9%). The tumor was mostly flat-shaped (76%) and less frequently round (24%). Complete resection (Simpson grades 1 and 2) at initial surgery was obtained in 23 among 33 patients (70%).
Covariates | Number of cases (rate) |
---|---|
Age (mean) | 52 y |
Sex | F 22 (67%) M 11 (33%) |
Tumor location | |
medial skull base | 3 (9%) |
lateral skull base | 12 (36%) |
non skull base | 18 (55%) |
Tumor shape | |
flat | 25 (76%) |
round | 8 (24%) |
Brain-tumor interface | |
preserved | 15 (45%) |
unclear- lost | 18 (55%) |
Extent of resection (Simpson grade) | |
I | 9 (28%) |
II | 14 (42%) |
III | 10 (30%) |
Interval between initial surgery and recurrence (median) | 4.7 y |
WHO grade | |
I | 17 (52%) |
II | 16 (48%) |
Ki67 Li | |
< 4% | 7 (20%) |
≥ 4% | 26 (80%) |
P.R. expression | |
≤ 15% | 11 (33%) |
16–50% 51–79% | 16 (49%) 3 (9%) |
≥ 80% | 3 (9%) |
Clinico-radiological, surgical and pathological findings at initial diagnosis (33 patients).
Covariates | Number of cases (rate) |
---|---|
| 25(76%) |
| |
One reoperation | 12 (48%) |
Two or three reoperations | 13 (52%) |
| |
Gross total | 5 (20%) |
Subtotal | 20 (80%) |
| |
Similar to the first surgery | 15 (60%) |
Progression from I to II | 7 (28%) |
| 3 (12%) |
| 1 (4%) |
| 20 (60%) |
| 9 (27%) |
| 5 (15%) |
Management of 33 patients with multicentric-diffuse recurrences.
Covariates | Group 1-Surgery (24 pts) | Group 2-No-surgery(8 pts) | Statistical significance (Group 1 Vs Group 2) |
---|---|---|---|
Local control | 11 (46%) | — | p = 0.029 |
Tumor progression | 6 (25%) | 2 (25%) | n.s. |
Death during the follow-up | 7 (29%) | 6 (75%) | p = 0.038 |
Outcome of 33 patients with multicentric-diffuse meningioma recurrence.
58 years old woman with history of previous resection of a WHO I grade meningioma of the left frontal convexity in 1991. (a) Postoperative CT after the initial surgery: no residual tumor; (b) Post-contrast MRI 21 years later: local multicentric recurrence at the previous dural site and distal recurrence at the left parietal region; (c) Postoperative MRI showing resection of both nodules (WHO grade I) and interposed dura.
68 years old man who underwent resection of an anterior parasagittal WHO grade II meningioma in 2010. (a-d) Post-contrast MRI, T1 axial (a, d) and coronal (b, c) sequences: diffuse recurrences of the parasagittal and both convexity regions with significant tumor masses, at the left parasagittal and convexity and at the anterior temporal convexity. Two-stage resection of the masses and irradiation.
(a-b) 72 years old man with history of a left spheno-orbital WHO grade II meningioma: a) preoperative T1 axial post-contrast MRI and (b) postoperative CT scan: complete resection. (c-d) Post-contrast T1 axial (c) and coronal (d) MRI sequences seven years after the initial surgery: large tumor recurrence involving the left orbital cavity and extending diffusely in the intracranial compartment at the suprasellar, left parasellar region and temporal fossa. Management by external radiotherapy.
The pathological findings at initial diagnosis (Table 1) showed 52% of WHO [35] grade I and 48% of grade II tumors; the Ki67-Li was <4% in 20% and ≥ 4%in 80%. The PR expression was ≤50% in 82% of specimens and > 50% in 9%.
When compared to the findings of meningiomas which showed localized-peripheral recurrences, only the higher rates of flat-shaped tumors (p = 0.0008) and tumors with Ki67-Li ≥4% (p = 0.037) were significant [28].
The management and outcome of the recurrences were as follows (Table 2). Twenty-five out of 33 patients (76%) were reoperated on and underwent one (48%) or two or three reoperations (52%) (Figures 1 and 2). The complete resection (Simpson grades I and II) was possible only in 5 among the 25 patients (20%). The histological WHO grade at first reoperation was similar to that of the initial surgery in 15 out of 25 patients (60%); progression to a higher grade was observed in 10 cases (40%).
Adjuvant treatments included external radiotherapy in 20 patients, stereotactic radiosurgery in 9 and chemotherapy in 5.
When compared to patients with localized-peripheral recurrences, those with multicentric-diffuse recurrences showed significantly higher number of reoperations (p = 0.0034), lower rate of gross total resection (p = 0.00001) and higher but not significant rate of cases with progression of the WHO grade (p = 0.09) [28].
The actual follow-up ranges from 2 to 25 years. One patient died postoperatively for respiratory failure. Among the other 24 patients operated on, eleven (34%) are alive with local tumor control versus none out of eight patients who did not undergo surgery (p = 0.029). Six (25%) show slow tumor progression with no symptoms in spite the surgery. Seven patients of the surgical group (29%) died during the follow-up (5 for tumor progression) versus 6 (for tumor progression) out of 8 (75%) of the non-surgical group (p = 0.038). Thus, among 25 patients reoperated on 17 (68%) are alive after one or more reoperations versus only 2 out of 8 (25%) who did not undergo surgery.
Several pathological, neuroradiological and surgical findings at initial diagnosis are correlated to the meningioma recurrence. However, which factors may be considered at risk of multicentric-diffuse recurrence are not defined.
The meningioma location is a significant risk factor of recurrence. Medial skull-base meningiomas include locations, such as olfactory groove, tuberculum sellae, anterior clinoid, foramen magnum, with low recurrence rates (0–15%) [36, 37, 38]. Besides, the low recurrence rate of spinal meningiomas is well known (0–10% in 15 among 19 reviewed series in our recent study [39]). On the other hand, the reported recurrence rates are higher for lateral skull-base (35–40% for lateral sphenoid wing and mainly spheno-orbital [38, 39, 40]) and for non-skull base meningiomas (16 to 24% for parasagittal and falcine) [23, 41].
However, when the rates of multicentric-diffuse recurrences are considered, the differences for intracranial tumor locations are not relevant. Although in our study [28] spheno-orbital and parasagittal meningiomas show higher rates of multicentric and diffuse recurrences, this finding does not reach significance. Our series does not include diffuse recurrences of spinal meningiomas; this agrees with the well known better biological behavior of this location.
Thus, the meningioma location is correlated with the rate but not with the growth pattern of the recurrences.
The shape of meningiomas may be variable. According to the rate height/base on magnetic resonance imaging, the meningiomas may be classified as round (rate > 1) and flat-shaped (rate ≤ 1). Flat-shaped meningiomas are characterized by prevalent and often extensive dural involvement as compared to round-shaped ones. Thus, it has been shown that flat-shaped meningiomas are more likely to recur than round ones [22, 24].
The flat-shaped morphology at initial diagnosis was the only radiological finding at significantly higher risk of multicentric diffuse recurrence as compared to local-peripheral recurrence in our study (p = 0.0008) [28]. Thus, it is like that flat-shaped meningiomas are associated to various degree of even distant microscopic dural infiltration.
The change of the peritumoral dura mater depicted on the postcontrast magnetic resonance studies and defined as “dural tail” is known since its description in 1989 [42]. It may correspond to various histopathological patterns, including increased loose connective tissue, angiogenesis, dilated vessels, reactive hyperplasia, tumor invasion [42, 43]. Qi et al. [30], in a large series of convexity meningiomas, described several types of dural tail with different histological aspects: smooth (uniformly extended) with tumor extension up to 1,5 cm; nodular, with nodular hyperplasia corresponding to tumor nodules and tumor extension to the distal dura up to 2,5 cm; mixed, with nodular enhancement proximal to the dural attachment and distal smooth enhancement. In spite of the presence of tumor cells nodules, the finding of dural tail was found to be not correlated to the meningioma recurrence in most studies [9, 19, 22]. We did not investigate this finding in our series of multicentric-diffuse recurrences; however, we suggest that further studies will define this aspect.
The brain-tumor interface, more often well preserved during meningioma surgery, may be unclear or lost, often with variable pial invasion, as in WHO grade II tumors. In such cases the tumor resection may be incomplete, with residual nodules mainly in critical regions. This may increase the risk of recurrence at the initial site or at the surrounding region [10, 14, 22]. On the other hand, the presence of the residual cell nests at the brain-tumor interface does not explain the recurrences in distal dural regions and the diffuse regrowths.
The entity of the resection at initial surgery is mostly considered a major risk factor for recurrence [23, 44, 45]. However, the clinical usefulness of the Simpson grading in general has been questioned, at least for benign meningiomas. Some studies found no statistically significant differences in progression-free survival between Simpson grades 1 to 4 [46] and 1 to 3 [13, 47] resections for WHO I grade meningiomas. This discrepancy may reflect the technical surgical improvement and the smaller tumor remnants in incomplete resections. In a recent report Haddad et al. [48]. found that patients with WHO grade I meningiomas and Ki67-MIB1 > 4,5% treated by gross total resection had similar risk of recurrence as those patients with subtotal resection. In this study, early recurrences were more significantly impacted by extent of resection, whereas the Ki67-MIB1 was more significant for later recurrences.
In our study on multicentric-diffuse recurrences [28], their rate is not impacted by the extent of resection at initial surgery.
Multiple meningiomas account for 2 to 8% of all meningiomas [49]. They may be diagnosed either initially or during the neuroradiological follow-up.
In a large metanalysis of the literature on multiple meningiomas, Pereira et al. [49] found recurrence rate of 8.07% and no higher with respect to single ones. On the other hand, in the study by Gousias et al. [45] multiple meningiomas showed higher recurrence rate and significantly lower progression-free survival than single ones.
Multiple meningiomas likely develop from multicentric dural tumor foci according to the Borovich [29] theory. A similar mechanism is suggested for multicentric recurrences. In our study on multicentric-diffuse recurrences two patients had multiple meningiomas (two lesions) at initial diagnosis, with no significant differences with local-peripheral ones. We think that further studies on the long-term follow-up of patients operated on for multiple meningiomas will defined the recurrence rates and patterns of these cases.
In our study [28] meningiomas with values of Ki67 Li ≥ 4% are related to major risk of multicentric-diffuse recurrence, while the WHO grade (I versus II) is not significant. Several reports [7, 25, 26, 27] confirmed the relationship between higher Ki67-Li values and lower PR expression, and higher recurrence risk for intracranial meningiomas. However, in this study the PR expression is not correlated with the pattern of diffuse regrowth. Both these findings have not previously been reported.
The higher initial values of Ki67 Li of meningiomas recurring as diffuse forms suggest that even small dural tumor foci, even distant from the primary tumor site, may diffusely regrow.
Several studies have found that different genetic profiles and chromosomal abnormalities correspond to different meningioma subtypes with different aggressiveness and recurrence’s rate [50, 51, 52, 53, 54], making speculate the existence of characteristic biomolecular profiles for meningiomas which recur in multicentric-diffuse pattern.
The management of multicentric-diffuse recurrences of intracranial meningiomas is often difficult to be defined; there are not studies defining the guidelines. The management options include a second surgery, external radiotherapy, stereotactic radiosurgery, medical therapy.
The decision is based on several factors, including tumor location (non-skull base versus skull base; critical versus not critical), significant intradural mass versus prevalent dural infiltration (Figures 4 and 5), entity of bone extension, time to recurrence, WHO grade of the initial tumor, patient age and KPS, neurological symptoms and signs.
Post-contrast MRI of a 58 years old man with history of previous surgery (5 years before) of gross-total resection of a bilateral meningioma of the anterior third of the falx (WHO grade II). Sagittal (a-b) and coronal (c-d) T1 sequences: distant and diffuse recurrence at the right fronto-temporal bone and suprasellar regions, with no recurrence at the initial tumor site. Reoperation and resection of the recurrent tumor (WHO grade II). Postoperative death for respiratory failure.
Post-contrast MRI of a 70 years old woman with history of previous (7 year before) surgical resection (Simpson 3) of a WHO grade II meningioma of the posterior parasagittal region: sagittal (a) and coronal (b-c) sequences: diffuse recurrence with extensive dural and superior sagittal sinus involvement and tumor nodules at the posterior fossa. No reoperation was decided.
The indication to reoperation is mainly posed for younger and middle-aged patients with symptomatic recurrences. According to the location and pattern of regrowth, surgery should be reserved to cases with prevalent intradural tumor growth, tumor nodules ≥3 cm and not extensive dural infiltration (Figures 1). Non skull-base meningiomas, mainly if limited to the brain convexity, are usually more favorable to surgery, because of the chance of more wide resection of the involved dura mater. For skull-base meningiomas a more wide resection is possible at the anterior cranial fossa and external sphenoid wing; on the other hand, diffuse recurrences at the suprasellar, parasellar and spheno-orbital regions (Figure 3), as well as clival and petroclival regions, are difficult to treat, because of the involvement of the cranial nerves and vessels; for such locations a second surgery is only justified for the resection of a large symptomatic intradural mass.
Elderly patients with comorbidities, particularly if with no or trivial neurological symptoms, must be treated conservatively with periodical radiological follow-up.
The WHO grade at initial diagnosis is obviously important. Only WHO grades I and II meningiomas are suitable for reoperation. On the other hand, anaplastic WHO grade III tumors at initial diagnosis must not be reoperated on.
In selected patients according to the above discussed criteria the reoperation results is satisfactory resection of the intradural tumor and involved dura. However, a really complete resection with no residual contrast enhancement on MRI (Simpson grades 1 and 2) is obtained only in some cases (20% in our series versus 76% of local-peripheral recurrences) [28].
Further recurrences may be reoperated on following the same criteria, if they occur after several years and if the tumor does not progress to anaplastic WHO III form.
All studies focusing on the irradiation of recurrent meningiomas include all recurrences; thus guidelines of radiotherapy management of diffuse recurrences are not available.
The external radiotherapy of multicentric-diffuse recurrences of meningiomas is in our opinion mandatory, independently from the entity of resection and the WHO grade, but mainly in subtotally or partially resected WHO grade II recurrences [55, 56].
The stereotactic radiosurgery is scarcely indicated, because of the extensive and diffuse tumor growth. It may sometimes be performed in association to the external radiotherapy to increase the control of smaller nodules and to treat the not infrequent second recurrences outside the radiotherapic field [57]. Besides, re-radiosurgery for recurrent meningiomas is advisable if the previous radiosurgical treatment was unsatisfactory [58].
The medical therapy is reserved to recurrent meningiomas which show growth progression after surgery and irradiation and to malignant WHO III forms. Many clinical trials have studied the effects of cytotoxic chemotherapy [59, 60], hormone-directed therapy [61, 62], other targeted therapies [63, 64, 65] and molecular therapies [66]. Targeted and molecular therapies defined on the basis of the biomolecular profile of the meningioma may be useful in diffuse-multicentric recurrences showing progression after surgery and radiotherapy.
Meningiomas may sometimes recur as multicentric-diffuse forms, with dural infiltration and recurrent tumor mass distal to the initial site. These may result from the progressive growth of multiple tumor nodules with different growth potential.
Flat-shaped radiological aspect and Ki67 Li ≥4% at initial diagnosis are related to higher risk of recurrence in multicentric-diffuse pattern.
Patients with not anaplastic intracranial meningioma with prevalent intradural component and not extensive dural infiltration may undergone multiple surgical operations during years experimenting good postoperative quality of life.
Further studies will investigate whether the different patterns of regrowth and recurrence correspond to different biomolecular and genetic expression of the meningioma. This will aid to predict the tumor behavior and to detect the most appropriate molecular therapies.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
World Health Organization Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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Electrolytes have been recognized as the most prominent ingredients in electrochemical supercapacitor performance. Most commercially available ESs use organic electrolytes and have some advantage like wide operating voltage. However, compared with aqueous alternatives, organic electrolytes are expensive, flammable, and, in some cases, toxic. It is reliable to assert that even though aqueous electrolytes examined by a cramped working voltage, the ions present in them are yet capable of incredibly faster carrier rates than organic electrolytes and can achieve better performance of ESs. Thus, efforts turned toward enlarging the working voltage window of aqueous electrolytes to increase overall operating potential and energy density of supercapacitor devices. This book chapter comprises the latest accomplishments in this area and provides an insight into the aqueous electrolyte advancement.",book:{id:"6275",slug:"supercapacitors-theoretical-and-practical-solutions",title:"Supercapacitors",fullTitle:"Supercapacitors - Theoretical and Practical Solutions"},signatures:"Rajendran Ramachandran and Fei Wang",authors:[{id:"212251",title:"Dr.",name:"Fei",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"fei-wang",fullName:"Fei Wang"},{id:"212284",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajendran",middleName:null,surname:"Ramachandran",slug:"rajendran-ramachandran",fullName:"Rajendran Ramachandran"}]},{id:"9781",doi:"10.5772/8564",title:"Advanced Plasma Processing: Etching, Deposition, and Wafer Bonding Techniques for Semiconductor Applications",slug:"advanced-plasma-processing-etching-deposition-and-wafer-bonding-techniques-for-semiconductor-applica",totalDownloads:7111,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:24,abstract:null,book:{id:"3644",slug:"semiconductor-technologies",title:"Semiconductor Technologies",fullTitle:"Semiconductor Technologies"},signatures:"Michael Shearn, Xiankai Sun, M. David Henry, Amnon Yariv and Axel Scherer",authors:null},{id:"64083",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80298",title:"Transition Metal Oxide-Based Nano-materials for Energy Storage Application",slug:"transition-metal-oxide-based-nano-materials-for-energy-storage-application",totalDownloads:1902,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:18,abstract:"With improvement of global economy, the fatigue of energy becomes inevitable in twenty-first century. It is expected that the increase of world energy requirements will be triple at the end of this century. Thus, there is an imperative need for development of renewable energy sources and storage systems. Among various energy storage systems, supercapacitors are ascertained one of the most significant storage devices. But the development of supercapacitor devices with high power and energy density are the greatest challenges for modern research. In this article, transition metal oxides such as TiO2-V2O5, NiMn2O4 etc. with porous structure are considered as high performance supercapacitors electrode. The effects of its structural, morphological and electrochemical properties have been studied extensively. A TiO2-V2O5 and NiMn2O4 based electrode delivered specific capacitance of 310 and 875 F g−1, respectively at a scan rate 2 mV s−1. This TiO2-V2O5 based asymmetric supercapacitor also exhibits excellent device performance with specific energy 20.18 W h kg−1 at specific power 5.94 kW kg−1, and retained 88.0% specific capacitance at current density of 10 A g−1 after 5000 cycles.",book:{id:"7567",slug:"science-technology-and-advanced-application-of-supercapacitors",title:"Science, Technology and Advanced Application of Supercapacitors",fullTitle:"Science, Technology and Advanced Application of Supercapacitors"},signatures:"Apurba Ray, Atanu Roy, Samik Saha and Sachindranath Das",authors:[{id:"24791",title:"Dr.",name:"Sachindra Nath",middleName:null,surname:"Das",slug:"sachindra-nath-das",fullName:"Sachindra Nath Das"},{id:"255864",title:"MSc.",name:"Apurba",middleName:null,surname:"Ray",slug:"apurba-ray",fullName:"Apurba Ray"},{id:"255910",title:"MSc.",name:"Atanu",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"atanu-roy",fullName:"Atanu Roy"},{id:"255912",title:"MSc.",name:"Samik",middleName:null,surname:"Saha",slug:"samik-saha",fullName:"Samik Saha"}]},{id:"16966",doi:"10.5772/18545",title:"Transparent Conductive Oxide (TCO) Films for Organic Light Emissive Devices (OLEDs)",slug:"transparent-conductive-oxide-tco-films-for-organic-light-emissive-devices-oleds-",totalDownloads:16461,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:18,abstract:null,book:{id:"253",slug:"organic-light-emitting-diode-material-process-and-devices",title:"Organic Light Emitting Diode",fullTitle:"Organic Light Emitting Diode - Material, Process and Devices"},signatures:"Sunyoung Sohn and Yoon Soo Han",authors:[{id:"31808",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoon Soo",middleName:null,surname:"Han",slug:"yoon-soo-han",fullName:"Yoon Soo Han"},{id:"91912",title:"Dr.",name:"Sunyoung",middleName:null,surname:"Sohn",slug:"sunyoung-sohn",fullName:"Sunyoung Sohn"}]},{id:"60131",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74136",title:"Dielectric Elastomers for Energy Harvesting",slug:"dielectric-elastomers-for-energy-harvesting",totalDownloads:1188,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:16,abstract:"Dielectric elastomers are a type of electroactive polymers that can be conveniently used as sensors, actuators or energy harvesters and the latter is the focus of this review. The relatively high number of publications devoted to dielectric elastomers in recent years is a direct reflection of their diversity, applicability as well as nontrivial electrical and mechanical properties. This chapter provides a review of fundamental mechanical and electrical properties of dielectric elastomers and up-to-date information regarding new developments of this technology and it’s potential applications for energy harvesting from various vibration sources explored over the past decade.",book:{id:"6509",slug:"energy-harvesting",title:"Energy Harvesting",fullTitle:"Energy Harvesting"},signatures:"Gordon Thomson, Daniil Yurchenko and Dimitri V. Val",authors:[{id:"227338",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Gordon",middleName:null,surname:"Thomson",slug:"gordon-thomson",fullName:"Gordon Thomson"},{id:"227344",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniil",middleName:null,surname:"Yurchenko",slug:"daniil-yurchenko",fullName:"Daniil Yurchenko"},{id:"227346",title:"Prof.",name:"Dimitry",middleName:null,surname:"Val",slug:"dimitry-val",fullName:"Dimitry Val"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"61888",title:"Work Function Setting in High-k Metal Gate Devices",slug:"work-function-setting-in-high-k-metal-gate-devices",totalDownloads:2550,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"As transistor size continues to shrink, SiO2/polysilicon gate stack has been replaced by high-k/metal gate to enable further scaling. Two different integration approaches have been implemented in high-volume production: gate first and gate last; the latter is also known as replacement gate approach. In both integration schemes, getting the right work functions and threshold voltages for N-type metal-oxide-semiconductor (NMOS) and P-type metal-oxide-semiconductor (PMOS) devices is critical. A number of recent studies have shown that the threshold voltage of devices is highly dependent on not just the deposited material properties but also on subsequent device processing steps. This chapter contains a description on the different mechanisms of work function setting in gate last and gate first technologies, the sensitivities to different process conditions and special measurement techniques for gate stack analysis is shown.",book:{id:"6511",slug:"complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor",title:"Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor",fullTitle:"Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor"},signatures:"Elke Erben, Klaus Hempel and Dina Triyoso",authors:null},{id:"16962",title:"Organic Field-Effect Transistors Using Hetero-Layered Structure with OLED Materials",slug:"organic-field-effect-transistors-using-hetero-layered-structure-with-oled-materials",totalDownloads:6062,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"253",slug:"organic-light-emitting-diode-material-process-and-devices",title:"Organic Light Emitting Diode",fullTitle:"Organic Light Emitting Diode - Material, Process and Devices"},signatures:"Ken-Ichi Nakayama, Masaaki Yokoyama, Yong-Jin Pu and Junji Kido",authors:[{id:"48743",title:"Prof.",name:"Ken-Ichi",middleName:null,surname:"Nakayama",slug:"ken-ichi-nakayama",fullName:"Ken-Ichi Nakayama"},{id:"94247",title:"Prof.",name:"Masaaki",middleName:null,surname:"Yokoyama",slug:"masaaki-yokoyama",fullName:"Masaaki Yokoyama"},{id:"94248",title:"Prof.",name:"Yong-Jin",middleName:null,surname:"Pu",slug:"yong-jin-pu",fullName:"Yong-Jin Pu"},{id:"94249",title:"Prof.",name:"Junji",middleName:null,surname:"Kido",slug:"junji-kido",fullName:"Junji Kido"}]},{id:"57851",title:"Towards New Generation Power MOSFETs for Automotive Electric Control Units",slug:"towards-new-generation-power-mosfets-for-automotive-electric-control-units",totalDownloads:1442,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Power metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) are thought to be highly robust and versatile in high-speed switching applications in power electronics design due to its intrinsic high input impedance and compact size. This chapter concerns the development of a high-performance low voltage rating power MOSFET possessing low on-resistance and excellent avalanche current capability for an automotive electric power steering system (EPS). Using industry-standard Technology Computer-Aided Design (TCAD) tools, the planar- and trench-technology power MOSFETs, have been designed, modeled, simulated and compared. We surveyed and analyzed the specific on-resistance due to the different device structures, and various methods are highlighted and compared so that their benefits can be better understood and adopted. Additionally, the device ruggedness has been investigated and its improvement was evaluated and established for that of the trench MOSFET due to gate corner smoothing.",book:{id:"6511",slug:"complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor",title:"Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor",fullTitle:"Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor"},signatures:"Kuan W.A. Chee and Tianhong Ye",authors:null},{id:"60757",title:"Selective Epitaxy of Group IV Materials for CMOS Application",slug:"selective-epitaxy-of-group-iv-materials-for-cmos-application",totalDownloads:1793,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"As the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS) demands an increase of transistor density in the chip, the size of transistors has been continuously shrunk. In this evolution of transistor structure, different strain engineering methods were introduced to induce strain in the channel region. One of the most effective methods is applying embedded SiGe as stressor material in source and drain (S/D) regions by using selective epitaxy. This chapter presents an overview of implementation, modeling, and pattern dependency of selective epitaxy for S/D application in CMOS. The focus is also on the wafer in and ex situ cleaning prior to epitaxy, integrity of gate, and selectivity mode.",book:{id:"6511",slug:"complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor",title:"Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor",fullTitle:"Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor"},signatures:"Guilei Wang, Henry H. Radamson and Mohammadreza Kolahdouz",authors:null},{id:"74939",title:"Polyimide in Electronics: Applications and Processability Overview",slug:"polyimide-in-electronics-applications-and-processability-overview",totalDownloads:587,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Polyimides are nowadays quite famous dielectrics and insulating materials widely used in electronics and electrical engineering applications from low voltage microelectronics up to high voltage engineering industry. They are well appreciated because of their excellent physical properties (i.e., thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties), as well as, their coating process ease either from a liquid or a gas phase. Consequently, polyimides appear in a various range of applications to efficiently separate metal levels or electrodes at different electrical potentials. This chapter intends to review the main chemical generalities of polyimides, the different monomer families, the coating and curing processes, and the main physical properties for electronic and high voltage industrial applications.",book:{id:"7783",slug:"polyimide-for-electronic-and-electrical-engineering-applications",title:"Polyimide for Electronic and Electrical Engineering Applications",fullTitle:"Polyimide for Electronic and Electrical Engineering Applications"},signatures:"Sombel Diaham",authors:[{id:"57115",title:"Dr.",name:"Sombel",middleName:null,surname:"Diaham",slug:"sombel-diaham",fullName:"Sombel Diaham"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"740",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"81158",title:"SOA Model and Design Guidelines in Lossless Photonic Subsystem",slug:"soa-model-and-design-guidelines-in-lossless-photonic-subsystem",totalDownloads:18,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103048",abstract:"We propose a new practical analytical model to calculate the performance of amplitude-modulated systems, including semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOA). Lower and upper-performance bounds are given in terms of signal quality factor (Q) concerning the input signal pattern. The target is to provide a design tool for gain elements included in photonic integrated circuits (PIC) to compensate for their insertion loss. This subject is a critical issue, for example, in the arrays of optical transmitters with silicon photonics modulators used for interconnection applications. Due to implementation limitations, the design of an SOA embedded in a PIC is considerably different with respect to the use of SOAs as line amplifiers in optical networks. SOA amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) and gain saturation effects have been included in the model, together with the input signal extinction ratio and the receiver electrical filter. Each degradation effect provides its own contribution to the signal integrity in terms of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) or inter-symbol interference (ISI). The model shows that the SOA operation at low extinction ratios, typical in optical interconnect applications, is substantially different from the operation at higher extinction ratios used in transport networks. The model is validated through numerical simulations and experiments. Finally, two examples are provided for dimensioning a PIC system and optimizing the SOA parameters.",book:{id:"11158",title:"New Advances in Semiconductors",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11158.jpg"},signatures:"Pantea Nadimi Goki, Antonio Tufano, Fabio Cavaliere and Luca Potì"},{id:"81339",title:"Radiation Response of Group-IV and III-V Semiconductors Subjected to D–D and D–T Fusion Neutrons",slug:"radiation-response-of-group-iv-and-iii-v-semiconductors-subjected-to-d-d-and-d-t-fusion-neutrons",totalDownloads:16,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103047",abstract:"This work focuses on the radiation response of Group IV (Si, Ge, SiC, diamond) and III-V (GaAs, GaN, GaP, GaSb, InAs, InP, InSb, AlAs) semiconductors subjected to D–D (2.45 MeV) and D–T (14 MeV) neutrons. The response of each material has been systematically investigated through a direct calculation using nuclear cross-section libraries, MCNP6, and Geant4 numerical simulations. For the semiconductor materials considered, we have investigated in detail the reaction rates per type of reaction (elastic, inelastic, and nonelastic) and proposed an exhaustive classification and counting of all the neutron-induced events and secondary products as a function of their nature and energy. Several metrics for quantifying the susceptibility of the related semiconductor-based electronics to neutron fusions have been finally considered and discussed.",book:{id:"11158",title:"New Advances in Semiconductors",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11158.jpg"},signatures:"Jean-Luc Autran Daniela Munteanu"},{id:"81346",title:"Power Reduction Using Efficient Way of Tri-State Buffer Connection",slug:"power-reduction-using-efficient-way-of-tri-state-buffer-connection",totalDownloads:9,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102643",abstract:"Clock gating is a very important technique for decreasing wasted power in digital design. One of the approaches to obtain dissipated power is an intention by the way of masking the clock pulse that is going to the unused part of the design. In this research, a comparative evaluation of current clock gating techniques on synchronous digital design changed into provided. In the new suggested design, the gated clock technology circuit is a use of tri-state buffer and gated clock. The new submodule was created by the connection of two tri-state logic used as switched to control to the design. The new suggested technique was saving more power and area. The suggested sub-module was achieved by using ASIC design methodologies. In order to implement Huffman modules, the architecture of the proposed module has been generated using Verilog HDL language. In addition, it is proved using Modalism-Altera 10.3c (Quartus II 14.1) tools. By using the tri-state technique, dynamic power and total power are decreased. The suggested technique will decrease the hardware complexity.",book:{id:"11158",title:"New Advances in Semiconductors",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11158.jpg"},signatures:"Maan Hameed"},{id:"81253",title:"Many-Electron Problem in an Atomic Lattice Reduced Exactly to Two-Particle Pseudo-Electron Excitations: Key to Alternative First-Principles Methods",slug:"many-electron-problem-in-an-atomic-lattice-reduced-exactly-to-two-particle-pseudo-electron-excitatio",totalDownloads:8,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103045",abstract:"Prediction of properties of solids (semiconductors) is based almost entirely on the first-principles methods. The first principles theories are far from being perfect and new schemes are developing. In this study, we do not follow the traditional one-particle-in-effective-field concept. Instead, all Coulomb interactions between particles are treated in their original form, i.e., particle-particle discrete interactions. Two-particles Coulomb excitations theory in a crystal lattice is proposed, along with a method for calculations of physical measurables. Most important, the relevant particles are not electrons but pseudo-electrons with both the Coulomb interaction mode and the effective mass different from those of electrons. The unitary transformation represents the many-body system as an ensemble of two-pseudo-electron excitations without neglection of the terms in a Hamiltonian. The many-particle wave function, being derived in a non-trivial two-particle form, ensures a full description of exchange-correlation and screening effects, for both ground and excited states. As an example, the energy of a many-electron system and the quasiparticle energies are expressed in an elegant integral closed-form and compared with the Density Functional Theory. The proposed scheme possibly opens a new route toward the numerical evaluation of properties of many-particle systems.",book:{id:"11158",title:"New Advances in Semiconductors",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11158.jpg"},signatures:"Adil-Gerai Kussow"},{id:"80904",title:"Temperature Dependence of Electrical Resistivity of (III, Mn)V Diluted Magnetic Semiconductors",slug:"temperature-dependence-of-electrical-resistivity-of-iii-mn-v-diluted-magnetic-semiconductors",totalDownloads:12,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103046",abstract:"In this work, a theory of temperature dependence of electrical resistivity is developed, with a particular emphasis on dilute magnetic semiconductors (DMSs). The approach is based on the equation of motion of the Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida (RKKY) exchange interaction and considers both spin and charge disorder. The formalism is applied to the specific case of Ga1−xMnxAs.Using the RKKY exchange interaction, the relaxation time τand the exchange interaction J are calculated. Then using spin-dependent relaxation time, electrical resistivity of the material is calculated. The electrical resistivity of Mn-doped III—V DMS is decreased with increasing temperature and magnetic impurity concentration.",book:{id:"11158",title:"New Advances in Semiconductors",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11158.jpg"},signatures:"Edosa Tasisa Jira"},{id:"80827",title:"Theory of Charge Transport in the Illuminated Semiconductor/Liquid Junctions",slug:"theory-of-charge-transport-in-the-illuminated-semiconductor-liquid-junctions",totalDownloads:54,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103049",abstract:"The field of photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells for solar water splitting or CO2 reduction has attracted intense attention of many research groups in last 15 years. Nevertheless, a cost-effective and efficient PEC cell for hydrogen production in the large scale was not yet discovered. The core functionality of the PEC cell is provided by the semiconductor/liquid junction, creating the electrostatic field to separate the photogenerated charges. This work aims to be a starting point for a newcomer in the field providing a compact knowledge about the charge transport and electrochemistry fundamentals in semiconductor/liquid junctions in the steady state. We describe charge transport within the semiconductor and electron transfer between the semiconductor and electrolyte, followed by the effect of illumination and charge recombination on charge transport. Finally, we discuss the effects due to surface trap states and the relation of the theoretical expressions and experimental results.",book:{id:"11158",title:"New Advances in Semiconductors",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11158.jpg"},signatures:"Peter Cendula"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:6},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261",scope:"Modern physiology requires a comprehensive understanding of the integration of tissues and organs throughout the mammalian body, including the cooperation between structure and function at the cellular and molecular levels governed by gene and protein expression. While a daunting task, learning is facilitated by identifying common and effective signaling pathways mediated by a variety of factors employed by nature to preserve and sustain homeostatic life. \r\nAs a leading example, the cellular interaction between intracellular concentration of Ca+2 increases, and changes in plasma membrane potential is integral for coordinating blood flow, governing the exocytosis of neurotransmitters, and modulating gene expression and cell effector secretory functions. Furthermore, in this manner, understanding the systemic interaction between the cardiovascular and nervous systems has become more important than ever as human populations' life prolongation, aging and mechanisms of cellular oxidative signaling are utilised for sustaining life. \r\nAltogether, physiological research enables our identification of distinct and precise points of transition from health to the development of multimorbidity throughout the inevitable aging disorders (e.g., diabetes, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, heart failure, peptic ulcer, inflammatory bowel disease, age-related macular degeneration, cancer). With consideration of all organ systems (e.g., brain, heart, lung, gut, skeletal and smooth muscle, liver, pancreas, kidney, eye) and the interactions thereof, this Physiology Series will address the goals of resolving (1) Aging physiology and chronic disease progression (2) Examination of key cellular pathways as they relate to calcium, oxidative stress, and electrical signaling, and (3) how changes in plasma membrane produced by lipid peroxidation products can affect aging physiology, covering new research in the area of cell, human, plant and animal physiology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/10.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 14th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:11,editor:{id:"35854",title:"Prof.",name:"Tomasz",middleName:null,surname:"Brzozowski",slug:"tomasz-brzozowski",fullName:"Tomasz Brzozowski",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35854/images/system/35854.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Thomas Brzozowski works as a professor of Human Physiology and is currently Chairman at the Department of Physiology and is V-Dean of the Medical Faculty at Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland. His primary area of interest is physiology and pathophysiology of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, with the major focus on the mechanism of GI mucosal defense, protection, and ulcer healing. He was a postdoctoral NIH fellow at the University of California and the Gastroenterology VA Medical Center, Irvine, Long Beach, CA, USA, and at the Gastroenterology Clinics Erlangen-Nuremberg and Munster in Germany. He has published 290 original articles in some of the most prestigious scientific journals and seven book chapters on the pathophysiology of the GI tract, gastroprotection, ulcer healing, drug therapy of peptic ulcers, hormonal regulation of the gut, and inflammatory bowel disease.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jagiellonian University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/3.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!1,editor:null,editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"174134",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuping",middleName:null,surname:"Ran",slug:"yuping-ran",fullName:"Yuping Ran",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9d6QAC/Profile_Picture_1630330675373",biography:"Dr. Yuping Ran, Professor, Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. Completed the Course Medical Mycology, the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Netherlands (2006). International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) Fellow, and International Emerging Infectious Diseases (IEID) Fellow, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA. Diploma of Dermatological Scientist, Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Ph.D. of Juntendo University, Japan. Bachelor’s and Master’s degree, Medicine, West China University of Medical Sciences. Chair of Sichuan Medical Association Dermatology Committee. General Secretary of The 19th Annual Meeting of Chinese Society of Dermatology and the Asia Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (2013). In charge of the Annual Medical Mycology Course over 20-years authorized by National Continue Medical Education Committee of China. Member of the board of directors of the Asia-Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (APSMM). Associate editor of Mycopathologia. Vice-chief of the editorial board of Chinses Journal of Mycology, China. Board Member and Chair of Mycology Group of Chinese Society of Dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"67907",title:"Dr.",name:"Amidou",middleName:null,surname:"Samie",slug:"amidou-samie",fullName:"Amidou Samie",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/67907/images/system/67907.jpg",biography:"Dr. Amidou Samie is an Associate Professor of Microbiology at the University of Venda, in South Africa, where he graduated for his PhD in May 2008. He joined the Department of Microbiology the same year and has been giving lectures on topics covering parasitology, immunology, molecular biology and industrial microbiology. He is currently a rated researcher by the National Research Foundation of South Africa at category C2. He has published widely in the field of infectious diseases and has overseen several MSc’s and PhDs. His research activities mostly cover topics on infectious diseases from epidemiology to control. His particular interest lies in the study of intestinal protozoan parasites and opportunistic infections among HIV patients as well as the potential impact of childhood diarrhoea on growth and child development. He also conducts research on water-borne diseases and water quality and is involved in the evaluation of point-of-use water treatment technologies using silver and copper nanoparticles in collaboration with the University of Virginia, USA. He also studies the use of medicinal plants for the control of infectious diseases as well as antimicrobial drug resistance.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Venda",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"81821",title:"Pneumococcal Carriage in Jordanian Children and the Importance of Vaccination",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104999",signatures:"Adnan Al-Lahham",slug:"pneumococcal-carriage-in-jordanian-children-and-the-importance-of-vaccination",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Streptococcal Infections",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10828.jpg",subseries:{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"81813",title:"Schistosomiasis: Discovery of New Molecules for Disease Treatment and Vaccine Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104738",signatures:"Andressa Barban do Patrocinio",slug:"schistosomiasis-discovery-of-new-molecules-for-disease-treatment-and-vaccine-development",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"New Horizons for Schistosomiasis Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10829.jpg",subseries:{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"81644",title:"Perspective Chapter: Ethics of Using Placebo Controlled Trials for Covid-19 Vaccine Development in Vulnerable Populations",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104776",signatures:"Lesley Burgess, Jurie Jordaan and Matthew Wilson",slug:"perspective-chapter-ethics-of-using-placebo-controlled-trials-for-covid-19-vaccine-development-in-vu",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"80546",title:"Streptococcal Skin and Skin-Structure Infections",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102894",signatures:"Alwyn Rapose",slug:"streptococcal-skin-and-skin-structure-infections",totalDownloads:48,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Streptococcal Infections",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10828.jpg",subseries:{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"6667",title:"Influenza",subtitle:"Therapeutics and Challenges",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6667.jpg",slug:"influenza-therapeutics-and-challenges",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"105e347b2d5dbbe6b593aceffa051efa",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Influenza - Therapeutics and Challenges",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7064",title:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7064.jpg",slug:"current-perspectives-in-human-papillomavirus",publishedDate:"May 2nd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"d92a4085627bab25ddc7942fbf44cf05",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"61c627da05b2ace83056d11357bdf361",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. 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He is currently an associate professor at West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences. He has more than twenty years of research and teaching experience. He held previous positions at the American Institute for Goat Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA, and Free University of Berlin, Germany. His research focuses on animal nutrition, particularly ruminants and poultry nutrition, gastrointestinal electrophysiology, meta-analysis and modeling in nutrition, and livestock–environment interaction. He has authored around 175 articles in journals, book chapters, and proceedings. 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In 1992, Dr. Babinszky obtained a Ph.D. in Animal Nutrition from the University of Wageningen. His main research areas are swine and poultry nutrition. He has authored more than 300 publications (papers, book chapters) and edited four books and fourteen international conference proceedings.",institutionString:"University of Debrecen",institution:{name:"University of Debrecen",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"201830",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",middleName:"Sanchez",surname:"Davila",slug:"fernando-davila",fullName:"Fernando Davila",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201830/images/5017_n.jpg",biography:"I am a professor at UANL since 1988. My research lines are the development of reproductive techniques in small ruminants. We also conducted research on sexual and social behavior in males.\nI am Mexican and study my professional career as an engineer in agriculture and animal science at UANL. Then take a masters degree in science in Germany (Animal breeding). Take a doctorate in animal science at the UANL.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"309250",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Quaresma",slug:"miguel-quaresma",fullName:"Miguel Quaresma",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/309250/images/9059_n.jpg",biography:"Miguel Nuno Pinheiro Quaresma was born on May 26, 1974 in Dili, Timor Island. He is married with two children: a boy and a girl, and he is a resident in Vila Real, Portugal. He graduated in Veterinary Medicine in August 1998 and obtained his Ph.D. degree in Veterinary Sciences -Clinical Area in February 2015, both from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro. He is currently enrolled in the Alternative Residency of the European College of Animal Reproduction. He works as a Senior Clinician at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of UTAD (HVUTAD) with a role in clinical activity in the area of livestock and equine species as well as to support teaching and research in related areas. He teaches as an Invited Professor in Reproduction Medicine I and II of the Master\\'s in Veterinary Medicine degree at UTAD. Currently, he holds the position of Chairman of the Portuguese Buiatrics Association. He is a member of the Consultive Group on Production Animals of the OMV. He has 19 publications in indexed international journals (ISIS), as well as over 60 publications and oral presentations in both Portuguese and international journals and congresses.",institutionString:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",institution:{name:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"38652",title:"Dr.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",biography:"Rita Payan Carreira earned her Veterinary Degree from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1985. She obtained her Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"283019",title:"Dr.",name:"Oudessa",middleName:null,surname:"Kerro Dego",slug:"oudessa-kerro-dego",fullName:"Oudessa Kerro Dego",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/283019/images/system/283019.png",biography:"Dr. Kerro Dego is a veterinary microbiologist with training in veterinary medicine, microbiology, and anatomic pathology. Dr. Kerro Dego is an assistant professor of dairy health in the department of animal science, the University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee. He received his D.V.M. (1997), M.S. (2002), and Ph.D. (2008) degrees in Veterinary Medicine, Animal Pathology and Veterinary Microbiology from College of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; College of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, the Netherlands and Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada respectively. He did his Postdoctoral training in microbial pathogenesis (2009 - 2015) in the Department of Animal Science, the University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee. Dr. Kerro Dego’s research focuses on the prevention and control of infectious diseases of farm animals, particularly mastitis, improving dairy food safety, and mitigation of antimicrobial resistance. Dr. Kerro Dego has extensive experience in studying the pathogenesis of bacterial infections, identification of virulence factors, and vaccine development and efficacy testing against major bacterial mastitis pathogens. Dr. Kerro Dego conducted numerous controlled experimental and field vaccine efficacy studies, vaccination, and evaluation of immunological responses in several species of animals, including rodents (mice) and large animals (bovine and ovine).",institutionString:"University of Tennessee at Knoxville",institution:{name:"University of Tennessee at Knoxville",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",biography:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi received University degree from the Faculty of Agrarian Science in Argentina, in 1983. Also he received Masters Degree and PhD from Córdoba University, Spain. He is currently a Professor at the Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, at the Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery. He teaches diverse courses in the field of Animal Reproduction and he is the Director of the Veterinary Farm. He also participates in academic postgraduate activities at the Veterinary Faculty of Murcia University, Spain. His research areas include animal physiology, physiology and biotechnology of reproduction either in males or females, the study of gametes under in vitro conditions and the use of ultrasound as a complement to physiological studies and development of applied biotechnologies. Routinely, he supervises students preparing their doctoral, master thesis or final degree projects.",institutionString:"Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Spain",institution:null},{id:"125292",title:"Dr.",name:"Katy",middleName:null,surname:"Satué Ambrojo",slug:"katy-satue-ambrojo",fullName:"Katy Satué Ambrojo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/125292/images/system/125292.jpeg",biography:"Katy Satué Ambrojo received her Veterinary Medicine degree, Master degree in Equine Technology and doctorate in Veterinary Medicine from the Faculty of Veterinary, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University in Valencia, Spain. She is a Full Professor at the Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery at the same University. She developed her research activity in the field of Endocrinology, Hematology, Biochemistry and Immunology of horses. She is a scientific reviewer of several international journals : American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Comparative Clinical Pathology, Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, Reproduction in Domestic Animals, Research Veterinary Science, Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, Livestock Production Science and Theriogenology. Since 2014, she has been the Head of the Clinical Analysis Laboratory of the Hospital Clínico Veterinario from the Faculty of Veterinary, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University.",institutionString:"CEU-Cardenal Herrera University",institution:{name:"CEU Cardinal Herrera University",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"309529",title:"Dr.",name:"Albert",middleName:null,surname:"Rizvanov",slug:"albert-rizvanov",fullName:"Albert Rizvanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/309529/images/9189_n.jpg",biography:'Albert A. Rizvanov is a Professor and Director of the Center for Precision and Regenerative Medicine at the Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University (KFU), Russia. He is the Head of the Center of Excellence “Regenerative Medicine” and Vice-Director of Strategic Academic Unit \\"Translational 7P Medicine\\". Albert completed his Ph.D. at the University of Nevada, Reno, USA and Dr.Sci. at KFU. He is a corresponding member of the Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation. Albert is an author of more than 300 peer-reviewed journal articles and 22 patents. He has supervised 11 Ph.D. and 2 Dr.Sci. dissertations. Albert is the Head of the Dissertation Committee on Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Genetics at KFU.\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9427-5739\nWebsite https://kpfu.ru/Albert.Rizvanov?p_lang=2',institutionString:"Kazan Federal University",institution:{name:"Kazan Federal University",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"210551",title:"Dr.",name:"Arbab",middleName:null,surname:"Sikandar",slug:"arbab-sikandar",fullName:"Arbab Sikandar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210551/images/system/210551.jpg",biography:"Dr. Arbab Sikandar, PhD, M. Phil, DVM was born on April 05, 1981. He is currently working at the College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences as an Assistant Professor. He previously worked as a lecturer at the same University. \nHe is a Member/Secretory of Ethics committee (No. CVAS-9377 dated 18-04-18), Member of the QEC committee CVAS, Jhang (Regr/Gen/69/873, dated 26-10-2017), Member, Board of studies of Department of Basic Sciences (No. CVAS. 2851 Dated. 12-04-13, and No. CVAS, 9024 dated 20/11/17), Member of Academic Committee, CVAS, Jhang (No. CVAS/2004, Dated, 25-08-12), Member of the technical committee (No. CVAS/ 4085, dated 20,03, 2010 till 2016).\n\nDr. Arbab Sikandar contributed in five days hands-on-training on Histopathology at the Department of Pathology, UVAS from 12-16 June 2017. He received a Certificate of appreciation for contributions for Popularization of Science and Technology in the Society on 17-11-15. He was the resource person in the lecture series- ‘scientific writing’ at the Department of Anatomy and Histology, UVAS, Lahore on 29th October 2015. He won a full fellowship as a principal candidate for the year 2015 in the field of Agriculture, EICA, Egypt with ref. to the Notification No. 12(11) ACS/Egypt/2014 from 10 July 2015 to 25th September 2015.; he received a grant of Rs. 55000/- as research incentives from Director, Advanced Studies and Research, UVAS, Lahore upon publications of research papers in IF Journals (DR/215, dated 19-5-2014.. He obtained his PhD by winning a HEC Pakistan indigenous Scholarship, ‘Ph.D. fellowship for 5000 scholars – Phase II’ (2av1-147), 17-6/HEC/HRD/IS-II/12, November 15, 2012. \n\nDr. Sikandar is a member of numerous societies: Registered Veterinary Medical Practitioner (life member) and Registered Veterinary Medical Faculty of Pakistan Veterinary Medical Council. The Registration code of PVMC is RVMP/4298 and RVMF/ 0102.; Life member of the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Alumni Association with S# 664, dated: 6-4-12. ; Member 'Vets Care Organization Pakistan” with Reference No. VCO-605-149, dated 05-04-06. :Member 'Vet Crescent” (Society of Animal Health and Production), UVAS, Lahore.",institutionString:"University of Veterinary & Animal Science",institution:{name:"University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"311663",title:"Dr.",name:"Prasanna",middleName:null,surname:"Pal",slug:"prasanna-pal",fullName:"Prasanna Pal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311663/images/13261_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Dairy Research Institute",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Rutland has also written popular science books for the public. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"283315",title:"Prof.",name:"Samir",middleName:null,surname:"El-Gendy",slug:"samir-el-gendy",fullName:"Samir El-Gendy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRduYQAS/Profile_Picture_1606215849748",biography:"Samir El-Gendy is a Professor of anatomy and embryology at the faculty of veterinary medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt. Samir obtained his PhD in veterinary science in 2007 from the faculty of veterinary medicine, Alexandria University and has been a professor since 2017. Samir is an author on 24 articles at Scopus and 12 articles within local journals and 2 books/book chapters. His research focuses on applied anatomy, imaging techniques and computed tomography. Samir worked as a member of different local projects on E-learning and he is a board member of the African Association of Veterinary Anatomists and of anatomy societies and as an associated author at local and international journals. Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6180-389X",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Alexandria University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"246149",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Kubale",slug:"valentina-kubale",fullName:"Valentina Kubale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246149/images/system/246149.jpg",biography:"Valentina Kubale is Associate Professor of Veterinary Medicine at the Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. Since graduating from the Veterinary faculty she obtained her PhD in 2007, performed collaboration with the Department of Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. She continued as a post-doctoral fellow at the University of Copenhagen with a Lundbeck foundation fellowship. She is the editor of three books and author/coauthor of 23 articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals, 16 book chapters, and 68 communications at scientific congresses. Since 2008 she has been the Editor Assistant for the Slovenian Veterinary Research journal. She is a member of Slovenian Biochemical Society, The Endocrine Society, European Association of Veterinary Anatomists and Society for Laboratory Animals, where she is board member.",institutionString:"University of Ljubljana",institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"258334",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Fonseca-Alves",slug:"carlos-eduardo-fonseca-alves",fullName:"Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/258334/images/system/258334.jpg",biography:"Dr. Fonseca-Alves earned his DVM from Federal University of Goias – UFG in 2008. He completed an internship in small animal internal medicine at UPIS university in 2011, earned his MSc in 2013 and PhD in 2015 both in Veterinary Medicine at Sao Paulo State University – UNESP. Dr. Fonseca-Alves currently serves as an Assistant Professor at Paulista University – UNIP teaching small animal internal medicine.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Paulista",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"245306",title:"Dr.",name:"María Luz",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia Pardo",slug:"maria-luz-garcia-pardo",fullName:"María Luz Garcia Pardo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/245306/images/system/245306.png",biography:"María de la Luz García Pardo is an agricultural engineer from Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain. She has a Ph.D. in Animal Genetics. Currently, she is a lecturer at the Agrofood Technology Department of Miguel Hernández University, Spain. Her research is focused on genetics and reproduction in rabbits. The major goal of her research is the genetics of litter size through novel methods such as selection by the environmental sensibility of litter size, with forays into the field of animal welfare by analysing the impact on the susceptibility to diseases and stress of the does. Details of her publications can be found at https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9504-8290.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Miguel Hernandez University",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"41319",title:"Prof.",name:"Lung-Kwang",middleName:null,surname:"Pan",slug:"lung-kwang-pan",fullName:"Lung-Kwang Pan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41319/images/84_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"201721",title:"Dr.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Funiciello",slug:"beatrice-funiciello",fullName:"Beatrice Funiciello",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201721/images/11089_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated from the University of Milan in 2011, my post-graduate education included CertAVP modules mainly on equines (dermatology and internal medicine) and a few on small animal (dermatology and anaesthesia) at the University of Liverpool. After a general CertAVP (2015) I gained the designated Certificate in Veterinary Dermatology (2017) after taking the synoptic examination and then applied for the RCVS ADvanced Practitioner status. After that, I completed the Postgraduate Diploma in Veterinary Professional Studies at the University of Liverpool (2018). My main area of work is cross-species veterinary dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"291226",title:"Dr.",name:"Monica",middleName:null,surname:"Cassel",slug:"monica-cassel",fullName:"Monica Cassel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/291226/images/8232_n.jpg",biography:'Degree in Biological Sciences at the Federal University of Mato Grosso with scholarship for Scientific Initiation by FAPEMAT (2008/1) and CNPq (2008/2-2009/2): Project \\"Histological evidence of reproductive activity in lizards of the Manso region, Chapada dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso, Brazil\\". Master\\\'s degree in Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation at Federal University of Mato Grosso with a scholarship by CAPES/REUNI program: Project \\"Reproductive biology of Melanorivulus punctatus\\". PhD\\\'s degree in Science (Cell and Tissue Biology Area) \n at University of Sao Paulo with scholarship granted by FAPESP; Project \\"Development of morphofunctional changes in ovary of Astyanax altiparanae Garutti & Britski, 2000 (Teleostei, Characidae)\\". She has experience in Reproduction of vertebrates and Morphology, with emphasis in Cellular Biology and Histology. She is currently a teacher in the medium / technical level courses at IFMT-Alta Floresta, as well as in the Bachelor\\\'s degree in Animal Science and in the Bachelor\\\'s degree in Business.',institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"442807",title:"Dr.",name:"Busani",middleName:null,surname:"Moyo",slug:"busani-moyo",fullName:"Busani Moyo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gwanda State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"423023",title:"Dr.",name:"Yosra",middleName:null,surname:"Soltan",slug:"yosra-soltan",fullName:"Yosra Soltan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Alexandria University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"349788",title:"Dr.",name:"Florencia Nery",middleName:null,surname:"Sompie",slug:"florencia-nery-sompie",fullName:"Florencia Nery Sompie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sam Ratulangi University",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"345713",title:"Dr.",name:"Csaba",middleName:null,surname:"Szabó",slug:"csaba-szabo",fullName:"Csaba Szabó",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Debrecen",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"345719",title:"Mrs.",name:"Márta",middleName:null,surname:"Horváth",slug:"marta-horvath",fullName:"Márta Horváth",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Debrecen",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"420151",title:"Prof.",name:"Novirman",middleName:null,surname:"Jamarun",slug:"novirman-jamarun",fullName:"Novirman Jamarun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Andalas University",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"420149",title:"Dr.",name:"Rusmana",middleName:"Wijaya Setia",surname:"Wijaya Setia Ningrat",slug:"rusmana-wijaya-setia-ningrat",fullName:"Rusmana Wijaya Setia Ningrat",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Andalas University",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"339759",title:"Mr.",name:"Abu",middleName:null,surname:"Macavoray",slug:"abu-macavoray",fullName:"Abu Macavoray",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Njala University",country:{name:"Sierra Leone"}}},{id:"339758",title:"Prof.",name:"Benjamin",middleName:null,surname:"Emikpe",slug:"benjamin-emikpe",fullName:"Benjamin Emikpe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ibadan",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"339760",title:"Mr.",name:"Moinina Nelphson",middleName:null,surname:"Kallon",slug:"moinina-nelphson-kallon",fullName:"Moinina Nelphson Kallon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Njala University",country:{name:"Sierra Leone"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"25",type:"subseries",title:"Evolutionary Computation",keywords:"Genetic Algorithms, Genetic Programming, Evolutionary Programming, Evolution Strategies, Hybrid Algorithms, Bioinspired Metaheuristics, Ant Colony Optimization, Evolutionary Learning, Hyperparameter Optimization",scope:"Evolutionary computing is a paradigm that has grown dramatically in recent years. This group of bio-inspired metaheuristics solves multiple optimization problems by applying the metaphor of natural selection. It so far has solved problems such as resource allocation, routing, schedule planning, and engineering design. Moreover, in the field of machine learning, evolutionary computation has carved out a significant niche both in the generation of learning models and in the automatic design and optimization of hyperparameters in deep learning models. This collection aims to include quality volumes on various topics related to evolutionary algorithms and, alternatively, other metaheuristics of interest inspired by nature. For example, some of the issues of interest could be the following: Advances in evolutionary computation (Genetic algorithms, Genetic programming, Bio-inspired metaheuristics, Hybrid metaheuristics, Parallel ECs); Applications of evolutionary algorithms (Machine learning and Data Mining with EAs, Search-Based Software Engineering, Scheduling, and Planning Applications, Smart Transport Applications, Applications to Games, Image Analysis, Signal Processing and Pattern Recognition, Applications to Sustainability).",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11421,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403"},editorialBoard:[{id:"111683",title:"Prof.",name:"Elmer P.",middleName:"P.",surname:"Dadios",slug:"elmer-p.-dadios",fullName:"Elmer P. 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