\r\n\tThe development of the interpersonal model and the Kleinian school in the second half of the last century allowed the emergence of an original understanding of the unconscious mind. Within the intersubjective paradigm, the psychoanalytic situation is conceptualized as an interpersonal field to which both the analyst and the patient contribute substantially. We have shown elsewhere how the failure to give a full account of such an intersubjective dimension in both psychoanalytic theory and practice amounts to a core liability in contemporary psychoanalytic discourse.
\r\n\r\n\tThe present book will focus on a few areas where the insufficient development of our discipline is currently apparent: five wounds that mark the body of the psychoanalytic enterprise.
\r\n\r\n\tNew contributions are particularly needed in the following areas: Current conceptualization of the unconscious mind is mechanistic and not suited to incorporate the full network of interpersonal exchanges which unfolds in the analytic room; Furthermore, the development of interpersonal psychoanalysis and the theory of the object relations warrants a greater appreciation of the impact of extratranference relations (e.g., couple, family, peers) on the patient's inner life both within and without the psychoanalytic situation.
\r\n\r\n\tAn integration of theories and models from other psychological paradigms is clearly in order here; the book will also focus on Barangers’ theory of the bi-personal field that makes traditional unipersonal models of the psychoanalytic process untenable. Also, it will help in the understanding of the reciprocal interactions of the two partners in the psychoanalytic dyad in most psychoanalytic institutes the training format relies naively on models from the academic or the professional domains. This fosters rigidity, conformism, and a hierarchical organizational style in the institutional life; e) all over the long span of his creative life Freud showed consistent interest in the application of psychoanalysis to literature, the arts, religion, and politics. Contemporary psychoanalysis is getting more and shyer and is pressed at the margins of social and political debate. The psychoanalytic theory includes unique lore of knowledge about the conscious and unconscious mind. Without it, a comprehensive understanding of human reality will stay out of the reach of contemporary culture.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-882-9",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-881-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-883-6",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"c6a104ee38fec8d9ba8aa139a33003ce",bookSignature:"Dr. Paolo Azzone",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11591.jpg",keywords:"Unconscious, Repression, Conformism, Intersubjective Paradigm, Interpersonal Psychoanalysis, Object Relation Theory, Couple Therapy, Family Therapy, Psychoanalytic Process, Transference Interpretation, Resistance, Controtransference",numberOfDownloads:8,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 31st 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 17th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 16th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 4th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 3rd 2023",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Paolo Azzone, M.D., is a psychiatrist and a psychoanalyst with over 20 years of experience in mental health topics. He was a tutor for the course in Clinical Psychiatry at the Medical School of the University of Milan and now is responsible for the Forensic Psychiatric Outpatient Program at the ASST-Rhodense Hospital in Milan, Italy. Azzone contributed to the establishment of a psychotherapy research tradition in Italy and is a co-editor and author of multiple works that are linked to psychoanalysis.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"324882",title:"Dr.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Azzone",slug:"paolo-azzone",fullName:"Paolo Azzone",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/324882/images/system/324882.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"ASST-Rhodense Hospital",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"}],chapters:[{id:"82322",title:"A Psychoanalytic Approach to Identity Politics",slug:"a-psychoanalytic-approach-to-identity-politics",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"453624",firstName:"Martina",lastName:"Scerbe",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/453624/images/20399_n.jpg",email:"martina.s@intechopen.com",biography:null}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6550",title:"Cohort Studies in Health Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"01df5aba4fff1a84b37a2fdafa809660",slug:"cohort-studies-in-health-sciences",bookSignature:"R. 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A refrigeration cycle consists of a source at low temperature, a sink at high temperature, and a device to produce the work done to transfer heat from the source to sink. For the complete circulation, the refrigeration cycle should have an expansion device to circulate the refrigerant to the source.
\nMajor refrigeration systems include vapor-compression refrigeration system (VCRS), heat pump (HP), gas refrigeration system (GRS), multi-pressure refrigeration systems (MPRS), and absorption refrigeration system (ARS), as presented in Figure 1. These systems are combined with renewable sources, such as geothermal, solar, and wind energy sources.
\nThe classifications of refrigeration systems and renewable sources.
The vapor-compression refrigeration cycle (VCRS) is the most widely used cycle for refrigerators, air-conditioning systems, and heat pumps [1, 2]. It consists of four processes, as shown in Figure 2:
1-2 Isentropic compression in a compressor
2-3 Constant-pressure heat rejection in a condenser
3-4 Throttling in an expansion device
4-1 Constant-pressure heat absorption in an evaporator
Schematic and T-s diagram for the ideal VCRS.
The refrigerant enters the compressor from state 1 at saturated vapor to be isentropically compressed from low pressure of state 1 to high pressure and temperature of state 2, which is at the superheated region. Then, the refrigerant of state 2 enters the condenser to reject heat to the warm environment and exits at the saturated liquid as state 3. The refrigerant enters an adiabatic throttling or expansion valve to drop the pressure, which equals the pressure at the compressor inlet of state 1. The refrigerant temperature at state 1 is very low so that it absorbs heat from the refrigerated space at the evaporator and heated to be saturated vapor again. The vapor refrigeration system is a closed cycle where it starts and ends at state 1. This type of refrigeration system can be used for refrigerators, inside the air conditioners as split air conditioners, and separate as in radiant cooling systems [3, 4] and air-to-air systems [1].
\nThe first and second law of Thermodynamics for steady-state flow is applied for each component and the whole system. They include the energy balance equation (EnBE) and exergy balance equation (ExBE) in this order. The energy balance equation considers the heat transfer and work produced or done crossing the control volume of a component or a system, while the exergy balance equation considers the irreversibilities of a process, which are described by the exergy destruction. For the given system of Figure 2. The refrigerant mass flow rate is constant through the cycle and denotes as \n
The power input to the compressor, \n
The heat rejection rate from the condenser, \n
The energy and exergy balance equations for the expansion valve can be expressed as Eqs. (10) and (11), respectively. The expansion valves are considered to be decreasing the pressure adiabatically and isentropically, which means no heat transfer and work done in the throttling process [6]:
\nThe energy balance for the entire refrigeration system can be given as [5]:
\nThe coefficient of performance (COP) of the refrigeration system is defined as the ratio of useful energy, which is the rate of heat removal by the evaporator to the required energy, which is the power required to operate the compressor. The COP is given as below [5]:
\nThe Carnot or reversible COP is defined as the maximum COP of a refrigeration cycle operating between temperature limits \n
An actual vapor-compression refrigeration cycle differs from the ideal one because of the irreversibilities that occur in various components, such as fluid friction (causes pressure drops) and heat transfer to or from the surroundings. The aim of exergy analysis is to determine the exergy destruction in each component of the system and to determine the exergy efficiency of the entire system. Exergy destruction in a component can be evaluated based on entropy generation and an exergy balance equation using Eq. (15) [6]:
\nwhere \n
The exergetic coefficient of performance (\n
by substituting \n
Since \n
Heat pump system (HP) is similar to VCRS since it consists of a compressor, expansion valve, and outdoor and indoor coils, which operate exchangeably as condenser and evaporator. The advantage of HP systems is the ability to provide cooling and heating for the desired space, especially for the long winter season as in Canada and north European countries. This can be achieved by adding a reversing valve, as shown in Figure 3. There are two essential modes: heating mode and cooling mode. The condenser and evaporator are exchanging during the cooling and heating season since the reversing valve is switching between two modes according to the weather condition.
\nA heat pump can be used to heat a house in winter and to cool it in summer.
The energy source for heat pump can be classified into air-source, water-source, and ground-source. The air-source system uses atmospheric air through the evaporator, while the water-source system uses well water of depth 80 m and operates from 5 to 18°C. The ground-source system uses long piping under the ground since the soil temperature is not affected by climate change. The capacity and efficiency of heat pump drop at low-temperature environment, and therefore, other auxiliary systems, such as heaters or furnaces, are used to provide sufficient heating load for residential buildings.
\nThe COP of a heat pump is defined as the ratio of the heat removed for cooling mode or added for a heating mode of the indoor coil to the compressor power. Therefore, the COPheating and COPcooling are given in Eq. (19). \n
The exergetic COP is defined as the ratio of thermal exergy rate divided by the compressor power. It is also given as the ratio of COP to the reversible COP for both heating and cooling mode. \n
The VCRS is known as a modified, reverse Rankine cycle, while the gas refrigeration system (GRS) is known as a reverse Brayton cycle using a noncondensing gas such as air. The main advantage of this system is the small size for achieving the desired cooling due to the lighter weight of air than other refrigerants. This system can be used in aircraft cabin cooling.
\nAs illustrated in Figure 4, the major elements of GRS are compressor to raise the pressure of gas from state 1 to 2, a rejecting heat exchanger (condenser), turbine or expander to decrease the gas pressure isentropically, and an absorbing heat exchanger (evaporator) to absorb the heat from the refrigerated space at constant pressure. A regenerator heat exchanger can be added to the system for heat recovery between the hot and cold paths of circulated gas. It can be located between the two heat exchangers. Air is a popular refrigerant of this system since it can be utilized as a refrigerant and air-conditioning medium in smaller equipment units as aircraft cooling systems.
\nSimple gas refrigeration cycle and T-s diagram.
The energy analysis of a gas refrigeration system is similar to that of the vapor refrigeration system except that the gaseous fluid is treated as an ideal gas. Therefore, the enthalpy and entropy equations are written as [5]:
\nwhere the subscripts
A two-stage cascade refrigeration system with the same refrigerant in both stages.
Compressor:
\nHeat exchanger 2 (condenser):
\nTurbine (expander):
\nHeat exchanger 1 (evaporator):
\nFor the entire refrigeration system, the energy balance can be written as:
\nThe net power for the system becomes:
\nThe COP of the gas refrigeration system is given as:
\nThe total exergy destruction in the system can be calculated by adding exergy destructions of each component:
\nIt can also be expressed as:
\nThus, the minimum power input to accomplish the required refrigeration load \n
The VCRS is the most popular refrigeration cycle because it is simple, inexpensive, and reliable. However, the industrial refrigeration systems should be efficient by providing more refrigeration load. This can be achieved by modifying the simple VCRS into multi-pressure refrigeration systems (MPRS). The MPRS can be classified into cascade RS, multi-compression RS, and multipurpose RS.
\nSome industrial applications require low temperature below −70°C with substantially large pressure and temperature difference (−70 to 100°C). VCRS cannot achieve these applications because it can operate within a temperature range of +10 to −30°C. Therefore, a modification of VCRS can be performed by using multiple refrigeration cycles operating in series, the so-called cascade refrigeration systems. The refrigerants of each cycle can be different. The evaporator of the first refrigeration cycle is connected to the condenser of the next refrigeration system forming an interchange heat exchanger between the 2 cycles, as shown in Figure 5. Cascade refrigeration systems are mainly used for liquefaction of natural gas, hydrogen, and other gases [7, 8, 9]. The major benefit of this system is decreasing the compressor power and increasing the refrigeration load compared with a VCRS with large temperature and pressure difference, as shown in the T-s diagram of cascade system in Figure 5. Therefore, reducing system components can be fulfilled in an appropriate way [2].
\nThe net compressor power can be determined by the summation of all compressor power in all cascaded refrigeration system and written as [2]:
\nThe refrigeration load can be described as:
\nThe heat exchanger that connects the 2 cycles together has an energy balance equation as follows [5]:
\nTherefore, the COP and exergetic COP of the cascade refrigeration system can be explained as the following [5, 6]:
\nSimilar to the cascade refrigeration system, multistage compression refrigeration system is used for applications below −30°C. This requires a large-pressure-ratio compressor and cannot be performed by one compressor because of the lack of efficiency and performance. Therefore, using multistage compressors connected in series can improve the performance of the refrigeration system by increasing the pressure ratio and increasing the refrigeration load. As shown in Figure 6, a two-stage compression refrigeration cycle consists of two compressors, a condenser, an evaporator, a flash intercooler, a mixer, and two throttling valves. The compressors. The upper compressor compresses the total refrigerant mass flow rate in a vapor form from the intermediate pressure of state 9 to the high pressure of state 4. The vapor refrigerant cools down in the condenser to saturated liquid at high pressure of state 5 and then passes through the upper expansion valve to reduce the pressure to intermediate pressure. The wet refrigerant passes through the flash intercooler to split the vapor and liquid phase. The vapor phase at state 3 enters the mixer to mix with the exit superheated refrigerant of the lower compressor at state 2. The liquid phase at state 7 is expanded by the lower throttling valve to state 8, which enters the lower pressure evaporator to absorb heat from the refrigerated space. The minimum temperature can be achieved by two-stage compression at −65°C, while the three-stage compression can attain about −100°C.
\nA two-stage compression refrigeration system with a flash chamber.
The heat transfer to the evaporator can be written, according to Figure 6, as [10]:
\nwhere \n
Therefore, the COP of this system can be determined as the following [10]:
\nThe second efficiency or the exergetic COP can be calculated as [6, 10]:
\nMultipurpose refrigeration systems are also considered as a branch of MPRS. This type of system accomplishes different refrigeration loads in one system. Therefore, a modification of VCRS can be done by using multiple evaporators at different low pressure and different refrigerant capacity. Also, this system can be operated using one compressor or multistage compressor.
\nThere are different configurations of multipurpose refrigeration systems [2], as shown in Figure 7. Firstly, a system of a single compressor and individual expansion valves consists of two evaporators and single compressor with individual expansion valves for each evaporator and one compressor, as shown in Figure 7a. Operation under these conditions means the dropping of pressure from high-pressure evaporators through back pressure valves to ensure the compression of the vapor from the higher temperature evaporators through a pressure ratio. Secondly, a system of a single compressor with multi-expansion valves consists of two evaporators and a compressor with multiple arrangements of expansion valves, as shown in Figure 7b. The only advantage of the arrangement is that the flashed vapor at the pressure of the high-temperature evaporator is not allowed to go to the lower-temperature evaporator, thus improving its efficiency. Finally, a system of individual compressors with multi-expansion valves consists of a compressor for each evaporator and multiple arrangements of expansion valves, as shown in Figure 7c, to reduce the total power requirement. This amounts to parallel operation of evaporators and is called sectionalizing. There may be a separate condenser for each compressor or a common condenser for the whole plant.
\nMultipurpose refrigeration system: (a) two evaporators with individual expansion valve, (b) two evaporators and multi-expansion valve, and (c) individual compressors and multi-expansion valve.
The heat transfer to the evaporators and the net compressor power of the multipurpose refrigeration system despite the system configuration can be evaluated as [2]:
\nwhere \n
Therefore, the COP of this system can be determined as the following [5]:
\nThe second efficiency or the exergetic COP can be calculated as [6]:
\nThe absorption refrigeration system (ARS) is similar to the VCRS except that the compressor of the vapor-compression system is replaced by three elements: an absorber, a solution pump, and a generator. The ABS medium is a mixture of a refrigerant and absorbent, such as ammonia-water system (NH3 + H2O) and water-lithium bromide (LiBr2 + H2O). The solubility of refrigerant (ammonia or lithium bromide) in the absorbent (water) is satisfactory, but the difference in boiling points is significant, which may affect the purity of vaporization. Thus, a purge unit or rectifier is used in the system. The refrigerant concentration in the mixture changes according to the pressure and temperature for each step. The ABS.
\nAs shown in Figure 8, the ARS consists of a condenser, an evaporator, an absorber, a regeneration heat exchanger (HX1), heat recovery heat exchanger (HX2), a generator, two expansion valves, and a solution pump. The system includes an analyzer and a rectifier to remove the water vapor that may have formed in the generator. Thus, only ammonia vapor goes to the condenser. This system utilizes the absorbent water to release and absorb ammonia as the refrigerant. Starting from state 3, the strong solution (a high concentration of ammonia refrigerant) is heated in the high-pressure generator. This produces refrigerant vapor off the solution at state 7. The hot pure ammonia vapor is cooled in the condenser at state 8 and condenses at state 9 by passing through the HX2 before entering a throttling valve into the low pressure at state 10. Then the refrigerant liquid passes through the evaporator to remove the heat from refrigerated medium and leaves at low-pressure vapor phase of state 11. The pure ammonia is heated by the HX2 to enter the absorber and mixed with the absorbent water. The weak solution (about 24% ammonia concentration) flows down from the generator at state 4 through the regeneration heat exchanger HX1 at state 5 through a throttling valve and enters the absorber at state 6. Therefore, the weak refrigerant is absorbed by the water because of the strong chemical affinity for each other. The absorber is cooled to produce a strong solution at low pressure at state 1. The strong solution is obtained and pumped by a solution pump to the generator passing through HX1, where it is again heated, and the cycle continues. Then, the water absorbs the ammonia in the absorber at the condenser temperature supplied by the circulating water or air, and hence a strong solution (about 38% ammonia concentration) occurs. For ammonia-water ARSs, the most suitable absorber is the film-type absorber because of high heat and mass transfer rates, enhanced overall performance, and large concentration rates [11].
\nAmmonia absorption refrigeration cycle.
The energy and exergy analysis for each component is presented according to Figure 8. The partial mass balance (PMBE) is also included to determine the concentration mass of ammonia and water in the absorber and generator. That is because the ARS has two fluids as refrigerant and absorbent and their composition at different points is different, particularly in the absorber and generator. The exergy analysis of ammonia-water ARSs is to determine the exergy destruction of each component and to determine the overall exergy efficiency based on the second law of thermodynamics. The exergy analysis (ExBE) for each component is stated below [5, 6]:
\nAbsorber:
\nwhere \n
Solution pump:
\nRegeneration heat exchanger (HX1):
\nGenerator:
\nwhere \n
Condenser:
\nwhere \n
Heat recovery heat exchanger (HX2):
\nExpansion valves:
\nEvaporator:
\nwhere \n
For the entire system, the overall energy balance of the complete system can be written as follows, by considering that there is negligible heat loss to the environment:
\nThe COP of the system then becomes:
\nwhere \n
The ARS is a heat-driven system, which requires heat pump instead or required power by a compressor. That means the ARS is a combination of a heat pump and a refrigeration cycle without a compressor. Therefore, the maximum (reversible) of an ARS can be achieved by a reversible heat engine and a reversible refrigerator, as shown in Figure 9. A reversible heat pump is operating by absorbing the heat from a source at and rejecting heat to an environment of to produce a work output from the heat engine. This work is defined as the reversible efficiency of the heat pump multiplied by the heat absorber from the source, which is the heat transfer from the generator in the ARS. This work output is used by the reversible refrigerator to keep a refrigerated space at
The maximum COP of an absorption refrigeration system.
The temperature of the heat source is taken as the average temperature of geothermal water. Then the second-law efficiency of this absorption system is determined to be [10]:
\nThe refrigeration systems require an input work to release the heat from the refrigerated space to the environment, which is called as a work-driven system. The absorption refrigeration system is based on external heat transfer from an external source, which can be classified as a heat-driven system. For industrial refrigeration systems, energy demand is high and should be provided in a secure and eco-friendly approach to reduce environmental pollution. This can be executed by fossil-based fuels such as oil, natural gas, and coal, which produce substantial carbon mono-oxide and dioxide emissions that affect global warming and climate change. Massive efforts point to renewable sources such as geothermal energy, solar energy, and wind energy, which promise a potential solution to provide the clean energy needed as work or heat to operate the refrigeration. Schematic diagram of Figure 10 shows possible ways of renewable sources for work-driven and heat-driven refrigeration system.
\nRenewable sources for refrigeration systems: (a) work-driven and (b) heat-driven source.
An integrated system of a concentrated solar power plant integrated with desalination process and absorption refrigeration cycle is utilized to supply power, freshwater, and refrigeration [12]. The system, as shown in Figure 11, consists of concentrated solar collectors connected with steam turbine power plant, a multi-effect desalination process with a parallel feed of seawater, and a single-stage ammonia-water absorption refrigeration system. The solar collectors provide thermal energy 21,030 kW to the steam power plant to deliver an electric power of 4632 kW. The refrigeration load from the absorption cooling system is 820.8 kW. The desalination system can also provide 22.79 kg/s freshwater. This cycle has obtained overall energy and exergy efficiencies to be 80.70% and 66.05%, respectively.
\nSchematic diagram of the integrated solar thermal power plant, absorption refrigeration system, and MED cycle (adopted from [
Another example, a small-scale system, is designed to provide an electrical load to residential buildings [13]. This system utilizes, as shown in Figure 12, photovoltaic solar system (PV) to provide electrical power. This electric power is used for a water electrolyzer system to split the water electrochemically to produce hydrogen and oxygen gases. The hydrogen gas enters high-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) to produce electricity and heat. The heat is transferred to an absorption cooling system by heat recovery generator. The PV system may generate excess electricity more than the demand during off-peak hours. This system is designed for a detached house in Toronto city, Canada. The PV solar system delivers maximum power of 3.35 kW. The water electrolyzer can produce 0.792 and 0.538 kg/day of gaseous hydrogen in summer and winter seasons. The SOFC fuel cell supplies 8.43 kWh per day in summer season. The maximum energy and exergy efficiencies of the photovoltaic system are 17 and 18.3%, respectively, while the maximum total energy and exergy efficiencies are obtained to be 55.7 and 49.0%, respectively.
\nSchematic of the photovoltaic-fuel cell CHIP system for residential applications (adopted from [
In a similar study, a hybrid renewable system was designed to produce electricity and clean fuel such as hydrogen gas and provide cooling for a residential building in two locations Egypt and Saudi Arabia in summer season [14]. The cooling loads for a house are 18.06 and 19.3 kW in Egypt and Saudi Arabia, respectively. This system, as shown in Figure 13, depends on the photovoltaic solar system and wind turbines to provide excess electricity more than the electric grid. The excess electricity is delivered to a water electrolyzer to produce pure oxygen and hydrogen gases stored in tanks for clean fueling services. Part of the hydrogen gas is used for a proton-exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell that can produce heat and electricity through an electrochemical process without any mechanical parts. The heat generated from the fuel cell can be utilized by a generator of an ammonia-water ARS to provide cooling. The hybrid renewable system can operate in a significant performance with water mass flow rate of 1.8 kg/s to produce hydrogen with a mass flow rate of 0.2 kg/s and ammonia mass flow rate of about 0.2 kg/s to produce cooling load between 40 and 120 kW more than the design cooling load of one house. The energy and exergy efficiencies are obtained to be about 67 and 68%, respectively. Therefore, this hybrid system can be sufficient for more than one house.
\nSchematic diagram of a hybrid renewable system (adopted from [
A multigeneration system is designed by [15] and powered by geothermal energy assisted with solar energy to produce five outputs: heating air for residential building, hot domestic water, drying food, refrigeration for industry, and electricity. This multigeneration system, as shown in Figure 14, consists of a heat pump system, a single flash geothermal cycle, an absorption cooling system, thermal energy storage connected with auxiliary steam turbine and concentrated solar collectors, hot water system, and drying system. The system has achieved overall energy and exergy efficiencies to be 69.6 and 42.8%, respectively. The first and second steam turbines have the power of 10,043 and 9886 kW. The
Schematic diagram of the multigeneration system powered by the solar and geothermal energy (adopted from [
A wind system is combined with a refrigeration system, as shown in Figure 15. Wind energy is coupled with compressed air energy storage (CAES) systems to store wind energy for long-term usage [16]. The integrated system consists of a combined gas power cycle, including compressors, intercooling heat exchangers, and gas turbine, an organic Rankine power cycle (ORC), and an absorption refrigeration system (ARS). The system objective is to provide electricity, domestic hot water, and cooling load. The system can generate electricity of 33.67 kW provided by wind turbines (83.24 kWh) and fuel combustion (258.97 kWh), cooling load of 2.56 kW, and mass flow rate of hot water of 1.82 ton per day hot. The energy efficiency of the system is achieved to be 53.94%.
\nSchematic diagram of gas power cycle with wind turbine, CAES, ORC, and ARS (adopted from [
The refrigeration systems are applied in our life for preserving food, cooling air, and other industrial applications. Most refrigeration systems require external power or external heat to release the heat from the refrigerated space. Many industrial applications involve large cooling energy, which can be operated by multi-pressure refrigeration system, which requires a large amount of external power. The chapter has presented some applications with renewable sources to replace the fossil fuel-driven energy with an environmentally friendly energy source such as geothermal, solar, and wind energy so-called hybrid or integrated systems. In addition to cooling load, the hybrid systems can produce electricity, heating load, and clean fuel such as hydrogen fuel. The absorption refrigeration system is mostly-combined with hybrid system to use the heating load from solar or geothermal energy to produce cooling load.
\nFor improved academic achievement and acceptable reading proficiency levels, learners need to vigorously engage on varying reading activities. When they work as groups, they tend to learn from one another through collaboration, information sharing, and mentoring each other. There have been identified benefits of working as groups when primary school learners learn an unfamiliar language in the schools studied, this being referred to English language learning [1]. Research reveals that for primary school learners to engage in the form of groups during the processes of language learning and teaching, there are enriched social skills that are acquired, including cooperation and accountability, as such it becomes easy for learners to break down compound tasks into minor and convenient packages [2]. The main benefits of group work when developing language proficiency among learners include cultivated discussions and justifications, let alone contesting learner assumptions, yet the ultimate goal being emerging robust communication skills. This strategy has been observed to curb problems of shyness, lowered self-esteem coupled with self-motivation [3]. As emergent readers, learners in the primary school need daily continued engagement with reading exercises as learning to read has been recently regarded as one of the core educational objectives not for English language learning only, but across all the subjects underpinning the curriculum as there are also texts to be comprehended.
However, in the previously known South African schools’ classroom environment prior COVID-19 pandemic era, policy advocated for formation of learner groupings as learning and teaching has to be learner-centered and learner-paced, this being prescribed by the Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statements (CAPS) [4]. English language teachers, through this arrangement, would proudly report on escalating learner achievements that used to be paired up with improved reading proficiency levels. This makes us as authors of this manuscript to acknowledge the importance of group work. To our perception, working as groups when learning a language leads to a more effective and fun collaboration as learners with diverse learning styles and learning abilities are granted an opportunity to engage with others, thereby anticipating the comprehended text from diverse perspectives, yet promoting confidence levels and expanded listening, thinking, speaking, and writing skills. All these are regarded as the core language skills for language learning [5]. For learners to be successful, efficient, and effective scholars, these skills need to be mastered.
Grouping of learners when studying a language has been proved to lead to progress and success in academic achievement [6]. Teamwork is of real importance as learners engaging in this manner were identified to have exhibited better achievement levels when compared with those who preferred to study or learn in a single-handed mode. Henceforth, there is a vital need for English language teachers to be quite conversant that indeed group work has some profits and therefore are expected to apply such strategy during the processes of teaching and learning.
On the other side, social distancing protocols emanating from COVID-19 regulations have resulted in schools being left with no other option than to disband the previously formulated classroom learner groupings [7]. One may ask himself, what then has the current state of the existing new normal put primary school language teachers together with the learners as recipients in the teaching-learning process, as previously been observed by the authors that this cohort of teachers has full confidence for language development when comprehending texts is handled not in an individual perspective, but by learners specifically arranged as groups to interact, engage, thereby learning as peers. Furthermore, learners in the studied schools got intimidated by the abrupt changes in the schooling situation more so that learning English language, being unfamiliar hence not their home language, needs to be nurtured. By so doing, learners would then value own cultural heritages attached to obtaining valued experience in English language [8].
As an operational method to inspire active learning, for communication skills joined mutually with critical thinking, there is a need to encourage group work among learners [9]. On the other side, literature reveals that the current situation across all environments due to the COVID-19 regulations has brought about some negative effects resulting in stress from loss of peer interaction with regard to academic content as learners are no longer denied access to practice the so-called previously known normality of either sitting as groups or as pairs in a classroom setting, as a way of responding to the constraints of social distancing observance [7, 10]. This current state of affairs is declared similar to the period when there was once some disturbance in the schooling mode of behavior. There emerged an influenza first perceived in the United States, then later swiftly blew out across the entire countries of the world. As reported by the public health schools in such communities had to be closed down due to the influenza pandemic [11]. The schooling situation or practices by then were declared to have slightly changed as all inhabitants were expected to give full observance of the prescribed instructions by the then governmental officials.
Furthermore, as learners actively engage in group work, they obtain chances to express own opinions and ideas. As deliberations reach climax within a specific group of learners, critical thinking and robust discussion are also improved [12]. When learners’ critical thinking and engagement skills are improved, problem-solving is then enhanced, together with improved communication skills, consequently leading to an enriched cultural awareness [13]. Such improved skills would be eminent as learners would have learnt to listen at others’ opinions, then providing feedback. As this entire exercise is carried out, one would notice that learners forming a single group originate from dissimilar linguistic constituencies, different backgrounds, diverse cultures yet with varying learning styles, as such, at their early ages, learners then learn to have respect for each unique individual.
This manuscript is strengthened by Guskey’s model of teacher change [14]. A model of teacher change has been used for this investigation pertaining to changes currently championing the education system, as brought about by the COVID-19 etiquettes that need to be observed by all individuals around the country [15]. The framework further portrays ecological changes in consideration of the attitudes and beliefs toward teaching and learning, as is the case in the current schooling situation. Previously, teachers strongly believed that for an operational and functional language development in learners, better results used to be eminent when learners were grouped, yet the current situation has resulted on learner groupings being disbanded.
With respect to the main objective of this chapter, authors opine that for learners to comprehend any text with understanding, there is a dire requirement for a combined practice between the text itself and learners brainstorming as a group. To uplift and motivate this notion, language teachers are therefore anticipated as the ones to constantly allocate reading tasks to learners in the form of groups, irrespective of whether during the normal classroom environment, or for tasks assigned as take-home activities. If English language teachers would embark in this practice, language proficiency among learners would surely be enhanced as perceived by the authors [16]. Teachers therefore are regarded as the core recipients to ensure language enhancement in learners, as suggested by the theory underpinning this manuscript [14]. Innovative reading skills, ease at comprehending with text, and upgraded language skills would then emerge, therefore leading to academic excellence as the greatest percentage of the subjects buttressing the curriculum in the schools investigated are offered in the English medium.
For the purposes of this investigation, the authors followed a qualitative approach entrenched by a case study design. This is a research approach applied for generating an in-depth understanding for some compound issues affecting real-life situations. Authors used this type of design in order to have an understanding of recent social distancing trajectories affecting the previous normal running of schools [17]. Truths pertaining human behavior as authors studied the real-world circumstances that unfolded were put together [18]. An inclusive understanding pertaining to teacher perspectives on language development on the view that grouping of learners was no longer a practice, henceforth social distancing code of practice, was followed. For the context of this study, investigation was based on administering semistructured interviews to 10 purposefully selected teachers from three different primary schools in one district of the Eastern Cape Province in South Africa [19, 20]. Authors decided to embark on selecting participants in a purposive manner as this sampling technique allows researchers to rely on own judgment when nominating population members to participate. Henceforth, we decided to identify teachers from the surrounding locations where high COVID-19 death tolls had been reported by statistics [11]. Further than that, purposive sampling was a method that suited us well, hence the limited number of our participants who served as primary data sources by virtue of the case study designed ingraining this investigation. Participants nominated were teachers who offered English language as a medium reinforcing the utmost percentage of subjects enrolled in these particular schools.
As perceived by research, semistructured interviews as a data-collection instrument permitted the authors full engagement with all participants, more so that chances to explore more on crucial emerging themes seemed eminent [21]. Open-ended interview questions revolved around viewpoints of teachers on the subject of learner proficiency reading levels as directed by the abolishing of engaging on reading as groups, despite the previously reported improved readership in learners when such reading exercises used to be tackled in daily learner groupings. Despite the interview schedule containing open-ended questions, authors were at liberty to throw follow-up questions in instances where further clarities were deemed necessary. As a way of observing the current social distancing procedures, as well as avoiding grouping all participants in one common venue, interviews were conducted in a one-on-one fashion. Authors arranged meetings for each single participant at a single time. The interaction or engagements between the authors and participants started in September 2021 and at a later stage got terminated beginning December 2021 as both the interviewers and the interviewees became entangled in the processes of administering examinations in their varying work stations. As the interview schedule was administered, authors took some recordings, which were later replayed again and again. These recordings were taken in a different number of visits and days, for an interval ranging between 15 and 20 minutes for each individual participant. This method helped authors to be able to transcribe all responses from all participants, avoiding not to disregard any single response. Similar or relevant responses were grouped together and thereby coded by the authors as a way of formulating themes [17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22].
There are two themes that emerged during data analysis from an argument of findings for this investigation [22]. In consideration of reading proficiency levels, it emerged that reading is affected by disbanded learner groupings due to the COVID-19 pandemic era code of practice. The second finding outlined relates to learner attitudes resulting in feeling isolated from their peers, and yet this is proving to somehow influence language development intertwined with learner achievement.
Among the group of participants, one teacher reported own observance on proficiency levels in reading among learners since in the classroom setting, learner groupings had no longer become the talk of the schooling environment:
It was divulged that the majority of learners felt isolated from their peers. Henceforth, the current COVID-19 social distancing restrictions pertaining to the seating logic of one learner seated in a stipulated distance away from the other, they no longer had opportunities to either exchange ideas or share information as they used to when seated as groups.
In relation to this encounter, one participant argued that:
Pertaining to reading proficiency levels, a key finding was a noted deterioration in reading progress among learners. Teachers offering English language as a subject debated that motivation within learners as groups no longer exists, actually, it has then been compromised as each learner had to battle or struggle on comprehending the text all alone, this somehow displaying a sudden lack of collegiality among learners registered for the same subject. This situation was even made worse by the current situation that existed when learners were at their cultural or rather home backgrounds. Learners had reported to respective teachers that isolation also roams in their living environments to such an extent that even if one had a neighbor with whom they are enrolled for the same grade, phase, or subject, parents denied their children access to visit others for purposes of information sharing sessions [23]. As authors of this manuscript, we really feel pity for the cohort of learners experiencing difficulties in comprehending with texts. Actually, this then becomes a call for language teachers to identify alternative strategies that would curb the situation of learners who feel isolated and left alone, as this might lead to implications of increased learner-dropout rate as well as lowered progression levels. On the other side, a reading nation is a wealthy nation, we all need to engage with written texts in order to be an economically balanced country.
To curb the situation, learners need to be motivated so as to be able to adapt in the unfamiliar systems of self-independency. Motivation is known for its importance especially in learning an unfamiliar language, in this instance this being an English language. Motivated learners have since been noted of achieving their goals, while on the other hand those with lack of motivation become victims of not obtaining the intended academic achievement. Nurtured motivation has been identified to lead higher levels of language competence. It therefore lies with English language teachers that as learners are held in situations of no longer vibrantly engaging with group members in the classroom environment, learners be encouraged and driven toward attaining short-term goals such as reading and writing, by so doing, they would improve in language proficiencies. Dissolution of learner groupings is perceived by learners as not supportive toward language learning. With limited collaboration, some learners could undergo stress disorders or related sicknesses [6, 7, 8, 9, 10].
Furthermore, as collaborative learning has proved to yield good results, teachers are then advised to let learners learn as either pairs or groups, even if the seating plan makes learners to be scattered from each other [24]. This method of learning collaboratively has been proved by other writers to have some advantages as research argues that in group work learners have an opportunity to learn from each other as they can better unpack some ideas clearer to respective classmates, as compared with how a teacher would have tackled it, this at times resulting from that some learners have an introvert attitude, as such become reluctant to seek assistance from their teachers [25].
From the collected data, it also emerged that the newly designed seating plan for learners to be positioned apart from their peers seemed to have some adverse impacts on learning, and specifically for the purposes of this investigation, isolation led to attitudes of neglect, this having an influence on language development [26]. The current seating plan in the schooling environment is attached with compliance of COVID-19 regulations on social distancing as prescribed by the South African government. Elements of anxiety in learners revolve around logistics encounters with regard to loneliness, discomposure, and loss of peer interaction [27]. To the authors’ perspective, these critical aspects are likely to have an influence on academic content and uncertainty in learner progression. Teachers also reported that learners whose comprehension levels were not of the expected average normally raised concerns that the current seating plan causes lots of stress, likely to impact on their development in learning.
On the other side, teachers also reported their concern regarding learner isolation as this might impact on emotional and social learning [28]. Proficiency gaps in reading abilities were noted by language teachers to have erupted ever since the innovations on the classroom seating plans, in so much that isolation even from friends and family in general, have normally resulted into an unhealthy social learning environment. This finding is in line with the views that for a task to be considered as outcomes-based, learners are expected to cultivate some links in between the content learnt and the encompassing learning styles thereof. Moreover, as learners comprehend and intermingle in the target language that is being learnt, there seems to be a crucial need for them to interact and communicate among themselves for easy access to acquire the logistics of the new and the unacquainted language. Engaging in such a strategy is likely to rebuild self-confidence, this leading to improved language proficiency levels [29]. For satisfactory progress, learning in schools needs to be a process administered through social relationships, including oneself, life, as well as collaborating with others through unanimous decision-making [30, 31]. By so doing, the school then becomes a family because of the supportive networking by both teachers and groups of learners. For such networking to be lost, it then really becomes a greatest concern ever. As the authors of this manuscript, we therefore opine for paramount importance that language teachers devise the necessary strategies aimed toward improved language proficiency with revised approaches to help rebuild the lost self-intrinsic inspiration within learners as swept away by isolation logistics.
The fundamental aim of this chapter was to measure the extent to which terminated learner groupings as a way of responding to the COVID-19 social distancing logistics had any influence on language enhancement. Importance of this investigation is reaffirmed as all the underlying discussions for this article have been proven to be aligned with the model of teacher change [14]. An examination of disbanded learner groupings led to the key finding outlining that indeed group work yields best results in relation to reading proficiency in leaners. From the data analyzed, it has become eminent to note that restricted groupings of learners in the current schooling situation seem to have an effect of redundancy toward a healthy reading culture. As perceived by the authors of this chapter, a nation with restricted or deprived culture of reading is tantamount to a vehicle expected to be in motion, yet fully loaded with a dead engine. Findings of this investigation therefore imply that despite the restrictions to group learners in classroom settings, language teachers are faced with a huge task to motivate the young, yet highlighting to them that with time they need to develop responsive attitudes with that sense of individual drive toward their learning, as the current state of affairs has led to all scholars being held up in the predicament of self-studies, of which no one had ever anticipated. Henceforth, authors recommend that managerial implications of this investigation be vested on the policymakers to redesign functional policies that would act as alternatives into restoring worthwhile sitting plans, yet, rebuilding that sense of inner ambiguity among learners no longer able to collaborate with peers as was in the previously disbanded learner groupings.
First and foremost, let me appreciate and thank the Almighty God for the strength and wisdom. Without His blessings, I doubt if we would have courage to successfully write this manuscript.
To write a book chapter is really hard work than I ever imagined, yet rewarding because as I continue embarking on the process of writing, my research skills coupled with academic writing logistics are sharpened day by day. This chapter encompasses to measure whether disbanding learner groupings as per the social distancing protocols brought about by COVID-19 restrictions has any significant impact on language enhancement.
I would be making a mistake not to acknowledge the amazing obligation that I owe toward researchers who encouraged me on manuscript writing. For this manuscript to be written in completion, an immense amount of work was done and would not have happened without an inspiration by a number of compassionate researchers whom I collaborated with, inclusive of:
Dr. Nomxolisi Mtsi, who was the first person to inspire me on research writing. As I narrated to her that my life situation had its ups and downs, she just told me that there was always a way out for whatever situation experienced. This academic was the one who whispered out loud in my ears that I need to start focusing on research writing. I can assume in me she sensed a hungry academic that needed some inspiration to grow. She went an extra mile to introduce me to Dr. Thandiswa Mpiti, with whom we are in the same field of research: languages. I am so grateful to have networked with such an academic, engaging on research writing, sharing experiences, and stimulating one another.
I cannot turn a blind eye on this one. To Dr. Shakespeare Chiphambo, no matter how the awkward timing would be, he is always eager to read through my drafts and offer whatever form of assistance I require from him in relation to manuscript writing.
I am ceaselessly appreciative to my mentor: Professor Bongani Bantwini, my managers at work: Professor Nolutho Diko and Mrs. Nondwe Mtshatsha. These seasoned academics would always and forever encourage me to make it a priority that I prioritize on manuscript writing to be considered as fully blown in academia. My mentor would always go an extra mile to read through my drafts.
Without proficiencies, collaboration, and support from my colleague at work, Dr. Ntando Elliot Mpahla, the research expertise on manuscript writing, would not have been to this level.
To all the researchers who would preach into my ears that to be regarded as a real academic one has to embark on publishing, thank you so much for inspiring more authors to have courage to convert their ideas to becoming stories. It is because of such inspiring comments that I have obtained some growth opportunities.
For the publication of this manuscript, I wish to extend my sincere gratitude to the Walter Sisulu Research Directorate for offering funding toward our publications. This stimulates and encourages us as researchers to have a maintained zeal toward the project as academic writers.
Writing a chapter about real-life experiences encountered in the workplace during the processes of teaching and learning is indeed a bizarre process, but through the ongoing support of the colleagues in the same field of work, there was continued motivation and inspiration to maintain the passion of bringing all our stories to life.
A very special word of thanks goes to my family. My kids, Yonela, Tina, and Zenazi, for supporting me without complaining even at times when I gave them less attention than they expected. My nephews and nieces, Odwa, Ongeziwe, Lisolethu, Kungawo, Amyoli, and Minathi, for exercising patience when I took longer to assist them with their studies while I was still hooked up in this little piece of writing. Their level of understanding is well applauded. My brother, Campbell, and sisters, Xoliswa and Hombakazi, for always encouraging me in whatever endeavor intending to make my life a better one. My mom, Vuyiswa, who would always and forever urge all her kids to prioritize with engaging in furthering their studies for being successful and prominent citizens. Lastly, my debt goes to my late dad, Erick Vuyisilet, who always dreamt big about the level of education for his children.
Conclusions to this study have been sharpened by contributions of our participants. For the time they excellently dedicated in engaging in this investigation, they are highly acknowledged.
To what extent is social distancing in relation to learner attitudes versus isolation affecting language development?
What role does social distancing play with respect to learner groupings on reading proficiency levels?
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He previously worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Ben-Gurion University of Negev, Israel; University of the Free State, South Africa; and Central University of Technology Bloemfontein, South Africa. He obtained his Ph.D. in Organic Chemistry from Nagaoka University of Technology, Japan. He has published more than seventy-four journal articles and attended several national and international conferences as speaker and chair. Dr. Kendrekar has received many international awards. He has several funded projects, namely, anti-malaria drug development, MRSA, and SARS-CoV-2 activity of curcumin and its formulations. He has filed four patents in collaboration with the University of Central Lancashire and Mayo Clinic Infectious Diseases. His present research includes organic synthesis, drug discovery and development, biochemistry, nanoscience, and nanotechnology.",institutionString:"Visiting Scientist at Lipid Nanostructures Laboratory, Centre for Smart Materials, School of Natural Sciences, University of Central Lancashire",institution:null},{id:"428125",title:"Dr.",name:"Vinayak",middleName:null,surname:"Adimule",slug:"vinayak-adimule",fullName:"Vinayak Adimule",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/428125/images/system/428125.jpg",biography:"Dr. Vinayak Adimule, MSc, Ph.D., is a professor and dean of R&D, Angadi Institute of Technology and Management, India. He has 15 years of research experience as a senior research scientist and associate research scientist in R&D organizations. He has published more than fifty research articles as well as several book chapters. He has two Indian patents and two international patents to his credit. Dr. Adimule has attended, chaired, and presented papers at national and international conferences. He is a guest editor for Topics in Catalysis and other journals. He is also an editorial board member, life member, and associate member for many international societies and research institutions. His research interests include nanoelectronics, material chemistry, artificial intelligence, sensors and actuators, bio-nanomaterials, and medicinal chemistry.",institutionString:"Angadi Institute of Technology and Management",institution:null},{id:"284317",title:"Prof.",name:"Kantharaju",middleName:null,surname:"Kamanna",slug:"kantharaju-kamanna",fullName:"Kantharaju Kamanna",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284317/images/21050_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. K. Kantharaju has received Bachelor of science (PCM), master of science (Organic Chemistry) and Doctor of Philosophy in Chemistry from Bangalore University. He worked as a Executive Research & Development @ Cadila Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Ahmedabad. He received DBT-postdoc fellow @ Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore under the supervision of Prof. P. Balaram, later he moved to NIH-postdoc researcher at Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA, after his return from postdoc joined NITK-Surthakal as a Adhoc faculty at department of chemistry. Since from August 2013 working as a Associate Professor, and in 2016 promoted to Profeesor in the School of Basic Sciences: Department of Chemistry and having 20 years of teaching and research experiences.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rani Channamma University, Belagavi",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/158492/images/system/158492.jpeg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Yusuf Tutar conducts his research at the Hamidiye Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences, Turkey. He is also a faculty member in the Molecular Oncology Program. He obtained his MSc and Ph.D. at Oregon State University and Texas Tech University, respectively. He pursued his postdoctoral studies at Rutgers University Medical School and the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIDDK), USA. His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",biography:"Martins Emeje obtained a BPharm with distinction from Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, and an MPharm and Ph.D. from the University of Nigeria (UNN), where he received the best Ph.D. award and was enlisted as UNN’s “Face of Research.” He established the first nanomedicine center in Nigeria and was the pioneer head of the intellectual property and technology transfer as well as the technology innovation and support center. Prof. Emeje’s several international fellowships include the prestigious Raman fellowship. He has published more than 150 articles and patents. He is also the head of R&D at NIPRD and holds a visiting professor position at Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria. He has a postgraduate certificate in Project Management from Walden University, Minnesota, as well as a professional teaching certificate and a World Bank certification in Public Procurement. Prof. Emeje was a national chairman of academic pharmacists in Nigeria and the 2021 winner of the May & Baker Nigeria Plc–sponsored prize for professional service in research and innovation.",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"436430",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mesut",middleName:null,surname:"Işık",slug:"mesut-isik",fullName:"Mesut Işık",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/436430/images/19686_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bilecik University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"268659",title:"Ms.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/268659/images/8143_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Zhan received his undergraduate and graduate training in the fields of preventive medicine and epidemiology and statistics at the West China University of Medical Sciences in China during 1989 to 1999. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics for two years at the Cancer Research Institute of Human Medical University in China. In 2001, he went to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) in USA, where he was a post-doctoral researcher and focused on mass spectrometry and cancer proteomics. Then, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor of Neurology, UTHSC in 2005. He moved to the Cleveland Clinic in USA as a Project Scientist/Staff in 2006 where he focused on the studies of eye disease proteomics and biomarkers. He returned to UTHSC as an Assistant Professor of Neurology in the end of 2007, engaging in proteomics and biomarker studies of lung diseases and brain tumors, and initiating the studies of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) in cancer. In 2010, he was promoted to Associate Professor of Neurology, UTHSC. Currently, he is a Professor at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in China, Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM), the European EPMA National Representative in China, Regular Member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), European Cooperation of Science and Technology (e-COST) grant evaluator, Associate Editors of BMC Genomics, BMC Medical Genomics, EPMA Journal, and Frontiers in Endocrinology, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Med One. He has\npublished 116 peer-reviewed research articles, 16 book chapters, 2 books, and 2 US patents. His current main research interest focuses on the studies of cancer proteomics and biomarkers, and the use of modern omics techniques and systems biology for PPPM in cancer, and on the development and use of 2DE-LC/MS for the large-scale study of human proteoforms.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Xiangya Hospital Central South University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",middleName:null,surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038Ugi5QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:48:28.png",biography:"Biotechnologist with 15 years of research including 6 years of teaching experience. Demonstrated record of scientific achievements through consistent publication record (H index = 13, with 874 citations) in high impact journals such as Nature Communications, Oncotarget, Annals of Oncology, PNAS, and AJRCCM, etc. Strong research professional with a post-doctorate from ACTREC where I gained experimental oncology experience in clinical settings and a doctorate from IGIB where I gained expertise in asthma pathophysiology. A well-trained biotechnologist with diverse experience on the bench across different research themes ranging from asthma to cancer and other infectious diseases. An individual with a strong commitment and innovative mindset. Have the ability to work on diverse projects such as regenerative and molecular medicine with an overall mindset of improving healthcare.",institutionString:"DY Patil Deemed to Be University",institution:null},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035QxIDQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:47:01.jpg",biography:"Soumya Basu, Ph.D., is currently working as an Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India. With 16+ years of trans-disciplinary research experience in Drug Design, development, and pre-clinical validation; 20+ research article publications in journals of repute, 9+ years of teaching experience, trained with cross-disciplinary education, Dr. Basu is a life-long learner and always thrives for new challenges.\r\nHer research area is the design and synthesis of small molecule partial agonists of PPAR-γ in lung cancer. She is also using artificial intelligence and deep learning methods to understand the exosomal miRNA’s role in cancer metastasis. Dr. Basu is the recipient of many awards including the Early Career Research Award from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. 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He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. 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Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals. He is currently working on the protective activity of phenolic compounds in disorders associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329248",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Faheem",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"md.-faheem-haider",fullName:"Md. Faheem Haider",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329248/images/system/329248.jpg",biography:"Dr. Md. Faheem Haider completed his BPharm in 2012 at Integral University, Lucknow, India. In 2014, he completed his MPharm with specialization in Pharmaceutics at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India, in 2018. He was selected for the GPAT six times and his best All India Rank was 34. Currently, he is an assistant professor at Integral University. Previously he was an assistant professor at IIMT University, Meerut, India. He has experience teaching DPharm, Pharm.D, BPharm, and MPharm students. He has more than five publications in reputed journals to his credit. Dr. Faheem’s research area is the development and characterization of nanoformulation for the delivery of drugs to various organs.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",middleName:"Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329795/images/system/329795.png",biography:"Dr. Mohd Aftab Siddiqui is an assistant professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India, where he obtained a Ph.D. in Pharmacology in 2020. He also obtained a BPharm and MPharm from the same university in 2013 and 2015, respectively. His area of research is the pharmacological screening of herbal drugs/natural products in liver cancer and cardiac diseases. He is a member of many professional bodies and has guided many MPharm and PharmD research projects. Dr. Siddiqui has many national and international publications and one German patent to his credit.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"20",type:"subseries",title:"Animal Nutrition",keywords:"Sustainable Animal Diets, Carbon Footprint, Meta Analyses",scope:"An essential part of animal production is nutrition. Animals need to receive a properly balanced diet. One of the new challenges we are now faced with is sustainable animal diets (STAND) that involve the 3 P’s (People, Planet, and Profitability). 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Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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