\\n\\n
IntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\\n\\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\\n\\nLaunching 2021
\\n\\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\\n\\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\\n\\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\\n\\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\\n\\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\\n\\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\\n\\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/132"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'With the desire to make book publishing more relevant for the digital age and offer innovative Open Access publishing options, we are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format: IntechOpen Book Series.
\n\nDesigned to cover fast-moving research fields in rapidly expanding areas, our Book Series feature a Topic structure allowing us to present the most relevant sub-disciplines. Book Series are headed by Series Editors, and a team of Topic Editors supported by international Editorial Board members. Topics are always open for submissions, with an Annual Volume published each calendar year.
\n\nAfter a robust peer-review process, accepted works are published quickly, thanks to Online First, ensuring research is made available to the scientific community without delay.
\n\nOur innovative Book Series format brings you:
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\n\nLaunching 2021
\n\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\n\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\n\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\n\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\n\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\n\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\n\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\n\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\n\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5933",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Human Anatomy - Reviews and Medical Advances",title:"Human Anatomy",subtitle:"Reviews and Medical Advances",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:'"Anatomia clavus et clavis medicinae est."\nAnatomy is a fundamental science that studies the structure of the human body from ancient times. Over time, the discipline constantly expands with recent progress that has been produced in researching the human body. So, new methods of researching were incorporated in the anatomy development: plastic materials injections, plastination, computed techniques of sectional bodies, and embryology. Anatomic sections like macroscopic, mesoscopic, microscopic, and public anatomies; radiologic anatomy; computed anatomy; radiologic anatomies; and clinical anatomy contribute to realize a very complex discipline that represents the base of learning medicine.',isbn:"978-953-51-3612-5",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3611-8",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4606-3",doi:"10.5772/66031",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"human-anatomy-reviews-and-medical-advances",numberOfPages:162,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"30fc0e64308e5905986edf17b56080d5",bookSignature:"Alina Maria Sisu",publishedDate:"November 21st 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5933.jpg",numberOfDownloads:16412,numberOfWosCitations:9,numberOfCrossrefCitations:14,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:21,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:44,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 31st 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 21st 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 17th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 18th 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 17th 2017",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"138775",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Alina Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Sisu",slug:"alina-maria-sisu",fullName:"Alina Maria Sisu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/138775/images/system/138775.jpeg",biography:"Alina Maria Sisu is an Associate Professor at the Anatomy and Embryology Department of Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania. She has authored or coauthored more than 100 articles and over 400 proceedings. Up today she served as editor for 4 books. Her fields of interests include gross anatomy, microscopic anatomy, embryology, plastination, preservation techniques of the human body. \n(see her full CV on www.umft.ro )",institutionString:"Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1064",title:"Human Anatomy",slug:"human-anatomy"}],chapters:[{id:"55062",title:"Human Anatomy: A Review of the Science, Ethics and Culture of a Discipline in Transition",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68524",slug:"human-anatomy-a-review-of-the-science-ethics-and-culture-of-a-discipline-in-transition",totalDownloads:2271,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:13,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Anatomy has undergone radical changes over its history, and even now its appearance varies between audiences. Within academia, it has frequently been seen as the bastion of medical teaching, even as a handmaid of surgery. To the general public over recent years, it is represented by the enormously popular public exhibitions of plastinated cadavers and body parts. Increasingly within medical teaching, it has acquired a far more humanistic face, epitomized by ceremonies at the start and end of dissection to connect the dead body with the once living individual and his/her families. Modern anatomy has also developed a strong research ethos. These movements can be traced in the many editions of Gray’s Anatomy, from 1858 to the present day. However, the humanistic side of anatomy reminds us that anatomy is not merely a science, since its ethical dimensions are legion as it has transformed from a dubiously moral and barely legal activity to one that now aims to manifest the highest of ethical standards. Nevertheless, it continues to have challenging dimensions, such as its ongoing dependence upon the use of unclaimed bodies in many societies. These challenges are reminders that anatomy does not remain stationary.",signatures:"David Gareth Jones",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55062",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55062",authors:[{id:"35851",title:"Prof.",name:"Gareth",surname:"Jones",slug:"gareth-jones",fullName:"Gareth Jones"}],corrections:null},{id:"55203",title:"Innovative Technologies for Medical Education",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68775",slug:"innovative-technologies-for-medical-education",totalDownloads:2113,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter aims to assess the current practices of anatomy education technology and provides future directions for medical education. It begins by presenting a historical synopsis of the current paradigms for anatomy learning followed by listing their limitations. Then, it focuses on several innovative educational technologies, which have been introduced over the past years to enhance the learning. These include E-learning, mobile apps, and mixed reality. The chapter concludes by highlighting future directions and addressing the barriers to fully integrating the technologies in the medical curriculum. As new technologies continue to arise, this process-oriented understanding and outcome-based expectations of educational technology should be embraced. With this view, educational technology should be valued in terms of how well the technological process informs and facilitates learning, and the acquisition and maintenance of clinical expertise.",signatures:"Pascal Fallavollita",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55203",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55203",authors:[{id:"85455",title:"Prof.",name:"Pascal",surname:"Fallavollita",slug:"pascal-fallavollita",fullName:"Pascal Fallavollita"}],corrections:null},{id:"55412",title:"Anatomical Correlation of the Arterial Blood Supply to the Spinal Cord in Human and Experimental Animals: A Review",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69119",slug:"anatomical-correlation-of-the-arterial-blood-supply-to-the-spinal-cord-in-human-and-experimental-ani",totalDownloads:1320,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Several animal models exist to examine physiological and functional changes after the spinal cord injury with aim to explain knowledge about the spinal cord injury in human. Before the appropriate animal model is chosen, many aspects must be considered to eliminate the wrong interpretation of the results. The knowledge of the arterial blood supply to the spinal cord is very important in planning the procedures of the spinal cord treatment as well as in animal experiments. As the literature on the topic is disarranged, the aim of this review is to summarize the available literature into one coherent format. This chapter compares the arterial spinal cord blood supply of the frequently used species (pig, dog, cat, rabbit and rat) in experimental spinal cord injury and in human. A complete understanding of the anatomy of the arterial blood supply to the spinal cord is critical for the anatomists and clinicians to determinate the advantages and disadvantages of each animal model for next studies.",signatures:"Slavka Flesarova and David Mazensky",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55412",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55412",authors:[{id:"88140",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Mazensky",slug:"david-mazensky",fullName:"David Mazensky"},{id:"174871",title:"Dr.",name:"Slavka",surname:"Flesarova",slug:"slavka-flesarova",fullName:"Slavka Flesarova"}],corrections:null},{id:"54586",title:"Human Brain Anatomy: Prospective, Microgravity, Hemispheric Brain Specialisation and Death of a Person",doi:"10.5772/67897",slug:"human-brain-anatomy-prospective-microgravity-hemispheric-brain-specialisation-and-death-of-a-person",totalDownloads:1541,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Central nervous system seems to float inside a craniospinal space despite having miniscule amount of CSF. This buoyancy environment seems to have been existing since embryogenesis. This indicates central nervous system always need microgravity environment to function optimally. Presence of buoyancy also causes major flexure to occur at midbrain level and this deep bending area of the brain, better known as greater limbic system seems to regulate brain functions and site for cortical brainwave origin. These special features have made it as a possible site for seat of human soul and form a crucial part in discussion related to death. Besides exploring deep anatomical areas of the brain, superficial cortical areas were also studied. The brainwaves of thirteen clinical patients were analysed. Topographical, equivalent current dipoles and spectral analysis for somatosensory, motor, auditory, visual and language evoked magnetic fields were performed. Data were further analysed using matrix laboratory method for bilateral hemispheric activity and specialization. The results disclosed silent word and picture naming were bilaterally represented, but stronger responses were in the left frontal lobe and in the right parieto-temporal lobes respectively. The sensorimotor responses also showed bilateral hemispheric responses, but stronger in the contralateral hemisphere to the induced sensation or movements. For auditory-visual brainwave responses, bilateral activities were again observed, but their lateralization was mild and could be in any hemisphere. The conclusions drawn from this study are brainwaves associated with cognitive-language, sensorimotor and auditory-visual functions are represented in both hemispheres; and they are efficiently integrated via commissure systems, resulting in one hemispheric specialization. Therefore, this chapter covers superficial, integrative and deep parts of human brain anatomy with emphasis on brainwaves, brain functions, seat of human soul and death.",signatures:"Zamzuri Idris, Faruque Reza and Jafri Malin Abdullah",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54586",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54586",authors:[{id:"42580",title:"Prof.",name:"Jafri",surname:"Abdullah",slug:"jafri-abdullah",fullName:"Jafri Abdullah"},{id:"73844",title:"Prof.",name:"Zamzuri",surname:"Idris",slug:"zamzuri-idris",fullName:"Zamzuri Idris"},{id:"200214",title:"Dr.",name:"Faruque",surname:"Reza",slug:"faruque-reza",fullName:"Faruque Reza"}],corrections:null},{id:"55254",title:"Anatomy of Extramuscular Soleus Veins: Clinical Impact",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68824",slug:"anatomy-of-extramuscular-soleus-veins-clinical-impact",totalDownloads:1981,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The venous system of the lower limbs has great structural and functional anatomical complexity which must be considered in different dysfunctions of this system. This complexity lies mainly in the venous return, which is changed from the upright position and ambulation and other factors such as level of physical activity, heart function, circulating blood volume, and ambient temperature. Anatomical description of soleus veins (SV) has received little attention from books’ anatomy texts. These veins are intramuscular deep veins and known as the main chamber of the calf pump. Soleus veins have been implicated as the site for deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Detailed anatomical knowledge is required for early diagnosis using noninvasive ultrasound techniques. In the present work, we describe the anatomy of the veins that emerge from the ventral surface of the soleus muscle. Twenty-eight soleus muscles were dissected and 543 veins were found. The number of veins per leg ranged from 7 to 38. The distribution of these veins per quadrant ranged from 0 to 12. The greatest number of veins occurred in the upper lateral quadrant. Most of the soleus veins drained into the posterior tibial and fibular veins. The mean length of the soleus veins ranged from 0.907 to 2.804 cm. We conclude that there is a wide variability in the distribution of soleus veins through the soleus muscle and its quadrants. The majority of the soleus veins drain into the tibial and fibular veins.",signatures:"José Aderval Aragão, Francisco Prado Reis, Felipe Matheus\nSant’Anna Aragão, Iapunira Catarina Sant’Anna Aragão and\nSydney Correia Leão",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55254",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55254",authors:[{id:"200050",title:"Ph.D.",name:"José Aderval",surname:"Aragão",slug:"jose-aderval-aragao",fullName:"José Aderval Aragão"},{id:"200052",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Prado",surname:"Reis",slug:"francisco-prado-reis",fullName:"Francisco Prado Reis"},{id:"200054",title:"Mr.",name:"Felipe Matheus",surname:"Sant'Anna Aragão",slug:"felipe-matheus-sant'anna-aragao",fullName:"Felipe Matheus Sant'Anna Aragão"},{id:"200055",title:"Ms.",name:"Iapunira Catarina",surname:"Sant'Anna Aragão",slug:"iapunira-catarina-sant'anna-aragao",fullName:"Iapunira Catarina Sant'Anna Aragão"},{id:"200496",title:"Mr.",name:"Sydney Correia",surname:"Leão",slug:"sydney-correia-leao",fullName:"Sydney Correia Leão"}],corrections:null},{id:"55721",title:"Cardiac Anatomy for the Electrophysiologist with Emphasis on the Left Atrium and Pulmonary Veins",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69120",slug:"cardiac-anatomy-for-the-electrophysiologist-with-emphasis-on-the-left-atrium-and-pulmonary-veins",totalDownloads:1954,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter aims to provide basic anatomical knowledge for the interventional electrophysiologists to understand catheter placement and ablation targets. We begin with the location of the heart inside the mediastinum, position of cardiac chambers, pericardial space and neighboring structures of the heart. We continue with the right atrium and important structures inside it: sinus node, cavotricuspid isthmus, Koch’s triangle and interatrial septum with fossa ovalis. A special part of this chapter is dedicated to the left atrium and pulmonary veins with the venoatrial junction, important structures for catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation. We finish our description with both ventricles with outflow tracts and the coronary venous system.",signatures:"Gabriel Cismaru, Lucian Muresan, Puiu Mihai, Radu Rosu, Gabriel\nGusetu, Andrei Cismaru, Dana Pop and Dumitru Zdrenghea",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55721",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55721",authors:[{id:"191888",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriel",surname:"Cismaru",slug:"gabriel-cismaru",fullName:"Gabriel Cismaru"},{id:"201091",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrei",surname:"Cismaru",slug:"andrei-cismaru",fullName:"Andrei Cismaru"}],corrections:null},{id:"55329",title:"Anatomical, Biological, and Surgical Features of Basal Ganglia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68851",slug:"anatomical-biological-and-surgical-features-of-basal-ganglia",totalDownloads:1874,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Basal ganglia refers to the deep gray matter masses on the deeply telencephalon and encompasses a group of nuclei and it influence the information in the extrapyramidal system. In human they are related with numerous significant functions controlled by the nervous system. Gross anatomically, it is comprised of different parts as the dorsal striatum that are consisted of the caudate nucleus and putamen and ventral striatum which includes the nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. Nucleus accumbens, is also associated with reward circuits and has two parts; the nucleus accumbens core and the nucleus accumbens shell. Neurological diseases are characterized through the obvious pathology of the basal ganglia, and there are important findings explaining striatal neurodegeneration on human brain. Some of these diseases are induced by bacterial and/or viral infections. Surgical interference can be one alternative for neuronal disease treatment like Parkinson’s Disease or Thiamine Responsive Basal Ganglia Disease or Wilson’s Disease, respectively in addition to the vascular or tumor surgery within this area. Extensive knowledge on the morphological basis of diseases of the basal ganglia along with motor, behavioral and cognitive symptoms can contribute significantly to the optimization of the diagnosis and later patient’s treatment.",signatures:"Nuket Gocmen Mas, Harun Muayad Said, Murat Tosun, Nilufer\nYonguc, Yasemin Soysal and Hamit Selim Karabekir",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55329",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55329",authors:[{id:"25211",title:"Prof.",name:"Nuket",surname:"Gocmen Mas",slug:"nuket-gocmen-mas",fullName:"Nuket Gocmen Mas"}],corrections:null},{id:"55330",title:"Mesencephalon; Midbrain",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68767",slug:"mesencephalon-midbrain",totalDownloads:3359,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The mesencephalon is the most rostral part of the brainstem and sits above the pons and is adjoined rostrally to the thalamus. It comprises two lateral halves, called the cerebral peduncles; which is again divided into an anterior part, the crus cerebri, and a posterior part, tegmentum. The tectum is lay dorsal to an oblique coronal plane which includes the aquaduct, and consist of pretectal area and the corpora quadrigemina. In transvers section, the cerebral peduncles are seen to be composed of dorsal and ventral regions separated by the substantia nigra. Tegmentum mesencephali contains red nucleus, oculomotor nucleus, thochlear nucleus, reticular nuclei, medial lemnisci, lateral lemnisci and medial longitudinal fasciculus. In tectum, the inferior colliculus and superior colliculus have main nucleus, which are continuous with the periaqueductal grey matter. The mesencephalon serves important functions in motor movement, particularly movements of the eye, and in auditory and visual processing. The mesencephalic syndrome cause tremor, spastic paresis or paralysis, opisthotonos, nystagmus and depression or coma. In addition cranial trauma, brain tumors, thiamin deficiency and inflammatory or degenerative disorders of the mesencephalon have also been associated with the midbrain syndrome.",signatures:"Ayla Kurkcuoglu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55330",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55330",authors:[{id:"200913",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayla",surname:"Kurkcuoglu",slug:"ayla-kurkcuoglu",fullName:"Ayla Kurkcuoglu"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7329",title:"Histology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9af2e2fd8f28c4d1b8b9510c3d73e1ec",slug:"histology",bookSignature:"Thomas Heinbockel and Vonnie D.C. Shields",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7329.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"70569",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",surname:"Heinbockel",slug:"thomas-heinbockel",fullName:"Thomas Heinbockel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7870",title:"Muscle Cells",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Future Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"64634d90d737661d1e606cac28b79969",slug:"muscle-cells-recent-advances-and-future-perspectives",bookSignature:"Mani T. Valarmathi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7870.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"69697",title:"Dr.",name:"Mani T.",surname:"Valarmathi",slug:"mani-t.-valarmathi",fullName:"Mani T. 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Biswas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1001.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"69842",title:"Dr.",name:"Subhra",surname:"Biswas",slug:"subhra-biswas",fullName:"Subhra Biswas"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"75780",title:"Geographies of Ageing: A Visuospatial Approach to Demographic Change in Australia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96430",slug:"geographies-of-ageing-a-visuospatial-approach-to-demographic-change-in-australia",body:'The global phenomenon of population ageing is both complex and multi-layered. We know at a global level that different countries are progressing towards becoming aged societies at different rates [1]. We know that within national borders some regions, mainly rural, are affected by ageing more than others, especially as younger people leave for urban opportunities in education and employment [2]. We also know the health and social care systems struggle to respond effectively to ageing because it is complex, sometimes messy and, often, it runs counter to the structural design of healthcare systems with their emphasis on specific clinical and organ-specific problems (e.g. heart, lung, kidney, brain etc.). In this context, it is or certainly should be seen as a driver for systemic change.
Ageing challenges these conventional approaches and is compounded by the prevalence of wide-spread ageism at the societal and systemic levels [3]. Therefore, if we are to adapt to population ageing and care for older people effectively, we need to better understand them and their situational contexts. This includes where they live and how their social, biological and clinical trajectories are progressing. Synthesising this kind of multi-layered information also presents challenges because many health and social care systems operate in silos, with limited information exchanges and equally limited service coordination. One approach, explored here, is the concept of a visuospatial data-informed approach. In this paper we present a conceptual basis for this and outline a data visualisation project the authors have developed to address some of these complexities. The data and analysis presented are specific to the Australian context, but we anticipate the applications could be readily modified for other countries.
It has become something of a truism to note that populations are ageing globally, which does not diminish the scale of this phenomenon. It is also the case that even within countries, population ageing tends to be unevenly patterned. In many countries, rural populations are ageing faster than urban areas due to out-migration as well as economic factors, climate change, service availability and so on [4]. In the Australian context, this issue can be seen in the way population ageing is moving differentially across states and territories. Major urban areas such as Melbourne, Sydney and Brisbane are less prone to overall ageing because they are major immigration intake centres but even then, specific areas may age faster than others [5]. In other words, the general trend of population ageing can vary by speed and location. This makes it a complicated phenomenon to respond to in health and social care environments because planning and response mechanisms are often slow, while infrastructure funding and construction cycles can run to decades.
The distribution and composition of the Australian population is highly variable. Across the country, local and state/territory populations are ageing at different rates and on different spatial and temporal trajectories. Current conditions indicate that some major urban areas will have increasing numbers of older people, but the proportions will be lower than many regional and rural areas where outmigration is already a problem. Such conditions may be exacerbated by other factors such as climate change [6]. In addition, Australia already has a pattern of migration away from major urban centres by ‘younger’ retirees, as people seek lifestyle changes and/or lower cost of living situations [7]. These sea-changers can have their own impact on smaller coastal settlements for example, as they buy property, invest and consume goods and services. Such patterns are likely to change as these people age in situ and later the local need for home support services, general medical and specialist medical care [8]. Thus, the epidemiological patterns associated with ageing bring their own challenges to these sea change locations.
While demography is a major driver of epidemiology in general, it is also a powerful influence on factors such as shifting patterns of chronic disease and late-life acute care demands [9]. These can range from the complexities associated with co-morbidities through to the relatively predictable consequences of fall-related injuries in community-dwelling older people [10]. Some of these epidemiological phenomena are distinctly age-related (e.g. macular degeneration) and others can be seen as a consequence of current systemic and clinical arrangements.
As we have noted elsewhere [11], population ageing is characterised by rising
Our knowledge of the complex interactions between, for example, a dementia diagnosis and a mix of sensory and physical impairments is well-developed but continues to grow in scope [14]. Conventional models, often based on younger age cohorts, of living with a particular condition are inadequate for managing the twin concerns of population ageing and rising chronic disease, a pattern no longer restricted to the more affluent economies [15]. Data from projects such as the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) illustrate the consequences of these convergent circumstances in increasing detail [16]. In addition, the development of a variety of international ageing studies and, more specifically, centenarian research projects, have illustrated just how variable these patterns can be, not only between countries but within them as well. Our position here is that our knowledge about age and ageing is still highly developmental and, consequently, improving our capacity to model and respond to particular conditions can only grow in importance (Figures 1 and 2).
Map of dementia projections for Melbourne in 2020.
Map of dementia projections for Melbourne in 2032.
The two figures above show the fast-growing urban area of greater Melbourne is likely to experience a decrease in the proportion of people with a dementia between 2020 and 2032, even as the numbers of older people continue to grow. This visual environment, backed by quantitative data, tables and associated analytical tools, provides the service planner with a clearer understanding of where and how resources might be better allocated between 2020 and 2032. And of course, if a new Census improves and alters our understanding of population dynamics, that data can be added to the Power BI environment and alterations made accordingly. This approach has the power to greatly improve planning for both shorter and longer-term resources, from workforce needs such as specialist dementia care nursing staff through to where new aged care facilities would be best located sustainably.
There are two general considerations in relation to service providers identified here. The first is the issue of
An additional consideration is the skills of the available workforce and how evenly or unevenly skilled workers are distributed relative to current and emerging need. Currently, the demand for clinical and personal care staff is growing at pace in health, aged and disability services [17]. However, getting workers to take employment across areas of geographic need is another matter entirely. In Australia, this issue is especially problematic and remains unresolved. How then do we incorporate many, or all, of these factors in a single data environment? How do we ‘capture’ the complexities associated with these varied interactions and their dynamic nature? Even if we can achieve this sophistication in our modelling, it is no guarantee that policies and funding will necessarily flow in the right direction – but without it, there is a finite evidence base for prioritisation, planning and the evaluation of funded service provision.
While the data elements included in this model are limited, this is not to say that the model or the modelling process in necessarily as finite as presented. By this we mean that additional variables or measures can be added as can new data sets or related inputs, such as service providers by type and classification. The point here is that in order to address the issues identified above, we have undertaken a selection process with a view to establishing a base model of the geography of population ageing in Australia and its key correlates.
These data elements identified include:
population estimates and projections by age and sex for the period 2017–2032, based on official data releases from the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW, 2019);
estimated prevalence rates for three dementia sub-type categories – Alzheimer’s disease (AD), vascular dementia (VaD) and the mixed dementias (a category being reassessed at regular intervals as our research and data-informed knowledge grows);
sub-type severity estimates including mild, moderate and severe with a view to identifying the type and level of resource needed to support such individuals in the community;
key health service providers such as acute care hospitals and residential aged care facilities.
These data were connected using the Microsoft Power BI data visualisation software package (https://powerbi.microsoft.com/en-us). All data sets were either geocoded on access or integrated into a spatial frame of references so that the data visualisation capabilities of Power BI permitted the user to see all data elements in a spatial or map-like context. This essentially means that the user can explore, using the zoom function, the whole country on down to a particular state or territory and then to even smaller areas such as a city or local suburb. At every point, because of this geographically enabled data architecture, the data viewed is consistent with the scale at which the user views it.
We make a distinction here between spatial analysis, of the kind conducted using geographic information systems software, and spatial data visualisation. The first relates to specialist software environments that provide a variety of spatial analysis tools and produce explicitly spatial data analyses. In this instance, we focus instead on the latter concept of spatial data visualisation of the kind available within current data visualisation software environments including, for example, Tableau and Microsoft Power BI. While the capabilities of these two software types may appear similar, their actual applications tend to differ at the present time. There is the perhaps obvious likelihood that these environments may become increasingly similar over time as, in particular, data visualisation software providers add a growing range of spatial analysis capabilities to their packages. In addition, many GIS providers are shifting to dashboard and dashboard-like capabilities as well (e.g. ESRI’s ArcGIS).
These results are developmental and intended to illustrate both the importance and viability of managing the concerns discussed above in an accessible visual data environment. One of the considerations we had in approaching this effort was to develop resources that could support researchers and service providers from different backgrounds. Thus, a key principle of the data visualisation is to provide a mutually intelligible information environment that can be used and enhanced to meet the needs of groups whose interests may all be focused on aged care but who come from different backgrounds (e.g. planners versus clinicians) and who may have different priorities. For practical purposes, we have used the Microsoft Power BI data visualisation software in this discussion. A key result here is all data included are accessible within the one ‘frame’ of inquiry but also, each data element can be reviewed separately. This provides a flexible basis of data inquiry and analysis for different types of user and their associated purposes (Figure 3).
Dementia data dashboard.
The dashboard below illustrates how geographic location, year (past, current and projected), dementia estimates and likely severity (mild, moderate and severe) can all be modelled within the same visual environment. The severity measure gives a sense of the relationship between prevalence and likely clinical and support service need as the dementias tend to be progressive in nature. The estimate of
Health services in Greater Metropolitan Melbourne.
Each data element can be examined more closely by separating it out from the dashboard for inspection. Thus, the map above shows the location of healthcare facilities within the same area currently visualised. This is also scalable so different users in the greater Melbourne area can inquire on their own particular area of interest or zoom out to explore the spatial relations between their local picture and a larger geographic catchment.
In this data visualisation model, the smallest official geography for which we had data available was the Statistical Area 2 (SA2) level of the official Australian Standard Geographical Classification (ASGC) (https://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/D3310114.nsf/home/Australian+Standard+Geographical+Classification+(ASGC)). The Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) does provide some data at smaller areas but only under more confidential data access conditions. Also, all of the data sources utilised here were available at the SA2 level, so they were fully compatible at that geographic level. This simplifies the data structuring and integration processes as well as providing a quick and consistent data analysis and visualisation environment. The issue of speed means that new data at the same geographic level can easily be integrated to update and improve modelling capabilities.
What this means is that small areas can be selected and examined in closer detail to explore particular epidemiological and/or service provider issues or concerns. This is useful for, say, a hospital service planner, a residential aged care service developer, or a provider of in-home support services. They can all examine the same consistent visual data environment at the same or different geographic levels, as required, to anticipate and plan for both population-level needs and business potential. Potentially, small area modelling below the SA2 level could be developed but we have not attempted that here at this time, as a key requirement for such work would be to examine a specific problem or concern of service planners, for example. Nonetheless, several individual SA2s can be selected, highlighted and examined to explore their similarities and differences. This means that smaller ‘catchment’ areas can be produced by individual users.
Figure 5, above, provides a brief illustration of this segmentation approach that permits the user to explore a specific catchment area in more detail. An additional benefit is that by selecting this region in the dashboard, the relevant data for that catchment is explicitly shown only for the relevant SA2s in that catchment. If this was not adequate for a particular purpose, such as plotting a series of patient home visits, the same data can readily be exported to a geographic information systems (GIS) software environment to permit route planning, for example. Thus, both scalability and interoperability are facilitated by the core data visualisation strategy.
South East metropolitan Melbourne SA2 dementia estimates 2020.
It is necessary to emphasise here that this modelling approach is incomplete, as is any model of a complex existing environment in which the full scope of relevant causal and influencing factors may be unknown. This can be seen as a sub-set of the ongoing
In this example, the visualisation is not a fixed or static attempt to describe a known complex situation, in this case dementia prevalence and its impacts, but for the visualisation
For example, the currently available Australian Census data was collected in 2016 and is now quite dated (hence the use of more recent official projections data in this chapter). Assuming a high-quality Census is carried out in 2021, the resulting data will likely require modifications to this current visual environment. This is not the problem it might first appear, since a foundational concept in this modelling strategy is that of an ongoing and progressive updating and refinement process. The use of software such as Microsoft Power BI also means that this type of updating and adjustment can be quick and effective – taking far less time than traditional approaches. An implication of this is that users of the model can adapt their strategies, planning, programs and funding models accordingly. In this sense, the dynamism of the real world, which exists outside the computer-generated model, is more easily and quickly accommodated. This has obvious benefits for both service providers and their older clients since systemic adjustments and changes can be accelerated.
In this chapter we have discussed and illustrated some of the key concerns we see associated with progressive population-level ageing at the sub-national level in the Australian context and the value of a visuospatial data strategy in addressing these concerns. The differential geographic nature of population ageing across Australia means that age-related problems, such as the dementias and associated clinical and social support needs, have a level of complexity not currently manageable, in our view, by other, especially aspatial, means [21]. The capacity illustrated here to connect spatial information to demography, epidemiology and service infrastructure (and allied information from service providers, such as pharmaceutical usage or financial performance), makes this complexity much more manageable in the current moment and into the foreseeable future. The kind of visual data environment illustrated here provides one approach but far from the only one. Many jurisdictions are already utilising visualisation techniques to make both data and its analysis more readily accessible to their audiences (e.g. https://www.census.gov/topics/population/older-aging/library/visualizations.html).
Key factors here include the scalable nature of the information visualisations shown – that is, the user can look at the national, state and even local area all within the same information framework and toggle between these ‘views’ to inform discussions, analysis, policy development and even service provision. Different service providers can be highlighted, or minimised, to explore different questions, and local data can be added to improve small area knowledge and understanding such as frailty [22]. While much, if not most, of this current data is quantitative in nature, this does not preclude the inclusion of qualitative data or findings from qualitative analyses. In other words, this pilot model is potentially extensible in scale, temporality, and data types. Microsoft Power BI already has a text analytics capability (not explored by the researchers at this time) that could connect such analysis to the data architecture developed for this modelling exercise. That is, qualitative client or provider data could be connected directly to geography.
As well as being useful for the Australian situation, the concept is replicable elsewhere. In the context of global population ageing and the variable health and social care systems available to older people [23], this concept could be extended to inform these jurisdictions about how to more effectively manage age-related complexities. And while this might suit, for example, national government organisations in the first instance, the same capacity is potentially available to sub-national jurisdictions, municipal governments, direct care providers and not-for- profits or advocacy organisations. While we acknowledge that data visualisation is only as good as the data sources it relies on, the potential of these types of tools to improve the accessibility and efficiency of age-related care is considerable. As population ageing progresses, the position of this chapter is that such tools will become increasingly useful and relevant to ensure that the health and wellbeing of ageing populations is supported, and that established systems of care can be both sustainable and adaptive to shifting conditions.
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This chapter describes a tiered approach to NFM, commencing with strategic modelling to identify a range of NFM opportunities (tree-planting, distributed runoff attenuation features, and soil structure improvements), and their potential benefits, before engagement with catchment partners, and prioritisation of areas for more detailed hydrological modelling and uncertainty analysis. NFM measures pose some fundamental challenges in modelling their contribution to flood risk management because they are often highly distributed, can influence multiple catchment processes, and evidence for their effectiveness at the large scale is uncertain. This demands we model the ‘upstream’ in more detail so that we can assess the effectiveness of many small-scale changes at the large-scale. We demonstrate an approach to address these challenges employing the fast, high resolution, fully-distributed inundation model JFLOW, and visualisation of potential benefits in map form. These are used to engage catchment managers who can prioritise areas for potential deployment of NFM measures, where more detailed modelling may be targeted. We then demonstrate a framework applying the semi-distributed Dynamic TOPMODEL in which uncertainty plays an integral role in the decision-making process.",book:{id:"6018",slug:"flood-risk-management",title:"Flood Risk Management",fullTitle:"Flood Risk Management"},signatures:"Barry Hankin, Peter Metcalfe, David Johnson, Nick A. Chappell,\nTrevor Page, Iain Craigen, Rob Lamb and Keith Beven",authors:[{id:"203276",title:"Dr.",name:"Barry",middleName:null,surname:"Hankin",slug:"barry-hankin",fullName:"Barry Hankin"}]},{id:"55369",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68924",title:"One- and Two-Dimensional Hydrological Modelling and Their Uncertainties",slug:"one-and-two-dimensional-hydrological-modelling-and-their-uncertainties",totalDownloads:2718,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:"Earth processes, which occur in land, air and ocean in different environment and at different scales, are very complex. Flooding is also a part of the complex processes, which need to be assessed accurately to know the accurate spatial and temporal changes of flooding and their causes. Hydrological modelling has been used by several researchers in river and floodplain modelling for flood analysis. In this chapter, factors affecting flash flood, possible options of basic input parameters in one- and two-dimensional hydrological models in data sparse environment, some case studies and uncertainty in hydrological modelling were discussed. This discussion will help the readers to understand the flooding factors, selection of input parameters in data sparse environment, a brief insight of one- and two-dimensional hydrological models and uncertainties in their input and model parameters and model structures.",book:{id:"6018",slug:"flood-risk-management",title:"Flood Risk Management",fullTitle:"Flood Risk Management"},signatures:"Mohd Talha Anees, Khiruddin Abdullah, Mohd Nawawi Mohd\nNordin, Nik Norulaini Nik Ab Rahman, Muhammad Izzuddin Syakir\nand Mohd. Omar Abdul Kadir",authors:[{id:"11196",title:"Dr.",name:"Khiruddin",middleName:null,surname:"Abdullah",slug:"khiruddin-abdullah",fullName:"Khiruddin Abdullah"},{id:"151303",title:"Prof.",name:"Nik Norulaini",middleName:null,surname:"Ab Rahman",slug:"nik-norulaini-ab-rahman",fullName:"Nik Norulaini Ab Rahman"},{id:"151344",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohd Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Ab Kadir",slug:"mohd-omar-ab-kadir",fullName:"Mohd Omar Ab Kadir"},{id:"201647",title:"Mr.",name:"Mohd Talha",middleName:null,surname:"Anees",slug:"mohd-talha-anees",fullName:"Mohd Talha Anees"},{id:"203217",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohd Nawawi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohd Nordin",slug:"mohd-nawawi-mohd-nordin",fullName:"Mohd Nawawi Mohd Nordin"},{id:"203218",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Izzuddin",middleName:null,surname:"Syakir Ishak",slug:"muhammad-izzuddin-syakir-ishak",fullName:"Muhammad Izzuddin Syakir Ishak"}]},{id:"55735",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69139",title:"Understanding Flood Risk Management in Asia: Concepts and Challenges",slug:"understanding-flood-risk-management-in-asia-concepts-and-challenges",totalDownloads:1941,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"In this chapter, an attempt is made to review the behavior of flood in Asian region and mechanism of flood risk management adopted among Asian nations. Flood is the most frequent natural disaster at present and vulnerability is widespread across the globe. Though, Asian region is on a knife-edge. Distribution of natural disasters in Asia followed by economic damage and human killing is illustrated in this chapter. In addition, discourse of China, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Nepal, Vietnam, and Sri Lanka on flood risk management is examined. Flood risk management policies framed by these nations over the period of time are synthesized. Research and investment on forecasting, planning, preparedness, assessment, evaluation, and mitigation of flood risk are explained. This synthesis can present a pathway for better response and flood management for debated Asian countries through filling the identified policy gaps. This chapter also urges a need of holistic and inter-countries research and cross country analysis followed by increased funding for sustainable management of risk.",book:{id:"6018",slug:"flood-risk-management",title:"Flood Risk Management",fullTitle:"Flood Risk Management"},signatures:"Saleem Ashraf, Muhammad Luqman, Muhammad Iftikhar, Ijaz\nAshraf and Zakaria Yousaf Hassan",authors:[{id:"202027",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Saleem",middleName:null,surname:"Ashraf",slug:"muhammad-saleem-ashraf",fullName:"Muhammad Saleem Ashraf"}]},{id:"45003",doi:"10.5772/55472",title:"Impact of Hurricane Katrina on the Louisiana HIV/AIDS Epidemic: A Socio-Ecological Perspective",slug:"impact-of-hurricane-katrina-on-the-louisiana-hiv-aids-epidemic-a-socio-ecological-perspective",totalDownloads:1909,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:null,book:{id:"3507",slug:"natural-disasters-multifaceted-aspects-in-management-and-impact-assessment",title:"Natural Disasters",fullTitle:"Natural Disasters - Multifaceted Aspects in Management and Impact Assessment"},signatures:"William T. Robinson",authors:[{id:"161386",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"William",middleName:null,surname:"Robinson",slug:"william-robinson",fullName:"William Robinson"}]},{id:"55628",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68912",title:"Flood Risk Mapping in the Amazon",slug:"flood-risk-mapping-in-the-amazon",totalDownloads:1639,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Floods are part of the natural and cultural life in the Amazon. However, the issues and management of fluvial-disaster risks are poorly studied. Among the reasons for the lack of studies, the Amazon region has several gaps in information ranging from inadequate regional maps to spatially unsystematic local data. Flood patterns differ in urban and rural areas. Severe large-scale flooding took place during the previous and the current decades, such as those that occurred in 2009 and 2012. Between 1991 and 2010, official recorded data indicate about 3,292,888 people were affected in 6 regional states of the Amazon (Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Pará, Rondônia, and Roraima) considering 7 different hazards. Because of the extensive damages, the national government started a mapping program for cities in Brazil that have a history of facing significant flood risks. The aim of this chapter is to analyse the flood-risk mapping conditions in the Amazon.",book:{id:"6018",slug:"flood-risk-management",title:"Flood Risk Management",fullTitle:"Flood Risk Management"},signatures:"Milena Marília Nogueira de Andrade, Iris Celeste Nascimento\nBandeira, Dianne Danielle Farias Fonseca, Paulo Eduardo Silva\nBezerra, Ádanna de Souza Andrade and Rodrigo Silva de Oliveira",authors:[{id:"203296",title:"Dr.",name:"Milena",middleName:"Marília Nogueira De",surname:"Andrade",slug:"milena-andrade",fullName:"Milena Andrade"},{id:"203302",title:"MSc.",name:"Iris Celeste Nascimento",middleName:null,surname:"Bandeira",slug:"iris-celeste-nascimento-bandeira",fullName:"Iris Celeste Nascimento Bandeira"},{id:"203352",title:"Mr.",name:"Paulo Eduardo Silva",middleName:null,surname:"Bezerra",slug:"paulo-eduardo-silva-bezerra",fullName:"Paulo Eduardo Silva Bezerra"},{id:"203353",title:"Mrs.",name:"Ádanna",middleName:null,surname:"Andrade",slug:"adanna-andrade",fullName:"Ádanna Andrade"},{id:"203354",title:"Mr.",name:"Rodrigo",middleName:null,surname:"Oliveira",slug:"rodrigo-oliveira",fullName:"Rodrigo Oliveira"},{id:"203421",title:"Mrs.",name:"Dianne",middleName:null,surname:"Fonseca",slug:"dianne-fonseca",fullName:"Dianne Fonseca"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"56370",title:"Flood Risk Management in Mexico",slug:"flood-risk-management-in-mexico",totalDownloads:1575,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Mexico receives an average annual rainfall of 740 mm, which are distributed in the hydrological cycle as follows: 72% evapotranspiration, 21% becomes runoff and 6% as aquifer recharge. Within the Mexican territory, exist a great diversity of climates and high spatial and temporal variability in water resources availability. In the period 2000–2015, damages from hydrometeorological phenomena in Mexico represented between 60 and 99% of total damages and losses at national level due to natural and socioorganizational events. Considering global climate change impact on the selection, design and implementation of flood control measures, represents a major challenge, since the level of certainty regarding its influence on the variables involved, remains insufficient. This chapter provides a description of the main elements directly linked to flooding in México, such as a high spatial and temporal variability in water resources availability and presence of tropical cyclones in both coasts and climate change. A brief summary of the main disasters caused by hydrometeorological phenomena, the annual cost of the damages, the main non‐structural measures for flood control and the intervention from the Mexican Institute of Water Technology in the use, development and spread of technology focused on flood risk management are also included.",book:{id:"6018",slug:"flood-risk-management",title:"Flood Risk Management",fullTitle:"Flood Risk Management"},signatures:"Felipe I. Arreguín-Cortés and Claudia Elizabeth Cervantes-Jaimes",authors:[{id:"203037",title:"Dr.",name:"Felipe I.",middleName:null,surname:"Arreguin-Cortés",slug:"felipe-i.-arreguin-cortes",fullName:"Felipe I. Arreguin-Cortés"},{id:"204319",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Claudia Elizabeth",middleName:null,surname:"Cervantes-Jaimes",slug:"claudia-elizabeth-cervantes-jaimes",fullName:"Claudia Elizabeth Cervantes-Jaimes"}]},{id:"55369",title:"One- and Two-Dimensional Hydrological Modelling and Their Uncertainties",slug:"one-and-two-dimensional-hydrological-modelling-and-their-uncertainties",totalDownloads:2716,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:"Earth processes, which occur in land, air and ocean in different environment and at different scales, are very complex. Flooding is also a part of the complex processes, which need to be assessed accurately to know the accurate spatial and temporal changes of flooding and their causes. Hydrological modelling has been used by several researchers in river and floodplain modelling for flood analysis. In this chapter, factors affecting flash flood, possible options of basic input parameters in one- and two-dimensional hydrological models in data sparse environment, some case studies and uncertainty in hydrological modelling were discussed. This discussion will help the readers to understand the flooding factors, selection of input parameters in data sparse environment, a brief insight of one- and two-dimensional hydrological models and uncertainties in their input and model parameters and model structures.",book:{id:"6018",slug:"flood-risk-management",title:"Flood Risk Management",fullTitle:"Flood Risk Management"},signatures:"Mohd Talha Anees, Khiruddin Abdullah, Mohd Nawawi Mohd\nNordin, Nik Norulaini Nik Ab Rahman, Muhammad Izzuddin Syakir\nand Mohd. Omar Abdul Kadir",authors:[{id:"11196",title:"Dr.",name:"Khiruddin",middleName:null,surname:"Abdullah",slug:"khiruddin-abdullah",fullName:"Khiruddin Abdullah"},{id:"151303",title:"Prof.",name:"Nik Norulaini",middleName:null,surname:"Ab Rahman",slug:"nik-norulaini-ab-rahman",fullName:"Nik Norulaini Ab Rahman"},{id:"151344",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohd Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Ab Kadir",slug:"mohd-omar-ab-kadir",fullName:"Mohd Omar Ab Kadir"},{id:"201647",title:"Mr.",name:"Mohd Talha",middleName:null,surname:"Anees",slug:"mohd-talha-anees",fullName:"Mohd Talha Anees"},{id:"203217",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohd Nawawi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohd Nordin",slug:"mohd-nawawi-mohd-nordin",fullName:"Mohd Nawawi Mohd Nordin"},{id:"203218",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Izzuddin",middleName:null,surname:"Syakir Ishak",slug:"muhammad-izzuddin-syakir-ishak",fullName:"Muhammad Izzuddin Syakir Ishak"}]},{id:"55139",title:"Estimating Flood Quantiles on the Basis of Multi-Event Rainfall Simulation",slug:"estimating-flood-quantiles-on-the-basis-of-multi-event-rainfall-simulation",totalDownloads:1391,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"This chapter provides an insight into a new approach to estimating the flood quantiles based on rainfall-runoff modelling using multiple rainfall events. The approach is based on the prior knowledge about the probability distribution of annual maximum daily totals of rainfall in catchments, random disaggregation of the totals into hourly values and rainfall-runoff modelling. The new presented method called MESEF (Multi-Event Simulation of Extreme Flood) combines design event method based on single-rainfall event modelling and continuous simulation method used for estimating the maximum discharges of a given exceedance probability using rainfall-runoff models. The MESEF method considers varied moisture conditions in model catchment before the occurrence of rainfalls. To verify the efficiency of the proposed method, a comparison was carried out between the values of flood quantiles estimated by the MESEF method and the flood quantiles estimated by direct method. The proposed approach was tested in two catchments in the Upper Vistula River basin. The results of the MESEF method in both catchments were satisfactory; however, in order to verify its effectiveness, more research is needed within catchments of diverse features and landscape. Special attention should be paid to the proportion of moisture conditions that is a crucial factor in future use of the MESEF method in uncontrolled catchments.",book:{id:"6018",slug:"flood-risk-management",title:"Flood Risk Management",fullTitle:"Flood Risk Management"},signatures:"Elżbieta Jarosińska and Katarzyna Pierzga",authors:[{id:"202772",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Elżbieta",middleName:null,surname:"Jarosińska",slug:"elzbieta-jarosinska",fullName:"Elżbieta Jarosińska"},{id:"202833",title:"MSc.",name:"Katarzyna",middleName:null,surname:"Pierzga",slug:"katarzyna-pierzga",fullName:"Katarzyna Pierzga"}]},{id:"55735",title:"Understanding Flood Risk Management in Asia: Concepts and Challenges",slug:"understanding-flood-risk-management-in-asia-concepts-and-challenges",totalDownloads:1936,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"In this chapter, an attempt is made to review the behavior of flood in Asian region and mechanism of flood risk management adopted among Asian nations. Flood is the most frequent natural disaster at present and vulnerability is widespread across the globe. Though, Asian region is on a knife-edge. Distribution of natural disasters in Asia followed by economic damage and human killing is illustrated in this chapter. In addition, discourse of China, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Nepal, Vietnam, and Sri Lanka on flood risk management is examined. Flood risk management policies framed by these nations over the period of time are synthesized. Research and investment on forecasting, planning, preparedness, assessment, evaluation, and mitigation of flood risk are explained. This synthesis can present a pathway for better response and flood management for debated Asian countries through filling the identified policy gaps. This chapter also urges a need of holistic and inter-countries research and cross country analysis followed by increased funding for sustainable management of risk.",book:{id:"6018",slug:"flood-risk-management",title:"Flood Risk Management",fullTitle:"Flood Risk Management"},signatures:"Saleem Ashraf, Muhammad Luqman, Muhammad Iftikhar, Ijaz\nAshraf and Zakaria Yousaf Hassan",authors:[{id:"202027",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Saleem",middleName:null,surname:"Ashraf",slug:"muhammad-saleem-ashraf",fullName:"Muhammad Saleem Ashraf"}]},{id:"71247",title:"Dealing with Local Tsunami on Pakistan Coast",slug:"dealing-with-local-tsunami-on-pakistan-coast",totalDownloads:592,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Tsunami originating from a local source can arrive at Pakistan coastline within minutes. In the absence of a comprehensive and well-coordinated management plan, the fast-approaching tsunami might wreak havoc on the coast. To combat such a threat, a wide range of short- and long-term mitigation measures are needed to be taken by several government and private sector organizations as well as security agencies. Around 1000-km coastline is divided administratively into two provinces of Baluchistan and Sindh and further into seven districts. Most of the coastal communities were severely affected by an earthquake of magnitude 8+ on 28 November 1945 followed by a devastating tsunami. In contrast to the level of posed hazard and multiple-fold increase in vulnerabilities since then, the risk mitigation efforts are trivial and least coordinated. It is important to provide stakeholders with a set of prerequisite information and guidelines on standardized format to develop their organizational strategies and course of action for earthquake and tsunami risk mitigation in a well-coordinated manner, from local to the national level.",book:{id:"8979",slug:"tsunami-damage-assessment-and-medical-triage",title:"Tsunami",fullTitle:"Tsunami - Damage Assessment and Medical Triage"},signatures:"Ghazala Naeem",authors:[{id:"193736",title:"Ms.",name:"Ghazala",middleName:null,surname:"Naeem",slug:"ghazala-naeem",fullName:"Ghazala Naeem"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"665",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[],lsSeriesList:[],hsSeriesList:[],sshSeriesList:[],testimonialsList:[]},series:{item:{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",issn:"2753-894X",scope:"\r\n\tThis series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in business and management, economics, and marketing. Topics will include asset liability management, financial consequences of the financial crisis and covid-19, financial accounting, mergers and acquisitions, management accounting, SMEs, financial markets, corporate finance and governance, managerial technology and innovation, resource management and sustainable development, social entrepreneurship, corporate responsibility, ethics and accountability, microeconomics, labour economics, macroeconomics, public economics, financial economics, econometrics, direct marketing, creative marketing, internet marketing, market planning and forecasting, brand management, market segmentation and targeting and other topics under business and management. This book series will focus on various aspects of business and management whose in-depth understanding is critical for business and company management to function effectively during this uncertain time of financial crisis, Covid-19 pandemic, and military activity in Europe.
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