\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5527",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Natural Remedies in the Fight Against Parasites",title:"Natural Remedies in the Fight Against Parasites",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book emphasizes past and current research efforts about principles of natural control of major parasites affecting humans, animals, and crops. Each chapter is a complete and integrated subject that presents a problem and confers on the safe alternatives to chemicals. This book discusses and updates information about three major topics of natural remedies. The first topic is represented in a chapter outlining important information on biological control of parasites, the second topic is represented in three chapters dealing with botanicals as promising antiparasitic agents, and the last four chapters deal with miscellaneous control strategies against parasites. This easily readable book is designed precisely for students as well as professors linked with the field of parasitic control. We enhanced words with breathing areas in the form of graphical abstracts, figures, photographs, and tables.",isbn:"978-953-51-3290-5",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3289-9",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4740-4",doi:"10.5772/63275",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"natural-remedies-in-the-fight-against-parasites",numberOfPages:248,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"d705be119e74a50305952521b2b5ece0",bookSignature:"Hanem Khater, M. Govindarajan and Giovanni Benelli",publishedDate:"July 12th 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5527.jpg",numberOfDownloads:18949,numberOfWosCitations:28,numberOfCrossrefCitations:38,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:2,numberOfDimensionsCitations:49,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:5,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:115,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 16th 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 6th 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 10th 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 9th 2016",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 8th 2017",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Banha University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:{id:"192301",title:"Dr.",name:"Giovanni",middleName:null,surname:"Benelli",slug:"giovanni-benelli",fullName:"Giovanni Benelli",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192301/images/5829_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Giovanni Benelli is a research entomologist and an academic editor at the University of Pisa and an affiliate researcher at The BioRobotics Institute, Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies (Pisa, Italy). Giovanni’s research is focused on insect behavioral ecology as well as on the development of novel control tools in the fight against arthropod pests, including nanoformulated pesticides. Benelli is cooperating with more than 80 research projects worldwide and has published more than 250 studies on top-ranked international journals with impact factor.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"909",title:"Parasitology",slug:"parasitology"}],chapters:[{id:"54617",title:"Introductory Chapter: Back to the Future - Solutions for Parasitic Problems as Old as the Pyramids",doi:"10.5772/67554",slug:"introductory-chapter-back-to-the-future-solutions-for-parasitic-problems-as-old-as-the-pyramids",totalDownloads:1873,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:11,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Hanem Fathy Khater",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54617",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54617",authors:[{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater"}],corrections:null},{id:"55437",title:"Biological Control of Parasites",doi:"10.5772/68012",slug:"biological-control-of-parasites-2017-07",totalDownloads:4230,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Parasites (ectoparasites or endoparasites) are a major cause of diseases in man, his livestock and crops, leading to poor yield and great economic loss. To overcome some of the major limitations of chemical control methods such as rising resistance, environmental and health risks, and the adverse effect on non‐target organisms, biological control (biocontrol) is now at the forefront of parasite (pests) control. Biocontrol is now a core component of the integrated pest management. Biocontrol is defined as “the study and uses of parasites, predators and pathogens for the regulation of host (pest) densities”. Considerable successes have been achieved in the implementation of biocontrol strategies in the past. This chapter presents a review of the history of biocontrol, its advantages and disadvantages; the different types of biological control agents (BCAs) including predators, parasites (parasitoids) and pathogens (fungi, bacteria, viruses and virus‐like particles, protozoa and nematodes); the effect of biocontrol on native biodiversity; a few case studies of the successful implementation of biocontrol methods and the challenges encountered with the implementation of biocontrol and future perspectives.",signatures:"Tebit Emmanuel Kwenti",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55437",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55437",authors:[{id:"191763",title:"Dr.",name:"Tebit Emmanuel",surname:"Kwenti",slug:"tebit-emmanuel-kwenti",fullName:"Tebit Emmanuel Kwenti"}],corrections:null},{id:"54353",title:"Mexican Medicinal Plants as an Alternative for the Development of New Compounds Against Protozoan Parasites",doi:"10.5772/67259",slug:"mexican-medicinal-plants-as-an-alternative-for-the-development-of-new-compounds-against-protozoan-pa",totalDownloads:2225,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The protozoan parasites Plasmodium, Leishmania, Trypanosoma, Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, and Trichomonas vaginalis, cause high morbidity and mortality in developed and developing countries. P. falciparum is responsible for malaria, one of the most severe infectious diseases in Africa. Hundreds of million people are affected by Trypanosoma and Leishmania that cause African and South American trypanosomiasis, and leishmaniasis. E. histolytica and G. lamblia contribute to the enormous burden of diarrheal diseases worldwide; trichomoniasis is the most common nonviral sexually transmitted disease in the world. Because of the important side effects of current treatments and the decrease in drug susceptibility, there is a renewed interest for the search of therapeutic alternatives against these pathogens. Natural products obtained from medicinal plants and their derivatives have been recognized for many years as a source of therapeutic agents. There are numerous reports about medicinal plants that are used by indigenous communities to treat gastrointestinal complaints. Importantly, phytochemical studies have allowed the identification of several secondary metabolites with anti-parasite activity. Our review revealed that Mexican medicinal plants have a great potential for the identification of new molecules with activity against protozoan parasites of medical importance worldwide and their potential use as new therapeutic compounds.",signatures:"Esther Ramirez-Moreno, Jacqueline Soto-Sanchez, Gildardo Rivera\nand Laurence A. Marchat",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54353",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54353",authors:[{id:"71323",title:"Prof.",name:"Gildardo",surname:"Rivera",slug:"gildardo-rivera",fullName:"Gildardo Rivera"},{id:"193141",title:"Dr.",name:"Laurence",surname:"Marchat",slug:"laurence-marchat",fullName:"Laurence Marchat"},{id:"197342",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",surname:"Ramirez-Moreno",slug:"esther-ramirez-moreno",fullName:"Esther Ramirez-Moreno"},{id:"197343",title:"MSc.",name:"Jacqueline",surname:"Soto-Sanchez",slug:"jacqueline-soto-sanchez",fullName:"Jacqueline Soto-Sanchez"}],corrections:null},{id:"54084",title:"Can the Cure for Chagas’ Disease be Found in Nature?",doi:"10.5772/67225",slug:"can-the-cure-for-chagas-disease-be-found-in-nature-",totalDownloads:1795,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Nature is a skilled factory that produces a wide variety of secondary metabolites known as natural products. Those compounds synthesized by living organisms are usually related to their vital processes. Many drugs used nowadays, had its origins in medicinal plants and other organisms such as herbs, fungi and sponges. Hence, those sources constitute a viable alternative to conventional medicine in many developing countries. In other hand, protozoan diseases like Chagas, represent a health threat causing mortality to populations around the world. The classic treatment for Chagas’ disease is chemotherapic and includes benznidazole and nifurtimox, although, the search for new drugs still remains. Triatomines that may spread Chagas can also be controlled making use of the insecticide property of certain plants. After literature survey it was found, classes of natural products, plant extracts, essential oils, and other natural sources that have shown activity against T. cruzi. In this context, many substances were tested in vitro and in vivo assays to verify trypanocidal efficacy. Promising results were published regarding to compounds arising from plants and sponges that showed high toxicity on different forms of the parasite with low toxicity on mammalian cells, although few were clinically tested on Chagas’ disease.",signatures:"Nelissa Pacheco Vaz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54084",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54084",authors:[{id:"192870",title:"Dr.",name:"Nelissa",surname:"P. Vaz",slug:"nelissa-p.-vaz",fullName:"Nelissa P. Vaz"}],corrections:null},{id:"54514",title:"Plant-Derived Compounds as an Alternative Treatment Against Parasites in Fish Farming: A Review",doi:"10.5772/67668",slug:"plant-derived-compounds-as-an-alternative-treatment-against-parasites-in-fish-farming-a-review",totalDownloads:2739,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:12,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Aquaculture has grown rapidly for food production around the world. However, outbreaks of infectious diseases have also increased in aquaculture, causing serious economic losses. For many years, fish farmers have applied conventional treatments such as anti‐parasitics and chemical treatments to control fish parasites. However, previous studies have revealed an accumulation of these chemical residues in fish tissues, and a negative environmental impact from farms to aquatic organisms. As an alternative to conventional methods, many plant‐derived compounds such as essential oils (e.g. Origanum sp. and Lippia spp.) and plant extracts (e.g. Allium sativum and Mentha spp.) have been used as an efficient treatment to control parasites in freshwater, brackishwater and marine aquaculture systems. Our objective with this review is to highlight the advantages of the use of plant extracts as an alternative treatment against parasites in aquaculture (e.g. protozoans, myxozoans and monogeneans) and to show the possible negative environmental impacts of conventional treatments used in fish farming systems. Finally, we also highlight the potential of discovering new plant‐derived bioactive compounds that have been increased in the last year due to the use of new tools such as the application of nanotechnology and microencapsulation to control diseases in fish farming.",signatures:"Alison Carlos Wunderlich, Érica de Oliveira Penha Zica, Vanessa\nFarias dos Santos Ayres, Anderson Cavalcante Guimarães and\nRenata Takeara",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54514",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54514",authors:[{id:"124356",title:"Dr.",name:"Erica O.P.",surname:"Zica",slug:"erica-o.p.-zica",fullName:"Erica O.P. Zica"},{id:"192845",title:"Dr.",name:"Alison",surname:"Wunderlich",slug:"alison-wunderlich",fullName:"Alison Wunderlich"},{id:"193541",title:"Dr.",name:"Renata",surname:"Takeara",slug:"renata-takeara",fullName:"Renata Takeara"},{id:"193600",title:"BSc.",name:"Vanessa F. S.",surname:"Ayres",slug:"vanessa-f.-s.-ayres",fullName:"Vanessa F. S. Ayres"},{id:"193601",title:"Prof.",name:"Anderson C.",surname:"Guimarães",slug:"anderson-c.-guimaraes",fullName:"Anderson C. Guimarães"}],corrections:null},{id:"53917",title:"Involvement of Gap Junction Proteins in Infectious Diseases Caused by Parasites",doi:"10.5772/67187",slug:"involvement-of-gap-junction-proteins-in-infectious-diseases-caused-by-parasites",totalDownloads:1262,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Parasitic diseases affect low-income nations with health consequences that affect the economy of these countries. Research aimed at understanding their biology and identification of potential targets for drug development is of the highest priority. Inhibitors of channels formed by proteins of the gap junction family such as suramin and probenecid are currently used for treatment of parasitic diseases caused by pathogenic protozoan. Gap junction proteins are present in both vertebrates and invertebrates permitting direct and indirect cellular communication. These cellular specializations are formed by two protein families corresponding to connexins (vertebrates) and innexins (invertebrates). In addition, a third protein family composed by proteins denominated pannexins is present in vertebrates and shows primary sequence homology to innexins. Channels formed by these proteins are essential in many biological processes. Recent evidences suggest that gap junction proteins play a critical role in bacterial and viral infections. Nonetheless, little is known about the role of these channels in parasitic infections. In this chapter, we summarized the current knowledge about the role of gap junction family proteins and channels in parasitic infections.",signatures:"José Luis Vega, Iván Barría, Juan Güiza, Jorge González and Juan C.\nSáez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53917",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53917",authors:[{id:"192702",title:"Dr.",name:"José Luis",surname:"Vega",slug:"jose-luis-vega",fullName:"José Luis Vega"}],corrections:null},{id:"53563",title:"Lactoferrin in the Battle against Intestinal Parasites: A Review",doi:"10.5772/66819",slug:"lactoferrin-in-the-battle-against-intestinal-parasites-a-review",totalDownloads:1479,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Lactoferrin is an iron-binding glycoprotein of the innate immune system, which is present in some mammalian fluids and secreted into the mucosae; it is also produced by the secondary granules of the polymorphonuclear neutrophils and secreted at infection sites. Lactoferricins (Lfcins) are peptides derived from the N-terminus of Lf. Lf avoids the iron availability to parasites in the body fluids due to its high avidity for iron, maintaining together with transferrin the free-iron concentration in about 10−18 M, which is too low to support the pathogenic invader survival. Intestinal parasitic diseases affect people worldwide, mainly in developing countries with poor hygienic conditions; for example, parasites such as Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia intestinalis, and Cryptosporidium parvum infect the human intestine when are orally ingested as cysts. Human and bovine Lf have been found parasiticidal in experiments in vitro and in animal models. Interestingly, Lf synergizes with metronidazole, the main drug used against E. histolytica and G. intestinalis. The aim of this chapter is to show the benefits of using Lf and Lfcins against intestinal parasitic diseases.",signatures:"Nidia León-Sicairos, Cynthia Ordaz-Pichardo, Julio César Carrero\nand Mireya de la Garza",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53563",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53563",authors:[{id:"141625",title:"Dr.",name:"Mireya",surname:"De La Garza",slug:"mireya-de-la-garza",fullName:"Mireya De La Garza"},{id:"194940",title:"Dr.",name:"Cynthia",surname:"Ordaz-Pichardo",slug:"cynthia-ordaz-pichardo",fullName:"Cynthia Ordaz-Pichardo"},{id:"195563",title:"Dr.",name:"Nidia",surname:"Leon-Sicairos",slug:"nidia-leon-sicairos",fullName:"Nidia Leon-Sicairos"},{id:"195565",title:"Dr.",name:"Julio César",surname:"Carrero",slug:"julio-cesar-carrero",fullName:"Julio César Carrero"}],corrections:null},{id:"53496",title:"Plasmepsin: Function, Characterization and Targeted Antimalarial Drug Development",doi:"10.5772/66716",slug:"plasmepsin-function-characterization-and-targeted-antimalarial-drug-development",totalDownloads:1899,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The devastating malaria, caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium, afflicts nearly half of the world's population and imposes a heavy socio‐economic burden particularly to the disease‐endemic Sub‐Saharan Africa. Sustained efforts in malaria control have been made from the perspectives of medicine‐ and vaccine‐based prevention and treatment of malaria and malaria transmission blockage for the past 15 years, resulting in a decreased mortality rate by 60% and a decreased malaria incidence rate by 37% globally. Nonetheless, due to the emergence and rapid spread of drug‐resistant parasite strains, novel antimalarial drugs are urgently required to combat this deadly disease. Plasmepsins are deemed potential targets for novel antimalarial drug design. Plasmepsins represent an aspartic proteinase family that can be sub‐categorized into seven groups based on the amino acid sequence identity. This chapter discusses our progress in understanding the biosynthesis, biological functions and enzymatic characteristics of the plasmepsin family. This led to development of various types of plasmepsin‐targeted compounds and the assessment of their binding affinity and selectivity, anti‐parasitic activity and cytotoxicity. The gained experience and current status in developing plasmepsin‐targeted antimalarial drugs are addressed. Finally, a deeper and broader investigation on the functions and characteristics of the plasmepsin family is encouraged.",signatures:"Peng Liu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53496",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53496",authors:[{id:"180071",title:"Dr.",name:"Peng",surname:"Liu",slug:"peng-liu",fullName:"Peng Liu"}],corrections:null},{id:"53408",title:"Vaccination against Trichinella spiralis: Potential, Limitations and Future Directions",doi:"10.5772/66499",slug:"vaccination-against-trichinella-spiralis-potential-limitations-and-future-directions",totalDownloads:1453,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Trichinellosis is a food-borne parasitic disease caused by round worms of the genus Trichinella. The majority of human outbreaks are attributed to consumption of raw or undercooked pork meat contaminated with T. spiralis muscle larvae. A blocking-transmission vaccine against trichinellosis will allow preventing swine infection and will contribute to disease control. In this chapter, different vaccine candidates so far developed against T. spiralis, including first-, second-, and third-generation vaccines, are discussed. Most vaccine candidates are based on a unique antigen mainly from the muscle larva stage, inducing with some exceptions, partial protection although a mix Th1/Th2 immune response is elicited. Therefore, the need for identification of new antigens from different parasite stages focusing on infective intestinal larvae, adult, and newborn larvae stages as well as the evaluation of their protective capacity in pigs is presented. The design of multi-epitope vaccines and the use of adjuvants or immunomodulatory molecules capable to polarize the immune response to a Th2-type-protective response are discussed as imperative elements of modern vaccines. Plant-based vaccines and probiotics as excellent tools for vaccine development against T. spiralis are also presented as an attractive platform for veterinary vaccines.",signatures:"Jonathan I. Andrade-Becerra, Ericka N. Pompa-Mera, Rosa María\nRibas-Aparicio and Lilián Yépez-Mulia",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53408",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53408",authors:[{id:"191887",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Lilián",surname:"Yépez-Mulia",slug:"lilian-yepez-mulia",fullName:"Lilián Yépez-Mulia"},{id:"193146",title:"MSc.",name:"Jonathan Isaí",surname:"Andrade-Becerra",slug:"jonathan-isai-andrade-becerra",fullName:"Jonathan Isaí Andrade-Becerra"},{id:"193147",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",surname:"Ribas-Aparicio",slug:"rosa-maria-ribas-aparicio",fullName:"Rosa María Ribas-Aparicio"},{id:"193148",title:"Dr.",name:"Ericka N.",surname:"Pompa-Mera",slug:"ericka-n.-pompa-mera",fullName:"Ericka N. Pompa-Mera"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1692",title:"Parasitology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b2110e81c765897e4ffdfbd340495e25",slug:"parasitology",bookSignature:"Mohammad Manjur Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1692.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"94128",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad Manjur",surname:"Shah",slug:"mohammad-manjur-shah",fullName:"Mohammad Manjur Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8806",title:"Biology of Trypanosoma cruzi",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"514ab85661e01a47575e845792ef5bdc",slug:"biology-of-em-trypanosoma-cruzi-em-",bookSignature:"Wanderley De Souza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8806.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"161922",title:"Dr.",name:"Wanderley",surname:"De Souza",slug:"wanderley-de-souza",fullName:"Wanderley De Souza"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9025",title:"Parasitology and Microbiology Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d9a211396d44f07d2748e147786a2c8b",slug:"parasitology-and-microbiology-research",bookSignature:"Gilberto Antonio Bastidas Pacheco and Asghar Ali Kamboh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9025.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"238219",title:"Dr.",name:"Gilberto Antonio",surname:"Bastidas Pacheco",slug:"gilberto-antonio-bastidas-pacheco",fullName:"Gilberto Antonio Bastidas Pacheco"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8122",title:"Vectors and Vector-Borne Zoonotic Diseases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5a088c3ab82e499c8d5d2f8ceec6a601",slug:"vectors-and-vector-borne-zoonotic-diseases",bookSignature:"Sara Savić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8122.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92185",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",surname:"Savic",slug:"sara-savic",fullName:"Sara Savic"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6979",title:"Parasites and Parasitic Diseases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f55304c8bd1d92268e33689c368f9e33",slug:"parasites-and-parasitic-diseases",bookSignature:"Gilberto Bastidas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6979.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"238219",title:"Dr.",name:"Gilberto Antonio",surname:"Bastidas Pacheco",slug:"gilberto-antonio-bastidas-pacheco",fullName:"Gilberto Antonio Bastidas Pacheco"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"74512",slug:"corrigendum-to-many-core-algorithm-of-the-embedded-zerotree-wavelet-encoder",title:"Corrigendum to: Many-Core Algorithm of the Embedded Zerotree Wavelet Encoder",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/74512.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74512",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74512",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/74512",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/74512",chapter:{id:"70013",slug:"many-core-algorithm-of-the-embedded-zerotree-wavelet-encoder",signatures:"Jesús Antonio Alvarez-Cedillo, Teodoro Alvarez-Sanchez, Mario Aguilar-Fernandez and Jacobo Sandoval-Gutierrez",dateSubmitted:"May 18th 2019",dateReviewed:"August 22nd 2019",datePrePublished:"December 7th 2019",datePublished:"March 11th 2020",book:{id:"7623",title:"Coding Theory",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Coding Theory",slug:"coding-theory",publishedDate:"March 11th 2020",bookSignature:"Sudhakar Radhakrishnan and Muhammad Sarfraz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7623.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"26327",title:"Dr.",name:"Sudhakar",middleName:null,surname:"Radhakrishnan",slug:"sudhakar-radhakrishnan",fullName:"Sudhakar Radhakrishnan"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"118717",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jesús Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Álvarez-Cedillo",fullName:"Jesús Antonio Álvarez-Cedillo",slug:"jesus-antonio-alvarez-cedillo",email:"jaalvarez@ipn.mx",position:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"305584",title:"Dr.",name:"Teodoro",middleName:null,surname:"Alvarez-Sanchez",fullName:"Teodoro Alvarez-Sanchez",slug:"teodoro-alvarez-sanchez",email:"talvares@citedi.mx",position:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"305586",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacobo",middleName:null,surname:"Sandoval-Gutierrez",fullName:"Jacobo Sandoval-Gutierrez",slug:"jacobo-sandoval-gutierrez",email:"jacobosandoval@hotmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"305587",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario",middleName:null,surname:"Aguilar-Fernandez",fullName:"Mario Aguilar-Fernandez",slug:"mario-aguilar-fernandez",email:"maguilarf@ipn.mx",position:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"70013",slug:"many-core-algorithm-of-the-embedded-zerotree-wavelet-encoder",signatures:"Jesús Antonio Alvarez-Cedillo, Teodoro Alvarez-Sanchez, Mario Aguilar-Fernandez and Jacobo Sandoval-Gutierrez",dateSubmitted:"May 18th 2019",dateReviewed:"August 22nd 2019",datePrePublished:"December 7th 2019",datePublished:"March 11th 2020",book:{id:"7623",title:"Coding Theory",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Coding Theory",slug:"coding-theory",publishedDate:"March 11th 2020",bookSignature:"Sudhakar Radhakrishnan and Muhammad Sarfraz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7623.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"26327",title:"Dr.",name:"Sudhakar",middleName:null,surname:"Radhakrishnan",slug:"sudhakar-radhakrishnan",fullName:"Sudhakar Radhakrishnan"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"118717",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jesús Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Álvarez-Cedillo",fullName:"Jesús Antonio Álvarez-Cedillo",slug:"jesus-antonio-alvarez-cedillo",email:"jaalvarez@ipn.mx",position:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"305584",title:"Dr.",name:"Teodoro",middleName:null,surname:"Alvarez-Sanchez",fullName:"Teodoro Alvarez-Sanchez",slug:"teodoro-alvarez-sanchez",email:"talvares@citedi.mx",position:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"305586",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacobo",middleName:null,surname:"Sandoval-Gutierrez",fullName:"Jacobo Sandoval-Gutierrez",slug:"jacobo-sandoval-gutierrez",email:"jacobosandoval@hotmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"305587",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario",middleName:null,surname:"Aguilar-Fernandez",fullName:"Mario Aguilar-Fernandez",slug:"mario-aguilar-fernandez",email:"maguilarf@ipn.mx",position:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]},book:{id:"7623",title:"Coding Theory",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Coding Theory",slug:"coding-theory",publishedDate:"March 11th 2020",bookSignature:"Sudhakar Radhakrishnan and Muhammad Sarfraz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7623.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"26327",title:"Dr.",name:"Sudhakar",middleName:null,surname:"Radhakrishnan",slug:"sudhakar-radhakrishnan",fullName:"Sudhakar Radhakrishnan"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"10779",leadTitle:null,title:"21st Century Nanostructured Materials",subtitle:"Physics, Chemistry, Classification, and Emerging Applications in Industry, Biomedicine, and Agriculture",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Nanostructured materials (NMs) are attracting interest as low-dimensional materials in the high-tech era of the 21st century. Recently, nanomaterials have experienced breakthroughs in synthesis and industrial and biomedical applications. This book presents recent achievements related to NMs such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, plasmonic materials, metal nanowires, metal oxides, nanoparticles, metamaterials, nanofibers, and nanocomposites, along with their physical and chemical aspects. Additionally, the book discusses the potential uses of these nanomaterials in photodetectors, transistors, quantum technology, chemical sensors, energy storage, silk fibroin, composites, drug delivery, tissue engineering, and sustainable agriculture and environmental applications.",isbn:"978-1-80355-085-5",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-084-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-086-2",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94802",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"21st-century-nanostructured-materials-physics-chemistry-classification-and-emerging-applications-in-industry-biomedicine-and-agriculture",numberOfPages:388,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"72c67f97f9bef68200df115b5fd79884",bookSignature:"Phuong V. Pham",publishedDate:"April 20th 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10779.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:2329,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:3,numberOfTotalCitations:4,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"June 24th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 22nd 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 20th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 9th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 7th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"10 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A pioneering scientist in materials science, electronics devices, plasma engineering, chemical synthesis, transfer strategies of thin films, doping mechanism, plasma engineering appointed as Editorial Members/Academic Editor of Scientific Journal/IntechOpen, AAAS, and ACS member and holder of two registered patents.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"236073",title:"Dr.",name:"Phuong",middleName:"Viet",surname:"Pham",slug:"phuong-pham",fullName:"Phuong Pham",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/236073/images/system/236073.png",biography:"Phuong V. Pham is a pioneering scientist in materials science and electronic devices. He is currently a senior scientist at the School of Micro-Nano Electronics and Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center (HIC), Zhejiang University, China. He earned a Ph.D. from SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), South Korea. Then, he spent a few years as a postdoctoral researcher and research fellow at the School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, SKKU and the Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), South Korea, respectively. He is a recipient of the NSF Career Award and the National Postdoctoral Award for Excellent Young Scientists, China. His research interests include low-dimensional materials, 2D material synthesis, twistronics, straintronics, 2D heterostructures, doping technique development, nanocomposites, block copolymers, plasma engineering for flexible display, sensors, photodetectors, transistors, organic light-emitting diodes, and wearable electronics.",institutionString:"Zhejiang University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Zhejiang University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"208",title:"Material Science",slug:"nanotechnology-and-nanomaterials-material-science"}],chapters:[{id:"79483",title:"Physics of Nanostructure Design for Infrared Detectors",slug:"physics-of-nanostructure-design-for-infrared-detectors",totalDownloads:133,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"428664",title:"Prof.",name:"Nibir K.",surname:"Dhar",slug:"nibir-k.-dhar",fullName:"Nibir K. Dhar"},{id:"439626",title:"Dr.",name:"Samiran",surname:"Ganguly",slug:"samiran-ganguly",fullName:"Samiran Ganguly"},{id:"439627",title:"Dr.",name:"Srini",surname:"Krishnamurthy",slug:"srini-krishnamurthy",fullName:"Srini Krishnamurthy"}]},{id:"79186",title:"Noise Analysis in Nanostructured Tunnel Field Devices",slug:"noise-analysis-in-nanostructured-tunnel-field-devices",totalDownloads:53,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"223387",title:"Dr.",name:"Sweta",surname:"Chander",slug:"sweta-chander",fullName:"Sweta Chander"},{id:"427030",title:"Dr.",name:"Sanjeet Kumar",surname:"Sinha",slug:"sanjeet-kumar-sinha",fullName:"Sanjeet Kumar Sinha"}]},{id:"79872",title:"Plasmonic 2D Materials: Overview, Advancements, Future Prospects and Functional Applications",slug:"plasmonic-2d-materials-overview-advancements-future-prospects-and-functional-applications",totalDownloads:166,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"236073",title:"Dr.",name:"Phuong",surname:"Pham",slug:"phuong-pham",fullName:"Phuong Pham"},{id:"445754",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Aamir",surname:"Iqbal",slug:"muhammad-aamir-iqbal",fullName:"Muhammad Aamir Iqbal"},{id:"445755",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",surname:"Malik",slug:"maria-malik",fullName:"Maria Malik"},{id:"445756",title:"Dr.",name:"Wajeehah",surname:"Shahid",slug:"wajeehah-shahid",fullName:"Wajeehah Shahid"},{id:"445757",title:"Dr.",name:"Waqas",surname:"Ahmad",slug:"waqas-ahmad",fullName:"Waqas Ahmad"},{id:"464621",title:"Dr.",name:"Kossi A. A.",surname:"Min-Dianey",slug:"kossi-a.-a.-min-dianey",fullName:"Kossi A. A. Min-Dianey"}]},{id:"80095",title:"Doping and Transfer of High Mobility Graphene Bilayers for Room Temperature Mid-Wave Infrared Photodetectors",slug:"doping-and-transfer-of-high-mobility-graphene-bilayers-for-room-temperature-mid-wave-infrared-photod",totalDownloads:109,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"428664",title:"Prof.",name:"Nibir K.",surname:"Dhar",slug:"nibir-k.-dhar",fullName:"Nibir K. Dhar"},{id:"439626",title:"Dr.",name:"Samiran",surname:"Ganguly",slug:"samiran-ganguly",fullName:"Samiran Ganguly"},{id:"23657",title:"Dr.",name:"Ashok K.",surname:"Sood",slug:"ashok-k.-sood",fullName:"Ashok K. Sood"},{id:"210274",title:"Dr.",name:"John W.",surname:"Zeller",slug:"john-w.-zeller",fullName:"John W. Zeller"},{id:"444716",title:"Ms.",name:"Latika S.",surname:"Chaudhary",slug:"latika-s.-chaudhary",fullName:"Latika S. Chaudhary"},{id:"444719",title:"Dr.",name:"Randy N.",surname:"Jacobs",slug:"randy-n.-jacobs",fullName:"Randy N. Jacobs"},{id:"444720",title:"Dr.",name:"Parminder",surname:"Ghuman",slug:"parminder-ghuman",fullName:"Parminder Ghuman"},{id:"444721",title:"Dr.",name:"Sachidananda",surname:"Babu",slug:"sachidananda-babu",fullName:"Sachidananda Babu"},{id:"444724",title:"Prof.",name:"Harry",surname:"Efstathiadis",slug:"harry-efstathiadis",fullName:"Harry Efstathiadis"},{id:"444727",title:"Prof.",name:"Avik W.",surname:"Ghosh",slug:"avik-w.-ghosh",fullName:"Avik W. Ghosh"},{id:"451870",title:"Dr.",name:"Sheikh Ziauddin",surname:"Ahmed",slug:"sheikh-ziauddin-ahmed",fullName:"Sheikh Ziauddin Ahmed"},{id:"451871",title:"Dr.",name:"Farjana Ferdous",surname:"Tonni",slug:"farjana-ferdous-tonni",fullName:"Farjana Ferdous Tonni"}]},{id:"79179",title:"Analysis of Heat Transfer in Non-Coaxial Rotation of Newtonian Carbon Nanofluid Flow with Magnetohydrodynamics and Porosity Effects",slug:"analysis-of-heat-transfer-in-non-coaxial-rotation-of-newtonian-carbon-nanofluid-flow-with-magnetohyd",totalDownloads:130,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"190576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ilyas",surname:"Khan",slug:"ilyas-khan",fullName:"Ilyas Khan"},{id:"190595",title:"Dr.",name:"Sharidan",surname:"Shafie",slug:"sharidan-shafie",fullName:"Sharidan Shafie"},{id:"436205",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Wan Nura’in Nabilah",surname:"Noranuar",slug:"wan-nura'in-nabilah-noranuar",fullName:"Wan Nura’in Nabilah Noranuar"},{id:"436213",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmad Qushairi",surname:"Mohamad",slug:"ahmad-qushairi-mohamad",fullName:"Ahmad Qushairi Mohamad"},{id:"436214",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Rijal",surname:"Ilias",slug:"mohd-rijal-ilias",fullName:"Mohd Rijal Ilias"},{id:"436215",title:"Dr.",name:"Lim Yeou",surname:"Jiann",slug:"lim-yeou-jiann",fullName:"Lim Yeou Jiann"}]},{id:"79499",title:"Semiconductor Epitaxial Crystal Growth: Silicon Nanowires",slug:"semiconductor-epitaxial-crystal-growth-silicon-nanowires",totalDownloads:80,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"427861",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Maha",surname:"Khayyat",slug:"maha-khayyat",fullName:"Maha Khayyat"}]},{id:"79258",title:"Ultrathin Metal Hydroxide/Oxide Nanowires: Crystal Growth, Self-Assembly, and Fabrication for Optoelectronic Applications",slug:"ultrathin-metal-hydroxide-oxide-nanowires-crystal-growth-self-assembly-and-fabrication-for-optoelect",totalDownloads:116,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"323782",title:"Prof.",name:"Hemali",surname:"Rathnayake",slug:"hemali-rathnayake",fullName:"Hemali Rathnayake"},{id:"427650",title:"Dr.",name:"Gayani",surname:"Pathiraja",slug:"gayani-pathiraja",fullName:"Gayani Pathiraja"}]},{id:"79858",title:"One-Dimensional Metal Oxide Nanostructures for Chemical Sensors",slug:"one-dimensional-metal-oxide-nanostructures-for-chemical-sensors",totalDownloads:128,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"425601",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",surname:"Hontañón",slug:"esther-hontanon",fullName:"Esther Hontañón"},{id:"444852",title:"Dr.",name:"Stella",surname:"Vallejos",slug:"stella-vallejos",fullName:"Stella Vallejos"}]},{id:"80152",title:"Energy Storage Properties of Topochemically Synthesized Blue TiO2 Nanostructures in Aqueous and Organic Electrolyte",slug:"energy-storage-properties-of-topochemically-synthesized-blue-tio-sub-2-sub-nanostructures-in-aqueous",totalDownloads:89,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"81419",title:"Prof.",name:"Sang-Jae",surname:"Kim",slug:"sang-jae-kim",fullName:"Sang-Jae Kim"},{id:"278690",title:null,name:"Karthikeyan",surname:"Krishnamoorthy",slug:"karthikeyan-krishnamoorthy",fullName:"Karthikeyan Krishnamoorthy"},{id:"278691",title:"Dr.",name:"Parthiban",surname:"Pazhamalai",slug:"parthiban-pazhamalai",fullName:"Parthiban Pazhamalai"}]},{id:"79227",title:"Silk Fibroin Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Applications as Drug Nanocarriers",slug:"silk-fibroin-nanoparticles-synthesis-and-applications-as-drug-nanocarriers",totalDownloads:166,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"187906",title:"Prof.",name:"Gloria",surname:"Víllora",slug:"gloria-villora",fullName:"Gloria Víllora"},{id:"194675",title:"Mrs.",name:"Mercedes G.",surname:"Montalbán",slug:"mercedes-g.-montalban",fullName:"Mercedes G. Montalbán"},{id:"245952",title:"MSc.",name:"Guzmán",surname:"Carissimi",slug:"guzman-carissimi",fullName:"Guzmán Carissimi"},{id:"429265",title:"MSc.",name:"Marta G.",surname:"Fuster",slug:"marta-g.-fuster",fullName:"Marta G. Fuster"}]},{id:"78717",title:"Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery Systems",slug:"nanoparticles-as-drug-delivery-systems",totalDownloads:567,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"187906",title:"Prof.",name:"Gloria",surname:"Víllora",slug:"gloria-villora",fullName:"Gloria Víllora"},{id:"194675",title:"Mrs.",name:"Mercedes G.",surname:"Montalbán",slug:"mercedes-g.-montalban",fullName:"Mercedes G. Montalbán"},{id:"245952",title:"MSc.",name:"Guzmán",surname:"Carissimi",slug:"guzman-carissimi",fullName:"Guzmán Carissimi"},{id:"429265",title:"MSc.",name:"Marta G.",surname:"Fuster",slug:"marta-g.-fuster",fullName:"Marta G. Fuster"}]},{id:"79442",title:"Biological Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles from Different Plant Species",slug:"biological-synthesis-of-metallic-nanoparticles-from-different-plant-species",totalDownloads:129,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"334136",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Kalyan Singh",surname:"Kushwah",slug:"kalyan-singh-kushwah",fullName:"Kalyan Singh Kushwah"},{id:"426969",title:"Mr.",name:"Deepak Kumar",surname:"Verma",slug:"deepak-kumar-verma",fullName:"Deepak Kumar Verma"}]},{id:"80585",title:"Nanofibers: Production, Characterization, and Tissue Engineering Applications",slug:"nanofibers-production-characterization-and-tissue-engineering-applications",totalDownloads:67,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"427785",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ece",surname:"Bayrak",slug:"ece-bayrak",fullName:"Ece Bayrak"}]},{id:"79338",title:"Composite Metamaterials: Classification, Design, Laws and Future Applications",slug:"composite-metamaterials-classification-design-laws-and-future-applications",totalDownloads:118,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"425395",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Tarek",surname:"Fawzi",slug:"tarek-fawzi",fullName:"Tarek Fawzi"},{id:"437661",title:"Dr.",name:"Ammar",surname:"A.M. Al-Talib",slug:"ammar-a.m.-al-talib",fullName:"Ammar A.M. Al-Talib"}]},{id:"79747",title:"Nanocomposite Material Synthesized Via Horizontal Vapor Phase Growth Technique: Evaluation and Application Perspective",slug:"nanocomposite-material-synthesized-via-horizontal-vapor-phase-growth-technique-evaluation-and-applic",totalDownloads:109,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"422388",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Akhsin Muflikhun",slug:"muhammad-akhsin-muflikhun",fullName:"Muhammad Akhsin Muflikhun"},{id:"446220",title:"Dr.",name:"Rahmad",surname:"Kuncoro Adi",slug:"rahmad-kuncoro-adi",fullName:"Rahmad Kuncoro Adi"},{id:"446221",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",surname:"Nonato C. Santos",slug:"gil-nonato-c.-santos",fullName:"Gil Nonato C. Santos"}]},{id:"80747",title:"Recent Advances in Nano-Enabled Fertilizers towards Sustainable Agriculture and Environment: A Mini Review",slug:"recent-advances-in-nano-enabled-fertilizers-towards-sustainable-agriculture-and-environment-a-mini-r",totalDownloads:45,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"426790",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Dr Gangu Naidu",surname:"Challa",slug:"dr-gangu-naidu-challa",fullName:"Dr Gangu Naidu Challa"},{id:"452727",title:"Prof.",name:"Srinivasa Rao",surname:"Y",slug:"srinivasa-rao-y",fullName:"Srinivasa Rao Y"},{id:"452728",title:"Dr.",name:"Vasudha",surname:"D",slug:"vasudha-d",fullName:"Vasudha D"},{id:"452729",title:"Prof.",name:"Vara Prasada Rao",surname:"K",slug:"vara-prasada-rao-k",fullName:"Vara Prasada Rao K"}]},{id:"79697",title:"Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy and Its Applications",slug:"electrochemical-impedance-spectroscopy-and-its-applications",totalDownloads:132,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"428140",title:"Dr.",name:"Camila",surname:"Pía Canales",slug:"camila-pia-canales",fullName:"Camila Pía Canales"}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"429342",firstName:"Zrinka",lastName:"Tomicic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/429342/images/20008_n.jpg",email:"zrinka@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager, my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10061",title:"21st Century Surface Science",subtitle:"a Handbook",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"69253b3c7ba801a5fcd9c47827345f93",slug:"21st-century-surface-science-a-handbook",bookSignature:"Phuong Pham, Pratibha Goel, Samir Kumar and Kavita Yadav",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10061.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"236073",title:"Dr.",name:"Phuong",surname:"Pham",slug:"phuong-pham",fullName:"Phuong Pham"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6408",title:"Novel Nanomaterials",subtitle:"Synthesis and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f3585d338d78e4d31c200d9991b03692",slug:"novel-nanomaterials-synthesis-and-applications",bookSignature:"George Z. Kyzas and Athanasios C. Mitropoulos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6408.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"152296",title:"Prof.",name:"George",surname:"Kyzas",slug:"george-kyzas",fullName:"George Kyzas"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6833",title:"Chemical Vapor Deposition for Nanotechnology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"31d2b0b2a437691b6a657030687b0096",slug:"chemical-vapor-deposition-for-nanotechnology",bookSignature:"Pietro Mandracci",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6833.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"80989",title:"Prof.",name:"Pietro",surname:"Mandracci",slug:"pietro-mandracci",fullName:"Pietro Mandracci"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7640",title:"Perspective of Carbon Nanotubes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8b85a9957fad5206369eadf0c1ffa27d",slug:"perspective-of-carbon-nanotubes",bookSignature:"Hosam El-Din Saleh and Said Moawad Mohamed El-Sheikh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7640.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam",surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-saleh",fullName:"Hosam Saleh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8385",title:"Nanocrystalline Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cf72d957868565da82cc4ad919e6c4d7",slug:"nanocrystalline-materials",bookSignature:"Behrooz Movahedi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8385.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"150371",title:"Prof.",name:"Behrooz",surname:"Movahedi",slug:"behrooz-movahedi",fullName:"Behrooz Movahedi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6218",title:"Carbon Nanotubes",subtitle:"Recent Progress",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9f38af20209e9d816b7d57ecbba386b9",slug:"carbon-nanotubes-recent-progress",bookSignature:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman and Abdullah Mohamed Asiri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6218.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"24438",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed Muzibur",surname:"Rahman",slug:"mohammed-muzibur-rahman",fullName:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6501",title:"Electrospinning Method Used to Create Functional Nanocomposites Films",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c28620c5ccc64e4b32eb9758302a1679",slug:"electrospinning-method-used-to-create-functional-nanocomposites-films",bookSignature:"Tomasz Tański, Pawel Jarka and Wiktor Matysiak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6501.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"15700",title:"Prof.",name:"Tomasz Arkadiusz",surname:"Tański",slug:"tomasz-arkadiusz-tanski",fullName:"Tomasz Arkadiusz Tański"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7684",title:"Multilayer Thin Films",subtitle:"Versatile Applications for Materials Engineering",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fd04577df0c895320c3f06d98308ea67",slug:"multilayer-thin-films-versatile-applications-for-materials-engineering",bookSignature:"Sukumar Basu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7684.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50632",title:"Prof.",name:"Sukumar",surname:"Basu",slug:"sukumar-basu",fullName:"Sukumar Basu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8446",title:"Zinc Oxide Based Nano Materials and Devices",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7c1d14eb8eac769093f8d7a219a3884f",slug:"zinc-oxide-based-nano-materials-and-devices",bookSignature:"Ahmed M. Nahhas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8446.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"140058",title:"Prof.",name:"Ahmed",surname:"Nahhas",slug:"ahmed-nahhas",fullName:"Ahmed Nahhas"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6960",title:"Flame Retardants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"506ea55aeb09b1a47f9113cc66594291",slug:"flame-retardants",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6960.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"38595",title:"Polyurethane in Urological Practice",doi:"10.5772/36408",slug:"polyurethane-in-urological-practice",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/38595.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/38595",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/38595",totalDownloads:3331,totalViews:114,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:0,impactScorePercentile:16,impactScoreQuartile:1,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"May 23rd 2011",dateReviewed:"November 4th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"August 29th 2012",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/38595",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/38595",book:{id:"2003",slug:"polyurethane"},signatures:"Valentina Cauda and Furio Cauda",authors:[{id:"108248",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Cauda",fullName:"Valentina Cauda",slug:"valentina-cauda",email:"valentina.cauda@iit.it",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Italian Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"2003",type:"book",title:"Polyurethane",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Polyurethane",slug:"polyurethane",publishedDate:"August 29th 2012",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2003.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0726-2",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6229-2",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:176,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"107375",title:"Dr.",name:"Eram",middleName:null,surname:"Sharmin",slug:"eram-sharmin",fullName:"Eram Sharmin"},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"915"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"38589",type:"chapter",title:"Polyurethane: An Introduction",slug:"polyurethane-an-introduction",totalDownloads:32857,totalCrossrefCites:25,signatures:"Eram Sharmin and Fahmina Zafar",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar"},{id:"107375",title:"Dr.",name:"Eram",middleName:null,surname:"Sharmin",fullName:"Eram Sharmin",slug:"eram-sharmin"}]},{id:"38590",type:"chapter",title:"New Liquid Crystalline Polyurethane Elastomers Containing Thiazolo [5,4d] Thiazole Moiety: Synthesis and Properties",slug:"new-liquid-crystalline-polyurethane-elastomers-containing-thiazolo-5-4d-thiazole-moiety-synthesis-an",totalDownloads:3504,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Mohammed Ahmed Issam and Hamidi Mohamed Rashidah",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"109793",title:"Dr.",name:"Issam",middleName:null,surname:"A.M.",fullName:"Issam A.M.",slug:"issam-a.m."},{id:"135668",title:"Ms.",name:"Rashidah",middleName:null,surname:"Mohamed Hamidi",fullName:"Rashidah Mohamed Hamidi",slug:"rashidah-mohamed-hamidi"}]},{id:"38591",type:"chapter",title:"The Modification of Polyurethanes by Highly Ordered Coordination Compounds of Transition Metals",slug:"the-modification-of-polyurethanes-by-highly-ordered-coordination-compounds-of-transition-metals",totalDownloads:3094,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ruslan Davletbaev, Ilsiya Davletbaeva and Olesya Gumerova",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"99214",title:"Prof.",name:"Ilsiya",middleName:"Mullayanovna",surname:"Davletbaeva",fullName:"Ilsiya Davletbaeva",slug:"ilsiya-davletbaeva"}]},{id:"38592",type:"chapter",title:"Bottom-Up Nanostructured Segmented Polyurethanes with Immobilized in situ Transition and Rare-Earth Metal Chelate Compounds - Polymer Topology - Structure and Properties Relationship",slug:"bottom-up-nanostructured-segmented-polyurethanes-with-immobilized-in-situ-transition-and-rare-earth-",totalDownloads:2209,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Nataly Kozak and Eugenia Lobko",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"110018",title:"Dr.",name:"Nataly",middleName:null,surname:"Kozak",fullName:"Nataly Kozak",slug:"nataly-kozak"},{id:"110086",title:"MSc.",name:"Eugenia",middleName:null,surname:"Lobko",fullName:"Eugenia Lobko",slug:"eugenia-lobko"}]},{id:"38593",type:"chapter",title:"Thermal Analysis of Polyurethane Dispersions Based on Different Polyols",slug:"thermal-analysis-of-polyurethane-dispersions-based-on-different-polyols",totalDownloads:11735,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Suzana M. Cakić, Ivan S. Ristić and Olivera Z. Ristić",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"105891",title:"Dr.",name:"Suzana",middleName:"M",surname:"Cakic",fullName:"Suzana Cakic",slug:"suzana-cakic"},{id:"136417",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",middleName:"S",surname:"Ristić",fullName:"Ivan Ristić",slug:"ivan-ristic"},{id:"136420",title:"Dr.",name:"Olivera",middleName:null,surname:"Ristic",fullName:"Olivera Ristic",slug:"olivera-ristic"}]},{id:"38594",type:"chapter",title:"Polyurethane Flexible Foam Fire Behavior",slug:"polyurethane-flexible-foam-fire-behavior",totalDownloads:8732,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Ahmadreza Gharehbagh and Zahed Ahmadi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"102739",title:"MSc.",name:"Ahmadreza",middleName:null,surname:"Gharehbaghi",fullName:"Ahmadreza Gharehbaghi",slug:"ahmadreza-gharehbaghi"}]},{id:"38595",type:"chapter",title:"Polyurethane in Urological Practice",slug:"polyurethane-in-urological-practice",totalDownloads:3331,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Valentina Cauda and Furio Cauda",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"108248",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Cauda",fullName:"Valentina Cauda",slug:"valentina-cauda"}]},{id:"38596",type:"chapter",title:"Polyurethane as Carriers of Antituberculosis Drugs",slug:"polyurethane-as-carriers-of-antituberculosis-drugs",totalDownloads:3463,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Yerkesh Batyrbekov and Rinat Iskakov",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"106265",title:"Prof.",name:"Yerkesh",middleName:null,surname:"Batyrbekov",fullName:"Yerkesh Batyrbekov",slug:"yerkesh-batyrbekov"},{id:"108687",title:"Prof.",name:"Rinat",middleName:"M",surname:"Iskakov",fullName:"Rinat Iskakov",slug:"rinat-iskakov"}]},{id:"38597",type:"chapter",title:"Use of Polyurethane Foam in Orthopaedic Biomechanical Experimentation and Simulation",slug:"use-of-polyurethane-foam-in-orthopaedic-biomechanical-experimentation-and-simulation",totalDownloads:6462,totalCrossrefCites:13,signatures:"V. Shim, J. Boheme, C. Josten and I. Anderson",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"99822",title:"Dr.",name:"Vickie",middleName:null,surname:"Shim",fullName:"Vickie Shim",slug:"vickie-shim"},{id:"111082",title:"Dr.",name:"Iain",middleName:null,surname:"Anderson",fullName:"Iain Anderson",slug:"iain-anderson"},{id:"111085",title:"Dr.",name:"Joerg",middleName:null,surname:"Bohme",fullName:"Joerg Bohme",slug:"joerg-bohme"},{id:"111086",title:"Prof.",name:"Christoph",middleName:null,surname:"Josten",fullName:"Christoph Josten",slug:"christoph-josten"}]},{id:"38598",type:"chapter",title:"Biocompatibility and Biological Performance of the Improved Polyurethane Membranes for Medical Applications",slug:"biocompatibility-and-biological-performance-of-the-improved-polyurethane-membranes-for-medical-appli",totalDownloads:3431,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Maria Butnaru, Ovidiu Bredetean, Doina Macocinschi, Cristina Daniela Dimitriu, Laura Knieling and Valeria Harabagiu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"101099",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Butnaru",fullName:"Maria Butnaru",slug:"maria-butnaru"}]},{id:"38599",type:"chapter",title:"HTPB-Polyurethane: A Versatile Fuel Binder for Composite Solid Propellant",slug:"htpb-polyurethane-a-versatile-fuel-binder-for-composite-solid-propellant",totalDownloads:8333,totalCrossrefCites:6,signatures:"Abhay K. Mahanta and Devendra D. Pathak",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"108643",title:"Prof.",name:"Devendra Deo",middleName:null,surname:"Pathak",fullName:"Devendra Deo Pathak",slug:"devendra-deo-pathak"}]},{id:"38600",type:"chapter",title:"Synthesis of a New Sorbent Based on Grafted PUF for the Application in the Solid Phase Extraction of Cadmium and Lead",slug:"synthesis-of-a-new-sorbent-based-on-grafted-puf-for-the-application-in-the-solid-phase-extraction-of",totalDownloads:2697,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Rafael Vasconcelos Oliveira and Valfredo Azevedo Lemos",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"108563",title:"Prof.",name:"Valfredo",middleName:null,surname:"Lemos",fullName:"Valfredo Lemos",slug:"valfredo-lemos"},{id:"108566",title:"Prof.",name:"Rafael",middleName:null,surname:"Oliveira",fullName:"Rafael Oliveira",slug:"rafael-oliveira"}]},{id:"38601",type:"chapter",title:"Fast, Selective Removal and Determination of Total Bismuth (III) and (V) in Water by Procaine Hydrochloride Immobilized Polyurethane Foam Packed Column Prior to Inductively Coupled Plasma - Optical Emission Spectrometry",slug:"fast-selective-removal-and-determination-of-total-bismuth-iii-and-v-in-water-by-procaine-hydrochlori",totalDownloads:3873,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"M.S. El-Shahawi, A.A. Al-Sibaai, H.M. Al-Saidi and E.A. Assirey",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"101794",title:"Dr.",name:"M. S.",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shahawi",fullName:"M. S. El-Shahawi",slug:"m.-s.-el-shahawi"}]},{id:"38602",type:"chapter",title:"Polyurethane Grouting Technologies",slug:"polyurethane-grouting-technologies",totalDownloads:9326,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Jan Bodi, Zoltan Bodi, Jiri Scucka and Petr Martinec",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"105869",title:"Dr.",name:"Jan",middleName:null,surname:"Bodi",fullName:"Jan Bodi",slug:"jan-bodi"},{id:"105878",title:"Prof.",name:"Petr",middleName:null,surname:"Martinec",fullName:"Petr Martinec",slug:"petr-martinec"},{id:"105882",title:"MSc.",name:"Zoltan",middleName:null,surname:"Bodi",fullName:"Zoltan Bodi",slug:"zoltan-bodi"},{id:"105884",title:"Dr.",name:"Jiri",middleName:null,surname:"Scucka",fullName:"Jiri Scucka",slug:"jiri-scucka"}]},{id:"38603",type:"chapter",title:"On the Use of Polyurethane Foam Paddings to Improve Passive Safety in Crashworthiness Applications",slug:"on-the-use-of-polyurethane-foam-paddings-to-improve-passive-safety-in-crashworthiness-applications",totalDownloads:2893,totalCrossrefCites:6,signatures:"Mariana Paulino and Filipe Teixeira-Dias",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"41677",title:"Prof.",name:"Filipe",middleName:null,surname:"Teixeira-Dias",fullName:"Filipe Teixeira-Dias",slug:"filipe-teixeira-dias"},{id:"108646",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Mariana",middleName:null,surname:"Paulino",fullName:"Mariana Paulino",slug:"mariana-paulino"}]},{id:"38604",type:"chapter",title:"Polyurethane Trickling Filter in Combination with Anaerobic Hybrid Reactor for Treatment of Tomato Industry Wastewater",slug:"polyurethane-trickling-filter-in-combination-with-anaerobic-hybrid-reactor-for-treatment-of-tomato-i",totalDownloads:4335,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Ahmed Tawfik",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"106309",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Tawfik",fullName:"Ahmed Tawfik",slug:"ahmed-tawfik"}]},{id:"38605",type:"chapter",title:"Polyurethane as an Isolation for Covered Conductors",slug:"polyurethane-as-an-isolation-for-covered-conductors",totalDownloads:5577,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Žiga Voršič",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"102921",title:"MSc.",name:"Žiga",middleName:null,surname:"Voršič",fullName:"Žiga Voršič",slug:"ziga-vorsic"}]},{id:"38606",type:"chapter",title:"Seed Oil Based Polyurethanes: An Insight",slug:"seed-oil-based-polyurethanes-an-insight",totalDownloads:4728,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Eram Sharmin, Fahmina Zafar and Sharif Ahmad",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar"},{id:"107375",title:"Dr.",name:"Eram",middleName:null,surname:"Sharmin",fullName:"Eram Sharmin",slug:"eram-sharmin"}]},{id:"38607",type:"chapter",title:"Polyglucanurethanes: Cross-Linked Polyurethanes Based on Microbial Exopolysaccharide Xanthan",slug:"polyglucanurethanes-cross-linked-polyurethanes-based-on-microbial-exopolysaccharide-xanthan",totalDownloads:2116,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Nataly Kozak and Anastasyia Hubina",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"110516",title:"Dr.",name:"Nataly",middleName:null,surname:"Kozak",fullName:"Nataly Kozak",slug:"nataly-kozak"},{id:"111250",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Anastasiya",middleName:null,surname:"Hubina",fullName:"Anastasiya Hubina",slug:"anastasiya-hubina"}]},{id:"38608",type:"chapter",title:"Biobased Polyurethane from Palm Kernel Oil-Based Polyol",slug:"biobased-polyurethane-from-palm-kernel-oil-based-polyol",totalDownloads:5590,totalCrossrefCites:10,signatures:"Khairiah Haji Badri",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"103512",title:"Prof.",name:"Khairiah",middleName:null,surname:"Haji Badri",fullName:"Khairiah Haji Badri",slug:"khairiah-haji-badri"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5291",title:"Metal-Organic Frameworks",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"11a4acb20c880870e43c6f9dcf71e31e",slug:"metal-organic-frameworks",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5291.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"52190",title:"Introductory Chapter: Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs)",slug:"introductory-chapter-metal-organic-frameworks-mofs-",signatures:"Eram Sharmin and Fahmina Zafar",authors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar"},{id:"107375",title:"Dr.",name:"Eram",middleName:null,surname:"Sharmin",fullName:"Eram Sharmin",slug:"eram-sharmin"}]},{id:"52076",title:"Interaction of Small Molecules within Metal Organic Frameworks Studied by In Situ Vibrational Spectroscopy",slug:"interaction-of-small-molecules-within-metal-organic-frameworks-studied-by-in-situ-vibrational-spectr",signatures:"Kui Tan and Yves Jean Chabal",authors:[{id:"182024",title:"Dr.",name:"Kui",middleName:null,surname:"Tan",fullName:"Kui Tan",slug:"kui-tan"},{id:"183655",title:"Prof.",name:"Yves",middleName:null,surname:"Chabal",fullName:"Yves Chabal",slug:"yves-chabal"}]},{id:"51319",title:"Looking into Metal-Organic Frameworks with Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy",slug:"looking-into-metal-organic-frameworks-with-solid-state-nmr-spectroscopy",signatures:"Gregor Mali",authors:[{id:"183097",title:"Prof.",name:"Gregor",middleName:null,surname:"Mali",fullName:"Gregor Mali",slug:"gregor-mali"}]},{id:"51425",title:"Molecular Simulations for Adsorption-Based CO2 Separation Using Metal Organic Frameworks",slug:"molecular-simulations-for-adsorption-based-co2-separation-using-metal-organic-frameworks",signatures:"Seda Keskin",authors:[{id:"106387",title:"Prof.",name:"Seda",middleName:null,surname:"Keskin",fullName:"Seda Keskin",slug:"seda-keskin"}]},{id:"51884",title:"Classical Density Functional Theory for Fluids Adsorption in MOFs",slug:"classical-density-functional-theory-for-fluids-adsorption-in-mofs",signatures:"Yu Liu and Honglai Liu",authors:[{id:"182639",title:"Dr.",name:"Honglai",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",fullName:"Honglai Liu",slug:"honglai-liu"},{id:"182987",title:"Prof.",name:"Yu",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",fullName:"Yu Liu",slug:"yu-liu"}]},{id:"51866",title:"Metal‐Organic Frameworks and their Applications in Hydrogen and Oxygen Evolution Reactions",slug:"metal-organic-frameworks-and-their-applications-in-hydrogen-and-oxygen-evolution-reactions",signatures:"Fengxiang Yin, Xiao Zhang, Xiaobo He and Hao Wang",authors:[{id:"182638",title:"Prof.",name:"FengXiang",middleName:null,surname:"Yin",fullName:"FengXiang Yin",slug:"fengxiang-yin"},{id:"186953",title:"Ms.",name:"Xiao",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Xiao Zhang",slug:"xiao-zhang"},{id:"186954",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaobo",middleName:null,surname:"He",fullName:"Xiaobo He",slug:"xiaobo-he"},{id:"186955",title:"Dr.",name:"Hao",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Hao Wang",slug:"hao-wang"}]},{id:"51337",title:"Bio-Inspired Metal-Organic Frameworks in the Pharmaceutical World: A Brief Review",slug:"bio-inspired-metal-organic-frameworks-in-the-pharmaceutical-world-a-brief-review",signatures:"Vânia André and Sílvia Quaresma",authors:[{id:"183115",title:"Dr.",name:"Vania",middleName:null,surname:"Andre",fullName:"Vania Andre",slug:"vania-andre"},{id:"187001",title:"MSc.",name:"Sílvia",middleName:null,surname:"Quaresma",fullName:"Sílvia Quaresma",slug:"silvia-quaresma"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3043",title:"New Polymers for Special Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd782fff3bea8992c224dfd3280d6cd1",slug:"new-polymers-for-special-applications",bookSignature:"Ailton De Souza Gomes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3043.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"135416",title:"Dr.",name:"Ailton",surname:"De Souza Gomes",slug:"ailton-de-souza-gomes",fullName:"Ailton De Souza Gomes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5260",title:"Conducting Polymers",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5b1132e8d69de0d37de11869d8b87543",slug:"conducting-polymers",bookSignature:"Faris Yilmaz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5260.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36900",title:"Dr.",name:"Faris",surname:"Yılmaz",slug:"faris-yilmaz",fullName:"Faris Yılmaz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5302",title:"Viscoelastic and Viscoplastic Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b83c0ce566156f818b8e19bbf24366ab",slug:"viscoelastic-and-viscoplastic-materials",bookSignature:"Mohamed Fathy El-Amin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5302.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"17141",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed",surname:"El-Amin",slug:"mohamed-el-amin",fullName:"Mohamed El-Amin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5365",title:"Adhesives",subtitle:"Applications and Properties",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2b4cabdd0f77b9b7ab6d38eb8392873",slug:"adhesives-applications-and-properties",bookSignature:"Anna Rudawska",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5365.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"110857",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Anna",surname:"Rudawska",slug:"anna-rudawska",fullName:"Anna Rudawska"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5904",title:"Aspects of Polyurethanes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"514b1dfa3811606d3dd5faf2c4f3ef30",slug:"aspects-of-polyurethanes",bookSignature:"Faris Yilmaz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5904.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36900",title:"Dr.",name:"Faris",surname:"Yılmaz",slug:"faris-yilmaz",fullName:"Faris Yılmaz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"2003",title:"Polyurethane",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7391b5a0085d7c0aa0a5c75ee6f275b2",slug:"polyurethane",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2003.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"80129",title:"Chemical Pesticides and Food Safety",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102395",slug:"chemical-pesticides-and-food-safety",body:'
Actions for a noticeable increase in crop yields and food production over the last century have involved the use of pesticides and agrochemicals [1]. These chemical pesticides are used to provide protection to crops against weeds, fungi, insects, and other pests. Consequently, these chemical pesticides are potentially lethal to human and can exert both acute and chronic health effects, depending on the amount and the route of exposure.
World Health Organization reported that there are more than 1000 pesticides used around the world to ensure food is not damaged or destroyed by pests and each of these pesticides has different properties and toxicological effects. The cheaper and older and most likely the off-patent chemical pesticides, such as lindane and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) tend to remain for years in soil and water. Due to this, some of these chemicals have been banned by countries that signed the Stockholm Convention of 2001—an international treaty that aims to eliminate or restrict the production and use of persistent organic pollutants.
The Stockholm Convention on the production and use of persistent organic pollutants mandates that each Party shall Prohibit, restrict and/or take the (i) legal and administrative measures necessary to eliminate the production and use of + chemicals as listed in the treaty; and (ii) it imports and export of the persistent chemicals as listed in the treaty and (b) it is the production and use of the chemicals as listed in the treaty. It also emphasized that each Party shall take measures to ensure that any chemical listed in the treaty is imported only for
the purpose of environmentally sound disposal
a use or purpose which is permitted for that Party under Annex A or Annex B of the treaty
Notwithstanding, the high increasing human population and the need for farmers to guarantee good value for farming has further expressed the need for enhanced agricultural yield towards achieving increased food production. This need is provoked by the intensive damage to agro-products caused by pest attacks and diseases triggered by viruses, fungi, and bacteria. These pest attacks and diseases are also seriously affecting crop yield. It is based on this provocation that the increasing use of chemical pesticides has to be the case. However, [2] report identified that agrochemical residues did spread in the environment and food causing significant contamination of terrestrial ecosystems and poisoning human foods.
Alternatives to the intensive use of crop protection chemicals achieved through a science-based process that promotes efficient food production, enhances food safety, and guarantees environmental protection, are thus the necessary direction in reducing or eliminating the increasing use of chemical pesticides in agriculture, thus ensuring food safety.
Chemical pesticides in agriculture usually referred to as agricultural chemicals cover a wide range of compounds including insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, rodenticides, nematicides, and others [3]. After the banning of some of these chemicals for use in agriculture by most technologically advanced countries in the 1960s, organophosphates insecticides, carbamates, pyrethroids, herbicides, and fungicides were introduced between 1970 and 1980 [3]. These chemicals are said to have contributed immensely to agricultural pest control and agricultural output.
The benefits of these chemical pesticides cannot be overemphasized as the consequences of their effects lead to the advantages anticipated from their use. In re-emphasizing the benefits of these chemical pesticides in food production, it is important to note that without crop protection, including pesticides, more than half of the world’s crops would be lost to insects, diseases, and weeds.
It is of importance to highlight that in the absence of pesticides, food production would be on the decrease, and increased cultivated farm areas would be necessary to produce the same amount of food, consequently impacting the wildlife habitat. The recurrent cultivation of the farm would be increase soil loss due to erosion, too. The other effects will include the decrease in agricultural production, rise in food prices, competitiveness for farmers in global markets would be less, and decrease in exports would drop, leading to many job losses.
Regardless of the benefits of pesticides, they can be harmful or hazardous to both humans and the environment. Innumerable chemicals are environmentally stable, toxic, and disposed to bioaccumulation. In some cases, pesticides can persevere in the environment and remain there for years. Contamination of the environment or increased occupational use can expose the general population to pesticides residues, including physical and biological degradation products present in the air, water, and food.
There is an ever-increasing global population and there has to be food to match the statistics. The United Nations Population Division estimates that there will be a tremendous increase on Earth emanating from developing countries by the year 2050 (9.7 billion people on Earth—around 30% more people than in 2017).
The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimated that, in countries of dwindling economy, Population growth keeps pace with the required increases in food production. This availability of food is seen to be increasing by 80%, and these increases are anticipated to emanate from rise in produces and the frequency crops are grown on the same land per year. This new production of food projected at 20% is likely to come from an extension of farming land [4]. Pesticide usage is almost inevitable in agriculture to maintain high yields and profits.
Pesticides can prevent large crop losses and will therefore continue to play a role in agriculture. However, the effects on humans and the environment of exposure to pesticides are a continuing concern.
Between the years 1970s and 1990s, most governments encouraged the usage of pesticides. This is evident in the amendment of several policies resulting in lessening in input subsidies as well as less monitoring by the government. This further led to more inflow occurring from the informal channels causing enhanced usage of pesticides and, leading to an increased import value by 261% from 2000 to 2010 [5].
In continents like Africa, nearly 59% of the population makes their living from farming, this is because the economy is highly dependent on agriculture [6]. Despite that, the African continent influences 2–4% of the international market for chemical pesticides which also accounts for the lowermost rate of their usage in the world [6]. Owing to the growing population, the food demand was projected in 2005 to enhance at a rapid rate in the next three decades [7]. This projection after the last decade remains valid considering the increased demand for pesticides, herbicides, and fungicides.
In Africa, the regulatory mechanism for pesticides is inadequate resulting in the import of pesticides that are banned. The farmers also lack awareness which causes poor pesticide practices and the usage of those pesticides which fall under the WHO risk classification system. Also, the registration of pesticides in West Africa is a multi-national process called Comité Sahélien des Pesticides (CSP) [8]. The African market is unregulated and does not comply with the code of conduct laid out by the Food and Agriculture Organization due to which most of the pesticides used are untested leading to the enhanced risks.
According to reports showing a limited capacity of CSP in Niger, 44% of pesticide dealers are unlicensed. Also, the registered chemicals account for only 8%, while 38% of pesticides have incomplete labels and 6% are unlabeled [9]. In the same report, 27% of the tested pesticides did not stipulate the active ingredients and 30% was tagged to be of poor quality. There are myriads of issues associated with pesticides usage in Africa.
In Southeast Asia, the use of pesticides in agriculture is increasing rapidly. An annual increase in the import of pesticides is reported as 61% for Cambodia, 55% for Laos, and 10% for Vietnam [10]. In the past 50 years, China has become the major pesticide manufacturing country, and these pesticides are chiefly used for rice production [11]. The use of pesticides in China has increased from 0.76 million tonnes in 1991 to 1.8 million tonnes in 2011 [11]. In terms of use, Japan is also one of the largest pesticide users in the world and has the biggest pesticide market in Asia [12].
In a survey involving seven European countries including Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, the UK, Denmark, Finland, and Latvia on the usage of pesticides in the urban or non-agricultural amenities, it was observed that the infiltrate on of arable lands in Europe has occurred swiftly due to improved application of insecticides. This ultimately has resulted in the loss of biodiversity and heterogeneity of the arable lands and other landscapes [13, 14].
The European Union has developed definite imperative regulation regarding pesticides usage. These include:
Directive 2009/128/EC approved by European Parliament and Council in the year 2009: This directive is employed to manage methods and procedures to sustainably apply chemical pesticides;
A regulation for sustainability and maintenance of Products of Plant Protection on the Market. This in the year 2009 was proposed in the European Parliament and Council and termed Regulation (EC) No. 1107/2009, and
A regulation for monitoring the MRLs of chemical pesticides in food and its products, including plant-derived feeds and animals. This regulation was proposed by European Parliament and Council in the year 2005, and was termed Regulation (EC) No. 396/2005
As population size increases in the world, the industrialization of agriculture and the escalation of animal production to meet the growing demand for food creates both opportunities and challenges for food safety. These challenges put more responsibilities on food producers and handlers to guarantee food safety. Food safety is the prevention of food contamination before its being released to the consumer. Access to sufficient amounts of safe food is key to sustaining life and promoting good health. Unsafe food containing harmful contaminants including chemical substances causes diseases ranging from diarrhea to cancers. Chemical contaminations can lead to acute poisoning or long-term diseases, such as cancer. An estimated 600 million (almost 1 in 10 people) in the world fall ill after eating contaminated food inclusive of chemical contaminants and 420,000 die every year, resulting in the loss of 33 million healthy life years [15].
Of most health concern are industrial chemicals and environmental pollutants which can accumulate in the environment without the exception of food and further accumulates in the human body when ingested. Some of these chemicals are very toxic and can cause reproductive and developmental problems, damage to the immune system, interfere with hormones. They are also made up of heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, and mercury which can cause neurological and kidney damage [15]. The harmful effects on human health linked with pesticide usage are considered by numerous factors, such as the chemical class in which those compounds belong, dosage, time, and exposure route. Insecticides accumulated in food can be lethal to humans at high and/or even lower doses [16]. Several health effects can result from a prolonged exposure including the development of diseases such as cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, reproductive and developmental changes, and respiratory effects.
According to a study, an estimated 35% of all cases of cancer in the U.S. population originate from the diet, and the chemical pesticides present in foods are responsible [17]. Estrogenicity assays made by [18] show that pesticides of organochlorine origin usually act as endocrine disruption via more than one mode of mechanism, including agonist or antagonist effects of different receptors. Pre-emergent pesticides such as chloro-s-triazize which is popularly used in the world, have been generally considered as pesticides of low toxic potential for humans; nevertheless, there are many controversies on this issue. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), atrazine, for instance, was categorized as a chemical agent undoubtedly oncogenic to humans, even though the basis for this inference was only demonstrated in other animals [19]. This was also reported by the Development for Environmental Assessment Center of the United States, and Monographs of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Since atrazine induces mammary tumors in female Sprague-Dawley rats, the EPA Office of Pesticide Program (OPP) through its Peer Review Committee resolved after its deliberations that atrazine be categorized in the Group of “Possibly Carcinogenic to Humans”. Nevertheless, EPA has considered this chemical compound as most-likely non-carcinogenic to humans [2].
In certain studies, human exposure to high doses of atrazine can cause loss of body weight. Nevertheless, several epidemiological studies done with workers usually exposed to triazine indicate that these compounds show no potentials of been carcinogenic to the workers [20]. Furthermore, via analyses of different studies, it was observed that, though the chloro-s-triazine interferes in the endocrine responses of different species of mammals, their impending impact on humans seems to be primarily related to reproduction and development and not with human carcinogenesis [21]. An extensive list of epidemiological studies with the atrazine has described that the carcinogenic potential of this compound to humans is not conclusive [22], although there is a relationship between the high risk of prostate cancer and exposure to the insecticide [23].
The study by [24] evaluated the genotoxic and mutagenic effects of low concentrations of terbuthylazine, considered to be safe and, consequently accorded to possibly occur in occupational and residential exposures (ADI—Acceptable Daily Intake, REL—Residential Exposure Level, OEL—Occupational Exposure Level, and 1/100 and 1/16 LD50—Lethal Dose 50%—oral, rat), in human lymphocytes, with and without the use of metabolic activation (S9 fraction), using the FSH cytome assay and pan-centromeric DNA probes to evaluate the content of micronuclei and other chromatinic instabilities. The study showed that, treating terbuthylazine in the absence of metabolic activation indicated a dose-response escalation in the frequency of micronuclei of the lymphocytes exposed. The concentration of 0.0008 μg/mL (REL) tested was the basis of the significant data obtained. The hybridization of the micronuclei with the centromeric probe (C+) significantly occurred due to the concentrations ADI (0.00058 μg/mL), REL (0.0008 μg/mL) and OEL (0.008 μg/mL) of terbuthylazine. This was regardless of the presence or absence of S9, and nuclear buds containing centromeric signals, only in the presence of S9. Considering these outcomes, it was proposed that terbuthylazine presents a predominant aneugenic potential for the genetic material of human lymphocytes.
The chloro-s-triazine insecticide, which constrains the photosynthesis of weeds, by reaching photosystem II and impedes the effect of certain pests on crops has also being a serious food safety concern. It is a chemical used for a variety of crops, such as maize, sugarcane, olive, and pineapple. Since the banishment of atrazine in European countries in 2006, chloro-s-triazines like terbuthylazine were recommended as its substitute since it is suspect of causing diseases in humans, such as non-Hodgkin lymphoma and lung cancer. A study showing the effects of persistent exposure (14 days) to low concentrations of terbuthylazine (0.58 ng/ml and 8 ng/ml) in human lymphocytes, using the comet assay and the comet-FISH assay (with the c-Myc and TP 53 genes) was carried out [24]. Treatment with the compound induced the migration of fragments of DNA in a significant manner, only for the highest concentration treated. The results indicated an impairment in the structural integrity of c-Myc and TP 53, as a result of the prolonged exposure of human lymphocytes to terbuthylazine. For the fact many copies of TP53 were affected by the compound, it indicates the ability of terbuthylazine to interfere in the control of the cell cycle negatively. Nevertheless, it was concluded that a more comprehensive evaluation of the risk of cancer associated with the exposure to terbuthylazine, be evaluated for the impact of these insecticides on other housekeeping genes and markers.
Concerning insecticides, a study by [25] assessed the genotoxic potentials using the FISH and comet assay, and the oxidative damages, by the TBARS lipid peroxidation, of different concentrations of glyphosate in human lymphocytes. These concentrations of glyphosate are similar to those observed in residential and occupational exposures and related to LC50. At concentration of 580 μg/mL, results from the comet assay indicated a stimulation with significant increase in the tail length, while at concentration of 92.8 μg/mL an increase in the tail intensity was noticed, both concerning the control test. However, the addition of the S9 fraction increased the tail length significantly, for all the concentrations tested. In furthering the experiment, an increase in the frequency of micronuclei, nuclear buds, and nucleoplasmic bridges were identified when the lymphocytes were exposed to the three highest concentrations without S9. It was the consequence of the addition of a metabolic activation system that only promoted a significant increase of the nuclear instabilities for the highest concentration tested. It was clearly shown that the values of TBARS significantly increased with the increase of the concentrations tested, regardless of the presence or absence of the S9 fraction. Because dose-dependent effects for all the assays used were not observed, the authors concluded that these concentrations of glyphosate are not relevant for human exposure, since they did not present a significant risk for human health.
According to a study by [26], paraquat, the second most widely used insecticide in the world, selectively accrued in human lungs by causing oxidative injury and fibrosis, causing several individuals to mortality. Chronic exposure to this insecticide is also linked with kidney failure, Parkinson’s disease and hepatic lesions [27]. In the study by [26], they assessed the paraquat toxicity on BEAS-2B normal cells (human bronchial epithelial cells), which showed its dose-dependency resulting to death of lung cells exposed, damage of the mitochondria, oxidative stress, as well as production of pro-fibrogenic growth factors, cytokines, and transformation of myofibroblasts. In the study, the authors also demonstrated that polyphenolic phytoalexin naturally produced by several plants, resveratrol, to control bacteria and fungi, inhibited the production of reactive oxygen species, fibrotic reactions, and inflammations when induced by paraquat. This is as a result of the activation of the Nrf2 signaling (Nuclear Factor Erythroid-2), revealing a novel molecular mechanism for the intervention against oxidative damages as well as pulmonary fibrosis which resulted from the action of toxic chemical compound.
The study on the influence of a complex mixture of pesticides in workers exposed to them occupationally was carried out using the comet assay technique and standardly established cytogenetic methods (chromosome aberrations and micronucleus assay). This study indicated that DNA migration significantly increased (P < 0.001). This suggests that over exposure to or ingestion of the pesticide may affect damages in the genome of somatic cells and, therefore, would pose a potential risk to human health [26].
Pesticide use has been closely associated with human poisonings and their related illnesses and has been long seen as a severe public health problem. The potential toxicity in pesticides has caused both acute and chronic health effects, depending on the quantity and ways in which the person is exposed (Figure 1).
Sources of chemical pesticide contamination in human foods [
The tenacious and pervasive nature of several pesticides used in agriculture and other carbon-based pollutants has posed chaos to mankind as a result of their high toxicity and potentials to bio-accumulate [28]. These chemical pesticides are identified to impede the usual effectiveness of reproductive and endocrine systems in living organisms [29]. Several pesticides such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), chlordane, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, mirex, heptachlor, and hexachlorobenzene influence lethal effects on the health of human and the environment [28]. In the year 1990, a task force of the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that about one million unintentional pesticide poisonings occur naturally, leading to approximately 20,000 deaths. There are also an estimated 385 million cases of unintentional acute pesticide poisoning UAPP occur manually worldwide including 11,000 fatalities. This estimation depends on the quality and validity of data as well as the estimation procedure [30].
In most regions of the world, the condition is even worse. Approximately 80% of the pesticides produced per annum in the world are used in developed countries [12], but less than half of all pesticide-induced deaths occur in these countries [31]. Increased proportion of pesticide poisonings and mortality occur in developing countries where there are insufficient occupational safety standards and regulations in its use on foods; insufficient enforcement; poor labelling of pesticides; illiteracy; and deficient knowledge of pesticide [31]. Moreover, usual pesticide residue levels in food are often higher in developing countries than in the developed countries. For example, a study in Egypt reported that most of assayed milk samples, when tested for fifteen different pesticides, contained residue levels between 60% and 80% [32]. By way of contrast, 50% of the milk samples analyzed in a US milk study had pesticide residues, all in trace quantities well below EPA and FDA regulatory limits [33].
Detectable levels of chemical pesticide residues are seen in about 35% of the foods purchased by consumers possess [34, 35]. Between 1 and 3% of these foods possess chemical pesticide residue levels that are beyond the permissible tolerance level [34]. Considering the analytical methods used in the developing countries, the residue levels may even be higher due to the reasons that they may detect just about one-third of the chemical pesticides in use. The rate of contamination is undoubtedly higher for fruits and vegetables because these foods receive the highest dosage of pesticides. One USDA study has shown that some pesticide residue remains in fruits and vegetables even after they have been washed, peeled, or cored [36]. Consequently, there are many justifiable reasons why 97% of the public is concerned about pesticide residues in its food [31].
All over the world, apart from exposure via contaminated food, pesticide exposure at the highest levels are found in farm workers, pesticide applicators, and people who live adjacent or very close to heavily treated agricultural land. Due to the fact that farmers and farm workers directly handle 70–80% of the pesticides they use, they are at the greatest risk of exposure [31, 37]. The epidemiological evidence suggests a significantly higher rate of cancer incidence among farmers and farmworkers in the US and Europe than among non-farm workers in some areas [34, 38]. In these high-risk populations, there is strong evidence for associations between lymphomas and soft-tissue sarcomas as well as between lung cancer and exposure to organochlorine insecticides [27].
Consequently, both the acute and chronic health effects of pesticides warrant attention and concern especially as it was used in farm food production and its storage. While the acute toxicity of most pesticides is well documented [39], there is no sound information on chronic human illnesses such as cancer. Though based on animal studies, the International Agency for Research on Cancer found “sufficient” evidence of carcinogenicity in eighteen pesticides and “limited” evidence in an additional sixteen pesticides [28]. However, some studies found no significant difference in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma mortality between farmers and non-farmers. In addition, [31] estimates that fewer than 1% of the human cancer cases in the US are attributable to pesticide exposure via food or otherwise. With the increasing number of cancer cases annually, [31, 40] assessment indicates that chemical pesticides causes less than 12,000 cases of cancer per year.
Studies with proven confirmation have also suggested that many severe and chronic conditions are linked with the use chemical pesticide [41]. For example, in an animal studies, dibromochloropropane (DBCP), the proscribed pesticide used for plant pathogen control, was found to cause testicular dysfunction [42] and was linked to infertility in human workers who had been exposed to the chemical [43]. Also, a large body of evidence obtained from animal studies suggests that pesticides can produce immune dysfunction [44]. In a study of women who had chronically ingested groundwater contaminated with low levels (mean of 16.6 ppb) of aldicarb, [44] reported evidence of significantly reduced immune response, although these women did not exhibit any overt health problems.
There is also growing evidence of sterility in humans and various other animals, particularly in males, due to various chemicals and pesticides they ingest through contaminated food and in the environment [45]. Sperm counts in Europe have reduced by about 50% and continue to decrease an additional 2% per year. In the study of [46], young male river otters in the lower Columbia River and male alligators in Florida’s Lake Apopka have smaller reproductive organs than males in unpolluted regions of their respective habitats.
Even though it is habitually challenging to evaluate the influence of individual chemical pesticides, the serious health issues associated with organophosphorus related pesticides which have basically substituted the proscribed organochlorines are of specific interest [39]. The malady Organophosphate Induced Delayed Polyneuropathy (OPIDP) is well studied, reported, documented and is manifested by irreversible neurological defects. The deterioration of memory, moods, and the capacity for abstract thought has been observed in some cases [47], while other cases indicate that persistent neurotoxic effects may result even after the termination of an acute organophosphorus poisoning incident [39].
Chronic conditions such as OPIDP constitute an important public health issue because of their potential cost to society. For example, the effect of pesticides on children has become a growing concern [48]. Children can be exposed to pesticides daily through the foods they eat [31]. Considering the increased understanding of the distinctive biological differences between children and adults, it has shown noticeably that the current chemical pesticide acceptability level and the system of regulation, as it concerns children, is sternly lacking. Majority of the regulations are based on adult acceptability level and tolerances. Biologically, it is known that children’s metabolic rates are higher than adults, and their capability to stimulate, detoxify, and excrete compounds that are xenobiotic in nature is dissimilar from that of adults. Also, considering of their slighter bodily size, children are exposed to increased levels of chemical pesticides per unit of body weight. Indication of this is seen in a study of [49] which reported that 50% of England and Wales pesticide poisonings involved children of or under the age of ten [49]. In general, the realization that children’s sensitivities to toxins are much different than those of adults has provided the impetus for the movement towards setting specific pesticide regulations especially the level of residues in food with children in mind [36].
Chemical pesticides are often applied to control and manage weeds, and insect pests in the agricultural practices. Water, soil and air serve as dynamic medium for the movement of chemical pesticides from a point to another. Among several types of chemical pesticides, organochlorine and its related pesticides are the utmost risky ones as a result to their slow rate of decomposition, long half-life and greater stability. In the upper trophic levels of the food chain, these pesticides can move and accumulate. In any ecosystem, contamination by chemical pesticide is stern problem due to the harm it causes to all associated organisms. Hence, to control pesticide usage, novel methodologies and techniques are needed in curtailing the effect of widespread use of pesticides on the ecosystem including food production (farm to storage) and efforts should be made to provide awareness among the public to minimize the application of harmful pesticides. The better alternative remains in the use of microbial and plant-based bio-pesticides in control of field and storage pests as part of the integrated pest management (IPM). Also, the adoption of plant-incorporated protectants (PIPs) as seen in plants genetically modified to resist pests should be encouraged over chemical pesticides.
IntechOpen publishes different types of publications
",metaTitle:"Types of publications",metaDescription:"IntechOpen publishes different types of publications",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:null,contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"IntechOpen Edited Volumes are integrated collections of chapters about particular topics that present new areas of research or novel syntheses of existing research and, as such, represent perspectives from various authors.
\\n\\nEdited Volumes can be comprised of different types of chapters:
\\n\\nRESEARCH CHAPTER – A research chapter reports the results of original research thus contributing to the body of knowledge in a particular area of study.
\\n\\nREVIEW CHAPTER – A review chapter analyzes or examines research previously published by other scientists, rather than reporting new findings thus summarizing the current state of understanding on a topic.
\\n\\nCASE STUDY – A case study involves an in-depth, and detailed examination of a particular topic.
\\n\\nPERSPECTIVE CHAPTER – A perspective chapter offers a new point of view on existing problems, fundamental concepts, or common opinions on a specific topic. Perspective chapters can propose or support new hypotheses, or discuss the significance of newly achieved innovations. Perspective chapters can focus on current advances and future directions on a topic and include both original data and personal opinion.
\\n\\nINTRODUCTORY CHAPTER – An introductory chapter states the purpose and goals of the book. The introductory chapter is written by the Academic Editor.
\\n\\nMonographs is a self-contained work on a particular subject, or an aspect of it, written by one or more authors. Monographs usually have between 130 and 500 pages.
\\n\\nTYPES OF MONOGRAPHS:
\\n\\nSingle or multiple author manuscript
\\n\\nCompacts provide a mid-length publishing format that bridges the gap between journal articles, book chapters, and monographs, and cover content across all scientific disciplines.
\\n\\nCompacts are the preferred publishing option for brief research reports on new topics, in-depth case studies, dissertations, or essays exploring new ideas, issues, or broader topics on the research subject. Compacts usually have between 50 and 130 pages.
\\n\\nCollection of papers presented at conferences, workshops, symposiums, or scientific courses, published in book format
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"IntechOpen Edited Volumes are integrated collections of chapters about particular topics that present new areas of research or novel syntheses of existing research and, as such, represent perspectives from various authors.
\n\nEdited Volumes can be comprised of different types of chapters:
\n\nRESEARCH CHAPTER – A research chapter reports the results of original research thus contributing to the body of knowledge in a particular area of study.
\n\nREVIEW CHAPTER – A review chapter analyzes or examines research previously published by other scientists, rather than reporting new findings thus summarizing the current state of understanding on a topic.
\n\nCASE STUDY – A case study involves an in-depth, and detailed examination of a particular topic.
\n\nPERSPECTIVE CHAPTER – A perspective chapter offers a new point of view on existing problems, fundamental concepts, or common opinions on a specific topic. Perspective chapters can propose or support new hypotheses, or discuss the significance of newly achieved innovations. Perspective chapters can focus on current advances and future directions on a topic and include both original data and personal opinion.
\n\nINTRODUCTORY CHAPTER – An introductory chapter states the purpose and goals of the book. The introductory chapter is written by the Academic Editor.
\n\nMonographs is a self-contained work on a particular subject, or an aspect of it, written by one or more authors. Monographs usually have between 130 and 500 pages.
\n\nTYPES OF MONOGRAPHS:
\n\nSingle or multiple author manuscript
\n\nCompacts provide a mid-length publishing format that bridges the gap between journal articles, book chapters, and monographs, and cover content across all scientific disciplines.
\n\nCompacts are the preferred publishing option for brief research reports on new topics, in-depth case studies, dissertations, or essays exploring new ideas, issues, or broader topics on the research subject. Compacts usually have between 50 and 130 pages.
\n\nCollection of papers presented at conferences, workshops, symposiums, or scientific courses, published in book format
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6630},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5911},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2404},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12562},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1009},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17573}],offset:12,limit:12,total:132971},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"6"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11643",title:"Genetic Diversity - Recent Advances and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0b1e679fcacdec2448603a66df71ccc7",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Mahmut Çalışkan and Dr. Sevcan Aydin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11643.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"51528",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmut",surname:"Çalışkan",slug:"mahmut-caliskan",fullName:"Mahmut Çalışkan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11644",title:"Structural and Molecular Aspects of DNA Repair",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"83dfefc2400d2d037281f1e25bbc544b",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Subrata Kumar Dey",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11644.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"31178",title:"Prof.",name:"Subrata",surname:"Dey",slug:"subrata-dey",fullName:"Subrata Dey"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11645",title:"Neural Tube Defects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"08d6ba70d97767769a97cfeeb52dac78",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11645.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11669",title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9117bd12dc904ced43404e3383b6591a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Assistant Prof. Erik Froyen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"415310",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Erik",surname:"Froyen",slug:"erik-froyen",fullName:"Erik Froyen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11670",title:"Chitin-Chitosan - Isolation, Properties, and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"69f009be08998711eecfb200adc7deca",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Brajesh Kumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11670.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"176093",title:"Dr.",name:"Brajesh",surname:"Kumar",slug:"brajesh-kumar",fullName:"Brajesh Kumar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11672",title:"Chemokines Updates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c00855833476a514d37abf7c846e16e9",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Murat Şentürk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"14794",title:"Prof.",name:"Murat",surname:"Şentürk",slug:"murat-senturk",fullName:"Murat Şentürk"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11673",title:"Stem Cell Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"13092df328080c762dd9157be18ca38c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Diana Kitala",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11673.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"203598",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Diana",surname:"Kitala",slug:"diana-kitala",fullName:"Diana Kitala"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11674",title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5d7d49bd80f53dad3761f78de4a862c6",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Gaia Favero",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"238047",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaia",surname:"Favero",slug:"gaia-favero",fullName:"Gaia Favero"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11676",title:"Recent Advances in Homeostasis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"63eb775115bf2d6d88530b234a1cc4c2",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Gaffar Sarwar Zaman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11676.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"203015",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaffar",surname:"Zaman",slug:"gaffar-zaman",fullName:"Gaffar Zaman"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11804",title:"CRISPR Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4051570f538bd3315e051267180abe37",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Yuan-Chuan Chen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11804.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"185559",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuan-Chuan",surname:"Chen",slug:"yuan-chuan-chen",fullName:"Yuan-Chuan Chen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11805",title:"Genome-Wide Association Studies - Trends and Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"006916e730c66d3b84d3ec036f769e00",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Rafael Trindade Trindade Maia, Dr. Magnólia De Araújo Campos and Dr. Marco Antônio Alves Schetino",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11805.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"212393",title:"Prof.",name:"Rafael",surname:"Trindade Maia",slug:"rafael-trindade-maia",fullName:"Rafael Trindade Maia"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12174",title:"Genetic Polymorphisms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5922df051a2033c98d2edfb31dd84f8c",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12174.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:42},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:12},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:19},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:65},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:29},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:125},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:12},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:3}],offset:12,limit:12,total:23},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3385,editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11001",title:"Density Functional Theory",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"82d53383af78ab41eb982086c02fb2bb",slug:"density-functional-theory-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11001.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1875,editors:[{id:"198499",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Glossman-Mitnik",slug:"daniel-glossman-mitnik",fullName:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10356",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"943e56ccaaf19ff696d25aa638ae37d6",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3842,editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11752",title:"Natural Drugs from Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a0a83c0822608ef7592bf16a5ed0ada4",slug:"natural-drugs-from-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11752.jpg",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3008,editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1109,editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1010,editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10584",title:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"421757c56a3735986055250821275a51",slug:"engineered-wood-products-for-construction",bookSignature:"Meng Gong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10584.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3918,editors:[{id:"274242",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",slug:"meng-gong",fullName:"Meng Gong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9670",title:"Current Trends in Wheat Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"89d795987f1747a76eee532700d2093d",slug:"current-trends-in-wheat-research",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9670.jpg",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1654,editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman",middleName:null,surname:"Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9032",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f609bf3251d7cc7bae0099a4374adfc3",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Beatrice Orlando",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9032.jpg",publishedDate:"March 16th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7686,editors:[{id:"232969",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Orlando",slug:"beatrice-orlando",fullName:"Beatrice Orlando"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10681",title:"Biodegradation Technology of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a6e10e02788092872fd249436898e97",slug:"biodegradation-technology-of-organic-and-inorganic-pollutants",bookSignature:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Kamila Cabral Mielke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10681.jpg",publishedDate:"April 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3444,editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10522",title:"Coding Theory",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6357e1dd7d38adeb519ca7a10dc9e5a0",slug:"coding-theory-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Sudhakar Radhakrishnan and Sudev Naduvath",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10522.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"26327",title:"Dr.",name:"Sudhakar",middleName:null,surname:"Radhakrishnan",slug:"sudhakar-radhakrishnan",fullName:"Sudhakar Radhakrishnan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10821",title:"Automation and Control",subtitle:"Theories and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"18463c2291ba306c4dcbabd988227eea",slug:"automation-and-control-theories-and-applications",bookSignature:"Elmer P. Dadios",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10821.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"111683",title:"Prof.",name:"Elmer P.",middleName:"P.",surname:"Dadios",slug:"elmer-p.-dadios",fullName:"Elmer P. Dadios"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11348",title:"Mutagenesis and Mitochondrial-Associated Pathologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"001972b3c5b49367314b13025a449232",slug:"mutagenesis-and-mitochondrial-associated-pathologies",bookSignature:"Michael Fasullo and Angel Catala",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11348.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"258231",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:"Thomas",surname:"Fasullo",slug:"michael-fasullo",fullName:"Michael Fasullo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11123",title:"Epoxy-Based Composites",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c1c5447cf3b9d6c7688276ac30e80de6",slug:"epoxy-based-composites",bookSignature:"Samson Jerold Samuel Chelladurai, Ramesh Arthanari and M.R.Meera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11123.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"247421",title:"Dr.",name:"Samson Jerold Samuel",middleName:null,surname:"Chelladurai",slug:"samson-jerold-samuel-chelladurai",fullName:"Samson Jerold Samuel Chelladurai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10632",title:"Theory and Practice of Tunnel Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ba17749f9d0b6a62d584a3c320a1f49",slug:"theory-and-practice-of-tunnel-engineering",bookSignature:"Hasan Tosun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10632.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"79083",title:"Prof.",name:"Hasan",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"hasan-tosun",fullName:"Hasan Tosun"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10906",title:"Fungal Reproduction and Growth",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f84de0280d54f3b52e3e4585cff24ac1",slug:"fungal-reproduction-and-growth",bookSignature:"Sadia Sultan and Gurmeet Kaur Surindar Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10906.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"176737",title:"Dr.",name:"Sadia",middleName:null,surname:"Sultan",slug:"sadia-sultan",fullName:"Sadia Sultan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10914",title:"Effective Elimination of Structural Racism",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f6a2562646c0fd664aca8335bc3b3e69",slug:"effective-elimination-of-structural-racism",bookSignature:"Erick Guerrero",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10914.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"294761",title:"Dr.",name:"Erick",middleName:null,surname:"Guerrero",slug:"erick-guerrero",fullName:"Erick Guerrero"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10664",title:"Animal Reproduction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2d66af42fb17d0a6556bb9ef28e273c7",slug:"animal-reproduction",bookSignature:"Yusuf Bozkurt and Mustafa Numan Bucak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10664.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"90846",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Bozkurt",slug:"yusuf-bozkurt",fullName:"Yusuf Bozkurt"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10940",title:"Plant Hormones",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5aae8a345f8047ed528914ff3491f643",slug:"plant-hormones-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Christophe Hano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10940.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"313856",title:"Dr.",name:"Christophe",middleName:"F.E.",surname:"Hano",slug:"christophe-hano",fullName:"Christophe Hano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10207",title:"Sexual Abuse",subtitle:"An Interdisciplinary Approach",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e1ec1d5a7093490df314d7887e0b3809",slug:"sexual-abuse-an-interdisciplinary-approach",bookSignature:"Ersi Kalfoğlu and Sotirios Kalfoglou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10207.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"68678",title:"Dr.",name:"Ersi",middleName:null,surname:"Kalfoglou",slug:"ersi-kalfoglou",fullName:"Ersi Kalfoglou"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1187",title:"Pharmacogenomics",slug:"pharmacogenomics",parent:{id:"217",title:"Drug Discovery",slug:"drug-discovery"},numberOfBooks:2,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:43,numberOfWosCitations:106,numberOfCrossrefCitations:45,numberOfDimensionsCitations:145,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"1187",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"3086",title:"Drug Discovery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"80322b9ccee17fd312a8d936eb917e69",slug:"drug-discovery",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3086.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1583",title:"Virtual Screening",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef4efeb6567b0f7b0b29434311b3f4f7",slug:"virtual-screening",bookSignature:"Mutasem O. Taha",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1583.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"101717",title:"Prof.",name:"Mutasem",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Taha",slug:"mutasem-taha",fullName:"Mutasem Taha"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:2,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"41155",doi:"10.5772/52508",title:"Data Analysis Approaches in High Throughput Screening",slug:"data-analysis-approaches-in-high-throughput-screening",totalDownloads:6452,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:20,abstract:null,book:{id:"3086",slug:"drug-discovery",title:"Drug Discovery",fullTitle:"Drug Discovery"},signatures:"Asli N. Goktug, Sergio C. Chai and Taosheng Chen",authors:[{id:"71406",title:"Dr.",name:"Taosheng",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"taosheng-chen",fullName:"Taosheng Chen"},{id:"120804",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergio",middleName:"C.",surname:"Chai",slug:"sergio-chai",fullName:"Sergio Chai"},{id:"165635",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Asli",middleName:"Nur",surname:"Goktug",slug:"asli-goktug",fullName:"Asli Goktug"}]},{id:"41943",doi:"10.5772/52507",title:"Anticancer Drug Discovery — From Serendipity to Rational Design",slug:"anticancer-drug-discovery-from-serendipity-to-rational-design",totalDownloads:4836,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:15,abstract:null,book:{id:"3086",slug:"drug-discovery",title:"Drug Discovery",fullTitle:"Drug Discovery"},signatures:"Jolanta Natalia Latosińska and Magdalena Latosińska",authors:[{id:"77808",title:"Dr.",name:"Jolanta Natalia",middleName:null,surname:"Latosińska",slug:"jolanta-natalia-latosinska",fullName:"Jolanta Natalia Latosińska"},{id:"124193",title:"MSc.",name:"Magdalena",middleName:null,surname:"Latosińska",slug:"magdalena-latosinska",fullName:"Magdalena Latosińska"}]},{id:"32264",doi:"10.5772/20993",title:"Mixing Pharmacophore Modeling and Classical QSAR Analysis as Powerful Tool for Lead Discovery",slug:"mixing-pharmacophore-modeling-and-classical-qsar-analysis-as-powerful-tool-for-lead-discovery-",totalDownloads:2776,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:null,book:{id:"1583",slug:"virtual-screening",title:"Virtual Screening",fullTitle:"Virtual Screening"},signatures:"Mutasem O. Taha",authors:[{id:"101717",title:"Prof.",name:"Mutasem",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Taha",slug:"mutasem-taha",fullName:"Mutasem Taha"}]},{id:"42014",doi:"10.5772/52506",title:"Suppression of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines via Targeting of STAT-Responsive Genes",slug:"suppression-of-pro-inflammatory-cytokines-via-targeting-of-stat-responsive-genes",totalDownloads:2761,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:null,book:{id:"3086",slug:"drug-discovery",title:"Drug Discovery",fullTitle:"Drug Discovery"},signatures:"Charles J. Malemud",authors:[{id:"155694",title:"Dr",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Malemud",slug:"malemud",fullName:"Malemud"}]},{id:"40447",doi:"10.5772/52502",title:"Small Molecule Screens to Identify Inhibitors of Infectious Disease",slug:"small-molecule-screens-to-identify-inhibitors-of-infectious-disease",totalDownloads:3059,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:null,book:{id:"3086",slug:"drug-discovery",title:"Drug Discovery",fullTitle:"Drug Discovery"},signatures:"Elizabeth Hong-Geller and Sofiya Micheva-Viteva",authors:[{id:"68491",title:"Dr.",name:"Elizabeth",middleName:null,surname:"Hong-Geller",slug:"elizabeth-hong-geller",fullName:"Elizabeth Hong-Geller"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"41543",title:"Introduction to Biochemical Pharmacology and Drug Discovery",slug:"introduction-to-biochemical-pharmacology-and-drug-discovery",totalDownloads:6861,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"3086",slug:"drug-discovery",title:"Drug Discovery",fullTitle:"Drug Discovery"},signatures:"Gabriel Magoma",authors:[{id:"151085",title:"Prof.",name:"Gabriel",middleName:null,surname:"Magoma",slug:"gabriel-magoma",fullName:"Gabriel Magoma"}]},{id:"41523",title:"Fruit/Vegetable-Drug Interactions: Effects on Drug Metabolizing Enzymes and Drug Transporters",slug:"fruit-vegetable-drug-interactions-effects-on-drug-metabolizing-enzymes-and-drug-transporters",totalDownloads:10056,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:null,book:{id:"3086",slug:"drug-discovery",title:"Drug Discovery",fullTitle:"Drug Discovery"},signatures:"Lourdes Rodríguez-Fragoso and Jorge Reyes-Esparza",authors:[{id:"141589",title:"Prof.",name:"Lourdes",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Fragoso",slug:"lourdes-rodriguez-fragoso",fullName:"Lourdes Rodriguez-Fragoso"}]},{id:"41532",title:"The Antibacterial Drug Discovery",slug:"the-antibacterial-drug-discovery",totalDownloads:4306,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:null,book:{id:"3086",slug:"drug-discovery",title:"Drug Discovery",fullTitle:"Drug Discovery"},signatures:"Jie Yanling, Liang Xin and Li Zhiyuan",authors:[{id:"120654",title:"Dr.",name:"Xin",middleName:null,surname:"Liang",slug:"xin-liang",fullName:"Xin Liang"}]},{id:"42071",title:"Interactions with Drugs and Dietary Supplements Used For Weight Loss",slug:"interactions-with-drugs-and-dietary-supplements-used-for-weight-loss",totalDownloads:4146,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"3086",slug:"drug-discovery",title:"Drug Discovery",fullTitle:"Drug Discovery"},signatures:"Melanie A. Jordan",authors:[{id:"141142",title:"Dr.",name:"Melanie",middleName:"A.",surname:"Jordan",slug:"melanie-jordan",fullName:"Melanie Jordan"}]},{id:"41534",title:"Transition State Analogues of Enzymatic Reaction as Potential Drugs",slug:"transition-state-analogues-of-enzymatic-reaction-as-potential-drugs",totalDownloads:5234,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:null,book:{id:"3086",slug:"drug-discovery",title:"Drug Discovery",fullTitle:"Drug Discovery"},signatures:"Karolina Gluza and Pawel Kafarski",authors:[{id:"71234",title:"Dr.",name:"Pawel",middleName:null,surname:"Kafarski",slug:"pawel-kafarski",fullName:"Pawel Kafarski"},{id:"77536",title:"Mrs.",name:"Gluza",middleName:null,surname:"Karolina",slug:"gluza-karolina",fullName:"Gluza Karolina"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1187",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:99,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:288,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 24th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:27,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",slug:"ana-isabel-flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",slug:"christian-palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",slug:"francisco-javier-martin-romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",slug:"azhar-rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",slug:"sergey-sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",slug:"anca-pantea-stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",slug:"attilio-rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",slug:"yanfei-(jacob)-qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",slug:"arli-aditya-parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",slug:"cesar-lopez-camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",slug:"shymaa-enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRqB9QAK/Profile_Picture_1626163237970",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:18,paginationItems:[{id:"81778",title:"Influence of Mechanical Properties of Biomaterials on the Reconstruction of Biomedical Parts via Additive Manufacturing Techniques: An Overview",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104465",signatures:"Babatunde Olamide Omiyale, Akeem Abiodun Rasheed, Robinson Omoboyode Akinnusi and Temitope Olumide Olugbade",slug:"influence-of-mechanical-properties-of-biomaterials-on-the-reconstruction-of-biomedical-parts-via-add",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:null,authors:null,book:{title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11405.jpg",subseries:{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering"}}},{id:"81751",title:"NanoBioSensors: From Electrochemical Sensors Improvement to Theranostic Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102552",signatures:"Anielle C.A. Silva, Eliete A. Alvin, Lais S. de Jesus, Caio C.L. de França, Marílya P.G. da Silva, Samaysa L. Lins, Diógenes Meneses, Marcela R. Lemes, Rhanoica O. Guerra, Marcos V. da Silva, Carlo J.F. de Oliveira, Virmondes Rodrigues Junior, Renata M. Etchebehere, Fabiane C. de Abreu, Bruno G. Lucca, Sanívia A.L. Pereira, Rodrigo C. Rosa and Noelio O. Dantas",slug:"nanobiosensors-from-electrochemical-sensors-improvement-to-theranostic-applications",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"81766",title:"Evolution of Organoids in Oncology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104251",signatures:"Allen Thayakumar Basanthakumar, Janitha Chandrasekhar Darlybai and Jyothsna Ganesh",slug:"evolution-of-organoids-in-oncology",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Organoids",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11430.jpg",subseries:null}},{id:"81678",title:"Developmental Studies on Practical Enzymatic Phosphate Ion Biosensors and Microbial BOD Biosensors, and New Insights into the Future Perspectives of These Biosensor Fields",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104377",signatures:"Hideaki Nakamura",slug:"developmental-studies-on-practical-enzymatic-phosphate-ion-biosensors-and-microbial-bod-biosensors-a",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Hideaki",surname:"Nakamura"}],book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:12,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"6692",title:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6692.jpg",slug:"medical-and-biological-image-analysis",publishedDate:"July 4th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Robert Koprowski",hash:"e75f234a0fc1988d9816a94e4c724deb",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",editors:[{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7218",title:"OCT",subtitle:"Applications in Ophthalmology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7218.jpg",slug:"oct-applications-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Michele Lanza",hash:"e3a3430cdfd6999caccac933e4613885",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"OCT - Applications in Ophthalmology",editors:[{id:"240088",title:"Prof.",name:"Michele",middleName:null,surname:"Lanza",slug:"michele-lanza",fullName:"Michele Lanza",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240088/images/system/240088.png",biography:"Michele Lanza is Associate Professor of Ophthalmology at Università della Campania, Luigi Vanvitelli, Napoli, Italy. His fields of interest are anterior segment disease, keratoconus, glaucoma, corneal dystrophies, and cataracts. His research topics include\nintraocular lens power calculation, eye modification induced by refractive surgery, glaucoma progression, and validation of new diagnostic devices in ophthalmology. \nHe has published more than 100 papers in international and Italian scientific journals, more than 60 in journals with impact factors, and chapters in international and Italian books. He has also edited two international books and authored more than 150 communications or posters for the most important international and Italian ophthalmology conferences.",institutionString:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institution:{name:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7560",title:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods",subtitle:"Image Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7560.jpg",slug:"non-invasive-diagnostic-methods-image-processing",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mariusz Marzec and Robert Koprowski",hash:"d92fd8cf5a90a47f2b8a310837a5600e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods - Image Processing",editors:[{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"6843",title:"Biomechanics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6843.jpg",slug:"biomechanics",publishedDate:"January 30th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hadi Mohammadi",hash:"85132976010be1d7f3dbd88662b785e5",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Biomechanics",editors:[{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{id:"11601",title:"Econometrics - Recent Advances and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11601.jpg",hash:"bc8ab49e2cf436c217a49ca8c12a22eb",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 13th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"452331",title:"Dr.",name:"Brian",surname:"Sloboda",slug:"brian-sloboda",fullName:"Brian Sloboda"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:50,paginationItems:[{id:"81927",title:"Purinergic System in Immune Response",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104485",signatures:"Yerly Magnolia Useche Salvador",slug:"purinergic-system-in-immune-response",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"80495",title:"Iron in Cell Metabolism and Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101908",signatures:"Eeka Prabhakar",slug:"iron-in-cell-metabolism-and-disease",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - Iron a Double‐Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81799",title:"Cross Talk of Purinergic and Immune Signaling: Implication in Inflammatory and Pathogenic Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104978",signatures:"Richa Rai",slug:"cross-talk-of-purinergic-and-immune-signaling-implication-in-inflammatory-and-pathogenic-diseases",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81764",title:"Involvement of the Purinergic System in Cell Death in Models of Retinopathies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103935",signatures:"Douglas Penaforte Cruz, Marinna Garcia Repossi and Lucianne Fragel Madeira",slug:"involvement-of-the-purinergic-system-in-cell-death-in-models-of-retinopathies",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81756",title:"Alteration of Cytokines Level and Oxidative Stress Parameters in COVID-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104950",signatures:"Marija Petrusevska, Emilija Atanasovska, Dragica Zendelovska, Aleksandar Eftimov and Katerina Spasovska",slug:"alteration-of-cytokines-level-and-oxidative-stress-parameters-in-covid-19",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}},{id:"81681",title:"Immunomodulatory Effects of a M2-Conditioned Medium (PRS® CK STORM): Theory on the Possible Complex Mechanism of Action through Anti-Inflammatory Modulation of the TLR System and the Purinergic System",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104486",signatures:"Juan Pedro Lapuente",slug:"immunomodulatory-effects-of-a-m2-conditioned-medium-prs-ck-storm-theory-on-the-possible-complex-mech",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81647",title:"Diabetes and Epigenetics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104653",signatures:"Rasha A. Alhazzaa, Thomas Heinbockel and Antonei B. Csoka",slug:"diabetes-and-epigenetics",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"81580",title:"Graft-Versus-Host Disease: Pathogenesis and Treatment",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104450",signatures:"Shin Mukai",slug:"graft-versus-host-disease-pathogenesis-and-treatment",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81533",title:"Prenylation of Natural Products: An Overview",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104636",signatures:"Kantharaju Kamanna and Aravind Kamath",slug:"prenylation-of-natural-products-an-overview",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Kantharaju",surname:"Kamanna"}],book:{title:"Modifications of Biomolecules",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11098.jpg",subseries:null}},{id:"81067",title:"Encapsulation of Essential Oils and Their Use in Food Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103147",signatures:"Hamdy A. Shaaban and Amr Farouk",slug:"encapsulation-of-essential-oils-and-their-use-in-food-applications",totalDownloads:50,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:3,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:10,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:17,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:19,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:12,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"9883",title:"Biosensors",subtitle:"Current and Novel Strategies for Biosensing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9883.jpg",slug:"biosensors-current-and-novel-strategies-for-biosensing",publishedDate:"May 5th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Luis Jesús Villarreal-Gómez and Ana Leticia Iglesias",hash:"028f3e5dbf9c32590183ac4b4f0a2825",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Biosensors - Current and Novel Strategies for Biosensing",editors:[{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",slug:"luis-villarreal-gomez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9959",title:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9959.jpg",slug:"biomedical-signal-and-image-processing",publishedDate:"April 14th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Yongxia Zhou",hash:"22b87a09bd6df065d78c175235d367c8",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing",editors:[{id:"259308",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongxia",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"yongxia-zhou",fullName:"Yongxia Zhou",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259308/images/system/259308.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Southern California",institution:{name:"University of Southern California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9973",title:"Data Acquisition",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Applications in Biomedical Engineering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9973.jpg",slug:"data-acquisition-recent-advances-and-applications-in-biomedical-engineering",publishedDate:"March 17th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",hash:"75ea6cdd241216c9db28aa734ab34446",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Data Acquisition - Recent Advances and Applications in Biomedical Engineering",editors:[{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9905",title:"Biometric Systems",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9905.jpg",slug:"biometric-systems",publishedDate:"February 10th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",hash:"c730560dd2e3837a03407b3a86b0ef2a",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Biometric Systems",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Kuwait"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8622",title:"Peptide Synthesis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8622.jpg",slug:"peptide-synthesis",publishedDate:"December 18th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jaya T. Varkey",hash:"de9fa48c5248dbfb581825b8c74f5623",volumeInSeries:0,fullTitle:"Peptide Synthesis",editors:[{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7497",title:"Computer Vision in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7497.jpg",slug:"computer-vision-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"September 18th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Monika Elzbieta Machoy",hash:"1e9812cebd46ef9e28257f3e96547f6a",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Computer Vision in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8633",title:"Novel Diagnostic Methods in Ophthalmology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8633.jpg",slug:"novel-diagnostic-methods-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Anna Nowinska",hash:"da2c90e8db647ead30504defce3fb5d3",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Novel Diagnostic Methods in Ophthalmology",editors:[{id:"261466",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:"Karolina",surname:"Nowińska",slug:"anna-nowinska",fullName:"Anna Nowińska",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261466/images/system/261466.jpeg",institutionString:"Medical University of Silesia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7437",title:"Nanomedicines",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7437.jpg",slug:"nanomedicines",publishedDate:"February 13th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh",hash:"0e1f5f6258f074c533976c4f4d248568",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Nanomedicines",editors:[{id:"63182",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Akhyar",middleName:null,surname:"Farrukh",slug:"muhammad-akhyar-farrukh",fullName:"Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63182/images/system/63182.png",institutionString:"Forman Christian College",institution:{name:"Forman Christian College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6843",title:"Biomechanics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6843.jpg",slug:"biomechanics",publishedDate:"January 30th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hadi Mohammadi",hash:"85132976010be1d7f3dbd88662b785e5",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Biomechanics",editors:[{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7560",title:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods",subtitle:"Image Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7560.jpg",slug:"non-invasive-diagnostic-methods-image-processing",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mariusz Marzec and Robert Koprowski",hash:"d92fd8cf5a90a47f2b8a310837a5600e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods - Image Processing",editors:[{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7218",title:"OCT",subtitle:"Applications in Ophthalmology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7218.jpg",slug:"oct-applications-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Michele Lanza",hash:"e3a3430cdfd6999caccac933e4613885",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"OCT - Applications in Ophthalmology",editors:[{id:"240088",title:"Prof.",name:"Michele",middleName:null,surname:"Lanza",slug:"michele-lanza",fullName:"Michele Lanza",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240088/images/system/240088.png",institutionString:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institution:{name:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6692",title:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6692.jpg",slug:"medical-and-biological-image-analysis",publishedDate:"July 4th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Robert Koprowski",hash:"e75f234a0fc1988d9816a94e4c724deb",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",editors:[{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",value:9,count:1},{group:"subseries",caption:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",value:8,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",value:7,count:9}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:5},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:3}],authors:{paginationCount:617,paginationItems:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/158492/images/system/158492.jpeg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Yusuf Tutar conducts his research at the Hamidiye Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences, Turkey. He is also a faculty member in the Molecular Oncology Program. He obtained his MSc and Ph.D. at Oregon State University and Texas Tech University, respectively. He pursued his postdoctoral studies at Rutgers University Medical School and the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIDDK), USA. His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNVJQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-07T13:23:04.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",middleName:"Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329795/images/15648_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mohd Aftab Siddiqui is currently working as Assistant Professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow for the last 6 years. He has completed his Doctor in Philosophy (Pharmacology) in 2020 from Integral University, Lucknow. He completed his Bachelor in Pharmacy in 2013 and Master in Pharmacy (Pharmacology) in 2015 from Integral University, Lucknow. He is the gold medalist in Bachelor and Master degree. He qualified GPAT -2013, GPAT -2014, and GPAT 2015. His area of research is Pharmacological screening of herbal drugs/ natural products in liver and cardiac diseases. He has guided many M. Pharm. research projects. He has many national and international publications.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:null},{id:"255360",title:"Dr.",name:"Usama",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"usama-ahmad",fullName:"Usama Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255360/images/system/255360.png",biography:"Dr. Usama Ahmad holds a specialization in Pharmaceutics from Amity University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Integral University. Currently, he’s working as an Assistant Professor of Pharmaceutics in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University. From 2013 to 2014 he worked on a research project funded by SERB-DST, Government of India. He has a rich publication record with more than 32 original articles published in reputed journals, 3 edited books, 5 book chapters, and a number of scientific articles published in ‘Ingredients South Asia Magazine’ and ‘QualPharma Magazine’. He is a member of the American Association for Cancer Research, International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, and the British Society for Nanomedicine. Dr. Ahmad’s research focus is on the development of nanoformulations to facilitate the delivery of drugs that aim to provide practical solutions to current healthcare problems.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"30568",title:"Prof.",name:"Madhu",middleName:null,surname:"Khullar",slug:"madhu-khullar",fullName:"Madhu Khullar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/30568/images/system/30568.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madhu Khullar is a Professor of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology at the Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India. She completed her Post Doctorate in hypertension research at the Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, USA in 1985. She is an editor and reviewer of several international journals, and a fellow and member of several cardiovascular research societies. Dr. Khullar has a keen research interest in genetics of hypertension, and is currently studying pharmacogenetics of hypertension.",institutionString:"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research",institution:{name:"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223233/images/system/223233.png",biography:"Xianquan Zhan received his MD and Ph.D. in Preventive Medicine at West China University of Medical Sciences. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics at the Central South University, China, and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), USA. He worked at UTHSC and the Cleveland Clinic in 2001–2012 and achieved the rank of associate professor at UTHSC. Currently, he is a full professor at Central South University and Shandong First Medical University, and an advisor to MS/PhD students and postdoctoral fellows. He is also a fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine and European Association for Predictive Preventive Personalized Medicine (EPMA), a national representative of EPMA, and a member of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) and the American Association for the Advancement of Sciences (AAAS). He is also the editor in chief of International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, an associate editor of EPMA Journal, Frontiers in Endocrinology, and BMC Medical Genomics, and a guest editor of Mass Spectrometry Reviews, Frontiers in Endocrinology, EPMA Journal, and Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. He has published more than 148 articles, 28 book chapters, 6 books, and 2 US patents in the field of clinical proteomics and biomarkers.",institutionString:"Shandong First Medical University",institution:{name:"Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"297507",title:"Dr.",name:"Charles",middleName:"Elias",surname:"Assmann",slug:"charles-assmann",fullName:"Charles Assmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/297507/images/system/297507.jpg",biography:"Charles Elias Assmann is a biologist from Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM, Brazil), who spent some time abroad at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU, Germany). He has Masters Degree in Biochemistry (UFSM), and is currently a PhD student at Biochemistry at the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of the UFSM. His areas of expertise include: Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Enzymology, Genetics and Toxicology. He is currently working on the following subjects: Aluminium toxicity, Neuroinflammation, Oxidative stress and Purinergic system. Since 2011 he has presented more than 80 abstracts in scientific proceedings of national and international meetings. Since 2014, he has published more than 20 peer reviewed papers (including 4 reviews, 3 in Portuguese) and 2 book chapters. He has also been a reviewer of international journals and ad hoc reviewer of scientific committees from Brazilian Universities.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"217850",title:"Dr.",name:"Margarete Dulce",middleName:null,surname:"Bagatini",slug:"margarete-dulce-bagatini",fullName:"Margarete Dulce Bagatini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217850/images/system/217850.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Margarete Dulce Bagatini is an associate professor at the Federal University of Fronteira Sul/Brazil. She has a degree in Pharmacy and a PhD in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry. She is a member of the UFFS Research Advisory Committee\nand a member of the Biovitta Research Institute. She is currently:\nthe leader of the research group: Biological and Clinical Studies\nin Human Pathologies, professor of postgraduate program in\nBiochemistry at UFSC and postgraduate program in Science and Food Technology at\nUFFS. She has experience in the area of pharmacy and clinical analysis, acting mainly\non the following topics: oxidative stress, the purinergic system and human pathologies, being a reviewer of several international journals and books.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"226275",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Metin",middleName:null,surname:"Budak",slug:"metin-budak",fullName:"Metin Budak",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226275/images/system/226275.jfif",biography:"Metin Budak, MSc, PhD is an Assistant Professor at Trakya University, Faculty of Medicine. He has been Head of the Molecular Research Lab at Prof. Mirko Tos Ear and Hearing Research Center since 2018. His specializations are biophysics, epigenetics, genetics, and methylation mechanisms. He has published around 25 peer-reviewed papers, 2 book chapters, and 28 abstracts. He is a member of the Clinical Research Ethics Committee and Quantification and Consideration Committee of Medicine Faculty. His research area is the role of methylation during gene transcription, chromatin packages DNA within the cell and DNA repair, replication, recombination, and gene transcription. His research focuses on how the cell overcomes chromatin structure and methylation to allow access to the underlying DNA and enable normal cellular function.",institutionString:"Trakya University",institution:{name:"Trakya University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",slug:"anca-pantea-stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",biography:"Anca Pantea Stoian is a specialist in diabetes, nutrition, and metabolic diseases as well as health food hygiene. She also has competency in general ultrasonography.\n\nShe is an associate professor in the Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania. She has been chief of the Hygiene Department, Faculty of Dentistry, at the same university since 2019. Her interests include micro and macrovascular complications in diabetes and new therapies. Her research activities focus on nutritional intervention in chronic pathology, as well as cardio-renal-metabolic risk assessment, and diabetes in cancer. She is currently engaged in developing new therapies and technological tools for screening, prevention, and patient education in diabetes. \n\nShe is a member of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes, Cardiometabolic Academy, CEDA, Romanian Society of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Romanian Diabetes Federation, and Association for Renal Metabolic and Nutrition studies. She has authored or co-authored 160 papers in national and international peer-reviewed journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"279792",title:"Dr.",name:"João",middleName:null,surname:"Cotas",slug:"joao-cotas",fullName:"João Cotas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/279792/images/system/279792.jpg",biography:"Graduate and master in Biology from the University of Coimbra.\n\nI am a research fellow at the Macroalgae Laboratory Unit, in the MARE-UC – Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre of the University of Coimbra. My principal function is the collection, extraction and purification of macroalgae compounds, chemical and bioactive characterization of the compounds and algae extracts and development of new methodologies in marine biotechnology area. \nI am associated in two projects: one consists on discovery of natural compounds for oncobiology. The other project is the about the natural compounds/products for agricultural area.\n\nPublications:\nCotas, J.; Figueirinha, A.; Pereira, L.; Batista, T. 2018. An analysis of the effects of salinity on Fucus ceranoides (Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae), in the Mondego River (Portugal). Journal of Oceanology and Limnology. in press. DOI: 10.1007/s00343-019-8111-3",institutionString:"Faculty of Sciences and Technology of University of Coimbra",institution:null},{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/279788/images/system/279788.jpg",biography:"Leonel Pereira has an undergraduate degree in Biology, a Ph.D. in Biology (specialty in Cell Biology), and a Habilitation degree in Biosciences (specialization in Biotechnology) from the Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Portugal, where he is currently a professor. In addition to teaching at this university, he is an integrated researcher at the Marine and Environmental Sciences Center (MARE), Portugal. His interests include marine biodiversity (algae), marine biotechnology (algae bioactive compounds), and marine ecology (environmental assessment). Since 2008, he has been the author and editor of the electronic publication MACOI – Portuguese Seaweeds Website (www.seaweeds.uc.pt). He is also a member of the editorial boards of several scientific journals. Dr. Pereira has edited or authored more than 20 books, 100 journal articles, and 45 book chapters. He has given more than 100 lectures and oral communications at various national and international scientific events. He is the coordinator of several national and international research projects. In 1998, he received the Francisco de Holanda Award (Honorable Mention) and, more recently, the Mar Rei D. Carlos award (18th edition). He is also a winner of the 2016 CHOICE Award for an outstanding academic title for his book Edible Seaweeds of the World. In 2020, Dr. Pereira received an Honorable Mention for the Impact of International Publications from the Web of Science",institutionString:"University of Coimbra",institution:{name:"University of Coimbra",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"61946",title:"Dr.",name:"Carol",middleName:null,surname:"Bernstein",slug:"carol-bernstein",fullName:"Carol Bernstein",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61946/images/system/61946.jpg",biography:"Carol Bernstein received her PhD in Genetics from the University of California (Davis). She was a faculty member at the University of Arizona College of Medicine for 43 years, retiring in 2011. Her research interests focus on DNA damage and its underlying role in sex, aging and in the early steps of initiation and progression to cancer. In her research, she had used organisms including bacteriophage T4, Neurospora crassa, Schizosaccharomyces pombe and mice, as well as human cells and tissues. She authored or co-authored more than 140 scientific publications, including articles in major peer reviewed journals, book chapters, invited reviews and one book.",institutionString:"University of Arizona",institution:{name:"University of Arizona",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"182258",title:"Dr.",name:"Ademar",middleName:"Pereira",surname:"Serra",slug:"ademar-serra",fullName:"Ademar Serra",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/182258/images/system/182258.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serra studied Agronomy on Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) (2005). He received master degree in Agronomy, Crop Science (Soil fertility and plant nutrition) (2007) by Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados (UFGD), and PhD in agronomy (Soil fertility and plant nutrition) (2011) from Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados / Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (UFGD/ESALQ-USP). Dr. Serra is currently working at Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA). His research focus is on mineral nutrition of plants, crop science and soil science. Dr. Serra\\'s current projects are soil organic matter, soil phosphorus fractions, compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND) and isometric log ratio (ilr) transformation in compositional data analysis.",institutionString:"Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation",institution:{name:"Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"93",type:"subseries",title:"Inclusivity and Social Equity",keywords:"Social contract, SDG, Human rights, Inclusiveness, Equity, Democracy, Personal learning, Collaboration, Glocalization",scope:"