Chapters authored
Cytopathology Using High Resolution Digital Holographic Microscopy
We summarize a study involving simultaneous imaging of cervical cells from Pap-smear samples using bright-field and quantitative phase microscopy. The optimization approach to phase reconstruction used in our study enables full diffraction limited performance from single-shot holograms and is thus suitable for reducing cost of a quantitative phase microscope system. Over 48000 cervical cells from patient samples obtained from three clinical sites have been imaged in this study. The clinical sites used different sample preparation methodologies and the subjects represented a range of age groups and geographical diversity. Visual examination of quantitative phase images of cervical cell nuclei show distinct morphological features that we believe have not appeared in the prior literature. A PCA based analysis of numerical parameters derived from the bright-field and quantitative phase images of the cervical cells shows good separation of superficial, intermediate and abnormal cells. The distribution of phase based parameters of normal cells is also shown to be highly overlapping among different patients from the same clinical site, patients across different clinical sites and for two age groups (below and above 30 years), thus suggesting robustness and possibility of standardization of quantitative phase as an imaging modality for cell classification in future clinical usage.
Part of the book: Augmented Reality and Its Application
Lymph Node Cytology: Morphology and Beyond
Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), being minimally invasive, rapid, cost-effective provides a valuable first-line diagnostic tool in the evaluation of lymphadenopathies both benign and malignant. Various ancillary techniques namely immunocytochemistry, flow cytometry, cell blocks, and molecular studies further improve the diagnostic accuracy of FNACs. Targeted FNAC under ultrasound guidance optimizes cellular yield in palpable and non-palpable lymphadenopathies. FNAC proves to be indispensable at establishing tissue diagnosis in cases when surgical excision is unfeasible, as in elderly patients with comorbidities or in metastatic settings. Nevertheless, lymph node FNAC represents a daunting task owing to the multitude of benign and malignant causes of lymphadenopathy. To aid categorization and better communication to the clinician, an emphasis on classification and reporting of lymph node cytopathology using Sydney system is laid upon.
Part of the book: Advances in Fine Needle Aspiration Cytopathology