Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
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We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
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Throughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\n
We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
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Since 2000, the DFT has grown exponentially in several computational areas because of its versatility and reliability to calculate energy from electronic density. The fast DFT’s calculations show how scientists develop more codes focused to simulate molecular and material properties reaching better conclusions than with previous theories. More powerful computers and lower computational costs have certainly assisted the increased growth of interest in this theory. Each chapter presents a specific subject contributing to a vision of the great potential of the quantum/DFT simulations in high pressure, chemical reactivity, ionic liquid, chemoinformatic, molecular docking, and non-equilibrium state.",isbn:"978-1-83881-083-2",printIsbn:"978-1-83881-082-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-084-9",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78820",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"density-functional-theory-calculations",numberOfPages:118,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"430664e87463d090a0f03b1f096a7d9d",bookSignature:"Sergio Ricardo De Lazaro, Luis Henrique Da Silveira Lacerda and Renan Augusto Pontes Ribeiro",publishedDate:"February 3rd 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8447.jpg",numberOfDownloads:2820,numberOfWosCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitations:5,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:15,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:21,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"June 10th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 30th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 28th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 18th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 17th 2020",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"176017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sergio Ricardo De",middleName:null,surname:"Lazaro",slug:"sergio-ricardo-de-lazaro",fullName:"Sergio Ricardo De Lazaro",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/176017/images/system/176017.png",biography:"Prof. Sergio Ricardo de Lazaro is married, and he has two daughters living in Ponta Grossa, Paraná. Currently, he is a Full Professor in the Department of Chemistry of the State University of Ponta Grossa (UEPG). He has his Ph.D. degree in Chemistry and has published manuscripts with researchers from other countries. His development of studies in Material Chemistry or Molecules applies the Density Functional Theory (DFT). In scientific journals, his recognized documents internationally contribute to environmental, energy, and potential drugs from photocatalysis, charge transfer, and molecular reactivity. His research interests include theoretical analysis of the structural, electronic, magnetic, and morphological properties proposed paths to clarify chemical mechanisms associated with massive problems. 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Over the last years, Dr. Luis Henrique da Silveira Lacerda published several works offering exciting insights on materials properties and a new understanding of some materials features at the molecular level. His research experience includes DFT investigations of multiferroic materials, crystalline structure, phase transition, excited states, heterostructures, morphology, and advanced materials properties such as magnetic, ferroelectric, elastic, electronic, photocatalytic, thermoelectric, optical, magneto-optical, and others. 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With a Bachelor\\'s, Master\\'s, and Ph.D. degree in Chemistry, Prof. Renan Ribeiro is a computational materials scientist with recognized publications through collaboration with research centers in other countries. 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The geometries of the title complexes are described by the quantum-chemical approach using input coordinates obtained from the previously synthesized and X-ray characterized diffraction data of [Ca(THEEN)(PIC)](PIC), [Ca(THPEN)(H2O)2](PIC)2, Ba(THPEN)(PIC)2, [Na(THPEN)]2(PIC)2, [Sr(THPEN)(H2O)2]2(DNP)4 and [Ba(THPEN)(H2O)2]2(DNP)4 (where DNP is 3,5-dinitrophenolate). Only the primary coordination sphere of complexes (1–6) is optimized in the gaseous phase. Calculations of the energy gaps of frontier orbitals (HOMO-LUMO), 13C-NMR shifts and vibrational bands are carried out using B3LYP/6-31 g + (d,p)/LANL2DZ level of theory. The calculated geometric and spectral parameters reproduced the experimental data with a well agreement.",signatures:"Rakesh Kumar and Sangeeta Obrai",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71415",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71415",authors:[{id:"311930",title:"Dr.",name:"Rakesh",surname:"Kumar",slug:"rakesh-kumar",fullName:"Rakesh Kumar"},{id:"311931",title:"Dr.",name:"Sangeeta",surname:"Obrai",slug:"sangeeta-obrai",fullName:"Sangeeta Obrai"}],corrections:null},{id:"72549",title:"Theoretical Study of the Structure and Property of Ionic Liquids as Corrosion Inhibitor",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92768",slug:"theoretical-study-of-the-structure-and-property-of-ionic-liquids-as-corrosion-inhibitor",totalDownloads:591,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Three sets of ionic liquids such as 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazole chloride [Cnmim]Cl, 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate [Cnmim]Ac and 1-octyl-3-methylimidazole salt [Omim]Y (n = 2, 4, 6, 8, and Y = Cl, BF4, HSO4, Ac and TFO) were used as corrosion inhibitor medium for corrosion protection of carbon steel. Electronic structures and reactivity of these ionic liquids, surface energy and electronic structures of the iron surface were systematically analyzed by density functional theory. By increasing the alkyl chain length of the [Cnmim]Cl and [Cnmim]Ac systems, the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy (ELUMO), the highest occupied molecular orbital energy (EHOMO), the softness (S) and polarizability (α) increased gradually, whereas electronegativity (χ), energy gap (ΔE), hardness (η), dipole moment (μ)and electrophilic index (ω) gradually decreased. For the [Omim]Y system, the structure parameters of ionic liquids are quite different, and only the polarizability (α) decreases gradually by increasing the length of the alkyl chain. The results show that inhibition is mainly [Cnmim]+ cations of the [Cnmim]Cl system, and the order of inhibition efficiency follows as [C2mim]Cl < [C4mim]Cl < [C6mim]Cl < [C8mim]Cl. Both [Cnmim]+ cations and the Ac− anion have inhibition effect for the [Xmim]Ac system, and the order of inhibition efficiency is [C8mim]Ac > [C6mim]Ac > [C4mim]Ac > [C2mim]Ac. For the [Omim]Y system, [Xmim]+ cations and anions (BF4−, HSO4−, Ac−, TfO−) have inhibition effect, and the order of inhibition efficiency is [Omim]TfO > [Omim]Ac > [Omim]HSO4 > [Omim]BF4 > [Omim]Cl.",signatures:"Guocai Tian and Weizhong Zhou",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72549",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72549",authors:[{id:"316579",title:"Prof.",name:"Guocai",surname:"Tian",slug:"guocai-tian",fullName:"Guocai Tian"},{id:"320959",title:"Mr.",name:"Weizhong",surname:"Zhou",slug:"weizhong-zhou",fullName:"Weizhong Zhou"}],corrections:null},{id:"68591",title:"Conceptual DFT as a Helpful Chemoinformatics Tool for the Study of the Clavanin Family of Antimicrobial Marine Peptides",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88657",slug:"conceptual-dft-as-a-helpful-chemoinformatics-tool-for-the-study-of-the-clavanin-family-of-antimicrob",totalDownloads:586,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:12,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"A well-behaved model chemistry previously validated for the study of the chemical reactivity of peptides was considered for the calculation of the molecular properties and structures of the clavanin family of antimicrobial marine peptides. A methodology based on conceptual density functional theory (CDFT) was chosen for the determination of the reactivity descriptors. The molecular active sites were associated with the active regions of the molecules related to the nucleophilic and electrophilic Fukui functions. Finally, the drug-likenesses and the bioactivity scores for the clavanin peptides were predicted through a homology methodology relating them with the calculated reactivity descriptors, while other properties like the pKas were determined following a methodology developed by our group.",signatures:"Norma Flores-Holguín, Juan Frau and Daniel Glossman-Mitnik",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68591",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68591",authors:[{id:"154505",title:"Dr.",name:"Norma",surname:"Flores-Holguín",slug:"norma-flores-holguin",fullName:"Norma Flores-Holguín"},{id:"198499",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Glossman-Mitnik",slug:"daniel-glossman-mitnik",fullName:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik"},{id:"214504",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",surname:"Frau",slug:"juan-frau",fullName:"Juan Frau"}],corrections:null},{id:"73235",title:"DFT and Molecular Docking Studies of a Set of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs: Propionic Acid Derivatives",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93828",slug:"dft-and-molecular-docking-studies-of-a-set-of-non-steroidal-anti-inflammatory-drugs-propionic-acid-d",totalDownloads:533,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Inflammation is the body’s defense mechanism to eradicate the spread of injurious agents in the affected mammalian tissues with a number of cellular mediators. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the most commonly used drugs worldwide in such situations. The mode of action of the non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is attributed primarily to the inhibition of prostaglandin (PG) synthesis, and more specifically, to the inhibition of the COX enzyme system. This work can be considered as an effort to gain a deeper insight into the physiochemical properties of a few well-known NSAIDs namely; ketoprofen, fenoprofen, flurbiprofen and ibuprofen. A quantum computational approach was used to predict geometry, molecular electrostatic potential (MESP), polarizability, hyperpolarizability and molecular docking study of all selected NSAIDs with human COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes were done to predict the most active drug among the four and to demonstrate good selectivity profile with COX enzymes.",signatures:"Safna Hussan Kodakkat Parambil, Hisana Asharaf Thozhuvana Parambil, Shahina Parammal Hamza, Anjali Thirumangalath Parameswaran, Mohamed Shahin Thayyil and Muraleedharan Karuvanthodi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73235",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73235",authors:[{id:"269630",title:"Dr.",name:"Karuvanthodi",surname:"Muraleedharan",slug:"karuvanthodi-muraleedharan",fullName:"Karuvanthodi Muraleedharan"}],corrections:null},{id:"72576",title:"Non-equilibrium Equation of State in the Approximation of the Local Density Functional and Its Application to the Emission of High-Energy Particles in Collisions of Heavy Ions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92247",slug:"non-equilibrium-equation-of-state-in-the-approximation-of-the-local-density-functional-and-its-appli",totalDownloads:249,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The non-equilibrium equation of state is found in the approximation of the functional on the local density, and its application to the description of the emission of protons and pions in heavy ion collisions is considered. The non-equilibrium equation of state is studied in the context of the hydrodynamic approach. The compression stage, the expansion stage, and the freeze-out stage of the hot spot formed during the collisions of heavy ions are considered. The energy spectra of protons and subthreshold pions produced in collisions of heavy ions are calculated with inclusion of the nuclear viscosity effects and compared with experimental data for various combinations of colliding nuclei with energies of several tens of MeV per nucleon.",signatures:"A.T. D’yachenko and I.A. 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1. Introduction
Elderly population aged 65 and over is a substantially growing population which is estimated to exceed 16% of global population worldwide in the year of 2050 [1]. Elongation of life expectancy is accompanied with an increase of chronic diseases leading to restricted physical function and disabilities in daily life [2, 3], among which musculoskeletal disorder is a significant public health issue with 7.5–35.2% of the elder people having mild to moderate musculoskeletal conditions [3, 4] and has become the second cause of global burden worldwide compared with other causes of morbidity-mortality [5].
Among the age-related musculoskeletal disorders, osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most prevalent musculoskeletal diseases from the sixth to the ninth decade of lifespan, especially the OA in lower extremities is closely associated with limitations of functional activities and participation [6]. In addition, sarcopenia, obesity, or in combination of both called sarcopenic obesity have great impacts on physical function in older adults [7, 8]. The impacts of sarcopenia on musculoskeletal system are accounted to the risks of physical limitation in elder individuals, especially those with hip or knee OA [9, 10]. The age-related muscle dysfunction can be addressed to impairments in musculoskeletal system as well as neuromuscular system [11, 12]. With respective to the underlying mechanisms of sarcopenia in older population, muscle atrophy (i.e., decline in muscle size) plays a key role in muscle attenuation [11], especially the type II myofiber [13]. The loss of muscle mass occurs progressively from middle-age by a rate of 0.47% per year in men and 0.37% per year in women [14]; in people aged 75 years, muscle mass is decreased at a rapid rate of 0.64–0.70% per year in women and 0.80–0.98% per year in men and in severe diseases can lead to a loss of approximate 50% by the 8–9th decade of life [15]. Loss of skeletal muscle mass is commonly accompanied with deficits in muscle function such as muscle weakness, which is relevant to clinical presentation of sarcopenia as well as OA. Reid et al. indicated that leg lean mass is strongly associated with muscle strength (r = 0.78, p < 0.01) [16]. Liu et al. further indicated that low handgrip strength is strongly associated with decreased skeletal muscle mass in elder individuals [17]. Because of that loss of muscle strength may lead to physical difficulty and disability, low muscle mass has been identified as a crucial factor of functional limitation of physical mobility such as walk capability and chair rise [8, 17, 18].
Recently, the disease progression of knee and hip OA has been attributed to age-related decline in muscle mass (i.e., sarcopenia). Toda et al. reported that older women with knee OA experienced significantly lower leg lean mass relative to body weight (%) by a mean ± standard deviation of 19.2 ± 2.7%, compared with the healthy control (21.0 ± 2.9%; P < 0.0001) [19]; Lee et al. observed similar results which indicated that older adults with knee OA had a mean appendicular skeletal muscle mass of 15.6 kg which is significant lower than that of healthy control (17.3 kg, P < 0.001) [20]. Additionally, Jeon et al. reported that lower skeletal muscle mass independently associated with knee radiographic OA [odds ratio (OR) 1.34; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04, 1.75] [21]. Therefore, older people with knee OA are considered at high risk of sarcopenia [22]. Grimaldi et al. observed muscle mass decreased in patients with hip OA in terms of 2.6–14.4% muscle atrophy of gluteal muscle group in the affected side compared to those in the uninvolved side, whereas such asymmetry in muscle volume ranged from 0.4 to 3.7% in control peers [23]; in addition, the muscle volume asymmetry is positively associated with disease progression of hip OA, indicating that patients with moderate to severe OA may experience greater muscle mass loss than mild-severity or asymptomatic patients [24]. Therefore, the OA population faces not only age-related muscle attenuation (i.e., sarcopenia) but also the disease-induced muscle loss.
The sarcopenia, obesity, and OA are becoming major threats to aging society and have been recognized as important health issues [8, 25, 26, 27]. The relationships among sarcopenia, obesity (i.e., sarcopenic obesity), and OA have been discussed. Kemmler et al. conducted an observational study to investigate the prevalence of sarcopenia in community-dwelled women who aged 70 years and older; the results indicated that elder women with lower-extremity OA exhibited a significantly higher rate of sarcopenia (9.1%) than nonarthritic peers (3.5%) [28]. Jin et al. reported that elder men and women with sarcopenic obesity showed significantly higher risks of exhibiting knee OA (OR = 1.92–2.43) compared with the healthy control groups [29]. Misra et al. conducted a longitudinal study of the risk of radiographic OA in relation to sarcopenic obesity; the result showed that elder people with sarcopenic obesity (RR = 1.91) had increased risks of exhibiting knee OA within a 5-year interval of follow up [30]. Therefore, preventive efforts for the obese elder individuals may need to focus not only on reducing sarcopenia but also on improving sarcopenic obesity to reduce the growing incidence and prevalence of knee OA.
2. Treatments and management for sarcopenia in elderly
Sarcopenic obesity originates from a multifactorial consequence of aging and its related physical inactivity [31], which especially exerts negative impacts to obese elderly populations [32]. Several approaches for management of sarcopenic obesity have been recommended including pharmacological interventions, exercise interventions, and nutrition interventions to counteract muscle loss and physical declines in obese older adults [33]. According to the recommendations from the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism Expert Group [34], there are urgent needs for elder people with a risk of sarcopenic obesity to incorporate nutrition intervention and muscle strengthening exercise to prevent the functional decline.
2.1 Protein supplement plus exercise training for sarcopenic obesity
Obesity has become epidemic burden in elderly population [25]. Sarcopenic obesity, a recently identified phenotype of obese elderly population, is developed based on an underling additive effect of sarcopenia and obesity and is referred by the coexistence of diminished muscle mass and increased fat mass. Sarcopenia has been characterized by age-related muscle degeneration [35], and obesity with an increased body fat exerts negative impacts on the skeletal muscle turnover and its homeostasis [31]. Such deteriorations of muscle mass loss originated from aging process result in muscle dysfunction which may further lead to physical deficits in frail elderly [36]. Furthermore, older adults who are identified as overweight or obesity have been observed suffering high risks of physical disability [37, 38]. Accordingly, sarcopenic obesity had been identified to be associated with more physical limit than either pure sarcopenia or obesity and was served as a risk to disability and frail life style [8, 39]. Therefore, the preservation of muscle mass and strength are vital for obese older adults to yield physical activities in daily life.
Aging-related attenuation of skeletal muscle mass had been addressed to a smaller muscle fiber size rather than loss of fiber number and characterized of type II myofiber phenotype dominant [13, 40]. In addition, sarcopenic muscles remain in a state of failing compensatory effort in an attempt to stave off muscular degeneration and atrophy [41]. Given the facts that myofiber hypertrophy activated by satellite cells is largely dependent on both net muscle protein synthesis and satellite cell recruitment through serious cellular processing mechanism [42, 43], and that both age-associated sarcopenia and obesity are associated with an over expression of myostatin which functions as a protein inhibitor negatively regulating the skeletal muscle growth and homeostasis with inhibiting the myoblasts proliferation and differentiation [44, 45, 46], it is important to identify whether resistance exercises exert any effect on the myofiber type-specific muscle mass loss in obese aged people. In such scenarios, previous trials claimed that age-related Type II myofiber phenotype atrophy would be improved following resistance exercise training by means of satellite cell proliferation and an increase in the rate of muscle contractile and mitochondrial protein synthesis, which further contributed to myofiber hypertrophy [40, 42, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51].
Progressive resistance exercise training (RET) has been used as an effective way of improving muscle function and increasing muscle mass by stimulating muscle protein synthesis in elder people [31, 49, 52, 53]. Liao et al. further indicate that elastic RET exerts benefits on lean mass and physical mobility in older women with sarcopenic obesity [54]. With respective to multidisciplinary interventions for prevention of sarcopenia in elder populations, an additional protein supplements (PS) has also been believed to augment the effects of resistance training on muscle mass gain in older adults [55, 56]. For obese elderly individuals with energy restricted diet, PS has its effect on reduction of losing muscle mass during caloric restriction-induced weight loss [57]. However, the effects of PS plus RET on muscle mass and strength gains for obese elder people remain controversy. While several studies identified the effects of PS on muscle mass accretion and strength gain during resistance training in sarcopenic or obese elderly individuals [58], some concluded that PS provides no additional benefit in resistance-trained obese elder individuals [59, 60]. Furthermore, few systemic review studies have summarized these results in obese elder individuals. Whether PS during RET exerts any benefit on augmentation of muscular and functional performance in obese elder people remains unclear.
Liao et al. conducted a systemic review and meta-analysis study to investigate effects of PS plus RET for obese elder people [61]. Main results of Liao’s study showed an overall effect on lean body mass (LBM) and fat mass with significant standardized mean differences (SMDs) of 0.58 (95% CI = 0.32, 0.84, P < 0.0001) and − 0.61 (95% CI = −0.93, −0.29; P = 0.0002) favoring PS plus RET, respectively; similar results were observed in leg strength (SMD = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.39, 0.98; P < 0.00001) and short physical performance battery test (SMD = 0.44, 95% CI = 0.11, 0.78, P = 0.009). The results indicate that PS during RET intervention may potentially positively contribute to changes in the body composition of overweight and obese older people. However, based on the lower body mass index (BMI) subgroup (mean BMI < 30 kg/m2) exhibited greater changes in muscle volume and handgrip strength whereas the subgroup with mean BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 did not after PS, obese older individuals may be resistant to PS to some degree [61].
2.2 Associations of muscle mass changes with intervention effects on muscle strength and physical capability after protein supplement plus exercise training
Multidisciplinary approaches are recommended for elderly individuals who have high sarcopenia or frailty risks, including nutrient intervention alone, exercise training alone, or combination of both [62, 63, 64, 65, 66], and among which protein supplement combined with exercise training (PS + ET) has been widely employed to augment lean mass gain, strength gain, and physical function enhancement in elderly individuals, irrespective of PS types and exercise protocols [65, 67, 68, 69]. However, whether intervention-induced changes in muscle mass contribute to strength gain and physical mobility improvement after PS + ET remains unclear. Several previous meta-analysis studies have reported that an increase in lean mass is accompanied by significant increases in strength gain [61, 68, 70, 71, 72] as well as physical mobility [68, 72] following PS + ET; however, such simultaneous increases in lean mass with strength [67, 73] (or physical function [61, 71]) were not observed by other researchers. Low muscle mass strongly predicts strength loss and mobility limitations in older adults [17, 74]; in addition, sarcopenia has been addressed to suppressed muscle protein turnover and homeostasis [75, 76]; therefore, identification of relationship between the muscle mass changes and physical improvements in response to PS + ET can facilitate clinical practitioners to efficiently make optimal decisions and set appropriate intervention strategies for elderly patients who are diagnosed as sarcopenia or frailty.
Liao et al. conducted a systemic review and meta-regression study to determine the associations of lean mass changes with treatment effects on strength and physical mobility after PS + ET [77]. Main results of Liao’s study showed an overall effect on LBM and appendicular lean mass (ALM) with significant SMDs of 0.66 (95%CI: 0.41–0.91, P < 0.00001) and 0.40 (95%CI: 0.15–0.66, P = 0.002) favoring PS + ET, respectively; similar results were observed in leg strength (SMD = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.39–0.90; P < 0.00001) and walking capability (SMD = 0.33, 95% CI: 0.14–0.52; P = 0.0006). Meta-regression analysis results of Liao’s study showed that significant associations were observed between changes in ALM (β = 0.08, P = 0.003) and SMDs of leg strength; the results further indicated that elderly individuals who achieved an increase in ALM of >2.5% in response to PS + ET may have obtained a positive effect size of leg strength. In addition, changes in ALM were significantly associated with effect sizes of walking capability (β = 0.17, P = 0.04). According to the Liao’s results, intervention-induced muscle mass gains have contributions in strength gain and function recovery after PS + ET, particularly the elderly who have sarcopenia and frailty risks.
3. Management of muscle deficits for mild to moderate severity of osteoarthritis
Since OA has been recognized as a serious musculoskeletal disease [78], managements of OA comprise multidisciplinary interventions including pain medications and nonpharmacological treatments for those patients who exhibit mild to moderate symptoms. However, surgical treatments such as total joint arthroplasty that could help to relief pain and improve joint function (e.g., range of motion and strength) [79] are commonly recommended at the end stage of OA.
Evidences regarding the effects of ET alone or PS plus ET on muscle mass, strength, and physical mobility have been well established in elderly populations with sarcopenia (Figure 1). However, whether ET alone or PS plus ET exert any benefit on muscle mass and function outcomes remains unclear. Based on that low muscle mass is closely associated with OA and elder individuals with OA have high sarcopenia risk [10, 28], it is urgent to generate effective strategy to manage this condition for the rapidly growing OA population. In addition, it is necessary to identify evidence of intervention effects on muscle mass and strength gains for elder people with OA.
Figure 1.
Summary of evidences regarding effects of exercise and diet interventions on sarcopenia, sarcopenic obesity, and osteoarthritis. Black, green, and red arrow lines indicate exercise alone, protein supplement plus exercise, and diet interventions plus exercise, respectively. (+): significant intervention effect; (++): significantly additional effect; (?) unclear additional effect. RET, resistance exercise training; MET, multicomponent exercise training; PS, protein supplement; DP, dietary protein; WL, weight loss.
3.1 Exercise training
Among the interventions of OA, exercise therapy is recommended as one of the first-line treatments [80]. Exercise exerts benefits on pain reduction, muscle strength, and physical function in elder individuals with OA, regardless of exercise types [81]. Especially, the muscle strength-based exercise training (MSE) has been encouraged to minimize degenerative muscular function associated with aging [82, 83], because of that elder individuals experience well muscular adaptations in terms of muscle morphological and architectural changes responding to MSE [84]. Therefore, MSE has been recommended for elder people with OA to augment muscle volume and enhance muscle hypertrophy [80].
Previous results have shown that MSE exerts benefits on muscle mass gain in elderly people. Churchward-Venne et al. indicated that older individuals achieved significantly temporal changes in whole body lean mass at 12-week and 24-week follow up by 0.9 ± 0.1 kg (P < 0.001) and 1.1 ± 0.2 kg (P < 0.001), respectively, responding to prolonged resistance-type MSE with an intensity of 60–80% 1RM and an intervention duration of 24 weeks [85]. In a meta-analysis, Peterson et al. indicated that resistance exercise exerts significant effects on increasing LBM with a pooled mean difference of 1.1 kg (95% CI: 0.9–1.2 kg) compared to the controls in older people [53].
The MSE has been served as the most promising intervention for sarcopenic elderly [62, 86] as well as those with OA [87, 88, 89, 90] to increase strength and improve mobility. Due to that MSE enables older adults to yield increased muscle anabolic resistance occurring with advancing age [91, 92], resistance-type exercise training (RET) as well as multicomponent exercise training (MET) have been considered beneficial for preserving lean muscle mass in older populations, even in those with sarcopenia [53, 93]. In addition, muscle protein synthesis and myofiber proliferation can be effectively activated through MSE [94], which further contribute to skeletal muscle hypertrophy and muscle mass gains even in elder population [42, 43]. Therefore, MSE is recommend to be employed for management of OA since elder individuals with OA has been considered having low muscle mass [10].
However, it remains unclear that whether MSE has any effect on muscle mass gain and morphological changes in older individuals with lower extremities of OA. Studies have reported that patients with OA exhibited increased changes in the muscle cross-sectional area or muscle thickness after MSE [95, 96, 97], whereas other authors have reported conflicting conclusions that MSE exerted no beneficial effects on fat-free mass or muscle remodeling [98, 99, 100]. In addition, both sarcopenia and OA are associated with decreased muscle protein synthesis and homeostasis [75, 76], and exercise-induced muscular hypertrophy contributes to the increase of muscle strength [101]. Moreover, most of previous systematic reviews investigating the treatment efficacy of MSE for individuals with OA have focused on muscular strength and physical outcomes rather than the muscle mass or volume measures [87, 88, 89, 90]. Therefore, identifying the effects of MSE on increasing muscle mass and volume helps clinical practitioners to develop appropriate treatment strategies for older people with OA.
Liao et al. conducted a systemic review and meta-analysis study to investigate effects of MSE for elder people with lower extremity OA [77]. Main results of systemic review and meta-analyses showed MSE has effects on changes in muscle mass gain (SMD = 0.49, 95% CI: 0.28, 0.71; P < 0.00001), muscle thickness (SMD = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.20, 1.43; P = 0.009), and muscle cross-sectional area (SMD = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.25, 1.35; P = 0.004) compared with nonexercise controls. Liao’s study demonstrated that MSE exerts effects on lean mass gain as well as muscle morphological changes in older adults with knee or hip OA. In addition, the subgroup analysis results suggested that older men experienced greater MSE effects on muscle thickness than did women peers and those who received MSE after arthroplasty may achieve greater changes in muscle volume compared to those who received preoperative an MSE intervention or those who did not undergo arthroplasty. According to the results in Liao’s meta-analysis, MSE may aid in offsetting muscle attenuation or prevent sarcopenia in older individuals with knee or hip OA, particularly in older men and in those undergoing knee or hip arthroplasty.
3.2 Protein supplement
Diet intervention such as dietary protein or protein supplementation (PS) has been incorporated to multidisciplinary managements for OA [102], since elder patients with OA have potential risks of age-related sarcopenia. In addition, alternative and complementary therapeutic approaches, such as the use of a wide array of nutritional and physical manipulations, are becoming popular for relieving symptoms of OA. Several previous studies had investigated clinical efficacy of protein supplementation (PS) for elder individuals with knee OA [103, 104, 105, 106]. Colker et al. employed a 6-week milk PS for elder individuals with OA and the results showed that PS achieved significant improved changes of daily activity and the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) per week compared with the placebo group (P < 0.001) [104]; Zenk et al. conducted a similar study for older adults with OA and demonstrated that compared with the placebo supplement, a 6-week milk PS obtained significant effects on WOMAC and reduction of medication use as well as the glucosamine-supplement group did [106]. Arjmandi et al. further indicated that a 3-month soy-protein supplement achieved greater changes in pain, physical difficulty, and medical requirement than milk PS did, particularly for elder men with OA [103]. Regarding other types of PS, Miller et al. used an alternative PS of leucine enriched herbal and indicated that WOMAC and pain score were significantly reduced in PS group by 45% (P < 0.05) and 21.8% (P < 0.002), respectively, compared to the placebo group (reduced 25.4% in WOMAC and 21.8% in pain) [105].
3.3 Protein supplement combined with exercise training
Nutritional intervention, especially the protein supplementation (PS), can influence outcomes for elder individuals undergoing exercise interventions such as resistance-based exercise training (RET) or multicomponent exercise training (MET). Several systematic review studies had identified benefits of PS plus exercise training for elder population. For healthy elder individuals, Morton et al. reported that prolonged PS plus RET has effects on fat free mass, mid-thigh cross-sectional area, and one-repetition maximum strength by significant pooled mean differences of 0.30 kg (95%CI: 0.09–0.52 kg; P = 0.007), 7.2 mm2 (95%CI: 0.20–14.30 mm2; P = 0.04), and 2.49 kg (95%CI: 0.64–4.33 kg; P = 0.01), respectively [67]. For overweight or obese elder individuals, Liao et al. indicated that PS plus RET exerts significant effects on LBM and muscle volume with the corresponding effect sizes being 0.58 (95% CI: 0.32–0.84; P < 0.0001) and 1.23 (95% CI: 0.50–1.96; P = 0.001), respectively, irrespective of the intervention period [61]. For frail elderly, Liao et al. demonstrated that PS plus either RET or MET exerts significant effects on LBM and leg strength with the corresponding effect sizes being 0.52 (95% CI: 0.33–0.71; P < 0.00001) and 0.37 (95% CI: 0.23–0.51; P < 0.00001), respectively [68]. According to the previous established evidence regarding efficacy of PS plus exercise training, additional PS employed during exercise training may exert benefits for elder population with OA. However, most of the previous systematic review and meta-analysis studies investigated effects of PS plus exercise training for sarcopenic or frail elderly people, few studies focusing on OA population who are potentially with a high risk of sarcopenia. Further studies are necessary to investigate treatment effects of PS plus exercise on elderly population with OA.
3.4 Weight loss plus exercise for sarcopenic obesity in osteoarthritis
Given that obesity has become a burden in OA population [25], weight loss (WL) should be considered as an option while setting the treatment goals and planning rehabilitation strategies for elder people with OA. Previous studies had shown that maintaining or lowering BMI to the normal range (usually within 20.0–24.9, regardless of ethic) may reduce risks or improve symptoms of OA [107, 108]. Felson et al. indicated that a decrease of over 50% in odds of developing OA (odds ratio = 0.46; P = 0.02) occurred in older women along with a 2-unit decrease in BMI or a 5.1-kg reduction in weight over a 10-year period, especially for those who had a baseline BMI > 25 kg/m2 (odds ratio = 0.41; P = 0.02) [108]. Coggon et al. concluded similar results that proportion of knee OA patients can be reduced from 10.9 to 57.1% while overweight and obese populations reduced their weight by 2–5 kg or until reaching the normal-range BMI [107]. Weight loss is also efficacious in relieving symptoms of knee OA, most importantly alleviating the pain. Riddle et al. observed a significant dose-response relationship (P < 0.003) exists between percentage changes in body weight and the corresponding changes in WOMAC pain, as well as WOMAC physical function; Riddle further indicated that weight changes (gain or loss) of ≥10% potentially leads to clinical important changes in pain and function for older individuals with OA [109]. Messier et al. also identified a dose response to WL for pain (P = 0.01), 6-minute walk distance (P < 0.0001), and function (P = 0.0006) [110]. Accordingly, WL should be incorporated to the management for elder individuals with OA, especially those who are overweight or obese.
An WL intervention may exert negative impacts on lean mass since obesity often masks the age-associated loss of muscle mass. Recently, WL in combination with exercise has been recommended as the optimal approach to managing obese patients with OA. Several previous trials had targeted weight management for obese older adults with OA including the Intensive Diet and Exercise for Arthritis Trial [111], the Arthritis, Diet and Activity Promotion Trial [112], and the Physical Activity, Inflammation, and Body Composition Trial [113]. These registered clinical trials employed weight-loss protocols which targeted 5–10% reduction of body weight over 6–18 months and incorporated partial meal replacements, nutrition class, and behavior therapy for diet habit changes and lifestyle modifications. Results from such previous trials showed that exercise training in combination with a weight-loss program in obese adults with knee OA achieved significantly greater changes in pain and function compared to the control groups. In addition, several systemic reviews regarding WL with or without exercise for elder OA populations also provide evidences for treatment efficacy on pain relief and function recovery [114, 115, 116, 117]. However, the effects of WL plus exercise on lean mass remain inconsistency among the results of previous trials and few systemic review and meta-analysis studies focused on the treatment efficacy on muscle mass outcome in obese elder individuals with OA who received WL plus exercise. Future studies should be warranted to investigate effects of WL plus exercise on muscle mass in order to prevent sarcopenia in such elder population with OA.
Liao et al. conducted a systemic review and meta-analysis study to investigate effects of diet intervention plus ET for elder people with mild to moderate OA [118]. Among the included trials in Liao’s study, all of the included trials which reported muscle mass outcomes conducted a WL plus ET intervention for obese elder patients with knee OA [118] and the results showed that during an overall follow-up duration, the WL plus ET group achieved significant effects on muscle mass gains (SMD = 0.61; 95%CI: 0.30–0.91, P = 0.0001) compared to the control groups, regardless of methodological design. The results indicated that WL plus ET exhibited significant effects on muscle mass for obese older individuals with OA.
4. Management of muscle dysfunction after total joint replacement for patients with end-stage osteoarthritis
4.1 Postoperative rehabilitation for muscle recovery after total joint replacement
Total joint replacement has been recommended for patients with end-stage of OA who experience poor response to pharmacological medication or conventional therapy [119, 120, 121]. Total knee replacement (TKR) as well as total hip replacement (THR) has profound benefits for pain relief, which is the main determinant of functional recovery following surgery.
Enhanced recovery programs after a TKR or THR surgery, which require a multidisciplinary team of dedicated professionals, have been well-established [122]. Among the perioperative interventions producing better surgery outcome, rehabilitation plays an important role in physical reconditioning and functional recovery [123]. As mentioned in the Section 2.1, muscle strengthening exercise (MSE) exerts benefits on muscle mass and strength gains in elder people with OA, and an MSE has been effectively employed following TKR or THR surgery as well to improve postoperative muscle and joint function [124]. However, it remains unclear that whether MSE exerts any effect on muscle mass after total joint replacement. It is important to identify the effects of MSE on muscle mass outcome following total joint replacement since patient who were undergoing TKR or THR may experience acute sarcopenia immediately after surgery [125, 126]. Due to that sarcopenia may have impacts on function outcome after TKR or THR, further studies should be conducted to warrant effective interventions for preserve muscle mass for elderly population with OA who recently underwent total joint replacement.
Liao et al. conducted a randomized control trial to investigate effects of post-TKR MSE for elder women with OA [127]. Liao’s study demonstrated that an intervention of 12-week elastic RET following TKR surgery exerted benefits for muscle mass gain and physical recovery among elderly women with KOA. The results of this study suggest that elastic RET should be incorporated to post-TKR rehabilitation for patients with KOA to achieve well postoperative outcomes, especially muscle mass gains and physical mobility improvements. Liao further stated that the elastic RET is relatively safe and easily performed at home. The elastic RET protocol used in Liao’s study will help clinical practitioners and physiotherapists and to establish prompt treatment strategies for elderly people with KOA, especially those who have undergone a recent TKR and are considered to have high sarcopenia risk. The findings of this study indicated post-TKR elastic RET exerted benefits on muscle mass and function and can potentially assist clinician decision-making concerning the optimal treatment strategy for elderly women who are undergoing a primary TKR.
4.2 Protein supplement plus exercise training after surgery
The previous observational study has indicated that low protein intake occurring in patients with OA may place themselves at high risks of sarcopenia [128]. Therefore, perioperative interventions including protein supplement may prevent elder patients from suffering acute sarcopenia and poor surgical outcome at early stage after total joint replacement (i.e., TKR or THR) [129, 130, 131]. Alito et al. employed 5-day protein-contained (23%) supplements (PS) before surgery for patients who were undergoing THR and the results demonstrated that comparing with the non-supplement control group, the PS group experienced significantly a lower level of C-reactive protein (mean 80.6 vs. 66.5 mg/L, P < 0.01) and a shorter length of hospital stay (median 6 vs. 3 days, P < 0.01) after THR [129]. Yang et al. used high-dose PS on the day before and after THR surgery and the results showed that, comparing to the standard-care group, the PS group had less proportion of patients who required an intravenous albumin (45.1% vs. 26.8%, P = 0.023) and experienced a shorter length of hospital stay (mean 5.1 vs. 3.9 days, P < 0.001) [130]. Bai et al. used an oral ingestion of hydrolyzed PS for 5 postoperative days after TKR and the results indicated that PS enhanced postoperative nutrition status in terms of greater changes in blood prealbumin (P < 0.03) compared to the regular-nutrition group [131]. The previous results had indicated that diet interventions, especially the PS, before or after total joint replacement can enhance postoperative nutrient status and shorten length of acute inpatient stay which further prevent elder patients from experiencing acute sarcopenia.
On the basis that either perioperative diet interventions or early rehabilitation programs exerts benefits on surgical outcome, combination of both may provide additional effects on function recovery after TKR or THR. The evidences regarding effects of PS plus exercise for healthy, sarcopenic, and frail elder populations have been well established by previous systemic review and meta-analysis studies [61, 68, 132]. However, the elder population with OA as well as those who underwent total joint replacement are less targeted by previous systemic reviews investigating efficacy of PS plus exercise. Future studies are necessary to be warranted in order to identify whether PS plus exercise following TKR or THR exerts any effect on postoperative function outcomes.
Liao et al. conducted a systemic review and meta-analysis study to investigate effects of diet intervention plus ET for elder people with OA [118]. Among the included trials in Liao’s study, all of the included trials which reported muscle mass outcomes conducted a PS plus ET intervention for older patients who recently received a TKR or THR [118] and the results showed that during an overall follow-up duration, the PS plus ET group achieved significant effects on muscle mass gains (SMD = 0.81; 95%CI: 0.45–1.17, P < 0.0001) compared to the ET control groups, regardless of PS type. The results indicated that PS plus ET exhibited significant effects on muscle mass for older individuals with OA, especially for those who recently received a total joint arthroplasty.
5. Conclusions
This review provides evidence that DI incorporated with ET is effective for promoting gains in muscle mass and strength and enhancing performance in physical mobility for the elder adults with lower-extremity OA, compared to placebo, DI-alone or ET-alone controls. In addition, muscle mass gains have effects on strength gain and global function recovery. Furthermore, the results of this study showed that PS plus ET appears to be the optimal treatment strategy for those who were undergoing total joint replacement whereas WL plus ET is most preferred for those who experienced mild to moderate severity of OA disease. Therefore, we concluded that DI additional to ET may have extra effects to prevent or offset muscle loss and function decline for elder individuals with OA who have high sarcopenia risks.
6. Implications for clinical practice
This review adds current evidences of interdisciplinary approach practices which comprise effective nutrient and exercise intervention strategies for KOA populations who have potential risks of sarcopenic obesity. This review also provides references for clinical practitioners to develop efficient and effective interventions for such population to prevent sarcopenic obesity.
Acknowledgments
This study was funded by grants from the Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taiwan (grant no. 109TMU-SHH-13) and Taipei Medical University (grant no. IIT-1072-3).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest to the publication of this review.
\n',keywords:"sarcopenia, osteoarthritis, protein supplement, exercise training, muscle mass, function outcome",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/73052.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/73052.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73052",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73052",totalDownloads:768,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"May 20th 2020",dateReviewed:"July 27th 2020",datePrePublished:"August 24th 2020",datePublished:"March 3rd 2021",dateFinished:"August 24th 2020",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Lower-extremity osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent musculoskeletal disease in elder population. The main symptom of OA is pain which leads to muscle weakness and physical disability. Recently, muscle weakness, function limitation, and severity of disease in OA are addressed to aging-related muscle attenuations. Therefore, elder individuals with OA are under potential sarcopenia risks. In addition, obesity, which exerts negative impacts on disease outcomes, has become a burden in OA population. Under multifactor risks of OA, it is important to identify effectiveness of multidisciplinary management for such elder population to prevent sarcopenic obesity and maintain physical function. Previous studies have indicated that diet intervention (DI) using protein supplement, dietary protein, or weight loss enhances exercise efficacy in terms of additional muscle mass and strength gains to exercise training (ET) for elder individuals with high sarcopenia and frailty risks. However, it remains unclear whether DI in combination with ET augments any benefit for older adults with lower-extremity OA. This chapter aimed to review the effects of DI plus ET on muscle mass, strength, and physical function outcomes in older individuals with lower-extremity OA.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/73052",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/73052",signatures:"Tsan-Hon Liou, Chun-De Liao and Shih-Wei Huang",book:{id:"10192",type:"book",title:"Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy",slug:"background-and-management-of-muscular-atrophy",publishedDate:"March 3rd 2021",bookSignature:"Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10192.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83880-725-2",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-724-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-726-9",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"135579",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianna",middleName:null,surname:"Cseri",slug:"julianna-cseri",fullName:"Julianna Cseri"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"321726",title:"Dr.",name:"Tsan-Hon",middleName:null,surname:"Liou",fullName:"Tsan-Hon Liou",slug:"tsan-hon-liou",email:"peter_liou@s.tmu.edu.tw",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"321728",title:"Dr.",name:"Chun-De",middleName:null,surname:"Liao",fullName:"Chun-De Liao",slug:"chun-de-liao",email:"08415@s.tmu.edu.tw",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"321729",title:"Dr.",name:"Shih-Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Shih-Wei Huang",slug:"shih-wei-huang",email:"13001@s.tmu.edu.tw",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Taiwan"}}}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Treatments and management for sarcopenia in elderly",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 Protein supplement plus exercise training for sarcopenic obesity",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2 Associations of muscle mass changes with intervention effects on muscle strength and physical capability after protein supplement plus exercise training",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5",title:"3. Management of muscle deficits for mild to moderate severity of osteoarthritis",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"3.1 Exercise training",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"3.2 Protein supplement",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"3.3 Protein supplement combined with exercise training",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"3.4 Weight loss plus exercise for sarcopenic obesity in osteoarthritis",level:"2"},{id:"sec_10",title:"4. Management of muscle dysfunction after total joint replacement for patients with end-stage osteoarthritis",level:"1"},{id:"sec_10_2",title:"4.1 Postoperative rehabilitation for muscle recovery after total joint replacement",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11_2",title:"4.2 Protein supplement plus exercise training after surgery",level:"2"},{id:"sec_13",title:"5. Conclusions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_14",title:"6. Implications for clinical practice",level:"1"},{id:"sec_15",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"},{id:"sec_18",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'United Nations, D.o.E.a.S.A., Population Division. World Population Prospects 2019: Ten Key Findings. 2019. 25 October 2019. Available from: https://population.un.org/wpp/Publications/Files/WPP2019_10KeyFindings.pdf'},{id:"B2",body:'Guzman-Castillo M et al. Forecasted trends in disability and life expectancy in England and Wales up to 2025: A modelling study. 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An evidence-based review of enhanced recovery interventions in knee replacement surgery. Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 2013;95(6):386-389'},{id:"B123",body:'Ebert JR, Munsie C, Joss B. Guidelines for the early restoration of active knee flexion following total knee arthroplasty: implications for rehabilitation and early intervention. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2014;95(6):1135-1140'},{id:"B124",body:'Pozzi F, Snyder-Mackler L, Zeni J. Physical exercise after knee arthroplasty: A systematic review of controlled trials. European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine. 2013;49(6):877-892'},{id:"B125",body:'Petterson SC et al. Time course of quad strength, area, and activation after knee arthroplasty and strength training. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2011;43(2):225-231'},{id:"B126",body:'Kouw IWK et al. One week of hospitalization following elective hip surgery induces substantial muscle atrophy in older patients. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association. 2019;20(1):35-42'},{id:"B127",body:'Liao CD et al. Effects of elastic resistance exercise after total knee replacement on muscle mass and physical function in elderly women with osteoarthritis: A randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. 2020;99(5):381-389'},{id:"B128",body:'de Zwart AH et al. Dietary protein intake and upper leg muscle strength in subjects with knee osteoarthritis: Data from the osteoarthritis initiative. Rheumatology International. 2019;39(2):277-284'},{id:"B129",body:'Alito MA, de Aguilar-Nascimento JE. Multimodal perioperative care plus immunonutrition versus traditional care in total hip arthroplasty: A randomized pilot study. Nutrition Journal. 2016;15:34'},{id:"B130",body:'Yang L et al. A novel perioperative nutritional management model for primary unilateral total hip arthroplasty. Chinese Journal of Orthopaedics. 2019;27(11):1005-1009'},{id:"B131",body:'Bai ZW et al. Nutritional status improvement in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty by oral hydrolyzed protein. Beijing Medical Journal. 2018;40(1):30-33'},{id:"B132",body:'Liao CD et al. The role of muscle mass gain following protein supplementation plus exercise therapy in older adults with sarcopenia and frailty risks: A systematic review and meta-regression analysis of randomized trials. Nutrients. 2019;11(8):1713'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Tsan-Hon Liou",address:"peter_liou@s.tmu.edu.tw",affiliation:'
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
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The company was founded in Vienna in 2004 by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic, two PhD students researching robotics. While completing our PhDs, we found it difficult to access the research we needed. So, we decided to create a new Open Access publisher. A better one, where researchers like us could find the information they needed easily. The result is IntechOpen, an Open Access publisher that puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers.
",metaTitle:"Our story",metaDescription:"The company was founded in Vienna in 2004 by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic, two PhD students researching robotics. While completing our PhDs, we found it difficult to access the research we needed. So, we decided to create a new Open Access publisher. A better one, where researchers like us could find the information they needed easily. The result is IntechOpen, an Open Access publisher that puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/our-story",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"
We started by publishing journals and books from the fields of science we were most familiar with - AI, robotics, manufacturing and operations research. Through our growing network of institutions and authors, we soon expanded into related fields like environmental engineering, nanotechnology, computer science, renewable energy and electrical engineering, Today, we are the world’s largest Open Access publisher of scientific research, with over 4,200 books and 54,000 scientific works including peer-reviewed content from more than 116,000 scientists spanning 161 countries. Our authors range from globally-renowned Nobel Prize winners to up-and-coming researchers at the cutting edge of scientific discovery.
\\n\\n
In the same year that IntechOpen was founded, we launched what was at the time the first ever Open Access, peer-reviewed journal in its field: the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems (IJARS).
\\n\\n
The IntechOpen timeline
\\n\\n
2004
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Intech Open is founded in Vienna, Austria, by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic, two PhD students, and their first Open Access journals and books are published.
\\n\\t
Alex and Vedran launch the first Open Access, peer-reviewed robotics journal and IntechOpen’s flagship publication, the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems (IJARS).
\\n
\\n\\n
2005
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
IntechOpen publishes its first Open Access book: Cutting Edge Robotics.
\\n
\\n\\n
2006
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
IntechOpen publishes a special issue of IJARS, featuring contributions from NASA scientists regarding the Mars Exploration Rover missions.
\\n
\\n\\n
2008
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Downloads milestone: 200,000 downloads reached
\\n
\\n\\n
2009
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Publishing milestone: the first 100 Open Access STM books are published
\\n
\\n\\n
2010
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Downloads milestone: one million downloads reached
\\n\\t
IntechOpen expands its book publishing into a new field: medicine.
\\n
\\n\\n
2011
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Publishing milestone: More than five million downloads reached
\\n\\t
IntechOpen publishes 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry winner Harold W. Kroto’s “Strategies to Successfully Cross-Link Carbon Nanotubes”. Find it here.
\\n\\t
IntechOpen and TBI collaborate on a project to explore the changing needs of researchers and the evolving ways that they discover, publish and exchange information. The result is the survey “Author Attitudes Towards Open Access Publishing: A Market Research Program”.
\\n\\t
IntechOpen hosts SHOW - Share Open Access Worldwide; a series of lectures, debates, round-tables and events to bring people together in discussion of open source principles, intellectual property, content licensing innovations, remixed and shared culture and free knowledge.
\\n
\\n\\n
2012
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Publishing milestone: 10 million downloads reached
\\n\\t
IntechOpen holds Interact2012, a free series of workshops held by figureheads of the scientific community including Professor Hiroshi Ishiguro, director of the Intelligent Robotics Laboratory, who took the audience through some of the most impressive human-robot interactions observed in his lab.
\\n
\\n\\n
2013
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
IntechOpen joins the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) as part of a commitment to guaranteeing the highest standards of publishing.
\\n
\\n\\n
2014
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
IntechOpen turns 10, with more than 30 million downloads to date.
\\n\\t
IntechOpen appoints its first Regional Representatives - members of the team situated around the world dedicated to increasing the visibility of our authors’ published work within their local scientific communities.
\\n
\\n\\n
2015
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Downloads milestone: More than 70 million downloads reached, more than doubling since the previous year.
\\n\\t
Publishing milestone: IntechOpen publishes its 2,500th book and 40,000th Open Access chapter, reaching 20,000 citations in Thomson Reuters ISI Web of Science.
\\n\\t
40 IntechOpen authors are included in the top one per cent of the world’s most-cited researchers.
\\n\\t
Thomson Reuters’ ISI Web of Science Book Citation Index begins indexing IntechOpen’s books in its database.
\\n
\\n\\n
2016
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
IntechOpen is identified as a world leader in Simba Information’s Open Access Book Publishing 2016-2020 report and forecast. IntechOpen came in as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\\n
\\n\\n
2017
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Downloads milestone: IntechOpen reaches more than 100 million downloads
\\n\\t
Publishing milestone: IntechOpen publishes its 3,000th Open Access book, making it the largest Open Access book collection in the world
We started by publishing journals and books from the fields of science we were most familiar with - AI, robotics, manufacturing and operations research. Through our growing network of institutions and authors, we soon expanded into related fields like environmental engineering, nanotechnology, computer science, renewable energy and electrical engineering, Today, we are the world’s largest Open Access publisher of scientific research, with over 4,200 books and 54,000 scientific works including peer-reviewed content from more than 116,000 scientists spanning 161 countries. Our authors range from globally-renowned Nobel Prize winners to up-and-coming researchers at the cutting edge of scientific discovery.
\n\n
In the same year that IntechOpen was founded, we launched what was at the time the first ever Open Access, peer-reviewed journal in its field: the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems (IJARS).
\n\n
The IntechOpen timeline
\n\n
2004
\n\n
\n\t
Intech Open is founded in Vienna, Austria, by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic, two PhD students, and their first Open Access journals and books are published.
\n\t
Alex and Vedran launch the first Open Access, peer-reviewed robotics journal and IntechOpen’s flagship publication, the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems (IJARS).
\n
\n\n
2005
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen publishes its first Open Access book: Cutting Edge Robotics.
\n
\n\n
2006
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen publishes a special issue of IJARS, featuring contributions from NASA scientists regarding the Mars Exploration Rover missions.
\n
\n\n
2008
\n\n
\n\t
Downloads milestone: 200,000 downloads reached
\n
\n\n
2009
\n\n
\n\t
Publishing milestone: the first 100 Open Access STM books are published
\n
\n\n
2010
\n\n
\n\t
Downloads milestone: one million downloads reached
\n\t
IntechOpen expands its book publishing into a new field: medicine.
\n
\n\n
2011
\n\n
\n\t
Publishing milestone: More than five million downloads reached
\n\t
IntechOpen publishes 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry winner Harold W. Kroto’s “Strategies to Successfully Cross-Link Carbon Nanotubes”. Find it here.
\n\t
IntechOpen and TBI collaborate on a project to explore the changing needs of researchers and the evolving ways that they discover, publish and exchange information. The result is the survey “Author Attitudes Towards Open Access Publishing: A Market Research Program”.
\n\t
IntechOpen hosts SHOW - Share Open Access Worldwide; a series of lectures, debates, round-tables and events to bring people together in discussion of open source principles, intellectual property, content licensing innovations, remixed and shared culture and free knowledge.
\n
\n\n
2012
\n\n
\n\t
Publishing milestone: 10 million downloads reached
\n\t
IntechOpen holds Interact2012, a free series of workshops held by figureheads of the scientific community including Professor Hiroshi Ishiguro, director of the Intelligent Robotics Laboratory, who took the audience through some of the most impressive human-robot interactions observed in his lab.
\n
\n\n
2013
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen joins the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) as part of a commitment to guaranteeing the highest standards of publishing.
\n
\n\n
2014
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen turns 10, with more than 30 million downloads to date.
\n\t
IntechOpen appoints its first Regional Representatives - members of the team situated around the world dedicated to increasing the visibility of our authors’ published work within their local scientific communities.
\n
\n\n
2015
\n\n
\n\t
Downloads milestone: More than 70 million downloads reached, more than doubling since the previous year.
\n\t
Publishing milestone: IntechOpen publishes its 2,500th book and 40,000th Open Access chapter, reaching 20,000 citations in Thomson Reuters ISI Web of Science.
\n\t
40 IntechOpen authors are included in the top one per cent of the world’s most-cited researchers.
\n\t
Thomson Reuters’ ISI Web of Science Book Citation Index begins indexing IntechOpen’s books in its database.
\n
\n\n
2016
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen is identified as a world leader in Simba Information’s Open Access Book Publishing 2016-2020 report and forecast. IntechOpen came in as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n
\n\n
2017
\n\n
\n\t
Downloads milestone: IntechOpen reaches more than 100 million downloads
\n\t
Publishing milestone: IntechOpen publishes its 3,000th Open Access book, making it the largest Open Access book collection in the world
\n
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Fresh-cut fruits and vegetables (FFV) are products that have been cleaned, peeled, sliced, cubed or prepared for convenience or ready-to-eat consumption but remains in a living and respiring physiological condition. Methods of preserving FFV to retain its wholesomeness includes washing with hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, organic acids, warm water and ozone for disinfestation and sanitization; use of antimicrobial edible films and coatings; and controlled atmosphere storage and modified atmosphere packaging of fruits and vegetables. Exposure of intact or FFV to abiotic stress and some processing methods, induces biosynthesis of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of the produce. Conversely, loss of vitamins and other nutrients has been reported during processing and storage of FFV, hence the need for appropriate processing techniques to retain their nutritional and organoleptic properties. 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\r\n\tScientists have long researched to understand the environment and man’s place in it. The search for this knowledge grows in importance as rapid increases in population and economic development intensify humans’ stresses on ecosystems. Fortunately, rapid increases in multiple scientific areas are advancing our understanding of environmental sciences. Breakthroughs in computing, molecular biology, ecology, and sustainability science are enhancing our ability to utilize environmental sciences to address real-world problems. \r\n\tThe four topics of this book series - Pollution; Environmental Resilience and Management; Ecosystems and Biodiversity; and Water Science - will address important areas of advancement in the environmental sciences. They will represent an excellent initial grouping of published works on these critical topics.
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He also has an honorary appointment to serve as a Collaborative Professor at Kanazawa University, Japan, from Mar 2015 to the present. \nFormerly, Dr. Rahman was a faculty member of the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh, affiliated with the Department of Chemistry (Oct 2002 to Mar 2012) and the Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering (Mar 2012 to Sep 2015). Dr. Rahman was also adjunctly attached with Kanazawa University, Japan (Visiting Research Professor, Dec 2014 to Mar 2015; JSPS Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Apr 2012 to Mar 2014), and Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan (TokyoTech-UNESCO Research Fellow, Oct 2004–Sep 2005). \nHe received his Ph.D. degree in Environmental Analytical Chemistry from Kanazawa University, Japan (2011). He also achieved a Diploma in Environment from the Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan (2005). Besides, he has an M.Sc. degree in Applied Chemistry and a B.Sc. degree in Chemistry, all from the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh. \nDr. Rahman’s research interest includes the study of the fate and behavior of environmental pollutants in the biosphere; design of low energy and low burden environmental improvement (remediation) technology; implementation of sustainable waste management practices for treatment, handling, reuse, and ultimate residual disposition of solid wastes; nature and type of interactions in organic liquid mixtures for process engineering design applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fukushima University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201020",title:"Dr.",name:"Zinnat Ara",middleName:null,surname:"Begum",slug:"zinnat-ara-begum",fullName:"Zinnat Ara Begum",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201020/images/system/201020.jpeg",biography:"Zinnat A. 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He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:null},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Vatankhah",slug:"maryam-vatankhah",fullName:"Maryam Vatankhah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Borough of Manhattan Community College",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"414879",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",slug:"mohammad-reza-akbarzadeh-totonchi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"414878",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Public University System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"302698",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yao-shan",fullName:"Yao Shan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"125911",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jia-ching-wang",fullName:"Jia-Ching Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Central University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. 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Shukla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356823",title:"MSc.",name:"Seonghee",middleName:null,surname:"Min",slug:"seonghee-min",fullName:"Seonghee Min",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Daegu University",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"353307",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoosoo",middleName:null,surname:"Oh",slug:"yoosoo-oh",fullName:"Yoosoo Oh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:"Yoosoo Oh received his Bachelor's degree in the Department of Electronics and Engineering from Kyungpook National University in 2002. He obtained his Master’s degree in the Department of Information and Communications from Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) in 2003. In 2010, he received his Ph.D. degree in the School of Information and Mechatronics from GIST. In the meantime, he was an executed team leader at Culture Technology Institute, GIST, 2010-2012. In 2011, he worked at Lancaster University, the UK as a visiting scholar. In September 2012, he joined Daegu University, where he is currently an associate professor in the School of ICT Conver, Daegu University. Also, he served as the Board of Directors of KSIIS since 2019, and HCI Korea since 2016. From 2017~2019, he worked as a center director of the Mixed Reality Convergence Research Center at Daegu University. From 2015-2017, He worked as a director in the Enterprise Supporting Office of LINC Project Group, Daegu University. His research interests include Activity Fusion & Reasoning, Machine Learning, Context-aware Middleware, Human-Computer Interaction, etc.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"262719",title:"Dr.",name:"Esma",middleName:null,surname:"Ergüner Özkoç",slug:"esma-erguner-ozkoc",fullName:"Esma Ergüner Özkoç",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Başkent University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"346530",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibrahim",middleName:null,surname:"Kaya",slug:"ibrahim-kaya",fullName:"Ibrahim Kaya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"419199",title:"Dr.",name:"Qun",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"qun-yang",fullName:"Qun Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Auckland",country:{name:"New Zealand"}}},{id:"351158",title:"Prof.",name:"David W.",middleName:null,surname:"Anderson",slug:"david-w.-anderson",fullName:"David W. Anderson",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Calgary",country:{name:"Canada"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"95",type:"subseries",title:"Urban Planning and Environmental Management",keywords:"Circular economy, Contingency planning and response to disasters, Ecosystem services, Integrated urban water management, Nature-based solutions, Sustainable urban development, Urban green spaces",scope:"
\r\n\tIf we aim to prosper as a society and as a species, there is no alternative to sustainability-oriented development and growth. Sustainable development is no longer a choice but a necessity for us all. Ecosystems and preserving ecosystem services and inclusive urban development present promising solutions to environmental problems. Contextually, the emphasis on studying these fields will enable us to identify and define the critical factors for territorial success in the upcoming decades to be considered by the main-actors, decision and policy makers, technicians, and public in general.
\r\n
\r\n\tHolistic urban planning and environmental management are therefore crucial spheres that will define sustainable trajectories for our urbanizing planet. This urban and environmental planning topic aims to attract contributions that address sustainable urban development challenges and solutions, including integrated urban water management, planning for the urban circular economy, monitoring of risks, contingency planning and response to disasters, among several other challenges and solutions.
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Since 2015 he heads the research department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Research and Technology (Eawag).",institutionString:"Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Switzerland",institution:null},editorTwo:{id:"290571",title:"Dr.",name:"Rui Alexandre",middleName:null,surname:"Castanho",slug:"rui-alexandre-castanho",fullName:"Rui Alexandre Castanho",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/290571/images/system/290571.jpg",biography:"Rui Alexandre Castanho has a master\\'s degree in Planning, Audit, and Control in Urban Green Spaces and an international Ph.D. in Sustainable Planning in Borderlands. Currently, he is a professor at WSB University, Poland, and a visiting professor at the University of Johannesburg, South Africa. Dr. Castanho is a post-doc researcher on the GREAT Project, University of Azores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal. He collaborates with the Environmental Resources Analysis Research Group (ARAM), University of Extremadura (UEx), Spain; VALORIZA - Research Center for the Enhancement of Endogenous Resources, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre (IPP), Portugal; Centre for Tourism Research, Development and Innovation (CITUR), Madeira, Portugal; and AQUAGEO Research Group, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil.",institutionString:"University of Johannesburg, South Africa and WSB University, Poland",institution:{name:"University of Johannesburg",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorThree:null,series:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:null},editorialBoard:[{id:"181486",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",middleName:null,surname:"Trillo",slug:"claudia-trillo",fullName:"Claudia 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Fungal infectious illness prevalence and prognosis are determined by the exposure between fungi and host, host immunological state, fungal virulence, and early and accurate diagnosis and treatment. \r\nPatients with both congenital and acquired immunodeficiency are more likely to be infected with opportunistic mycosis. Fungal infectious disease outbreaks are common during the post- disaster rebuilding era, which is characterised by high population density, migration, and poor health and medical conditions.\r\nSystemic or local fungal infection is mainly associated with the fungi directly inhaled or inoculated in the environment during the disaster. The most common fungal infection pathways are human to human (anthropophilic), animal to human (zoophilic), and environment to human (soilophile). Diseases are common as a result of widespread exposure to pathogenic fungus dispersed into the environment. \r\nFungi that are both common and emerging are intertwined. In Southeast Asia, for example, Talaromyces marneffei is an important pathogenic thermally dimorphic fungus that causes systemic mycosis. Widespread fungal infections with complicated and variable clinical manifestations, such as Candida auris infection resistant to several antifungal medicines, Covid-19 associated with Trichoderma, and terbinafine resistant dermatophytosis in India, are among the most serious disorders. \r\nInappropriate local or systemic use of glucocorticoids, as well as their immunosuppressive effects, may lead to changes in fungal infection spectrum and clinical characteristics. Hematogenous candidiasis is a worrisome issue that affects people all over the world, particularly ICU patients. CARD9 deficiency and fungal infection have been major issues in recent years. Invasive aspergillosis is associated with a significant death rate. Special attention should be given to endemic fungal infections, identification of important clinical fungal infections advanced in yeasts, filamentous fungal infections, skin mycobiome and fungal genomes, and immunity to fungal infections.\r\nIn addition, endemic fungal diseases or uncommon fungal infections caused by Mucor irregularis, dermatophytosis, Malassezia, cryptococcosis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidiosis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, and other fungi, should be monitored. \r\nThis topic includes the research progress on the etiology and pathogenesis of fungal infections, new methods of isolation and identification, rapid detection, drug sensitivity testing, new antifungal drugs, schemes and case series reports. It will provide significant opportunities and support for scientists, clinical doctors, mycologists, antifungal drug researchers, public health practitioners, and epidemiologists from all over the world to share new research, ideas and solutions to promote the development and progress of medical mycology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",keywords:"Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Invasive Infections, Epidemiology, Cell Membrane, Fungal Virulence, Diagnosis, Treatment"},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",scope:"Parasitic diseases have evolved alongside their human hosts. In many cases, these diseases have adapted so well that they have developed efficient resilience methods in the human host and can live in the host for years. Others, particularly some blood parasites, can cause very acute diseases and are responsible for millions of deaths yearly. Many parasitic diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases because they have received minimal funding over recent years and, in many cases, are under-reported despite the critical role they play in morbidity and mortality among human and animal hosts. The current topic, Parasitic Infectious Diseases, in the Infectious Diseases Series aims to publish studies on the systematics, epidemiology, molecular biology, genomics, pathogenesis, genetics, and clinical significance of parasitic diseases from blood borne to intestinal parasites as well as zoonotic parasites. We hope to cover all aspects of parasitic diseases to provide current and relevant research data on these very important diseases. In the current atmosphere of the Coronavirus pandemic, communities around the world, particularly those in different underdeveloped areas, are faced with the growing challenges of the high burden of parasitic diseases. At the same time, they are faced with the Covid-19 pandemic leading to what some authors have called potential syndemics that might worsen the outcome of such infections. Therefore, it is important to conduct studies that examine parasitic infections in the context of the coronavirus pandemic for the benefit of all communities to help foster more informed decisions for the betterment of human and animal health.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",keywords:"Blood Borne Parasites, Intestinal Parasites, Protozoa, Helminths, Arthropods, Water Born Parasites, Epidemiology, Molecular Biology, Systematics, Genomics, Proteomics, Ecology"},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",scope:"The Viral Infectious Diseases Book Series aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends and discoveries in various viral infectious diseases emerging around the globe. The emergence of any viral disease is hard to anticipate, which often contributes to death. A viral disease can be defined as an infectious disease that has recently appeared within a population or exists in nature with the rapid expansion of incident or geographic range. This series will focus on various crucial factors related to emerging viral infectious diseases, including epidemiology, pathogenesis, host immune response, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical recommendations for managing viral infectious diseases, highlighting the recent issues with future directions for effective therapeutic strategies.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",keywords:"Novel Viruses, Virus Transmission, Virus Evolution, Molecular Virology, Control and Prevention, Virus-host Interaction"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:null},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/341240",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"341240"},fullPath:"/profiles/341240",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()