The MIND Diet—Foods to be included.
\r\n\tThe present book intends to provide to the reader a comprehensive overview of the state of art in empathy studies, embracing the different theoretical points of view and illustrating the advanced research such as the application of new technologies to promote perspective-taking. The critical aspects and the future directions of the study on empathy will also be presented.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-612-2",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-611-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-613-9",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"4c1042dfe15aa9cea6019524c4cbff38",bookSignature:"Ph.D. Sara Ventura",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11443.jpg",keywords:"Theoretical Model, Skill, Perspective Taking, Training Programs, Practical Implications, Advanced Research, Future Directions, Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality, New Trends, Assistive Technology",numberOfDownloads:19,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 1st 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 8th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 7th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 26th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 25th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Passionate researcher in the application of new technologies to psychological treatments, neuro-rehabilitation, human behavior, and the evolution of the human-computer interaction. In 2017 Dr. Ventura won a competitive grant (Santiago Grisolia) at the University of Valencia at LABPSITEC group, where she was awarded her Ph.D. degree, supervised by Prof. Rosa Baños at the University of Valencia, and co-directed by Prof. Giuseppe Riva of the Catholic University of Milan.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"227763",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura",slug:"sara-ventura",fullName:"Sara Ventura",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/227763/images/system/227763.jpg",biography:"Sara Ventura gained a B.Sc in Psychology at the University of Padua (Italy) in 2013 and an M.Sc. in Ergonomic Psychology at the Catholic University of Milan (Italy) in 2015. In 2016, she carried out a postgraduate training at Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico (Mexico) at the Ciberpsychology lab, working on a rehabilitation protocol for people with acquired brain injury through Virtual Reality. In 2020, Sara gained the Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology at University of Valencia (Spain) working with the LabPsitec group and focusing her research on the study of embodiment and empathy with the support of Virtual Reality. Actually, she is working both with Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna (Italy), and the University of Valencia (Spain) on the fields of embodiment, stroke rehabilitation, empathy and patient care. Her research interests mainly focus on the adoption of new technologies, particularly Virtual/Augmented Reality and Artificial Intelligence for the psycho-social wellbeing with clinical and non-clinical populations, the study of human-computer interaction, and the user experience. She is the author of several scientific papers and various presentations at national and international conferences.",institutionString:"University of Valencia",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Valencia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"21",title:"Psychology",slug:"psychology"}],chapters:[{id:"82719",title:"Empathy as a High-Performance Competency",slug:"empathy-as-a-high-performance-competency",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"82888",title:"From Empathy to the Aggression–Compassion Continuum",slug:"from-empathy-to-the-aggression-compassion-continuum",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"191531",title:"Dr.",name:"Neil E.",surname:"Grunberg",slug:"neil-e.-grunberg",fullName:"Neil E. 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In the nineteenth century, there has been considerable interest in the active compounds in tumeric called curcuminoids. Curcumin is the major curcuminoid compound that makes up approximately 90% of the curcuminoid content in tumeric, followed by demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin [3]. The chemical structure of curcumin was determined by Roughley and Whiting (Figure 1) [4].
\nChemical structure of curcumin (diferuloylmethane) [
Curcumin can be dissolved in organic solvents such as dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), oil, alcohol, and petroleum agents. Interestingly, curcumin has been demonstrated to be safe for human and animals use. Human appeared to be able to tolerate high doses of curcumin without significant side-effects. A phase 1 study by Cheng et al. [5] found no adverse effects of curcumin ingestion for 3 months of dosage up to 8000 mg/day. Other human studies of curcumin included the following: a double-blinded, crossover trial in 18 patients with rheumatoid arthritis [6], a randomized, placebo-controlled trial with 45 postsurgical patients [7]. The doses of curcumin in these studies ranged from 1125 to 2500 mg/day. Only one postsurgical patient reported mild transient giddiness. No other serious adverse reactions were reported, including any changes in blood chemistry reports. Thus, curcumin appears to be safe in human even with ingestion at a high dosage.
\nIn animals, the previous study demonstrated that curcumin is rapidly metabolized and poorly absorbed in Sprague-Dawley rats. Administrating curcumin orally was carried out by Wahlström and Blennow [8]. They demonstrated that this compound with a dose of 1–5 g/kg BW given to rats apparently did not cause any adverse effects and it was excreted about 75% in the feces, while traces found in the urine. In addition, measurements of blood plasma levels and biliary excretion showed that curcumin was poorly absorbed by the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Curcumin could not be detected after 30 minutes when added to microsomes suspensions or hepatocyte suspensions. Furthermore, it was capable of disappearing from the blood after intravenous injection or after addition to the liver perfusion system. Moreover, oral LD50 was found to be 12.2 g/kg BW in rats [9]. In addition, a study in which rats were fed with curcumin 1.8 g/kg BW per day for 90 days and monkeys were fed with curcumin 0.8 mg/kg BW per day for 90 days showed no adverse effects [10].
\nCurcumin has been tested to demonstrate pharmacoprotective effects in various gastrointestinal (GI) and liver diseases. We highlight studies on its potential mechanism of action classified into four categories: (i) Curcumin protects against
The discovery of
Powerful flagella help the bacteria to swim through the viscous mucous layer covering the gastric epithelium, where bacterial adhesion proteins mediate a close interaction with the host cells [16].
Protective mechanism of curcumin on
Protective mechanism of curcumin on N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) and saturated sodium chloride (s-NaCl)-induced gastric cancer [
Effect of curcumin was examined by using rats [19]. The scheme of the effects was shown in Figure 2. Host inflammatory responses were measured by the following parameters: leakage of macromolecules from gastric postcapillary venules (PCVs), serum level of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and the expression of NF-κB subunit p65.
\nThe successful inoculation of
In addition, the present study to examine the protective effect of curcumin on gastric cancer induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) and saturated sodium chloride (s-NaCl) administration [20]. The scheme of the results was shown in Figure 3. Gastric cancer can generate in any part of the stomach. Cancers were found in the forestomach of all rats induced by MNU and s-NaCl. Curcumin supplementations showed 40–50% reduction of cancer incidence. Expressions of 8-OHdG, cyclin D1, and Bcl-2 significantly increased in rat with MNU and s-NaCl administration compared with control group. The phospho-IκBα expression had a tendency to increase in MNU and s-NaCl group compared with control group. Immunoreactive cells of 8-OHdG in curcumin supplementation significantly decreased when compared with MNU and s-NaCl group. The relative intensity of phospho-IκBα in curcumin group tended to reduce when compared with MNU and s-NaCl group. Curcumin can attenuate cancer via a reduction of phospho-IκBα and 8-OHdG expressions, which may play a promising role in gastric carcinogenesis [20].
\n\nNonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are one of the most commonly prescribed drugs worldwide. It is well-known that NSAIDs cause gastric mucosal damage ranging from nonspecific dyspepsia to ulceration, upper gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding, and death. These can summarize by the term “NSAIDs gastropathy.” NSAIDs caused topical damage from “ion trapping” effect [21], the reduction of the hydrophobicity of the gastric mucosal surface, and uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation [22, 23]. The systemic effect caused by inhibiting cyclo-oxygenases (COX). NSAIDs block the formation not only of proinflammatory cytokines but also of gastroprotective prostaglandins those maintain gastric mucosal blood flow and bicarbonate production [24]. The enhanced synthesis of leukotrienes may occur by shunting the arachidonic acid metabolism towards the 5-lipoxygenase pathway [25–27]. COX inhibition, enhanced synthesis of leukotrienes, contributing to gastric mucosal injury by promoting tissue ischemia and inflammation [28–31].
\nMechanism of NSAID-induced gastric ulceration is a neutrophil-dependent process. NSAIDs induced neutrophil adherence to vascular endothelium [32]. Neutrophils play an important role by releasing a variety of inflammatory mediators, including neutrophil elastase and ROS caused gastric mucosal injury. Furthermore, adhesion molecules expressed on activated neutrophils, such as CD11b and CD18, play an important role in neutrophil-induced tissue injury [33–35].
\n\nProtective effects of curcumin on NSAIDs were examined [36]. The scheme of the effects was shown in Figure 4. The study demonstrates effects of curcumin on gastric microcirculation, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 levels on rat with NSAID-induced gastric injury. The stomach histopathology in NSAIDs group showed multiple erosions with mild to moderate inflammation. Serum of ICAM-1, TNF-α levels, and leukocyte-endothelium interaction increased significantly when compared with control group. Pretreatment with curcumin group resulted in decreasing the elevation serum of ICAM-1, TNF-α levels, and leukocyte-endothelium interaction. The stomach histopathology was improved in curcumin administration group. Therefore, curcumin accomplishes the protective effect on NSAID-induced gastric mucosal injury on improving gastric microcirculation and reducing inflammatory cytokines [36].
\nProtective mechanism of curcumin on NSAID-induced gastric mucosal injury [
N-acetyl-P-aminophenol (APAP) or paracetamol is a widely used analgesic and antipyretic drugs [37, 38]. APAP toxicity is one of the most common drug-induced liver damages worldwide, where major liver major complication is caused due to APAP overdose. APAP metabolites produced in the liver and other organs are the main contributors for the mechanism of its toxicity [39, 40].
\nThe scheme of liver injury by drug was shown in Figure 5. In therapeutic doses, APAP is mainly metabolized via glucuronidation and sulfation and in conjugated forms are excreted from the body. Besides, APAP partly is metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP 450), to some metabolites, mainly N-acetyl-
Protective mechanism of curcumin on paracetamol overdose-induced hepatitis [
The protective effects of curcumin on paracetamol overdose-induced hepatitis in mice were studied. The effect was shown in Figure 5. The results showed that serum transaminases, Hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA), and inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL18) were increased significantly in the 400 mg/kg of APAP group compared with the control group. Curcumin treatment groups (curcumin 200 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg) were significantly decreased these parameters compared with the APAP group. The level of GSH decreased significantly in the APAP compared with the control group. Curcumin treatment groups (curcumin 200 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg) were significantly increased GSH level compared with the APAP group. The histological appearance of the liver in the control group showed normal. In the APAP group, the liver showed damage with extensive hemorrhagic hepatic necrosis at all zones. Curcumin treatment groups (curcumin 200 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg) improved the liver histopathology. In curcumin 200 mg/kg group, the liver showed mild focal necrosis and the normal architecture was well preserved in curcumin 600 mg/kg group. The results indicated that curcumin prevented APAP-induced hepatitis through decreased oxidative stress, reduced liver inflammation, and restored GSH, which caused the improvement of liver histopathology [43]
\nAlcoholic liver disease (ALD) represents a spectrum of clinical illness and morphological changes that range from fatty liver, hepatic inflammation, and necrosis (alcoholic hepatitis) to progressive fibrosis (alcoholic cirrhosis) [44]. Ethanol oxidation generates toxic products such as acetaldehyde, and reactive oxygen species resulted in oxidative stress that initiates apoptosis and cell injury [45–48]. More than 80–90% of heavy drinkers develop fatty liver, but only up to 20–40% of this population develops more severe forms of alcoholic liver disease (ALD), including fibrosis, alcoholic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) [49].
\nPathogenic mechanisms of alcoholic liver disease were proposed. Ethanol promotes the translocation of lipopolysaccharide from the gastrointestinal lumen to the portal vein. In Kupffer cells, lipopolysaccharide binds to CD14, which combines with Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) which is responsible for activating the innate immune system. The increase on inflammatory cytokine production in conjunction with a decrease in signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) factors’ expression reduces liver regeneration. Long-term alcohol consumption alters the intracellular balance of antioxidants with subsequent decrease in the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c and expression of Fas ligand, leading to hepatic apoptosis. Activated Kupffer cells and hepatocytes are suggested to be sources of free radicals (especially ROS), which are responsible for lipid peroxidation and further apoptotic damage. Activation of hepatic stellate cells also contributes to the production of cytokines, ROS and TGF-β exacerbating liver fibrosis [49].
\nThis study demonstrated effects of curcumin attenuated inflammation and liver pathology in rats with alcoholic liver disease. The effect was shown in Figure 6. The results showed that the liver histopathology in ethanol group revealed moderate steatosis and necroinflammation. In ethanol group, hepatic MDA, hepatocyte apoptosis, and NF-κB activation have increased significantly when compared with control. The 400 mg/kg BW of curcumin treatment revealed the decreased of hepatocyte apoptosis, hepatic MDA, NF-κB activation. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) protein expression increased in the curcumin groups. Therefore, curcumin improved liver damage in ethanol-induced hepatitis by reduction of oxidative stress, inhibition of NF-κB activation, and restoration of PPARγ. [50].
\nProtective mechanism of curcumin on changes of PPARγ expression, NF-κB activation and oxidative stress in rats with alcoholic hepatitis [
Curcumin prevents indomethacin-induced gastropathy by decreasing ICAM-1, TNF-α levels, and leukocyte-endothelium interaction. Curcumin reduces
Cognitive decline is an alarming public health concern. Intellectual debility related to aging is a staid health issue, which increases the prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases as people are active longer and the proportion of aged persons globally remains increasing rapidly [1]. World Health Organization (WHO) reported that dementia affects an estimated 50 million people, and this prevalence is projected to rise over 130 million by 2050 [2]. Further epidemiological studies advocate an adverse interaction of aging and obesity with cognitive dysfunction [3, 4]. There are additional adverse implications for cognition health which are assessed as 30% prevalent among the overweight and obese adult population [5, 6]. The strong predictors of functional disability and dependence are dementia and cognitive impairment, which leads to major socioeconomic burden [7].
The usual part of the aging process is cognitive decline, but the rate of decline may differ depending on the variations in genetic and lifestyle-associated factors [8]. Elderly people develop these protein deposits, known as amyloid plaques and tangles. Plaques and tangles are a pathology found in the brain that builds up in between nerve cells and typically interfere with thinking and problem-solving skills. Aging acquires a toll on the body and mind. For instance, the tissue of aging human brains sometimes develops abnormal clumps of proteins, which are the hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease. Currently, the brain can be protected from these effects by a healthy diet.
A healthy diet has the potential in preserving the brain and maintaining cognitive health. The potential of modifiable lifestyle factors is important as there are no effective pharmacological agents identified for the improvement of cognition or delay of the progression of cognitive decline [9]. Diet is a key lifestyle risk factor. Personalized nutrients in foods have been contradictorily related to cognitive function, which includes some vitamins, carotenoids, long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in kinds of seafood, whole grainy foods rich in polyphenols, nuts, olive oil, coffee, fruits, and vegetables [10, 11, 12].
As food is consumed as part of a dietary pattern, it is important to consider the interactions and associations of whole dietary approaches. Predominantly, three dietary patterns are put forward to have a beneficial impact on cognitive function. They are the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet), the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), and the MedDiet-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND). At present, the MedDiet and DASH are advocated for their cardiovascular benefits [13] but also advisable to promote cognition in them and because of the association between the risk factors of vascular problems with dementia [14]. A relationship between adherence to MedDiet and cognitive function was proved by several epidemiological studies and clinical trials [15, 16], and the World Health Organization (WHO) has included this dietary pattern in their guidelines to reduce the risk of cognitive decline and dementia; on the other hand, it is conditionally considered the potency of the recommendation [2]. Even though it has been less comprehensively investigated in association with cognition and other cardiometabolic health outcomes, an amalgam of the MedDiet and DASH diet, the MIND diet, is also being promoted for brain health [17].
The potentially effective preventive strategies are dietary interventions because nutrition is a modifiable factor for intervention in cognitive disorders. The MIND diet aims to lessen dementia and the decline in brain health that is prevalent as people get older. The MIND diet is the combined aspects of two accepted diets, the Mediterranean diet, and the DASH diet. Many researchers consider the Mediterranean and DASH diets as one of the healthiest diets. Studies have proven that they can lower blood pressure and reduce the risk of heart disease, diabetes, and numerous other diseases also. The diet is tailored after the Mediterranean and DASH diets but with modifications based on the most persuasive findings in the area of diet for dementia.
The MIND diet combines the DASH and Mediterranean diets to create a diet aimed at reducing the risk of dementia and the decline in brain health that people often experience as they age. The MIND diet encourages the consumption of all kinds of vegetables, berries, nuts, olive oil, whole grains, fish, beans, poultry, and a moderate amount of wine. To improve cognition, currently, the MIND diet is found to be superior and beneficial when compared to various other plant-based diets including the Mediterranean, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension, Pro-Vegetarian, and Baltic Sea diets. MIND diet adherence is possibly related to an improved cognitive function in elderly people.
Several studies proved that there is an impact on biological mechanisms of neurocognitive aging by antioxidant, vitamin, probiotic, plant protein, and unsaturated fatty acid content along with low glycemic index/load components in a regular diet [18]. Promotion of vascular health and neuroprotection by anti-inflammatory mechanisms and reducing oxidative stress, ameliorating glycemic control, and supporting a favorable microbiome possibly lead to enhanced cognitive function [19]. Specifically, the observations with the MedDiet and changes in cognitive function may be related to synergistic or individual associations of specific foods, such as olive oil and nuts, due to associations of these foodstuffs with the above-mentioned mechanisms [20, 21, 22].
The amalgamation of the Mediterranean and the DASH diet pattern is the MIND diet. Researchers substantiated through observational studies that Alzheimer’s disease is prevented or potentially delayed by following these two dietary patterns. Morris et al. [23] in their observational studies found that the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease was reduced by 53% among people who followed the MIND diet strictly and by 35% reduction who followed moderately [24]. This combination of these two diets will reduce oxidative stress and inflammation in the body, which moderates brain cell damage. The recommended guidelines for the MIND diet focus more on plant-based foods that are marginally processed, limit animal-based foods that are high in saturated fats, and foods with added sugars. Portion control is also recommended but does not emphasize weight loss. The principles of the MIND diet include having 10 food groups and a limit to 5. The diet advises fundamentally to take 3 servings of whole grains, fruits, and vegetables, 1 to 2 servings of beans, poultry, and fish each week, and daily snacks can include nuts and berries every day. The diet highlights mostly choose olive oil as a healthy source of fat for cooking foods. There is no restriction on intake of meats and dairy products, the diet recommends to have sparingly as less than four times a week. As a substitute, the diet recommends protein-packed beans and legumes which are vital for brain health.
The performance of the human brain is based on an interplay between the inherited genotype and external environmental factors, with diet. To maintain brain performance food and nutrition are essential which aid in the prevention and treatment of mental disorders. Various experimental models and epidemiological studies evidenced that the whole composition of the human diet with specific dietary components has an impact on brain function. The role of the MIND diet in 5 key areas of brain function linked to mental health and performance are displayed below (Figure 1).
Role of the MIND diet.
To stick to and get benefited from the MIND diet, include at least three servings of whole grains, a green leafy vegetable with one other vegetable and fruits especially berries daily, snack most days on nuts, have beans every other day, poultry at least twice a week and fish at least once a week. Intake of the designated unhealthy foods, ghee, butter, sweets and pastries, whole fat cheese, and fried or fast food should be restricted. Food groups recommended in the MIND diet are found to boost brain health as it is a rich source of fiber and packed with all necessary nutrients like vitamin E, folate, omega-3 fatty acids, carotenoids, and flavonoids. Research shows that the MIND diet can improve brain health and a lower likelihood of developing conditions like Alzheimer’s disease, dementia, and other forms of age-related cognitive decline. Studies indicate that including certain foods on regular basis and avoiding unhealthy ones will slow brain aging by 7.5 years (Tables 1 and 2).
S. No | Included foods in the MIND diet | Recommendation |
---|---|---|
1 | Green leafy vegetables | one serving daily |
2 | All other vegetables | 2 or more servings per day |
3 | Berries | 2 or more servings per week |
4 | Nuts | 5 or more servings per week |
5 | Olive oil | 2 tablespoons per day |
6 | Whole grains | 3 or more servings per day |
7 | Fish/seafood | 1 or more servings per week |
8 | Beans | 4 or more servings per week |
9 | Poultry | 2 or more servings per week |
10 | Wine | 30 g per day, also can skip it |
The MIND Diet—Foods to be included.
One serving = 1 cup raw or ½ cup cooked.
Source: Morris MC et al. [24], MIND diet associated with reduced incidence of Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s & Dementia; 2015.
S. No | Restricted foods in the MIND diet | Recommendation |
---|---|---|
1 | Red Meat & Processed Meat | Not more than 3 servings per week |
2 | Butter & Stick Margarine | Less than 1 tsp per day |
3 | Regular Cheese | No more than 2 oz. per week |
4 | Pastries & Other Sweets | No more than 4 treats per week |
5 | Fried Foods & Fast Foods | No more than 1 meal per week |
The MIND Diet—Foods to be restricted.
One serving = 3 to 5 oz.
Source: Morris MC et al. [24], MIND diet associated with reduced incidence of Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s & Dementia; 2015.
Green leaves like kale, spinach, collards, and broccoli are the sources of brain-healthy nutrients like vitamin K, lutein, folate, and beta carotene. Research recommends that these plant-based foods will slow down cognitive decline. Due to the neuroprotective actions of phylloquinone, lutein, nitrate, folate, α-tocopherol, and kaempferol, the intake of green leafy vegetables 1 serving per day aids to lessen the decline in cognitive abilities with older age. Further, the daily serving of green leafy vegetables in a regular diet is an economic and simple mode to improve and maintain brain health [23]. The nutrients in green leafy vegetables will have independent mechanisms of action that synergistically protect the brain. Serum carotenoid levels were related to less severe periventricular white matter lesions, predominantly in elderly smokers. Lutein reduces phospholipid peroxidation in human erythrocytes, to attenuate oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroinflammation. Folate inhibits tau phosphorylation, APP, PS1, and Aβ protein levels which triggers Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis, to increase methylation potential and DNA methyltransferase activity.
Scientific evidence has shown the association between vegetable intake and its polyphenols for the prevention or treatment of diseases. The compounds in vegetables act to improve neuronal plasticity through the protein CREB (Camp Response Element Binding) in the hippocampus, modulating pathways of signaling and transcription factors (ERK/Akt). In the same way, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is involved in the maintenance, survival, growth, and differentiation of neurons. All these effects are produced by an increase in cerebral blood flow, with an upsurge in the blood’s nitric oxide levels and oxygenation [25]. Terpenoids, carotenoids, phenolics, phytosterols, and glucosinolates are the most prominent bioactive compounds existing in vegetables found to be operational in preventing neurodegeneration.
Research indicates that flavonoids, the natural plant pigments in berries help to progress memory. Flavonoids in plants have potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Stress and inflammation are the factors to contribute cognitive impairment and the regular consumption of flavonoids quantitatively will mitigate the harmful effects. Studies on the positive effects of flavonoids, particularly anthocyanidins, are limited to animal models or very small trials in the elderly but proved that greater consumption of foods with these compounds improved cognitive function. Studies show that regular intake of blueberries and strawberries, which are high in flavonoids, delayed cognitive decline in elderly people by up to 2.5 years [26].
The outstanding sources of protein and healthy fats are the nuts which aid to improve memory as well as good for both the heart and brain. An omega-3 fatty acid called alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is found to be high in walnuts. There is an association between intake of diets rich in ALA and omega-3 fatty acids to cardiovascular regulation as it lowers blood pressure and makes arteries cleaner. In 2015 a study was done by the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) related higher walnut consumption to improved cognitive test scores.
The beneficial effects of the MedDiet on cognitive functions have been attributed to its high MUFA content. Medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) or medium-chain fatty acids in coconut oil improve cognition in Alzheimer’s patients, also helps to improve insulin resistance, which is an excellent treatment for dementia patients and diabetics. Caprylic acid is the MCT derived from coconut or palm oil helps to improve cognitive function in Alzheimer’s patients. Olive oil is a source of fatty acids and antioxidant-rich food. The best quality form of olive oil is extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO). Regular intake of EVOO is linked with lower mitochondrial oxidative stress, which counteracts age-related cognitive decline. The secoiridoid oleuropein, resp. oleuropein aglycone in olive oil is responsible for its neuroprotective effect. The results of in vitro and in vivo studies specify that the regular intake of EVOO is associated with enhanced cognitive functions, which proves that olive oil has a neuroprotective effect and positively prevents the development of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease [27].
Whole grains are the richest source of protein, fiber, B vitamins, antioxidants, and trace minerals (iron, zinc, copper, and magnesium). A regular diet rich in whole grains reduces the risk of heart disease, type 2 diabetes, obesity, and some types of cancer. Naturally, whole grains are rich in amino acids, especially tryptophan, which is vital for serotonin and melatonin production. Serotonin is the “feel-good hormone,” which improves mood, relaxes the brain and body, whereas melatonin helps to establish and maintain stable sleep cycles. The dietary pattern with a higher intake of red meat, processed meat, peas, legumes, fried foods, and a lower intake of whole grains was related to higher inflammatory markers and accelerated cognitive decline in elderly people [28].
Fatty fish like salmon, mackerel, herring, and sardines are abundant sources of omega-3 fatty acids, unsaturated fats that have been connected to lower blood levels of beta-amyloid, the protein responsible for the formation of clumps in the brains of people with Alzheimer’s disease. Fish intake is recommended weekly twice and the best fish varieties to prefer for brain health are salmon, cod, canned light tuna, herring, and Pollack which are also low in mercury. Further, these varieties of fish also contain Vitamin B12, the essential nutrient to maintain nerves and blood vessels and involved in creating DNA. Omega-3 fatty acids are responsible for physiological functions that are interconnected to neurogenesis, neurotransmission, and neuroinflammation. Hence, they play dynamic roles in the development, functioning, and aging of the brain. The dietary deficiencies of omega-3 fatty acids in humans are linked with an increased risk of developing various psychiatric disorders, including depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, dementia, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and autism [29]. Omega-3 fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), help to improve memory and brain health. The best sources of omega-3 fatty acid, DHA among the seafood, algae, and fatty fish are salmon, bluefin tuna, sardines, and herring.
Beans which also include other legumes, such as lentils, soybeans, black beans, chickpeas are another staple food staple good for brain health. High consumption of legumes like three or more servings per week has been related to enhance cognitive performance, with the utmost concentration of folate. Beans are rich in protein, carbohydrates, fiber, B-vitamins and omega fatty acids anti-oxidants, and minerals. Beans digest slowly as it takes 2 to 3 hours and while digesting they provide the brain with a consistent source of glucose. All the bean varieties with kidney and pinto beans are preferred for brain health as they comprise more omega-3 fatty acids. Beans have a remarkably high concentration of certain anti-inflammatory compounds which appears to be neuroprotective [30].
Chicken is a rich source of lean protein and brain-healthy compounds like dietary choline and vitamins B6 and B12. Choline and the B vitamins play vital roles in healthy cognition and provide neuroprotective benefits. Studies evidenced that the intake of poultry enhances mental functions and developments used in working memory among healthy adults and short-term memory among healthy adults who experience stress in daily life [31]. The blend of vitamin B6, B12, and folate plays a key role in the reduction of cognitive decline and age-related memory loss, stroke, Alzheimer’s disease, and depression [32].
One component of the Mediterranean diet is the intake of wine, which is associated with the promotion of human mental and heart health and the prevention of diseases. An optimum amount of wine for neuroprotection seems to be up to 30 g of alcohol per day. Moderate wine consumption is related to higher blood levels of omega-3 fatty acids that protect against heart disease, metabolize glucose, decrease cardiometabolic risk, increased levels of heme-oxygenase, prevention of blood clotting and also protect the brain from stroke. The risk of developing dementia and depression was advocated to be reduced by a moderate intake of wine [33]. A wide range of polyphenols present in red wine includes resveratrol, flavanols like quercetin, myricetin, phenolic acids, trihydroxystilbene, flavanols like epicatechin, catechin, procyanidins, and anthocyanins, which are responsible for the color of red wines. It was evidenced in humans from randomized clinical trials that resveratrol is able to improve cerebral blood flow, cerebral vasodilator responsiveness to hypercapnia, some cognitive tests, perceived performances, and the Aβ40 plasma and cerebrospinal fluid level [34].
Researches are evident that the DASH diet and the Mediterranean diet improve cognitive function and development [35, 36]. By the support of these studies, the two diets have been combined to construct a hybrid MIND diet which is specifically designed to improve brain health. The MIND diet lays emphasis on the regular intake of leafy green vegetables, other vegetables, berries, legumes, fish, nuts, and whole grains whereas it limits butter, cheese, and red meat consumption. Studies suggested that the MIND diet can slow down age-related cognitive decline and reduce the risk of Alzheimer’s disease [37, 38]. The Dukan and Atkins diets radically cut carbohydrates and fat in favor of protein, while the Palaeolithic diet greatly restricts starch in favor of fat and protein. These nutrient imbalances have beneficial effects only in the short term, especially on weight loss, but there are serious doubts about their long-term results. Whereas in the MIND diet, all the nutrient groups are included and a variety of nutrient sources are recommended in the right proportions, as per international nutritional recommendations. The MIND diet is also found to be a good source of carbohydrates, protein fat, and all other nutrients. Adherence to the MIND diet will improve brain health, and slow down cognitive decline in individuals with Alzheimer’s disease.
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The author does not have any conflict of interest whatsoever with regard to the content or opinions expressed above.
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Various technical variants of this test can detect antigen (native or foreign) or antibody, determine the intensity of the immune response whether pathological or not; the type of induced immune response as well as the innate immunity potential; and much more. These capabilities, as well as the high sensitivity and robustness of the test and a small price, make it possible to quickly and reliably diagnose diseases in most laboratories. Besides, ELISA is a test that is also used in veterinary medicine, toxicology, allergology, food industry, etc. Despite the fact that it has existed for almost 50 years, different ELISA tests with different technical solutions are still being developed, which improves and expands the application of the this exceptional test. The aim of this chapter is to empower the rider to optimize, standardize and validate an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.",book:{id:"9850",slug:"norovirus",title:"Norovirus",fullTitle:"Norovirus"},signatures:"Rajna Minic and Irena Zivkovic",authors:[{id:"325806",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Irena",middleName:null,surname:"Zivkovic",slug:"irena-zivkovic",fullName:"Irena Zivkovic"},{id:"325839",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajna",middleName:null,surname:"Minic",slug:"rajna-minic",fullName:"Rajna Minic"}]},{id:"56750",title:"Laboratory Approach to Anemia",slug:"laboratory-approach-to-anemia",totalDownloads:6255,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Anemia is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and can be defined as a decreased quantity of circulating red blood cells (RBCs). The epidemiological studies suggested that one-third of the world’s population is affected with anemia. Anemia is not a disease, but it is instead the sign of an underlying basic pathological process. 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A pregnant woman has an increased risk (up to four times) of getting malaria and twice the chances of dying from malaria, compared to a non‐pregnant adult, becuase the immune system is partially suppressed during pregnancy. Malaria in pregnancy not only affects the mother but also has a dangerous sequel for the developing foetus, resulting in premature delivery or intrauterine growth retardation. Diagnosis of malaria in pregnancy remains a challenge due to the low parasite density and placental sequestration of Plasmodium falciparum. Thus, there is an urgent need for new diagnostic methods to detect malarial parasites in the pregnant women. Though antimalarial drugs are available, which can be safely given in the pregnancy, increasing drug resistance of malarial parasite may pose a big problem in the future. 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Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. 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He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. 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Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. 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She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:42,paginationItems:[{id:"82914",title:"Glance on the Critical Role of IL-23 Receptor Gene Variations in Inflammation-Induced Carcinogenesis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105049",signatures:"Mohammed El-Gedamy",slug:"glance-on-the-critical-role-of-il-23-receptor-gene-variations-in-inflammation-induced-carcinogenesis",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}},{id:"82875",title:"Lipidomics as a Tool in the Diagnosis and Clinical Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105857",signatures:"María Elizbeth Alvarez Sánchez, Erick Nolasco Ontiveros, Rodrigo Arreola, Adriana Montserrat Espinosa González, Ana María García Bores, Roberto Eduardo López Urrutia, Ignacio Peñalosa Castro, María del Socorro Sánchez Correa and Edgar Antonio Estrella Parra",slug:"lipidomics-as-a-tool-in-the-diagnosis-and-clinical-therapy",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82440",title:"Lipid Metabolism and Associated Molecular Signaling Events in Autoimmune Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105746",signatures:"Mohan Vanditha, Sonu Das and Mathew John",slug:"lipid-metabolism-and-associated-molecular-signaling-events-in-autoimmune-disease",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82483",title:"Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105891",signatures:"Laura Mourino-Alvarez, Tamara Sastre-Oliva, Nerea Corbacho-Alonso and Maria G. 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Her research interests include microalgal biotechnology with an emphasis on microalgae-based products.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7953",title:"Bioluminescence",subtitle:"Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7953.jpg",slug:"bioluminescence-analytical-applications-and-basic-biology",publishedDate:"September 25th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hirobumi Suzuki",hash:"3a8efa00b71abea11bf01973dc589979",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Bioluminescence - Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",editors:[{id:"185746",title:"Dr.",name:"Hirobumi",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"hirobumi-suzuki",fullName:"Hirobumi Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185746/images/system/185746.png",biography:"Dr. Hirobumi Suzuki received his Ph.D. in 1997 from Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan, where he studied firefly phylogeny and the evolution of mating systems. He is especially interested in the genetic differentiation pattern and speciation process that correlate to the flashing pattern and mating behavior of some fireflies in Japan. He then worked for Olympus Corporation, a Japanese manufacturer of optics and imaging products, where he was involved in the development of luminescence technology and produced a bioluminescence microscope that is currently being used for gene expression analysis in chronobiology, neurobiology, and developmental biology. 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His present research includes organic synthesis, drug discovery and development, biochemistry, nanoscience, and nanotechnology.",institutionString:"Visiting Scientist at Lipid Nanostructures Laboratory, Centre for Smart Materials, School of Natural Sciences, University of Central Lancashire",institution:null},{id:"428125",title:"Dr.",name:"Vinayak",middleName:null,surname:"Adimule",slug:"vinayak-adimule",fullName:"Vinayak Adimule",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/428125/images/system/428125.jpg",biography:"Dr. Vinayak Adimule, MSc, Ph.D., is a professor and dean of R&D, Angadi Institute of Technology and Management, India. He has 15 years of research experience as a senior research scientist and associate research scientist in R&D organizations. He has published more than fifty research articles as well as several book chapters. He has two Indian patents and two international patents to his credit. Dr. Adimule has attended, chaired, and presented papers at national and international conferences. He is a guest editor for Topics in Catalysis and other journals. He is also an editorial board member, life member, and associate member for many international societies and research institutions. His research interests include nanoelectronics, material chemistry, artificial intelligence, sensors and actuators, bio-nanomaterials, and medicinal chemistry.",institutionString:"Angadi Institute of Technology and Management",institution:null},{id:"284317",title:"Prof.",name:"Kantharaju",middleName:null,surname:"Kamanna",slug:"kantharaju-kamanna",fullName:"Kantharaju Kamanna",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284317/images/21050_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. K. Kantharaju has received Bachelor of science (PCM), master of science (Organic Chemistry) and Doctor of Philosophy in Chemistry from Bangalore University. He worked as a Executive Research & Development @ Cadila Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Ahmedabad. He received DBT-postdoc fellow @ Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore under the supervision of Prof. P. Balaram, later he moved to NIH-postdoc researcher at Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA, after his return from postdoc joined NITK-Surthakal as a Adhoc faculty at department of chemistry. Since from August 2013 working as a Associate Professor, and in 2016 promoted to Profeesor in the School of Basic Sciences: Department of Chemistry and having 20 years of teaching and research experiences.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rani Channamma University, Belagavi",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/158492/images/system/158492.jpeg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Yusuf Tutar conducts his research at the Hamidiye Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences, Turkey. He is also a faculty member in the Molecular Oncology Program. He obtained his MSc and Ph.D. at Oregon State University and Texas Tech University, respectively. He pursued his postdoctoral studies at Rutgers University Medical School and the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIDDK), USA. His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",biography:"Martins Emeje obtained a BPharm with distinction from Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, and an MPharm and Ph.D. from the University of Nigeria (UNN), where he received the best Ph.D. award and was enlisted as UNN’s “Face of Research.” He established the first nanomedicine center in Nigeria and was the pioneer head of the intellectual property and technology transfer as well as the technology innovation and support center. Prof. Emeje’s several international fellowships include the prestigious Raman fellowship. He has published more than 150 articles and patents. He is also the head of R&D at NIPRD and holds a visiting professor position at Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria. He has a postgraduate certificate in Project Management from Walden University, Minnesota, as well as a professional teaching certificate and a World Bank certification in Public Procurement. 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He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics for two years at the Cancer Research Institute of Human Medical University in China. In 2001, he went to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) in USA, where he was a post-doctoral researcher and focused on mass spectrometry and cancer proteomics. Then, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor of Neurology, UTHSC in 2005. He moved to the Cleveland Clinic in USA as a Project Scientist/Staff in 2006 where he focused on the studies of eye disease proteomics and biomarkers. He returned to UTHSC as an Assistant Professor of Neurology in the end of 2007, engaging in proteomics and biomarker studies of lung diseases and brain tumors, and initiating the studies of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) in cancer. In 2010, he was promoted to Associate Professor of Neurology, UTHSC. Currently, he is a Professor at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in China, Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM), the European EPMA National Representative in China, Regular Member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), European Cooperation of Science and Technology (e-COST) grant evaluator, Associate Editors of BMC Genomics, BMC Medical Genomics, EPMA Journal, and Frontiers in Endocrinology, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Med One. He has\npublished 116 peer-reviewed research articles, 16 book chapters, 2 books, and 2 US patents. His current main research interest focuses on the studies of cancer proteomics and biomarkers, and the use of modern omics techniques and systems biology for PPPM in cancer, and on the development and use of 2DE-LC/MS for the large-scale study of human proteoforms.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Xiangya Hospital Central South University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. 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He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",middleName:null,surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038Ugi5QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:48:28.png",biography:"Biotechnologist with 15 years of research including 6 years of teaching experience. Demonstrated record of scientific achievements through consistent publication record (H index = 13, with 874 citations) in high impact journals such as Nature Communications, Oncotarget, Annals of Oncology, PNAS, and AJRCCM, etc. Strong research professional with a post-doctorate from ACTREC where I gained experimental oncology experience in clinical settings and a doctorate from IGIB where I gained expertise in asthma pathophysiology. A well-trained biotechnologist with diverse experience on the bench across different research themes ranging from asthma to cancer and other infectious diseases. An individual with a strong commitment and innovative mindset. Have the ability to work on diverse projects such as regenerative and molecular medicine with an overall mindset of improving healthcare.",institutionString:"DY Patil Deemed to Be University",institution:null},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035QxIDQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:47:01.jpg",biography:"Soumya Basu, Ph.D., is currently working as an Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India. With 16+ years of trans-disciplinary research experience in Drug Design, development, and pre-clinical validation; 20+ research article publications in journals of repute, 9+ years of teaching experience, trained with cross-disciplinary education, Dr. Basu is a life-long learner and always thrives for new challenges.\r\nHer research area is the design and synthesis of small molecule partial agonists of PPAR-γ in lung cancer. She is also using artificial intelligence and deep learning methods to understand the exosomal miRNA’s role in cancer metastasis. Dr. Basu is the recipient of many awards including the Early Career Research Award from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"354817",title:"Dr.",name:"Anubhab",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"anubhab-mukherjee",fullName:"Anubhab Mukherjee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y0000365PbRQAU/ProfilePicture%202022-04-15%2005%3A11%3A18.480",biography:"A former member of Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, USA, Dr. Anubhab Mukherjee is an ardent votary of science who strives to make an impact in the lives of those afflicted with cancer and other chronic/acute ailments. He completed his Ph.D. from CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India, having been skilled with RNAi, liposomal drug delivery, preclinical cell and animal studies. He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. Ltd. and heads the Hyderabad R&D center of the organization.",institutionString:"Esperer Onco Nutrition Pvt Ltd.",institution:null},{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/319365/images/system/319365.png",biography:"Manash K. Paul is a Principal Investigator and Scientist at the University of California Los Angeles. He has contributed significantly to the fields of stem cell biology, regenerative medicine, and lung cancer. His research focuses on various signaling processes involved in maintaining stem cell homeostasis during the injury-repair process, deciphering lung stem cell niche, pulmonary disease modeling, immuno-oncology, and drug discovery. He is currently investigating the role of extracellular vesicles in premalignant lung cell migration and detecting the metastatic phenotype of lung cancer via machine-learning-based analyses of exosomal signatures. Dr. Paul has published in more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and is highly cited. He is the recipient of many awards, including the UCLA Vice Chancellor’s award, a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and an editorial board member for several international journals.",institutionString:"University of California Los Angeles",institution:{name:"University of California Los Angeles",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals. He is currently working on the protective activity of phenolic compounds in disorders associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329248",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Faheem",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"md.-faheem-haider",fullName:"Md. Faheem Haider",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329248/images/system/329248.jpg",biography:"Dr. Md. Faheem Haider completed his BPharm in 2012 at Integral University, Lucknow, India. In 2014, he completed his MPharm with specialization in Pharmaceutics at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India, in 2018. He was selected for the GPAT six times and his best All India Rank was 34. Currently, he is an assistant professor at Integral University. Previously he was an assistant professor at IIMT University, Meerut, India. He has experience teaching DPharm, Pharm.D, BPharm, and MPharm students. He has more than five publications in reputed journals to his credit. Dr. Faheem’s research area is the development and characterization of nanoformulation for the delivery of drugs to various organs.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",middleName:"Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329795/images/system/329795.png",biography:"Dr. Mohd Aftab Siddiqui is an assistant professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India, where he obtained a Ph.D. in Pharmacology in 2020. He also obtained a BPharm and MPharm from the same university in 2013 and 2015, respectively. His area of research is the pharmacological screening of herbal drugs/natural products in liver cancer and cardiac diseases. He is a member of many professional bodies and has guided many MPharm and PharmD research projects. Dr. Siddiqui has many national and international publications and one German patent to his credit.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"11",type:"subseries",title:"Cell Physiology",keywords:"Neurodevelopment and Neurodevelopmental Disease, Free Radicals, Tumor Metastasis, Antioxidants, Essential Fatty Acids, Melatonin, Lipid Peroxidation Products and Aging Physiology",scope:"\r\n\tThe integration of tissues and organs throughout the mammalian body, as well as the expression, structure, and function of molecular and cellular components, is essential for modern physiology. The following concerns will be addressed in this Cell Physiology subject, which will consider all organ systems (e.g., brain, heart, lung, liver; gut, kidney, eye) and their interactions: (1) Neurodevelopment and Neurodevelopmental Disease (2) Free Radicals (3) Tumor Metastasis (4) Antioxidants (5) Essential Fatty Acids (6) Melatonin and (7) Lipid Peroxidation Products and Aging Physiology.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/11.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11407,editor:{id:"133493",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/133493/images/3091_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Angel Catalá \r\nShort Biography Angel Catalá was born in Rodeo (San Juan, Argentina). He studied \r\nchemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where received aPh.D. degree in chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From\r\n1964 to 1974, he worked as Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of MedicineUniversidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. From 1974 to 1976, he was a Fellowof the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor oBiochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. He is Member ofthe National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and Argentine Society foBiochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for manyears in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Professor Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, publishedover 100 papers in peer reviewed journals, several chapters in books andtwelve edited books. Angel Catalá received awards at the 40th InternationaConference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999: Dijon (France). W inner of the Bimbo PanAmerican Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South AmericaHuman Nutrition, Professional Category. 2006 award in pharmacology, Bernardo\r\nHoussay, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. 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Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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