Unit root test results.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5861",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Theriogenology",title:"Theriogenology",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Theriogenology, the field that studies animal reproductive health and disease, is a challenging field that shows a steady growth. It covers diverse aspects of reproduction in domestic and wild animals, including the assisted reproductive techniques, which have enormously enhanced the ability to rescue endangered species and provide a strong support to the high reproductive efficiency requested by livestock production. Reproductive success, as well as infertility, is the culmination of complex physiological and adaptive processes that guarantee, at the end, a species' ability to reproduce and its survival in a challenging and ever-changing environment. In this book, we present to you a collection of manuscripts exploring various aspects of the reproductive function of mammal and marine species. I hope you find this a useful book in your collection.",isbn:"978-953-51-3478-7",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3477-0",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4665-0",doi:"10.5772/65622",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"theriogenology",numberOfPages:192,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"b5aae519c030c5492d65c181d9c0ea57",bookSignature:"Rita Payan Carreira",publishedDate:"September 6th 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5861.jpg",numberOfDownloads:17053,numberOfWosCitations:42,numberOfCrossrefCitations:26,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:65,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:10,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:133,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 6th 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 27th 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 23rd 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 23rd 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 22nd 2017",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",biography:"Rita Payan Carreira earned her Veterinary Degree from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1985. She obtained her Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"6",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1384",title:"Theriogenology",slug:"veterinary-medicine-and-science-pathology-theriogenology"}],chapters:[{id:"55324",title:"The Role of Androgens in Ovarian Follicular Development: From Fertility to Ovarian Cancer",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68881",slug:"the-role-of-androgens-in-ovarian-follicular-development-from-fertility-to-ovarian-cancer",totalDownloads:1772,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Androgens, steroid hormones produced by follicular cells, play a crucial role in the regulation of ovarian function. They affect folliculogenesis directly through androgen receptors (ARs) or indirectly through aromatization to estrogens. Androgens are thought to be primarily involved in preantral follicle growth and prevention of follicular atresia. It also seems possible that they are involved in the activation of primordial follicles. According to the World Health Organization, endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are substances that alter hormonal signaling. EDCs comprise a wide variety of synthetic or natural chemicals arising from anthropogenic, industrial, agricultural, and domestic sources. EDCs interfere with natural regulation of the endocrine system by either mimicking or blocking the function of endogenous hormones as well as acting directly on gene expression or through epigenetic modifications. Disruptions in ovarian processes caused by EDCs may originate adverse outcomes such as anovulation, infertility, or premature ovarian failure. In this chapter, we aim to point out a possible involvement of androgen excess or deficiency in the regulation of ovarian function. We will summarize the effects of EDCs expressing antiandrogenic or androgenic activity on female physiology. Continuous exposition to even small concentration of such compounds can initiate oncogenesis within the ovary.",signatures:"Malgorzata Duda, Kamil Wartalski, Zbigniew Tabarowski and\nGabriela Gorczyca",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55324",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55324",authors:[{id:"177042",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Malgorzata",surname:"Duda",slug:"malgorzata-duda",fullName:"Malgorzata Duda"},{id:"177918",title:"Dr.",name:"Zbigniew",surname:"Tabarowski",slug:"zbigniew-tabarowski",fullName:"Zbigniew Tabarowski"},{id:"205391",title:"MSc.",name:"Kamil",surname:"Wartalski",slug:"kamil-wartalski",fullName:"Kamil Wartalski"},{id:"205392",title:"MSc.",name:"Gabriela",surname:"Gorczyca",slug:"gabriela-gorczyca",fullName:"Gabriela Gorczyca"}],corrections:null},{id:"55696",title:"Estrus Cycle Monitoring in Wild Mammals: Challenges and Perspectives",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69444",slug:"estrus-cycle-monitoring-in-wild-mammals-challenges-and-perspectives",totalDownloads:1873,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The knowledge of reproductive physiology is of paramount importance to guide reproductive management and to make possible future application of assisted reproduction techniques (ARTs) aiming ex situ conservation of wild mammals. Nevertheless, information on the basic reproductive aspects of wild mammals remain scarce, and appropriate management practices have not yet been developed for all the species. This chapter discusses the methods most currently used for reproductive monitoring in wild females. Additionally, the difficulties regarding their use in different species and the possibilities of these procedures in captivity or in free-living mammals are addressed.",signatures:"Alexandre R. Silva, Nei Moreira, Alexsandra F. Pereira, Gislayne C.X.\nPeixoto, Keilla M. Maia, Lívia B. Campos and Alana A. Borges",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55696",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55696",authors:[{id:"90066",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandre",surname:"Silva",slug:"alexandre-silva",fullName:"Alexandre Silva"},{id:"177090",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexsandra Fernandes",surname:"Pereira",slug:"alexsandra-fernandes-pereira",fullName:"Alexsandra Fernandes Pereira"},{id:"177093",title:"MSc.",name:"Gislayne Christianne Xavier",surname:"Peixoto",slug:"gislayne-christianne-xavier-peixoto",fullName:"Gislayne Christianne Xavier Peixoto"},{id:"198314",title:"Prof.",name:"Nei",surname:"Moreira",slug:"nei-moreira",fullName:"Nei Moreira"},{id:"198315",title:"MSc.",name:"Keilla Moreira",surname:"Maia",slug:"keilla-moreira-maia",fullName:"Keilla Moreira Maia"},{id:"198316",title:"MSc.",name:"Lívia Batista",surname:"Campos",slug:"livia-batista-campos",fullName:"Lívia Batista Campos"},{id:"198317",title:"MSc.",name:"Alana Azevedo",surname:"Borges",slug:"alana-azevedo-borges",fullName:"Alana Azevedo Borges"}],corrections:null},{id:"54974",title:"Markers for Sperm Freezability and Relevance of Transcriptome Studies in Semen Cryopreservation: A Review",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68651",slug:"markers-for-sperm-freezability-and-relevance-of-transcriptome-studies-in-semen-cryopreservation-a-re",totalDownloads:1602,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Advances in sperm assessment techniques have offered new perspectives to improve the technology of semen cryopreservation. This review addresses some recent achievements in the proteomics of seminal plasma and spermatozoa and exemplifies its importance as markers for sperm fertility following cryopreservation. Recent advances in transcriptome studies on sperm RNA-Seq data have generated new information aimed to unravel the physiological roles of RNAs in the sperm-egg fertilization processes and their associations with male fertility. The relevance of the sperm freezability markers and the potential associations of RNA-profiling sequences with the sperm biological functions have been discussed.",signatures:"Leyland Fraser",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54974",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54974",authors:[{id:"199650",title:"Dr.",name:"Leyland",surname:"Fraser",slug:"leyland-fraser",fullName:"Leyland Fraser"}],corrections:null},{id:"55491",title:"Mitigation of the Heat Stress Impact in Livestock Reproduction",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69091",slug:"mitigation-of-the-heat-stress-impact-in-livestock-reproduction",totalDownloads:4302,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:24,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Heat stress affects the fertility and reproductive livestock performance by compromising the physiology reproductive tract, through hormonal imbalance, decreased oocyte quality and poor semen quality, and decreased embryo development and survival. Heat stress decreases the secretion of luteinizing hormone and estradiol resulting in reduced length and intensity of estrus expression, increased incidence of anoestrus and silent heat in farm animals. Oocytes exposed to thermal stress lose its competence for fertilization and development into the blastocyst stage, which results in decreased fertility because of the production of poor quality oocytes and embryos. Furthermore, low progesterone secretion limits the endometrial functions, and subsequently embryo development. In addition, the increased secretion of endometrial prostaglandin F2 alpha during heat stress threatens the maintenance of pregnancy. In general, the percentage of conception rate was found to be reduced by 4.6% for each unit increase in temperature humidity index (THI) above 70, and heat stress during pregnancy further slows down the growth of the foetus and results in lower birth weight. In tropical and subtropical regions, during hot days, the testicular temperature may increase and impair both the spermatogenic cycle and semen quality, which culminates in decreased bull fertility. The effects of heat stress on livestock can be minimized via adapting suitable scientific strategies comprising physical modifications of the environment, nutritional management and genetic development of breeds that are less sensitive to heat stress. In addition, the summer infertility may be countered through advanced reproductive technologies involving hormonal treatments, timed artificial insemination and embryo transfer, which may enhance the chances for establishing pregnancy in farm animals.",signatures:"Govindan Krishnan, Madiajagan Bagath, Prathap Pragna,\nMallenahally Kusha Vidya, Joy Aleena, Payyanakkal Ravindranathan\nArchana, Veerasamy Sejian and Raghavendra Bhatta",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55491",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55491",authors:[{id:"89780",title:"Dr.",name:"Veerasamy",surname:"Sejian",slug:"veerasamy-sejian",fullName:"Veerasamy Sejian"},{id:"177210",title:"Dr.",name:"Raghavendra",surname:"Bhatta",slug:"raghavendra-bhatta",fullName:"Raghavendra Bhatta"},{id:"177220",title:"Dr.",name:"M",surname:"Bagath",slug:"m-bagath",fullName:"M Bagath"},{id:"201967",title:"Dr.",name:"Govindan",surname:"Krishnan",slug:"govindan-krishnan",fullName:"Govindan Krishnan"},{id:"201968",title:"Ms.",name:"Archana",surname:"Pr",slug:"archana-pr",fullName:"Archana Pr"},{id:"201969",title:"Ms.",name:"Pragna",surname:"Prathap",slug:"pragna-prathap",fullName:"Pragna Prathap"},{id:"201970",title:"Ms.",name:"Aleena",surname:"Joy",slug:"aleena-joy",fullName:"Aleena Joy"},{id:"201971",title:"Dr.",name:"Vidya",surname:"Mk",slug:"vidya-mk",fullName:"Vidya Mk"}],corrections:null},{id:"56522",title:"Role of Melatonin in Reproductive Seasonality in Buffaloes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69549",slug:"role-of-melatonin-in-reproductive-seasonality-in-buffaloes",totalDownloads:1748,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Buffaloes are characterized by seasonal reproductive activity. Anestrus buffalo heifers and lactating buffaloes were used to study the effect of melatonin treatment on the resumption of ovarian activity during out-of-breeding season. Buffaloes of treated group were injected or implanted with melatonin (18 mg melatonin/50 kg body weight). Using CIDR-eCG protocol preceded with melatonin successfully achieved estrus behavior and induced conception rate during out-of-breeding season. Furthermore, the reproductive performance of buffaloes during out-of-breeding season was clearly improved by melatonin implantation in conjunction with CIDR-eCG protocol due to the luteotrophic effect of melatonin expressed as increasing diameter of CL (corpus luteum) and progesterone concentration. This improvement resulted in greater values of conception rate, in melatonin implanted compared to not implanted buffaloes. Melatonin implantation in anestrus buffalo heifers increased the diameter of largest follicles and melatonin concentration but progesterone and luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations were decreased. In addition, melatonin implantation in anestrus lactating buffaloes increased the SOD (superoxide dismutase) enzyme activity. Sustained release of exogenous melatonin significantly protects against oxidative stress while increasing beneficial total antioxidant capacity (TAC) concentration in summer-stressed anestrus buffaloes. Melatonin implantation in conjunction with CIDR-eCG protocol successfully improved some blood metabolites, in anestrus buffalo heifers during out-of-breeding season under tropical conditions.",signatures:"Tamer Awad Ramadan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56522",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56522",authors:[{id:"197651",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamer",surname:"Ramadan",slug:"tamer-ramadan",fullName:"Tamer Ramadan"}],corrections:null},{id:"55006",title:"Immunocastration as Alternative to Surgical Castration in Pigs",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68650",slug:"immunocastration-as-alternative-to-surgical-castration-in-pigs",totalDownloads:1902,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:21,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Surgical castration of piglets is a routine practice in pig production used to prevent the incidence of boar taint of pig meat, which may develop in entire male pigs as they reach puberty. This practice is being presently questioned in the European Union, and there is a strong initiative to end it. The initiative is presently voluntary; however, key stakeholders of European pig production sector have signed a declaration, and the actions undertaken by them already affect the business. Before such new concepts in pig production can be implemented, alternative solutions are needed, one of them being immunocastration. The present chapter will thus focus on the presentation of immunocastration as one of the promising alternatives to surgical castration. Theoretical and practical aspects of immunocastration in pig production will be described, and the advantages and disadvantages of this alternative will be summarised. Physiological principles of immunocastration and impacts on metabolism, growth performance, body composition and meat quality will be described and aspects of public acceptability reviewed.",signatures:"Marjeta Čandek-Potokar, Martin Škrlep and Galia Zamaratskaia",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55006",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55006",authors:[{id:"23161",title:"Dr.",name:"Marjeta",surname:"Čandek-Potokar",slug:"marjeta-candek-potokar",fullName:"Marjeta Čandek-Potokar"},{id:"198220",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",surname:"Škrlep",slug:"martin-skrlep",fullName:"Martin Škrlep"},{id:"198221",title:"Prof.",name:"Galia",surname:"Zamaratskaia",slug:"galia-zamaratskaia",fullName:"Galia Zamaratskaia"}],corrections:null},{id:"55619",title:"Ovary Differentiation and Activity in Teleostei Fish",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69022",slug:"ovary-differentiation-and-activity-in-teleostei-fish",totalDownloads:2274,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Teleostei fishes constitute a very large group among the vertebrates. They present several reproductive strategies, and many species are gonochoristics. During the gonadal differentiation, the gonadal primordium undergoes morphological changes giving rise to male or female gonads. Considering the lack of information about gonadal morphogenesis in Teleostei, especially in tangent aspects concerning the establishment of the germinal epithelium and its relation with the formation of the ovarian cavity, Tanichthys albonubes, Corydoras schwartzi, and Amatitlania nigrofasciata were taken as biological models to establish a comparative analysis of the female gonadal differentiation. In undifferentiated gonad, the epithelial cells associate with primordial germ cells and form germline cysts. These are distributed throughout the gonadal tissue; after the entrance of the oogonia into meiosis, the folliculogenesis occurs forming the first follicles, in a quite conserved process. However, the formation of the ovarian cavity is distinct. In T. albonubes and A. nigrofasciata, the lumen is formed by pleating and in C. schwartzi, it is formed by cavitation. The central lumen formed characterizes the cystovarian of Teleostei. Although there are differences in the chronology of the differentiation, the processes involved are quite similar and culminate in the formation of analogous structures.",signatures:"Talita Sarah Mazzoni and Irani Quagio Grassiotto",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55619",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55619",authors:[{id:"197554",title:"Dr.",name:"Irani",surname:"Quagio Grassiotto",slug:"irani-quagio-grassiotto",fullName:"Irani Quagio Grassiotto"},{id:"197735",title:"Prof.",name:"Talita Sarah",surname:"Mazzoni",slug:"talita-sarah-mazzoni",fullName:"Talita Sarah Mazzoni"}],corrections:null},{id:"56161",title:"The Thalassinidean Mud Shrimp Upogebia vasquezi: Life Cycle and Reproductive Traits on the Amazonian Coast, Brazil",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68934",slug:"the-thalassinidean-mud-shrimp-upogebia-vasquezi-life-cycle-and-reproductive-traits-on-the-amazonian-",totalDownloads:1582,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The thalassinideans comprise the infraorders Axiidea and Gebiidea, two distinct groups of decapods that have converged morphologically and ecologically as burrowing forms, commonly known as mud lobsters and mud or ghost shrimps. These groups are an important component of the macroinfauna of intertidal and subtidal environments and are distributed throughout the world, with species diversity increasing from high latitudes toward the equator. These species are burrowing benthic decapods, with more than 95% of species inhabiting shallow waters in marine and estuarine environments, exerting considerable influence over the structure of benthic communities through their ability to bioturbate the sediments, with effects on the infauna and seagrasses in coastal environments. Upogebia vasquezi has an ample geographic distribution, it is typically found in rocky outcrops near mangroves. This species reproduces year round, which is subjected to strong seasonal fluctuations in salinity due to the local precipitation regime. The Amazon Macrotidal Mangrove Coast, representing 10% of the Brazilian coastline and encompassing more than 56% of the country’s mangrove forests, is a high priority area for conservation. This chapter aims to elucidate the reproductive traits of U. vasquezi with a revision about the known ecological information available for thalassinidean species all over the world.",signatures:"Danielly Brito de Oliveira, Fernando Araújo Abrunhosa and Jussara\nMoretto Martinelli-Lemos",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56161",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56161",authors:[{id:"147527",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando Araújo",surname:"Abrunhosa",slug:"fernando-araujo-abrunhosa",fullName:"Fernando Araújo Abrunhosa"},{id:"198331",title:"Dr.",name:"Danielly",surname:"Oliveira",slug:"danielly-oliveira",fullName:"Danielly Oliveira"},{id:"204935",title:"Dr.",name:"Jussara",surname:"Moretto Martinelli Lemos",slug:"jussara-moretto-martinelli-lemos",fullName:"Jussara Moretto Martinelli Lemos"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3423",title:"Insights from Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8712769decefe74bd752ce339f476964",slug:"insights-from-veterinary-medicine",bookSignature:"Rita Payan-Carreira",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3423.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5105",title:"Insights from Animal Reproduction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"25cd16b683d1f098bc304cbbdb3206cd",slug:"insights-from-animal-reproduction",bookSignature:"Rita Payan Carreira",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5105.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7233",title:"New Insights into Theriogenology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"74f4147e3fb214dd050e5edd3aaf53bc",slug:"new-insights-into-theriogenology",bookSignature:"Rita Payan-Carreira",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7233.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{},chapter:{},book:{}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11474",leadTitle:null,title:"Quality of Life Interventions - Magnitude of Effect and Transferability",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"\r\n\tThe Quality of Life for an individual and society at large is determined by both personal and state-level decisions. The magnitude of the effect of interventions that modify one Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALYs) will be compared, and the transferability of these interventions globally will be investigated by comparison between different socio-economic countries with different government structures (from socialist to autocratic). The reproducibility and cost of the lifestyle interventions (e.g., exercise, sleep, nutritious diet, national child care, pollution limitations) on QALYs will also be documented. The ratio of (QALY/Cost) weighted by reproducibility and transferability should give a rank-ordered list of actions humans can take to increase the quality years of human consciousness. Differences in the optimized list of rank-ordered interventions to maximize the quality of life between nation-states with varying GDP and government types (i.e., the lack of transferability) will be discussed. These local maximums for QALY optimization will be discussed in light of possible avenues that allow countries to overcome national hurdles that allow them to reach greater QALY global maximums.
\r\n\r\n\tThis book welcomes topics related to the quality of life measurements (QALYs) both within a community and between disparate societies, as well as the transferability/durability of these QALY gains.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-609-2",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-608-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-610-8",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"5a6bcdaf5ee144d043bcdab893ff9e1c",bookSignature:"Ph.D. Sage Arbor",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11474.jpg",keywords:"Health, Lifespan, Obesity, Pollution, Culture, Government, Demographics, Race, GDP, Age, Rate of Change, Automation",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 5th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 7th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 5th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 24th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 23rd 2023",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"7 days",secondStepPassed:!1,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A computational biologist that has worked across a broad biomedical spectrum to optimize human health, Dr. Arbor combines research from academia (Duke, Washington University) and companies (Pfizer, Dupont) to deliver datasets to the wider scientific community. His recent focus includes quality of life modifiers and bioethical versus religious standards.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"245319",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sage",middleName:null,surname:"Arbor",slug:"sage-arbor",fullName:"Sage Arbor",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/245319/images/system/245319.png",biography:"Sage Arbor is a computational biologist whose research includes fields ranging from drug design, systems biology, and epigenetic database creation to fitness app development. His work spans a broad biomedical spectrum from drug design to clinical trial analysis, including being a medical school professor and researcher, project management of developers/analysts of globally distributed labs, electronic medical record data mining (SQL and NoSQL), Python/pandas coding, data segmentation, 6σ improvement, pathway mapping, and computational drug design and synthesis. Having worked at multiple academic institutions (Duke, Marian University) and companies (e.g., Pfizer and Dupont), his research has been on both proprietary and open-access datasets for publication to the wider scientific community. His recent publication topics include quality of life modifiers, therapeutic interventions for Alzheimer\\'s disease, bioethical versus religious standards, and scientific training in those deciding public policy.",institutionString:"Duke University School of Medicine",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Duke University School of Medicine",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"23",title:"Social Sciences",slug:"social-sciences"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"429339",firstName:"Jelena",lastName:"Vrdoljak",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/429339/images/20012_n.jpg",email:"jelena.v@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager, my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6926",title:"Biological Anthropology",subtitle:"Applications and Case Studies",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5bbb192dffd37a257febf4acfde73bb8",slug:"biological-anthropology-applications-and-case-studies",bookSignature:"Alessio Vovlas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6926.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"313084",title:"Dr.",name:"Alessio",surname:"Vovlas",slug:"alessio-vovlas",fullName:"Alessio Vovlas"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6942",title:"Global Social Work",subtitle:"Cutting Edge Issues and Critical Reflections",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"222c8a66edfc7a4a6537af7565bcb3de",slug:"global-social-work-cutting-edge-issues-and-critical-reflections",bookSignature:"Bala Raju Nikku",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6942.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"263576",title:"Dr.",name:"Bala",surname:"Nikku",slug:"bala-nikku",fullName:"Bala Nikku"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"57764",title:"Effects of Inflation Uncertainty on Economic Policies: Inflation-Targeting Regime",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71625",slug:"effects-of-inflation-uncertainty-on-economic-policies-inflation-targeting-regime",body:'\nThe phenomenon of high inflation arising from the 1970s oil crisis and the collapse of Bretton Woods’s system has brought price stability to the base of the monetary policy. While inflation, growth, exchange rate and interest rate should be in harmony in order to prevent financial-based crises, to eliminate income distribution imbalances and to increase prosperity, the implicit relationship between monetary and fiscal policies should not be ignored in developing countries that are subject to the inflation-targeting regime.
\nInflation uncertainty has an effect not only on monetary and fiscal policy variables but also on economic growth and indirectly on the real sector by affecting both real net revenues and price system efficiency in resource allocation. In emerging markets economies, interest rate and exchange rate, which are indicative variables, have a decisive influence on the real and nominal sectors for sustainable development and a stable economy. Changes in interest rates and exchange rates affect domestic and foreign investment decisions and consumer behaviors. High interest rates increase risk perception as they cause inflationary expectations. Moreover, volatility that may be experienced at interest rates creates exchange rate uncertainties. Thus, the exchange rate instability affects the real sector and it causes economic instability. In open economies, exchange rates are controlled through interest rates (usually short term) when it is necessary.
\nTax revenues follow a fluctuating structure in emerging economies where the economies are not fully managed due to the influence of political structure. Tax revenues can be seen as a means of development by the direct or indirect effect of resource allocation in developing countries. Macroeconomic balances are realized at a lower cost in the shorter term as the tax revenues are directed toward the financing of the growth. The longer the average collection period of taxes, the greater the magnitude of the corrosive effect on tax revenues is related with inflation. Depending on inflation, inflation rate increases by increased risk premiums due to economic uncertainty and instability. Funds used in the financing of the growth by excluding investments shift to nontaxable areas. The economic contraction due to the diminishing of investments reduces the taxable potential.
\nTax revenues create economic conditions for stability and growth by reducing the debt burden of the public sector and alleviate the pressure on interest and inflation. Therefore, public expenditures also have an effect on the relation between inflation and tax revenues. The change in public expenditure activates the multiplier mechanism and causes a change in income, consumption and tax revenues. The high public debt burden may affect inflation expectations and can constitute difficulties to meet the inflation target. Government revenues increase as total savings, and taxable potential increases in moderate inflation periods.
\nImbalances between government revenues/expenditures, elimination of existing debts by borrowing, problems in banking system, deficiencies in risk management processes, monetary and fiscal policy approaches which are far from rationality and the environment where short-term capital movements for speculative purposes are widespread due to increasing globalization and economic liberalization movements make an inflation spiral in emerging economies as well as in Turkey.
\nThe effectiveness of inflexible monetary policies has disappeared because of the fluctuations in the variables used as main or intermediate target. High inflation, floating growth rates, high public deficits and a dollarized economy emerged between 1989 and 2001 in Turkey because of not only the short-term capital movements started to be effective in the economic structure but also unrealizable financial and structural reforms. In this period, monetary policy approaches that target interest rate, foreign currency exchange rate and monetary aggregates had been used in the economic system. Interest-exchange rate targeting has been abandoned because of the changes in shocks in the economic structure and high-floating inflationary periods that make interest targeting difficult. The increase in capital movements and the decrease in flexibility against global shocks made the use of the exchange rate ineffective. Monetary aggregates could not be applied as intermediate targets owing to the structural changes and financial liberalization, and programs had resulted in disappearance of stability in the currency speed of money, the emergence of new financial instruments and the destabilization of the money demand caused by fast-growing financial sector. The exchange rate policy has been changed to the floating exchange rate regime because of the anticipation that it could be effective in closing the current account deficit and the monetary policy gained independence. Inflation had been adversely affected because the foreign exchange rate, which is sensitive to external shocks, exhibited a volatile structure and the perception that the interventions made on the interest rate were considered as interventions to the exchange rates.
\nIn order to achieve price stability in the Turkish economic structure, it has been decided to implement the inflation-targeting regime, a monetary policy approach that targets directly inflation without using any intermediate targets. In Turkey, due to domestic debt stock and high interest rates, the transition to the inflation-targeting regime could not be possible immediately. With the transition to the inflation-targeting regime, which had been implemented in 2003, inflation and the level of dollarization had started to decrease. With the transition to the inflation-targeting regime in 2006, inflation reached single digits and the aim changed as price stabilization. Due to the difficulty of keeping inflation under control in emerging economies and the delayed/prolonged effects of the monetary-fiscal policy instruments on inflation, the long-term internal and external shocks experienced in Turkey between 2002 and 2009 created disruptions in the operation of the regime.
\nSince the relationship between uncertainty and macroeconomic variables is sensitive to various factors such as sampling period, model classification and uncertainty identifications, different results have been determined in studies among inflation, output growth, interest rate and inflation uncertainty. Almost none of the studies have been found within the scope of the developed economies or the developing economies on the interactions of inflation uncertainty with real effective exchange rate, tax revenues and government expenditures.
\nCukierman et al., Azariadis et al., Friedman and Deveraux [1, 2, 3, 4] argue that there is a positive relationship between inflation and inflation uncertainty. Baillie et al. [5] conclude that the Cukierman-Meltzer hypothesis is valid only in high inflationary countries. Pourgerami et al., Ungar et al. and Grier et al. [6, 7, 8] argue that there is an inverse relationship between inflation uncertainty and inflation rate. Bhar et al. [9] have concluded that inflation uncertainty has diminished inflation after inflation targeting. Holland [10] argues that higher inflation uncertainty may be associated with lower average inflation. While Dotsey and Sarte [15] find that inflation uncertainty has a positive effect on growth, Friedman, Pindyck, Beaudry et al.,Tommasi and Fountas et al. [1, 11, 12, 13, 14] determine an inverse relationship between inflation uncertainty and output growth. Bhar et al. [9] point out that inflation uncertainty reduces the growth rate after inflation targeting. Chan [16] suggests that uncertainty reduces output growth by reducing consumption and investment spending with interest rates when there is a positive relationship between inflation uncertainty and interest rates. Berument et al. [17] show that inflation uncertainty increases 3-month deposit interest. Omay et al. [18] show that the effect of the inflation risk on the interest rates is regime dependent.
\nIn case of uncertainty, determining the interaction of real and nominal economic variables with inflation uncertainty is important in shaping economic policies of countries experiencing problems with inflation. In this study, it is investigated whether the inflation-targeting regime causes a structural change in the economic system exposed to high- and low-inflation periods. It is aimed to contribute to the literature by focusing on the effect of inflation uncertainty on inflation, output growth and selected monetary-fiscal policy instruments under the inflation-targeting regime. Within the scope of the study, inflation-targeting period was accepted between 2003 and 2015 and preinflation-targeting period was between 1987 and 2003. The effect of inflation uncertainty on real and nominal economic indicators is examined using multivariate generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (MGARCH) model. Because volatility is a quantitative measure of the risk that individual investors and financial institutions face, it is one of the noteworthy features of financial data. Because of the fact that financial changes move together over time, the ability to envision and forecast the dependency of second-degree moments of return is important in financial econometrics. The multivariate GARCH models, which are developed based on the fact that financial asset volatilities move together over time, provide efficiency gains. In order to handle all the possible interactions in a system equation, solutions are obtained by using full-information maximum-likelihood method.
\nIn this way, with the help of an equations system that is stated in a multivariate structure, all the possible interactions are tackled together and solutions are obtained based on complete information. In addition, with the help of a slope dummy variable, which was defined to differentiate the periods before and after 2003, the effects of inflation and output uncertainty have been assessed for both high and low inflation periods. The study first takes a general look at the related literature about inflation uncertainty. It then moves on to defining the model and obtaining empirical findings which were established over the model. The study concludes with an assessment section in which the empirical findings obtained are evaluated.
\nThe generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (GARCH) approach includes the time dependencies between conditional variances and covariances between various markets and assets. Although multivariate GARCH (MGARCH) models fundamentally resemble univariate GARCH models, the significant difference between the two is the definitions of the equations that show how the covariances of multivariate models move over time. To elicit these changes, performing analysis within the framework of multivariate modeling allows the researcher to obtain results that are more realistic. From the financial perspective, it facilitates taking better risk management decisions.
\nExpansion from the univariate GARCH model to a model with n variables requires that random variables \n
This model class makes the theoretical structure of unconditional moment, ergodicity and stationarity conditions easier (He and Terasvirta, [20]). Since it is difficult to secure \n
can be written as BEKK (1,1,K) model. Eq. (1) is positive definite under weak conditions. In addition, because the model contains all positive-definite diagonal representations and almost all positive-definite VEC representations, it is adequately general. The BEKK model directly concentrates on the model structure, notably as A and B matrices. The main advantage of this is that because there is no constraint requirement necessitating \n
Using conditional variance and correlation in direct modeling of conditional covariances is a relatively new approach. Conditional correlation models are much more convenient alternatives in the estimation and interpretation of parameters. These models, which are nonlinear combinations of univariate GARCH models, allow for separate determination of individual conditional variances on the one hand, and of a conditional correlation matrix between the individual series on the other, or of another dependency criterion. Time-dependent correlations are usually calculated by the cross product of returns and by multivariate GARCH models that are linear in their squares. The dynamic conditional correlation (DCC) model takes the change of conditional correlation over time into account. The multivariate models that are called DCC have the flexibility of parsimonious parametric models and relevant univariate GARCH models for correlations. In other words, the DCC estimators have the flexibility of univarate GARCH; however, they refrain from the complexity of multivariate GARCH. Despite being nonlinear, they can be calculated by two-step methods or single-variable methods that are based on probability function. These models, which directly parameterize the conditional correlations, can be estimated in two steps: the first being a series of univariate GARCH estimations and the second being correlation estimation. It is observed that under many circumstances they function well and provide reasonable empirical results.
\nWhen \n
The dynamic conditional correlation model, which is a generalized form of the constant conditional correlation (CCC) estimator, is shown as follows:
\nThe only difference in the dynamic conditional correlation model is that R changes over time (Engle, [22]). Parameterization of R requires that conditional variances are in integrity, and it has the same requirements as H.
\nThe possible simplest and best method is exponential smoothing, which is expressed as a geometrical weighted average of normalized residuals. Another alternative is obtained using the GARCH (1,1) model. When the equation is written as
\nthe below equation
\nis obtained. Assuming that the unconditional expectation of the cross product is \n
When S is an unconditional correlation matrix of epsilons, the matrix forms of these estimators are written as
\nAs long as unconditional moments are adapted to a simple correlation matrix, in order to parameterize the correlations, more complex positive-definite multivariate GARCH models can be used.
\nQuarterly data (1987:Q1–2015: Q3) were used to examine the effect of inflation uncertainty for Turkey on the variables of consumer price index, real gross domestic product, real effective exchange rate, 12-month deposit interest rate, government expenditures and tax revenues. The data set was taken from the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey (CBRT) electronic data distribution system (EVDS). Different term dates for different base years are organized according to the 1987 base year. The seasonal structure in the real gross national product, government expenditures and tax revenue variables is eliminated by using the Tramo/Seat method. The government expenditures and tax revenues series are divided by the seasonally adjusted nominal gross national product and multiplied by 100. Growth measures expressed as percentage changes are obtained by taking the logarithmic first-order differences, multiplying by 100, of the consumer price index, real gross domestic product, 12-month deposit interest rate and real effective exchange rate.
\nMGARCH model structure by using inflation (\n
is performed. The mean-model structure consists of Eqs. (8)–(13). Agumented Dickey-Fuller (ADF), Kwiatkowski-Phillips-Schmidt-Shin (KPSS) and Phillips-Perron (PP) unit root tests were applied in \nTable 1\n to set out the stationarity of the variables. It is decided that all variables are stationary, generally, when the ADF, KPSS and PP stationarity test results are evaluated for all variables.
\n\n | ADF test statistics | \nKPSS test statistics | \nPP test statistics | \n|
---|---|---|---|---|
\n\n | \nLevel | \n−2.199 | \n0.159*** | \n−9.539** | \n
\n\n | \nLevel | \n−7.599** | \n0.087** | \n−12.743** | \n
\n\n | \nLevel | \n−10.836** | \n0.141** | \n−12.830** | \n
\n\n | \nLevel | \n−9.754** | \n0.095** | \n−9.717** | \n
\n\n | \nLevel | \n−6.332** | \n0.081** | \n−6.332** | \n
\n\n | \nLevel | \n−7.304** | \n0.157*** | \n−7.654** | \n
Unit root test results.
***0.01, **0.05 and *0.10 test critical values.
\n\nFigure 1\n shows the tendencies of the series used in the model construction with respect to time. When the inflation series is examined, it is observed that there has been a fluctuation in the period of 2003 with the transition to the inflation-targeting regime. A dummy variable has been added to the model structure to reveal the effects of this period. Dummy variable(\n
Graphical representation of the tendency of the series used in model construction over time.
In the one-dimensional case, the mean equation for the model should be decided. In addition, the first condition that must be satisfied before dealing with the general structure of the variance equation in the multivariate GARCH model is that the series should be a white noise vector process. Residuals should be serially uncorrelated to each other, as well as have zero correlation with the lags of other components. It is suggested to use low-order VAR models to get rid of nested autocorrelation structure. \nTable 2\n shows the optimal lag length calculated for the model structure.
\n\n | Lag length | \nSC | \nHQ | \nAIC | \nFPE | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model C | \n0 | \n30.7841788 | \n30.6922946 | \n30.6311298 | \n808155.7 | \n
1 | \n30.4943727* | \n29.8511831* | \n29.4757366* | \n239794.0 | \n|
2 | \n31.3253894 | \n30.1308945 | \n29.5447431 | \n219511.0* | \n|
3 | \n32.3555313 | \n30.6097310 | \n29.9389591 | \n247924.9 | \n|
4 | \n33.3434204 | \n31.0463148 | \n30.4465451 | \n272942.8 | \n|
5 | \n34.4803294 | \n31.6319184 | \n31.2983202 | \n356934.9 | \n|
6 | \n35.7085147 | \n32.3087984 | \n32.4907265 | \n527368.6 | \n|
7 | \n36.9301733 | \n32.9791516 | \n34.0022509 | \n805829.9 | \n|
8 | \n37.5814766 | \n33.0791495 | \n35.3800101 | \n733320.2 | \n|
9 | \n37.9362941 | \n32.8826617 | \n37.0656734 | \n530976.8 | \n|
10 | \n38.1716960 | \n32.5667583 | \n39.5027360 | \n373253.0 | \n|
11 | \n38.5220873 | \n32.3658442 | \n43.3755930 | \n332466.6 | \n|
12 | \n38.9348464 | \n32.2272979 | \n49.4561719 | \n374125.8 | \n
Lag-length selection for model structure.
minimum value on each information criteria for model order selection.
Detection of autocorrelation in residuals and/or squared residuals within the framework of established VAR (1) model leads to the use of MGARCH models. A preliminary multivariate ARCH effect test was performed in order to question the existence of the ARCH effect on the model constructed. In \nTable 3\n, it is shown that the absence of the ARCH effect is strictly rejected. Since the null hypothesis, constant and all other lagged parameters are equal to zero and are rejected, it can be said that there is no constant correlation and a dynamic structure can be mentioned with strong time-dependency correlation between the selected variables.
\nMultidimensional ARCH effect test statistic | \nSignificance level | \n
---|---|
1898.86 | \n0.000 | \n
The presence of a priori ARCH effect.
***0.01, **0.05 and *0.10 significance level is not statistically significant.
Within the scope of the study, the model structure is examined as a dynamic conditional correlation model to determine the effect of inflation uncertainty on economic variables. For this reason, the volatilities of the involved variables are restricted within the DCC framework. The DCC model established in the study states that there are unstable interactions of the series concerned with conditional correlation and that this correlation affects the correlations with a one lag-period. The DCC model estimation results are shown in \nTable 4\n. According to the result of the multivariate Q statistic in \nTable 4\n, no residuals were found to be serially correlated, and the ARCH effect was no more observed in the model. It is found that there is no autocorrelation problem when considering the autocorrelation function of residuals and its squares. When these results are taken into consideration, the effect of uncertainty in the inflation can be evaluated using the DCC model. The DCC model provides more precisely the dynamic structure of the correlation between inflation uncertainty and macroeconomic variables.
\nPanel A: Model parameter tahminleri | \n|||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
\n\n | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n||||||
Constant | \n4.10* | \nConstant | \n0.65* | \nConstant | \n−0.750 | \nConstant | \n−1.013* | \nConstant | \n2.001* | \nConstant | \n−1.327* | \n
\n\n | \n0.630* | \n\n\n | \n−0.026 | \n\n\n | \n0.120 | \n\n\n | \n0.105* | \n\n\n | \n−0.101 | \n\n\n | \n0.242 | \n
\n\n | \n0.126 | \n\n\n | \n−0.042 | \n\n\n | \n0.114 | \n\n\n | \n0.526* | \n\n\n | \n0.522 | \n\n\n | \n0.982** | \n
\n\n | \n−0.567 | \n\n\n | \n0.043* | \n\n\n | \n0.092 | \n\n\n | \n−0.308** | \n\n\n | \n0.092* | \n\n\n | \n0.443* | \n
\n\n | \n0.033** | \n\n\n | \n−0.028* | \n\n\n | \n0.083* | \n\n\n | \n0.190* | \n\n\n | \n0.874* | \n\n\n | \n−0.323* | \n
\n\n | \n0.001 | \n\n\n | \n−0.021 | \n\n\n | \n0.314 | \n\n\n | \n0.093* | \n\n\n | \n0.021 | \n\n\n | \n0.084 | \n
\n\n | \n0.074 | \n\n\n | \n0.013 | \n\n\n | \n0.053* | \n\n\n | \n0.042 | \n\n\n | \n0.092* | \n\n\n | \n0.463* | \n
\n\n | \n−0.48* | \n\n\n | \n−0.095* | \n\n\n | \n0.995 | \n\n\n | \n0.689* | \n\n\n | \n−1.000* | \n\n\n | \n0.154* | \n
\n\n | \n0.479* | \n\n\n | \n0.155** | \n\n\n | \n0.045 | \n\n\n | \n−0.093* | \n\n\n | \n0.679** | \n\n\n | \n−0.18* | \n
\n\n | \n−0.12* | \n\n\n | \n−0.362* | \n\n\n | \n0.023 | \n\n\n | \n0.102* | \n\n\n | \n−0.878* | \n\n\n | \n0.247* | \n
Panel B: GARCH parameter estimates | \n|||||||||||
C(1) | \n3.019*** | \nC(4) | \n4.620*** | \nA(1) | \n0.546* | \nA(4) | \n0.409** | \nB(1) | \n0.245*** | \nB(4) | \n0.480*** | \n
C(2) | \n2.009* | \nC(5) | \n8.372*** | \nA(2) | \n0.365 | \nA(5) | \n0.352*** | \nB(2) | \n0.514*** | \nB(5) | \n0.583*** | \n
C(3) | \n5.267** | \nC(6) | \n9.157*** | \nA(3) | \n0.709*** | \nA(6) | \n0.222*** | \nB(3) | \n0.235* | \nB(6) | \n0.534 | \n
Panel C: Correlation parameter estimates | \n|||||||||||
DCC(1) | \n0.120*** | \nDCC(2) | \n0.672*** | \n||||||||
Multivariate Q (10) statistic | \n390.851* | \n||||||||||
Multivariate ARCH statistic | \n3416.55** | \n
DCC model parameter estimation results.
***0.01, **0.05 and *0.10 test critical values.
The dummy variable used for inflation targeting was found to be statistically insignificant for exchange rate changes, while statistically significant for inflation, output growth, interest rate change, governmet expenditure and tax revenues. This result indicates the effect of inflation uncertainty on selected variables differs pre-2003 and post-2003 periods. In other words, the effects of inflation uncertainty on real and nominal economic indicators are not the same in high and low inflationary periods. Inflation uncertainty had a positive and statistically significant effect on inflation, a positive and statistically significant effect on output gowth, a positive and statistically insignificant effect on exchange rate change, a negative and statistically significant effect on interest rate change, a positive and statistically significant effect on government expenditures and negative and statistically significant effect on tax revenues pre-2003 period. In the post-2003, inflation uncertainty affects inflation positively and statistically, output growth negatively and statistically significant, exchange rate change positively and statistically insignificant, interest rate change positively and statistically significant, government expenditures negatively and statistically significant, and tax revenues positively and statistically significant.
\nAs unexpected inflation increases with rising inflation uncertainty, the more inflation uncertainty increases inflation for the pre-2003 and post-2003. It is noteworthy that increases in the period after 2003 are less than the previous period. In the period before 2003, the more inflation uncertainty is an increasing effect on economic growth. In this period, as consumption expenditures were made for saving, the increase in inflation uncertainty has led to a shift in commodity markets. Since consumption expenditures are not made for saving, more inflation uncertainty makes the reducing effect on economic growth in the post-2003 period.
\nInflation uncertainty increases domestic prices, and so nominal exchange rate is also increased for both of the periods. While an exchange rate regime system was based on the “devaluation as much as inflation” idea in the period before 2003 (excluding the period between December 1999 and February 2001), flexible exchange rate system was implemented under implicit and explicit inflation-targeting regime in the post-2003 period. Due to the fact that the adequate adjustment is provided in nominal exchange rate, inflation uncertainty has no effect on the reel exchange rates for the pre-2003 and post-2003 periods.
\nThe increase in inflation uncertainty reduces the nominal interest rate in the period before 2003. Although the reduction of the nominal interest rate as inflation uncertainty increases, or the negative impact of inflation uncertainty on the nominal interest rate, seems contradictory at first glance, this result describes the features of the period before 2003. A severe increase in government borrowing needs is the basic phenomena that determine market interest rate for the pre-2003 period. In case that the state borrowing to repay the debt is a key factor in determining the market interest rates. The banks become main actors in financing the government. Given that deposits be a source of funding for banks, the decreasing effect of more inflation uncertainty on deposit interest rates is a reflection of the behavior of the banks’ increasing profit margin, because bank is shrouded in a structure that they collect the deposits to the state as a debt in the period before 2003.
\nThe increase in nominal interest rate as an impact of more inflation uncertainty is an expected result in the period after 2003. The most capital inflow to Turkey was experienced in the post-2003 period. It is a period in which it becomes very important that interior interest rates are too sensitive to outside interest rates and foreign interest rate is extremely high in the determination of domestic interest rates in Turkey. The supply of funds in the financial markets is largely shaped by a capital flow to Turkey. Capital flows to Turkey largely consist of hot money flows. In this sense, nominal interest rates are increasing due to the reduction in hot money flows as inflation uncertainty increases.
\nIn addition, the inflation uncertainty and nominal interest rate relationship obtained from the study findings support the findings of inflation uncertainty and growth relationship. Consumption spending has become sensitive to interest rates due to the increase in financing consumption spending with credits (the most common example of a credit card) in the post-2003 period. If our findings are being analyzed, in the period after 2003, inflation uncertainty has an impact on nominal interest rate increase.
\nThe fiscal policies implemented before the 2003 period and the conjunctural situation of the country caused the inflation rates to be considerably higher than the developed countries especially. Inflation uncertainty has led to the realization of the Tanzi effect, known as inflation cause to erode the real value of the tax revenues, in the pre-2003 period. In the same period, there was no inverse Tanzi effect, which means a decrease in the real value of public expenditures due to high inflation. When the post-2003 period was passed, the opposite effect was observed.
\nIn order for the species to be preserved over time, genetic data must be transferred from generation to generation [1]. Reproduction, which takes place so as to take care of the continuity of the lineage, starts with the fertilization stage at the start and continues with the pregnancy method [2].
The feminine body undergoes several physiological, anatomical and biochemical changes in order to adapt to the pregnancy process [3, 4]. Though the prevalence of those changes throughout pregnancy is taken into account physiological, occurrence outside of pregnancy is considered a pathological condition [4]. Pregnancy covers a period of nine months and ten days or 280 days or forty weeks from the primary day of the last menstrual day of the expectant mother [2, 5].
The main symptoms that occur during this process are as follows: interruption of the menstrual cycle, tenderness within the breasts, nausea-vomiting, frequent urination, augmented vaginal discharge, tiredness, cittosis and feeling baby movements [6, 7]. Throughout pregnancy, the bond between mother and fetus is maintained by the placenta shaped in the 1st month of pregnancy. Providing the development of the fetus by carrying the nutrients taken by the mother to the fetus, and also the passage of the wastes in the fetus to the mother’ circulation happens through placental circulation [6, 8].
The importance of nutrition during pregnancy is extremely necessary in terms of fetus development, and this issue has attracted loads of attention in recent years [8]. So as for kids to turn healthy and for the protection of mothers’ health, among the most necessities are a property healthy fetal development method throughout pregnancy, stimulation of milk production, enlarged would like for nutrients, and accordingly, adequate and balanced nutrition [5]. Inadequate or excessive intakes during nutrition during pregnancy cause several health issues similar to inborn disorders, preterm or miscarriage, mental biological process delays [9]. Variations in social and cultural values, errors in preparation, storage and cooking within the foods that pregnant ladies can consume, failure of addition to the daily diet in response to the increasing would like of the mother, economic inadequacies, alcohol, cigarettes and drug use by the pregnant girl are often counted among the most reasons for organic process issues throughout pregnancy [10]. The mother’ weight at the start of pregnancy is very important in terms of the number of weight she ought to gain during the full pregnancy. Throughout pregnancy, one among the foremost important problems in terms of maintaining maternal and fetal health is body weight gain during pregnancy. Gaining adequate body weight is possible by providing energy at suggested levels and taking macro and micronutrients throughout pregnancy [11].
macromolecules: Carbohydrates are organic compounds consisting of carbon (C), element (H) and atomic number 8 (O) [1]. Carbohydrate demand varies betting on the energy requirement for acceptable pregnancy weight [12]. The specified energy would like depends on the individual’ age, gender, physically activeness and, if any, their special condition [13]. 60% of the overall daily energy ought to be met from carbohydrates [12]. 1 g of carbohydrates provides a median of four calories of energy [13]. The daily carbohydrate intake need for pregnant ladies is 170 g/day, and the daily macromolecule intake for non-pregnant ladies is 130 g/day [14].
Proteins, that are the building blocks of cells, are the littlest a part of the body and incorporates amino acids [13]. They’re one among the most nutrients that has got to be taken for growth and development. 10–11% of daily energy would like is met from supermolecules [13]. 1 g of protein offers four kcal of energy. Proteins are the body’ highest energy store once fatty tissue [1]. Throughout pregnancy, proteins are functionally needed for fetal growth, placental development, formation of amnionic fluid, increase of maternal blood volume and growth of maternal tissues. Therefore, the supermolecule demand will increase throughout pregnancy [15]. The order of protein requirement for tissue building and repair is as follows: fetus (42%) followed by female internal reproductive organ (17%), blood (14%), placenta (10%), and breast enlargement (8%). Throughout pregnancy, the uterus and maternal blood are comparatively wealthy in protein instead of fat or macromolecule [15]. Despite the decrease in total protein and albumin during pregnancy, there’s no downside within the protein requirement for the fetus since the protein taken in the diet is employed additional effectively. Studies have shown that the organic compound concentration is higher in the fetal compartment than within the maternal one. This higher concentration is usually regulated by the placenta. The placenta not solely concentrates amino acids in the fetal circulation, however is additionally liable for supermolecule synthesis, oxidation, and transamination of some non-essential amino acids [15]. Whereas the number of protein that non-pregnant ladies ought to take is 0.8 g/kg/day, this figure is 1.1 g/kg/day throughout pregnancy [14].
Fats are organic compounds composed of fatty acids and glycerol. Fatty acids are named in step with the amount of carbon atoms in the molecule and also the number of double bonds between carbons. Those while not double bonds are referred to as saturated fatty acids, and those with double bonds are called unsaturated fatty acids [13]. Fats are necessary as a result of the surplus energy within the body is hold on as fat tissue. One gram of fat provides a median of nine calories of energy [13]. Fat demand varies betting on the energy requirement needed for correct weight gain. Roughly 20–30% of daily energy ought to be provided from fats [12]. Additionally to providing energy, fats modify the utilization of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K) in the body [12]. In addition, the intake of some fatty acids with food, that are enclosed within the composition of fats and do not seem to be created by the body, gains importance for growth and skin health [14]. Fats are necessary nutrients that offer essential fatty acids necessary for the event of the brain and central system of the fetus [12].
Vitamins are essential organic substances that are necessary for the traditional prevalence of metabolic events in the body and for maintaining a healthy state. Lack of any creates a selected disorder and damage. Vitamins are taken outwardly with most plant or animal foods. Some vitamins, on the opposite hand, are often partially synthesized within the body, albeit in lean amounts, or they are infatuated food [16]. They’re not the fundamental artifact in the human organism; however, they need totally different operates for the regulation and continuity of body functions. Vitamins do not offer energy like different body parts similar to carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. Their main function is to act as a catalyst in the energy-releasing reactions of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids [17]. In some western countries such as the United States and England, the “recommended daily ration (RDA)” value for every vitamin has been determined as a basis for evaluating food things as nutrients and control the daily diet. This determination was supported a daily food intake of 2000 kilocalories [16]. A diet with foods that contain adequate amounts of main nutrients similar to carbohydrates, supermolecule and fat, and particularly from numerous sources provides enough vitamins for the body’ daily would like, aside from some special cases [16]. Pregnant women, lactating women, children, athletes, smokers, the elderly, those that are underneath stress and who are sick from sickness have a better need for vitamins [17]. Vitamins are divided into two main teams as fat soluble and water soluble. This solubility property determines the pharmacokinetic properties of vitamins and a few of their qualities relating to their use. They’re divided into fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) and soluble vitamins (group B and vitamin C) [14]. These are summarized in Table 1:
Water soluble vitamins | Fat soluble vitamins |
---|---|
|
|
Water and fat soluble vitamins.
Since water-soluble vitamins cannot be hold on much within the body, they have to be taken frequently in enough quantities to fulfill the daily demand [1, 16]. They’re additionally straightforward to expel from the body. Since fat-soluble vitamins are generally hold on in the liver, they are doing not cause vitamin deficiency symptoms though they are taken in lean amounts for a while, if they are taken in enlarged amounts later on. Urinary excretion of fat-soluble vitamins is mostly limited. Therefore, high-dose treatments with these vitamins carry a risk of toxicity [18]. One among the foremost common useful properties of soluble vitamins is their incorporation into specific enzymes as cofactors. In contrast, a minimum of 2 of the fat-soluble vitamins (vitamins A and D) act as hormones and act with specific receptors in their target tissues [1]. The necessity for micronutrients throughout pregnancy will increase thanks to physiological changes, and vitamin supplements applied during this era became customary [19]. The expansion and development of the fetus depends on the essential nutrients and vitamins taken by the mother [18]. Since several micronutrients are passed from mother to baby, maternal deficiency causes deficiency in fetus and newborn [20]. In some studies, vitamin deficiency during pregnancy could end in megaloblastia, ectoblast defects, placental and fetal defects, low birth weight, and premature birth [18]. Since several micronutrients are passed from mother to baby, deficiency within the mother causes deficiency in the fetus and newborn. The mechanism of passage through the placenta differs between micronutrients, so some micronutrients are at larger risk of not being transferred to the fetus than others [20].
Since vitamin A cannot be synthesized in the body while not a precursor, it’s a vitamin that has got to be taken outwardly [21]. It’s a lipid-soluble inhibitor [22]. It’s hold on in the liver [8]. Fat-soluble vitamin is taken into the body in 2 totally different forms, that are necessary for the living body. The foremost common and necessary within the body is antiophthalmic factor [23]. Fat-soluble vitamin plays a basic role in retinoid metabolism and visual functions, cellular differentiation relating to embryonic development, respiratory organ maturation and system development [8]. The most pathological conditions related to vitamin A deficiency throughout pregnancy are declared as preterm birth, low birth weight and low infant liver vitamin A storage cases. Low vitamin A level in newborns seems to be an element that will increase the chance of bronchopulmonary abnormal condition and infection [24]. Fat-soluble vitamin supplementation does not result on the chance of maternal mortality, perinatal death, infant death, stillbirth, neonatal anemia, preterm birth and having a low birth weight baby. However, studies on vitamin A supplementation have shown a reduced maternal risk of visual disorder [25]. Associate early and necessary symptom of vitamin A deficiency is night blindness [8]. High-dose vitamin A supplementation includes an agent effect and will increase the risk of abnormalities within the central nervous system, urinary organ system and vessel systems in the newborn [18]. Each lean and excessive intake of vitamin A will cause issues in fetal growth and development, thus vitamin A sources ought to be adequate and reliable throughout pregnancy [24]. Several pregnant ladies will get the specified quantity of vitamin A from their daily diet while not the necessity for extra vitamin supplements [18]. It’s celebrated that vitamin A supplementation will increase the birth weight and growth of the kid born to HIV-infected women, however excessive use should be avoided [11]. Fat-soluble vitamin is believed to cross the placenta by straightforward diffusion [18]. throughout pregnancy, a daily vitamin A intake of 770 mcg is important, and vitamin A intake on top of 3000 mcg is not suggested [14].
Calciferol is taken into account a pre-hormone in steroid structure [1]. It’s 2 sources: D₃ (cholecalciferol), that is synthesized within the skin by daylight, and vitamin D₂ (ergocalciferol), which is taken through diet and dietary supplements [26]. They are often hold on in the liver in the body [27]. It’s the foremost poisonous of the fat-soluble vitamins [28]. Calciferol is provided by dietary intake and also the result of sunlight on the skin. Therefore, vitamin D deficiency develops thanks to inadequate diet, living inside or in unsunny climates, and sporting sun-proof covering [18]. Vitamin D regulates Ca and phosphorus metabolism alongside hormone and thyrocalcitonin [14]. It will increase calcium resorption and decreasing calcium excretion by taking part in a task in maintaining bone balance [24]. It also has results on the nervous system, heart and clotting mechanism [14]. There also are studies showing that it’s necessary for immune operate concerning aldohexose regulation, fetal brain development, and female internal reproductive organ contractions at birth [12]. As a results of clinical studies on the effect of calciferol on pregnancy outcomes, it’s been determined that vitamin D deficiency is also related to preeclampsia, pregnancy diabetes, low birth weight, preterm delivery, cesarean section and enlarged risk of infectious diseases [26]. Calciferol deficiency throughout pregnancy is that the most significant risk issue for vitamin D deficiency in newborns and infancy. Since maternal vitamin D deficiency is common in Turkey, it’s declared that vitamin D deficiency is liable for symptom in early infancy [24].
Use of vitamin E in pregnancy is important for tissue development, cell membrane structure, and red blood cell integrity. However, its most important physiological result is its being inhibitor [18]. It’s the smallest amount poisonous of the fat-soluble vitamins. Once taken over necessary, it’s excreted in excreta and urine. Terribly high doses can cause nausea and symptom [28]. The necessity for vitamin E will increase throughout pregnancy and particularly within the trimester [12]. The most finding in its deficiency is anemia. However, additionally to this, muscle and system disorders and muscle fatigue also can be seen. Though its use is controversial, premature newborns are ordinarily supplemented with vitamin E to stabilize erythrocytes and haemolytic anemia is prevented [28]. Maternal level of vitamin E increases during pregnancy. It peaks around thirty seven weeks and returns to pre-pregnancy levels shortly once birth. The rationale for this increase throughout pregnancy are often attributed to the enlarged would like thanks to fetal growth [18]. Pre-eclampsia is a vital pregnancy-related complication and is related to each maternal and fetal problems. it’s thought that preeclampsia symptoms can be reduced by inhibitor support in early pregnancy. Vitamin E additionally plays a task in reducing preeclampsia in pregnancy due to its antioxidant properties [24]. The suggested intake for vitamin E during pregnancy is fifteen mg per day, and also the most quantity to be taken is a 1000 mg per day [14].
Vitamin K exists in nature in two forms, K₁ and K₂. fat-soluble vitamin K₁ is synthesized within the leaves of inexperienced plants. The well-liked variety of drugs is fat-soluble vitamin K₁ sort. Vitamin K₂ is of microbic origin. It’s synthesized by microorganism bacterium settled in the small intestine and colon in humans and by another bacteria. The synthetically derived type is vitamin K₃ [16, 28]. Though the foremost important operate of vitamin K is anticoagulant, it additionally has a vital result on bone health [28]. Vitamin K has been shown to repair bone deformation and forestall bone loss caused by corticosteroids [14]. In newborns, the symptom of fat-soluble vitamin deficiency throughout the amount once microorganism is not shaped is manifested as a bent to bleeding. Breast milk is poorer in vitamin K than ready-made formulas. Therefore, the very fact that the baby is fed solely with breast milk could cause low vitamin K levels. If vitamin K is not given to the baby at birth, disorders within the action mechanism may occur. Therefore, for prophylaxis, administration of vitamin K straightaway once delivery is suggested [28]. If high doses of artificial vitamin K (K₃) are administered to the newborn for a long time, poisonous effects are seen, leading to anemia and jaundice [28]. High doses of vitamins A and E intake could interfere with the viscus absorption of fat-soluble vitamin [18]. Like all fat-soluble vitamins, overdoses of vitamin K accumulate within the body and are toxic. However, the traditional average diet provides over adequate amounts of vitamin K and does not need routine supplementation throughout pregnancy. However, vitamin K supplementation is suggested for a few sure indications [18]. With a traditional average diet, the necessity for vitamin K is more than met. There’s no need for routine supplementation during pregnancy. The daily dose needed for non-pregnant ladies and pregnant women is that the same and this value is 90 mcg. [14].
Though vitamin B₁ is not used directly within the body, it takes half in several mechanisms. It’s used as a molecule in the synthesis of acetylcholine, that is concerned in neurotransmission [14]. Vitamin B₁ is required for aldohexose chemical reaction in the body for hormone production from exocrine gland cells and cell growth [18]. It additionally plays a vital role in macromolecule metabolism [29]. Daily supplementation of vitamin B₁ in pregnant women prevents low birth weight, ensures intrauterine growth and will increase aldohexose tolerance [18]. Higher intake of vitamin B₁ than the most needed dose could cause nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and eating disorder [18]. The number of vitamin B₁ that a pregnant girl ought to take daily is 1.4 mg.
Riboflavin acts as a molecule in chemical reaction and reduction reactions, in tissues that manufacture energy through respiration [18]. Vitamin B₂ is important for the formation of red blood cells and production of antibodies, that are a vital a part of the body’ defense system. it’s also accountable for getting energy from supermolecule associated fats [14]. Whereas the number that an adult girl ought to take daily is 1.1 mg, the daily amount that a pregnant woman should take is 1.4 mg [14].
Vitamin B₃ is a vital element of 2 enzymes in metastasis and tissue respiration [18]. It’s concerned within the structure of hydrogen-carrying coenzymes similar to NAD and NADP. These molecules play a task in chemical reaction and reduction events in the body [14]. It’s focused in the erythrocytes in the blood. It is often found in muscle and kidney tissue, particularly within the liver [28]. In studies, vitamin B₃ deficiency was seldom encountered, and it absolutely was disregarded that vitamin B₃ given to pregnant ladies in low or high amounts had any result [14]. As a results of the rise in estrogen throughout pregnancy, vitamin B₃ is synthesized so as to stay the hormones in restraint [12]. The daily dose that a pregnant girl ought to take is 18 mg. The most dose to be taken during pregnancy is decided as 35 mg [14].
It takes half in carbohydrate, supermolecule and cholesterol metabolism and aerophilous chemical process reactions. Since vitamin B5 is wide found in nature and synthesized by the viscus flora, its deficiency is not seen in humans. Vitamin B₅ in pregnant ladies has not been determined with certainty [28].
It’s the beginning material within the biogenesis of the most molecule of supermolecule metabolism. The breakdown of all amino acids in protein metabolism and also the synthesis of non-essential amino acids occur in the presence of coenzymes of vitamin B₆ [28]. Therefore, vitamin B₆ has to be enlarged in parallel with the rise in the amount of supermolecule within the diet throughout pregnancy [16]. At identical time, vitamin B₆ helps the event of the central system [12]. Nausea and innate reflex are one among the foremost common and necessary symptoms in pregnant women, occurring in the early stages of pregnancy [28]. Vitamin B₆ is employed as an alternate treatment to forestall nausea and vomiting during pregnancy [30]. At the same time, vitamin B₆ is of interest as a result of the preservation of the placental tube-shaped structure bed [18]. Clinical manifestations of vitamin B₆ deficiency are epilepsy-like convulsions and dermatitis [28]. An awfully high dose (2–6 g/d) is needed for toxicity in dults. This toxicity happens at mega doses given for the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome and preeclampsia. No fetal effects are reportable thanks to dose [18]. Whereas the number of vitamin B₆ that an adult girl ought to take daily is 1.3 mg, this amount is 1.9 mg in a pregnant woman [11]. The most dose that a pregnant woman should take is 100 mg [14].
Vitamin B₉ plays a vital role within the construction of latest cells by serving to the assembly of desoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), that management cell proliferation within the body [12]. It additionally facilitates biological processes as a compound for enzymes involving polymer and RNA synthesis [31]. In addition, it works in conjunction with cobalamin to create hemoglobin in erythrocytes [12]. It should be infatuated food, and also the totally different forms it enters to be used in the body are usually referred to as ‘folate’ [28]. All defects that occur throughout pregnancy occur in the 1st 28 days of pregnancy, largely once the expectant mother does not apprehend she is pregnant yet. The foremost common of those is NTD (Neural Tube Defect). It is one among the common and severe malformations among inborn malformations. All of the malformations similar to anencephaly, encephalocele, meningocele, myelocele, meningomyelocele and myelosis, which are caused by the neural tube during which the brain and neural structure develop, stay open once it ought to be closed till the tip of the fourth week of intrauterine life, are all serious congenital anomalies and are expressed underneath the name of ‘neural tube defect’ [31]. It’s suggested to begin vitamin B₉ supplementation with four hundred mcg with the design of pregnancy and three months before, and to continue it throughout the primary trimester of pregnancy [32]. So as to be shielded from NTD, 600 mcg vitamin B₉ supplement ought to be taken daily. The most quantity of folic acid that a pregnant girl should take daily is a thousand mcg [14].
In contrast to different soluble vitamins, up to four mg of vitamin B₁₂ is hold on within the body. Therefore, vitamin deficiency is not determined for several years. Those with deficiency are additional doubtless to be strict vegetarians [28]. Vitamin B₁₂ may be a molecule essential for organic process and lipid, protein, and macromolecule metabolism. It is synthesized within the liver and is named extrinsic factor. Though it acts on all cells, it plays a serious role in the bone marrow, gastrointestinal system and central nervous system. It acts as a compound for polymer synthesis in the bone marrow. Though we have got little information on the necessity for vitamin B₁₂ throughout pregnancy, in step with some studies, body fluid vitamin B₁₂ values decrease in the advancing weeks of pregnancy. Tries to interchange this decline in pregnancy are unsuccessful. This fact supports the idea that serum vitamin B₁₂ level is freelance of diet and this decrease will not necessitate a decrease in maternal aliment stores [18]. Vitamin B₁₂ is very important for the continuity of cell division. In its deficiency, methylcobalamin cannot be shaped and polymer synthesis cannot be made of quick growing tissues throughout pregnancy. As a result, megaloblastic anemia, inborn anomalies and issues within the system develop. Low plasmic vitamin B₁₂ concentration was found to be related to high plasmic homocysteine level, pre-eclampsia and preterm birth risk all told age groups. It’s been reportable that maternal insufficiencies cause NTD and spina bifida. Vitamin B₁₂ is infatuated foods of animal origin. In humans, viscus bacterium also can synthesize vitamin B₁₂ [28]. The number of vitamin B₁₂ that an adult girl ought to take daily is 2.4 mcg. This dose will increase to 2.6 mcg in an exceedingly pregnant woman [11]. There aren’t any adequate resources for the most daily intake throughout pregnancy [14].
Calcium is an inorganic element that’s the foremost superabundant and essential mineral element within the human body. Ca metabolism is regulated by hormones similar to vitamin D, parathyroid gland hormone, and calcitonin. Oral calcium is absorbed from the intestines by the result of vitamin D. Parathyroid gland hormone, on the opposite hand, will increase viscus Ca absorption and bone calcium mobilization by increasing calciferol synthesis within the kidneys [14]. The fullness of iron stores together with calcium is very important for bone and red blood cell development [33]. Enlarged calcium intake throughout pregnancy is important for the health of mother and baby. Throughout this period, the utilization of calcium supplements reduces preeclampsia. At identical time, once enough calcium is not taken during pregnancy, the necessity is met by retreating calcium from the bones. Frequent births, lack of movement and lean use of daylight cause bone softening and tooth decay. Adequate vitamin D intake is important to facilitate Ca absorption [33]. It’s wrong to assume that dental caries happens thanks to calcium deficiency throughout pregnancy which each pregnancy causes a tooth loss. Changes within the composition of spittle during pregnancy accelerate the progression of pre-pregnancy caries and also the gums bleed easily. Despite harm gums, teeth ought to be brushed regularly. All types of dental treatment (tooth symptom treatment, tooth extraction) are often done during pregnancy. Long-run treatments (such as passage treatment) can be delayed for once six months [6]. Whereas the number of calcium that girls would like during pregnancy is a 1000 mg, the most quantity to be taken is 2500 mg [14].
Iron is a component within the structure of heme, that has the power to simply exchange electrons, rework into ferric (Fe+2) and ferrous (Fe+3) forms. It’s additionally needed for the assembly of haemoprotein and plenty of different enzymes. However, as a results of the conversion of peroxide into free ion radicals, it’s the ability to break plasma membrane protein and DNA. Iron-protoporphine (heme) and iron sulfide compounds act as enzyme-cofactors [14]. The fullness of Ca stores together with iron is important for bone and red blood cell development [33]. Iron balance within the body is extremely delicate, and iron deficiency or excess is one among the foremost common diseases in humans [14]. Pregnancy, lactation, adolescence, rapid growth periods, factors that increase iron need, increase iron loss, decrease iron intake, absorption or use are among the most causes of iron deficiency [30]. Anemia, besides being a vital pathological state which will have an effect on the pregnancy method and also the quality of lifetime of the newborn, will increase its importance even additional because it is preventable. Therefore, the general public ought to learn regarding the explanations for mistreatment vitamin and iron medicine throughout pregnancy and nutrition [3, 10]. Iron deficiency ends up in enlarged preterm birth, low birth weight, and mortality within the 1st 2 trimesters of pregnancy. Enlarged plasma volume during pregnancy, increased iron demand of the fetus, quantity of vitamin C taken by the mother orally or with food, antacid use, excessive dietary intake of cereals with phytate content that have an effect on iron absorption, viscus parasites, consumption of tea and coffee, affect iron absorption and cause iron deficiency anemia [14]. However, the necessity for iron during pregnancy will increase particularly during the 3rd trimester [34]. Aspect effects associated with iron use are typically dose-dependent. Aspect effects similar to epigastric discomfort, nausea, vomiting, symptom or constipation could develop. Whereas the incidence of those side effects is reduced in low-dose use, they are seen in roughly 1/3 of cases in high-dose use [35]. Whereas the number of iron to be taken daily is eight mg in associate adult girl, a pregnant woman ought to take twenty seven mg of iron daily [11]. The most amount of iron a pregnant woman should take daily is 45 mg [14].
Iodine, that is concerned within the production of thyroid hormones, is an element necessary for traditional growth and development, and brain and body functions. In relevance the iodine content of the soil and water, the number of iodine we have a tendency to take with food varies. Iodine infatuated food and water is excreted within the body waste once it’s employed in the assembly of thyroid hormone. Since iodine is not hold on in the body, a sufficient amount of iodine should be taken into the body a day [36]. Pregnant and lactating women are in the risk group for iodine deficiency. Among the most cases seen in iodine deficiency throughout pregnancy are miscarriage, stillbirths, inborn anomalies, increase in perinatal deaths and infant mortality rate, psychological feature dysfunction, infertility, deafness, abnormal condition (diplopia), psychomotor disorders, and hypothyroidism disorder [11]. Iodine deficiency within the fetus throughout pregnancy adversely affects particularly cerebral development. The foremost essential period of time is between the trimester and also the age of three, once cerebral development is basically completed. The foremost important reason behind correctable backwardness is iodine deficiency [14]. The typical daily iodine intake of fertile women is between 10 and 20 mcg. Daily iodine intake during pregnancy and nursing mothers ought to be 220 mcg. With breastfeeding, 100 mcg/day of iodine is transferred to baby. Body waste iodine concentration should be 10–20 mcg/day or 100–200 mcg/L throughout pregnancy. If daily iodine intake falls below 100 mcg during pregnancy, iodine deficiency is mentioned [37]. The most quantity of iodine that ought to be taken daily during pregnancy is 1100 mcg [14].
Since it cannot be made by the body, it must be obtained through food. Magnesium is found in soil and sea water. There are magnesium reserves in our body that has got to be perpetually replenished, that is, it must be taken unendingly so as to satisfy its functions. The most reservoir of metal is bones, 60% of that is found here alongside Ca and phosphate. However, the most operate of magnesium is not within the bones, however in the blood and muscle systems, wherever 40% is found. It plays a vital role in strengthening muscles, supermolecule synthesis and protein system activity, growth and regeneration of cells. Magnesium is that the fourth ion among the cations found in the body, whereas it’s the second cation once atomic number 19 in the cell. In things similar to stress, pregnancy and breastfeeding, the body’ would like for magnesium will increase [17]. Once fetal characteristics such as birth weight associated height were examined, magnesium supplementation was found to possess positive results [14]. At identical time, magnesium additionally has the effect of preventing vital sign rise in pregnancy [12]. Whereas the number of magnesium that an adult girl ought to take daily is 320 mg, the amount that a pregnant woman should take is 350 mg [14].
Nutrition is important before and after pregnancy as well as during pregnancy. The intake of macro and micro nutrient items affecting maternal and fetal health problems positively during pregnancy. Vitamin A plays a fundamental role in retinoid metabolism and visual functions, cellular differentiation related to embryonic development, lung maturation and immune system development of fetus. Vitamin D regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism together with parathyroid hormone and calcitonin. It increases calcium reabsorption and decreasing calcium excretion by playing a role in maintaining bone balance. It also has effects on the nervous system, heart and blood clotting mechanism. Vitamin E is important and the main finding of Vitamin E deficiency, is hemolytic anemia. However, in addition, muscle and nervous system disorders and muscle fatigue can also be seen with its deficiency. The most important function of vitamin K is anticoagulation; If vitamin K is not given to the baby at birth, disorders in the coagulation mechanism may occur. Therefore, for prophylaxis, intramuscular administration of vitamin K immediately after delivery is recommended. Vitamin K has also an important effect on bone health. Vitamin B₆ is used as an alternative treatment to prevent nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. At the same time, vitamin B₆ is of interest because of the preservation of the placental vascular bed. Folic acid works in conjunction with vitamin B12 to form hemoglobin in erythrocytes. Deficiency leads to NTD in newborn. Vitamin B12 deficiency result with megaloblastic anemia, congenital anomalies and problems in the nervous system of the fetus. Increased calcium intake during pregnancy is important for the health of mother and baby. During this period, the use of calcium supplements reduces preeclampsia. Ca is necessary for dental health. On the other hand, Iron deficiency or excess is one of the most common diseases in humans. Pregnant and lactating women are in the risk group for iodine deficiency. The most important cause of correctable mental retardation of newborn is iodine deficiency.
The authors have not any conflict of interest to declare.
In line with the Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing, below is a more detailed description of IntechOpen's Advertising Policy.
",metaTitle:"Advertising Policy",metaDescription:"IntechOpen partners with third-party companies to serve ads and/or collect certain information when you visit our website. These companies may collect non-personally identifiable information (not including your name, address, email address or telephone number) during your visit to IntechOpen's website.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/advertising-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"1. IntechOpen partners with third-party companies to serve ads and/or collect certain information when you visit our website. These companies may collect non-personally identifiable information (not including your name, address, email address or telephone number) during your visit to IntechOpen's website.
\\n\\n2. All advertisements and commercially sponsored publications are independent from editorial decisions.
\\n\\n3. IntechOpen does not endorse any product or service marked as an advertisement on IntechOpen website.
\\n\\n4. IntechOpen has blocked all the inappropriate types of advertising.
\\n\\n5. IntechOpen has blocked advertisement of harmful products or services.
\\n\\n6. Advertisements and editorial content are clearly distinguishable.
\\n\\n7. Editorial decisions will not be influenced by current or potential advertisers and will not be influenced by marketing decisions.
\\n\\n8. Advertisers have no control or influence over the results of searches a user may conduct on the website by keyword or topic search.
\\n\\n9. Types of advertisments:
\\n\\n- Advertisements in the Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, and Social Sciences and Humanities sections of the IntechOpen website are programmatic (based on user behaviour such as web pages visited, content viewed, etc.)
\\n\\n- Advertisements in the Life Sciences and Health Sciences sections of the IntechOpen website are programmatic as well as contextual based on the content of the respective books and chapters. IntechOpen's third party partner eHealthcare Solutions (EHS) is a unique marketing platform that specializes in connecting niche audiences with healthcare brands.
\\n\\nYou may view their privacy policy here: https://ehealthcaresolutions.com/privacy-policy/
\\n\\n10. IntechOpen Advertising Sales department makes the decisions about the types of advertisements to include or exclude. Placement of advertising is at the discretion of IntechOpen. IntechOpen retains the right to reject and/or request modifications to the advertisement. An advertisement that is visible online, will be withdrawn from the site at any time if the Editor(s) or Author(s) request its removal.
\\n\\n11. Users can make decisions about accepting advertisements. Users can block all the advertisements by using ad blockers. Users can send all the complaints about advertising to: info@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2021-04-28
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'1. IntechOpen partners with third-party companies to serve ads and/or collect certain information when you visit our website. These companies may collect non-personally identifiable information (not including your name, address, email address or telephone number) during your visit to IntechOpen's website.
\n\n2. All advertisements and commercially sponsored publications are independent from editorial decisions.
\n\n3. IntechOpen does not endorse any product or service marked as an advertisement on IntechOpen website.
\n\n4. IntechOpen has blocked all the inappropriate types of advertising.
\n\n5. IntechOpen has blocked advertisement of harmful products or services.
\n\n6. Advertisements and editorial content are clearly distinguishable.
\n\n7. Editorial decisions will not be influenced by current or potential advertisers and will not be influenced by marketing decisions.
\n\n8. Advertisers have no control or influence over the results of searches a user may conduct on the website by keyword or topic search.
\n\n9. Types of advertisments:
\n\n- Advertisements in the Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, and Social Sciences and Humanities sections of the IntechOpen website are programmatic (based on user behaviour such as web pages visited, content viewed, etc.)
\n\n- Advertisements in the Life Sciences and Health Sciences sections of the IntechOpen website are programmatic as well as contextual based on the content of the respective books and chapters. IntechOpen's third party partner eHealthcare Solutions (EHS) is a unique marketing platform that specializes in connecting niche audiences with healthcare brands.
\n\nYou may view their privacy policy here: https://ehealthcaresolutions.com/privacy-policy/
\n\n10. IntechOpen Advertising Sales department makes the decisions about the types of advertisements to include or exclude. Placement of advertising is at the discretion of IntechOpen. IntechOpen retains the right to reject and/or request modifications to the advertisement. An advertisement that is visible online, will be withdrawn from the site at any time if the Editor(s) or Author(s) request its removal.
\n\n11. Users can make decisions about accepting advertisements. Users can block all the advertisements by using ad blockers. Users can send all the complaints about advertising to: info@intechopen.com.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2021-04-28
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[],filtersByRegion:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"13"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11369",title:"RNA Viruses",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"52f8a3a1486912beae40b34ac557fed3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Yogendra Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11369.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"278914",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yogendra",surname:"Shah",slug:"yogendra-shah",fullName:"Yogendra Shah"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11630",title:"Life in Extreme Environments - Diversity, Adaptability and Valuable Resources of Bioactive Molecules",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9c39aa5fd22296ba53d87df6d761a5fc",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Afef Najjari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11630.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"196823",title:"Dr.",name:"Afef",surname:"Najjari",slug:"afef-najjari",fullName:"Afef Najjari"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11632",title:"Updated Research on Bacteriophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d34dfa0d5d10511184f97ddaeef9936b",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11632.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11633",title:"Pseudomonas aeruginosa - New Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a7cd19791397a27a80526be0dc54bd8a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Associate Prof. Osama Darwesh and Dr. Ibrahim Matter",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11633.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"298076",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Osama",surname:"Darwesh",slug:"osama-darwesh",fullName:"Osama Darwesh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11634",title:"Mycobacterium - Epidemiology, Prevention, Diagnostic, and Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"aa972af90c14eb4ef39b6dc71911f623",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Awelani Mutshembele",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11634.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"468847",title:"Dr.",name:"Awelani",surname:"Mutshembele",slug:"awelani-mutshembele",fullName:"Awelani Mutshembele"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11635",title:"Towards New Perspectives on Toxoplasma gondii",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2d409a285bea682efb34a817b0651aba",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Saeed El-Ashram, Dr. Guillermo Téllez and Dr. Firas Alali",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11635.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"209746",title:"Dr.",name:"Saeed",surname:"El-Ashram",slug:"saeed-el-ashram",fullName:"Saeed El-Ashram"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11796",title:"Cytomegalovirus - Recent Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4e442adc2808f68ccc1aeac17e6ae746",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Seyyed Shamsadin Athari and Dr. Entezar Mehrabi Nasab",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11796.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"139889",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyyed Shamsadin",surname:"Athari",slug:"seyyed-shamsadin-athari",fullName:"Seyyed Shamsadin Athari"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11797",title:"Clostridium difficile",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4cb066b44bb8d4a8b93a627de26e3ebf",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11797.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11798",title:"Listeria monocytogenes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"678ca4185133438014939804bf8a05e6",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Cristina Saraiva, Dr. Sónia Saraiva and Prof. Alexandra Esteves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11798.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"226197",title:"Prof.",name:"Cristina",surname:"Saraiva",slug:"cristina-saraiva",fullName:"Cristina Saraiva"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11799",title:"Salmonella - Past, Present and Future",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"6ddb13c31fb19c6f79d19f11ceeb860e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Hongsheng Huang and Dr. Sohail Naushad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11799.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"342722",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Hongsheng",surname:"Huang",slug:"hongsheng-huang",fullName:"Hongsheng Huang"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11800",title:"Cyanobacteria - Recent Advances and New Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"645b037b086ec8c36af614326dce9804",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Archana Tiwari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11800.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11801",title:"Roundworms - A Survey From Past to Present",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5edc96349630be8bb4e67170be677d8c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Nihal Dogan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11801.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"169552",title:"Dr.",name:"Nihal",surname:"Dogan",slug:"nihal-dogan",fullName:"Nihal Dogan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:38},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:13},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:23},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:65},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:116},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:12,limit:12,total:23},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11012",title:"Radiopharmaceuticals",subtitle:"Current Research for Better Diagnosis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f9046d6f96148b285e776f384991120d",slug:"radiopharmaceuticals-current-research-for-better-diagnosis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11012.jpg",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4430},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1677,editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1337,editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1309,editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:847,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2273,editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:591,editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:515,editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:413,editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",publishedDate:"June 8th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2194,editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:341,editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"11043",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Treatments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7baf1c70b11d41400bb9302ae9411ca4",slug:"endometriosis-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-treatments",bookSignature:"Giovana Ap. Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11043.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"185930",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Giovana",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"giovana-goncalves",fullName:"Giovana Gonçalves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10536",title:"Campylobacter",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c4b132b741dd0a2ed539b824ab63965f",slug:"campylobacter",bookSignature:"Guillermo Tellez-Isaias and Saeed El-Ashram",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10536.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"73465",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Téllez",slug:"guillermo-tellez",fullName:"Guillermo Téllez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10798",title:"Starch",subtitle:"Evolution and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f197f6062c1574a9a90e50a369271bcf",slug:"starch-evolution-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10798.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11083",title:"Hazardous Waste Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d553bd4f6f1c4b115ca69bd19faac7dc",slug:"hazardous-waste-management",bookSignature:"Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar, Kavitha Sankarapandian and Yukesh Kannah Ravi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11083.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"218539",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh Banu",middleName:null,surname:"Jeyakumar",slug:"rajesh-banu-jeyakumar",fullName:"Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10848",title:"Tribology of Machine Elements",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3c4ca4c4692ca8d4fa749b4ae81ec1fa",slug:"tribology-of-machine-elements-fundamentals-and-applications",bookSignature:"Giuseppe Pintaude, Tiago Cousseau and Anna Rudawska",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10848.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"18347",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Pintaude",slug:"giuseppe-pintaude",fullName:"Giuseppe Pintaude"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10856",title:"Crude Oil",subtitle:"New Technologies and Recent Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8d0a7ca35b3de95b295dc4eab39a087e",slug:"crude-oil-new-technologies-and-recent-approaches",bookSignature:"Manar Elsayed Abdel-Raouf and Mohamed Hasan El-Keshawy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10856.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"102626",title:"Prof.",name:"Manar",middleName:null,surname:"Elsayed Abdel-Raouf",slug:"manar-elsayed-abdel-raouf",fullName:"Manar Elsayed Abdel-Raouf"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9625",title:"Spinocerebellar Ataxia",subtitle:"Concepts, Particularities and Generalities",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"365a7025fd46eb45de2549bdd9d50b98",slug:"spinocerebellar-ataxia-concepts-particularities-and-generalities",bookSignature:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9625.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"221787",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Bozzetto Ambrosi",slug:"patricia-bozzetto-ambrosi",fullName:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10905",title:"Plant Defense Mechanisms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"84ad5b27dde5f01dc76087d0fd6fa834",slug:"plant-defense-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Josphert Ngui Kimatu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10905.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"224171",title:"Prof.",name:"Josphert N.",middleName:null,surname:"Kimatu",slug:"josphert-n.-kimatu",fullName:"Josphert N. Kimatu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10686",title:"Natural Gas",subtitle:"New Perspectives and Future Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"581763788a6a59e653a9d1d9b5a42d79",slug:"natural-gas-new-perspectives-and-future-developments",bookSignature:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10686.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"2416",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Takht Ravanchi",slug:"maryam-takht-ravanchi",fullName:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10988",title:"Railway Transport Planning and Manageme",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5cb54cc53caedad9ec78372563c82e2c",slug:"railway-transport-planning-and-management",bookSignature:"Stefano de Luca, Roberta Di Pace and Chiara Fiori",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10988.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"271061",title:"Prof.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"de Luca",slug:"stefano-de-luca",fullName:"Stefano de Luca"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1207",title:"Forensic Toxicology",slug:"forensic-toxicology",parent:{id:"220",title:"Toxicology",slug:"pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science-toxicology"},numberOfBooks:1,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:14,numberOfWosCitations:70,numberOfCrossrefCitations:45,numberOfDimensionsCitations:94,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"1207",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"4557",title:"Toxicology Studies",subtitle:"Cells, Drugs and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e547709cb19f12af25b2eb23aecc726d",slug:"toxicology-studies-cells-drugs-and-environment",bookSignature:"Ana Cristina Andreazza and Gustavo Scola",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4557.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"172081",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Andreazza",slug:"ana-cristina-andreazza",fullName:"Ana Cristina Andreazza"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:1,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"48406",doi:"10.5772/59710",title:"Impact of Pesticides on Environmental and Human Health",slug:"impact-of-pesticides-on-environmental-and-human-health",totalDownloads:7379,totalCrossrefCites:25,totalDimensionsCites:62,abstract:null,book:{id:"4557",slug:"toxicology-studies-cells-drugs-and-environment",title:"Toxicology Studies",fullTitle:"Toxicology Studies - Cells, Drugs and Environment"},signatures:"Mariana Furio Franco Bernardes, Murilo Pazin, Lilian Cristina Pereira\nand Daniel Junqueira Dorta",authors:[{id:"172524",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Dorta",slug:"daniel-dorta",fullName:"Daniel Dorta"}]},{id:"48270",doi:"10.5772/59885",title:"Estrogenic Compounds in Estuarine and Coastal Water Environments of the Iberian Western Atlantic Coast and Selected Locations Worldwide — Relevancy, Trends and Challenges in View of the EU Water Framework Directive",slug:"estrogenic-compounds-in-estuarine-and-coastal-water-environments-of-the-iberian-western-atlantic-coa",totalDownloads:1814,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:null,book:{id:"4557",slug:"toxicology-studies-cells-drugs-and-environment",title:"Toxicology Studies",fullTitle:"Toxicology Studies - Cells, Drugs and Environment"},signatures:"Maria João Rocha and Eduardo Rocha",authors:[{id:"172652",title:"Prof.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rocha",slug:"eduardo-rocha",fullName:"Eduardo Rocha"},{id:"172670",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria João",middleName:null,surname:"Rocha",slug:"maria-joao-rocha",fullName:"Maria João Rocha"}]},{id:"48295",doi:"10.5772/60439",title:"Tramadol Poisoning",slug:"tramadol-poisoning",totalDownloads:4094,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:null,book:{id:"4557",slug:"toxicology-studies-cells-drugs-and-environment",title:"Toxicology Studies",fullTitle:"Toxicology Studies - Cells, Drugs and Environment"},signatures:"Omid Mehrpour, Mohammaddavood Sharifi and Nasim Zamani",authors:[{id:"172571",title:"Dr.",name:"Omid",middleName:null,surname:"Mehrpour",slug:"omid-mehrpour",fullName:"Omid Mehrpour"}]},{id:"48230",doi:"10.5772/59719",title:"Mitochondrial Targeting for Drug Development",slug:"mitochondrial-targeting-for-drug-development",totalDownloads:6841,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:null,book:{id:"4557",slug:"toxicology-studies-cells-drugs-and-environment",title:"Toxicology Studies",fullTitle:"Toxicology Studies - Cells, Drugs and Environment"},signatures:"Jalal Pourahmad, Ahmad Salimi and Enayatollah Seydi",authors:[{id:"172672",title:"Prof.",name:"Jalal",middleName:null,surname:"Pourahmad",slug:"jalal-pourahmad",fullName:"Jalal Pourahmad"}]},{id:"48151",doi:"10.5772/59945",title:"Pathological Aspects with Global Impact Induced by Toxicants at Cellular Level",slug:"pathological-aspects-with-global-impact-induced-by-toxicants-at-cellular-level",totalDownloads:2100,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:null,book:{id:"4557",slug:"toxicology-studies-cells-drugs-and-environment",title:"Toxicology Studies",fullTitle:"Toxicology Studies - Cells, Drugs and Environment"},signatures:"Dorina E. Coricovac and Cristina A. Dehelean",authors:[{id:"141027",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Dehelean",slug:"cristina-dehelean",fullName:"Cristina Dehelean"},{id:"173283",title:"Dr.",name:"Dorina",middleName:null,surname:"Coricovac",slug:"dorina-coricovac",fullName:"Dorina Coricovac"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"48230",title:"Mitochondrial Targeting for Drug Development",slug:"mitochondrial-targeting-for-drug-development",totalDownloads:6841,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:null,book:{id:"4557",slug:"toxicology-studies-cells-drugs-and-environment",title:"Toxicology Studies",fullTitle:"Toxicology Studies - Cells, Drugs and Environment"},signatures:"Jalal Pourahmad, Ahmad Salimi and Enayatollah Seydi",authors:[{id:"172672",title:"Prof.",name:"Jalal",middleName:null,surname:"Pourahmad",slug:"jalal-pourahmad",fullName:"Jalal Pourahmad"}]},{id:"48406",title:"Impact of Pesticides on Environmental and Human Health",slug:"impact-of-pesticides-on-environmental-and-human-health",totalDownloads:7379,totalCrossrefCites:25,totalDimensionsCites:62,abstract:null,book:{id:"4557",slug:"toxicology-studies-cells-drugs-and-environment",title:"Toxicology Studies",fullTitle:"Toxicology Studies - Cells, Drugs and Environment"},signatures:"Mariana Furio Franco Bernardes, Murilo Pazin, Lilian Cristina Pereira\nand Daniel Junqueira Dorta",authors:[{id:"172524",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Dorta",slug:"daniel-dorta",fullName:"Daniel Dorta"}]},{id:"48302",title:"Forensic Toxicology",slug:"forensic-toxicology",totalDownloads:2471,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"4557",slug:"toxicology-studies-cells-drugs-and-environment",title:"Toxicology Studies",fullTitle:"Toxicology Studies - Cells, Drugs and Environment"},signatures:"Donata Favretto, Massimo Montisci and Rossella Snenghi",authors:[{id:"172305",title:"Prof.",name:"Donata",middleName:null,surname:"Favretto",slug:"donata-favretto",fullName:"Donata Favretto"},{id:"172775",title:"Dr.",name:"Rossella",middleName:null,surname:"Snenghi",slug:"rossella-snenghi",fullName:"Rossella Snenghi"}]},{id:"48295",title:"Tramadol Poisoning",slug:"tramadol-poisoning",totalDownloads:4094,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:null,book:{id:"4557",slug:"toxicology-studies-cells-drugs-and-environment",title:"Toxicology Studies",fullTitle:"Toxicology Studies - Cells, Drugs and Environment"},signatures:"Omid Mehrpour, Mohammaddavood Sharifi and Nasim Zamani",authors:[{id:"172571",title:"Dr.",name:"Omid",middleName:null,surname:"Mehrpour",slug:"omid-mehrpour",fullName:"Omid Mehrpour"}]},{id:"48270",title:"Estrogenic Compounds in Estuarine and Coastal Water Environments of the Iberian Western Atlantic Coast and Selected Locations Worldwide — Relevancy, Trends and Challenges in View of the EU Water Framework Directive",slug:"estrogenic-compounds-in-estuarine-and-coastal-water-environments-of-the-iberian-western-atlantic-coa",totalDownloads:1814,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:null,book:{id:"4557",slug:"toxicology-studies-cells-drugs-and-environment",title:"Toxicology Studies",fullTitle:"Toxicology Studies - Cells, Drugs and Environment"},signatures:"Maria João Rocha and Eduardo Rocha",authors:[{id:"172652",title:"Prof.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rocha",slug:"eduardo-rocha",fullName:"Eduardo Rocha"},{id:"172670",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria João",middleName:null,surname:"Rocha",slug:"maria-joao-rocha",fullName:"Maria João Rocha"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1207",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:null,scope:"\r\n\tGlobally, the ecological footprint is growing at a faster rate than GDP. This phenomenon has been studied by scientists for many years. However, clear strategies and actions are needed now more than ever. Every day, humanity, from individuals to businesses (public and private) and governments, are called to change their mindset in order to pursue a virtuous combination for sustainable development. Reasoning in a sustainable way entails, first and foremost, managing the available resources efficiently and strategically, whether they are natural, financial, human or relational. In this way, value is generated by contributing to the growth, improvement and socio-economic development of the communities and of all the players that make up its value chain. In the coming decades, we will need to be able to transition from a society in which economic well-being and health are measured by the growth of production and material consumption, to a society in which we live better while consuming less. In this context, digitization has the potential to disrupt processes, with significant implications for the environment and sustainable development. There are numerous challenges associated with sustainability and digitization, the need to consider new business models capable of extracting value, data ownership and sharing and integration, as well as collaboration across the entire supply chain of a product. In order to generate value, effectively developing a complex system based on sustainability principles is a challenge that requires a deep commitment to both technological factors, such as data and platforms, and human dimensions, such as trust and collaboration. Regular study, research and implementation must be part of the road to sustainable solutions. Consequently, this topic will analyze growth models and techniques aimed at achieving intergenerational equity in terms of economic, social and environmental well-being. It will also cover various subjects, including risk assessment in the context of sustainable economy and a just society.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/91.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11975,editor:{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/181603/images/system/181603.jpg",biography:"Antonella Petrillo is a Professor at the Department of Engineering of the University of Naples “Parthenope”, Italy. She received her Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Cassino. Her research interests include multi-criteria decision analysis, industrial plant, logistics, manufacturing and safety. She serves as an Associate Editor for the International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy Process. She is a member of AHP Academy and a member of several editorial boards. She has over 160 Scientific Publications in International Journals and Conferences and she is the author of 5 books on Innovation and Decision Making in Industrial Applications and Engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Parthenope University of Naples",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:null},editorialBoard:[{id:"179628",title:"Prof.",name:"Dima",middleName:null,surname:"Jamali",slug:"dima-jamali",fullName:"Dima Jamali",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSAIlQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-03-07T08:52:23.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sharjah",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},{id:"170206",title:"Prof.",name:"Dr. Orhan",middleName:null,surname:"Özçatalbaş",slug:"dr.-orhan-ozcatalbas",fullName:"Dr. Orhan Özçatalbaş",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/170206/images/system/170206.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Akdeniz University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"250347",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Isaac",middleName:null,surname:"Oluwatayo",slug:"isaac-oluwatayo",fullName:"Isaac Oluwatayo",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRVIVQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-17T13:25:32.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Venda",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"141386",title:"Prof.",name:"Jesús",middleName:null,surname:"López-Rodríguez",slug:"jesus-lopez-rodriguez",fullName:"Jesús López-Rodríguez",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRBNIQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-21T08:24:16.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"208657",title:"Dr.",name:"Mara",middleName:null,surname:"Del Baldo",slug:"mara-del-baldo",fullName:"Mara Del Baldo",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRLMUQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-05-18T08:19:24.png",institutionString:"University of Urbino Carlo Bo",institution:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"9493",title:"Periodontology",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Clinical Features",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9493.jpg",slug:"periodontology-fundamentals-and-clinical-features",publishedDate:"February 16th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Petra Surlin",hash:"dfe986c764d6c82ae820c2df5843a866",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Periodontology - Fundamentals and Clinical Features",editors:[{id:"171921",title:"Prof.",name:"Petra",middleName:null,surname:"Surlin",slug:"petra-surlin",fullName:"Petra Surlin",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova",institution:{name:"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9588",title:"Clinical Concepts and Practical Management Techniques in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9588.jpg",slug:"clinical-concepts-and-practical-management-techniques-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"February 9th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Aneesa Moolla",hash:"42deab8d3bcf3edf64d1d9028d42efd1",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Clinical Concepts and Practical Management Techniques in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"318170",title:"Dr.",name:"Aneesa",middleName:null,surname:"Moolla",slug:"aneesa-moolla",fullName:"Aneesa Moolla",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/318170/images/system/318170.png",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8202",title:"Periodontal Disease",subtitle:"Diagnostic and Adjunctive Non-surgical Considerations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8202.jpg",slug:"periodontal-disease-diagnostic-and-adjunctive-non-surgical-considerations",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif",hash:"0aee9799da7db2c732be44dd8fed16d8",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Periodontal Disease - Diagnostic and Adjunctive Non-surgical Considerations",editors:[{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8837",title:"Human Teeth",subtitle:"Key Skills and Clinical Illustrations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8837.jpg",slug:"human-teeth-key-skills-and-clinical-illustrations",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan and Farid Bourzgui",hash:"ac055c5801032970123e0a196c2e1d32",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Human Teeth - Key Skills and Clinical Illustrations",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:{id:"52177",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid",middleName:null,surname:"Bourzgui",slug:"farid-bourzgui",fullName:"Farid Bourzgui",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/52177/images/system/52177.png",biography:"Prof. Farid Bourzgui obtained his DMD and his DNSO option in Orthodontics at the School of Dental Medicine, Casablanca Hassan II University, Morocco, in 1995 and 2000, respectively. Currently, he is a professor of Orthodontics. He holds a Certificate of Advanced Study type A in Technology of Biomaterials used in Dentistry (1995); Certificate of Advanced Study type B in Dento-Facial Orthopaedics (1997) from the Faculty of Dental Surgery, University Denis Diderot-Paris VII, France; Diploma of Advanced Study (DESA) in Biocompatibility of Biomaterials from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2002); Certificate of Clinical Occlusodontics from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2004); University Diploma of Biostatistics and Perceptual Health Measurement from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2011); and a University Diploma of Pedagogy of Odontological Sciences from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2013). He is the author of several scientific articles, book chapters, and books.",institutionString:"University of Hassan II Casablanca",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"7",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Hassan II Casablanca",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Morocco"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7060",title:"Gingival Disease",subtitle:"A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7060.jpg",slug:"gingival-disease-a-professional-approach-for-treatment-and-prevention",publishedDate:"October 23rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",hash:"b81d39988cba3a3cf746c1616912cf41",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Gingival Disease - A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",editors:[{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6668",title:"Dental Caries",subtitle:"Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6668.jpg",slug:"dental-caries-diagnosis-prevention-and-management",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan",hash:"b0f7667770a391f772726c3013c1b9ba",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Dental Caries - Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[],lsSeriesList:[],hsSeriesList:[],sshSeriesList:[],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:null},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/333450",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"333450"},fullPath:"/profiles/333450",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()