\r\n\tHealth and mental health issues of both children and adults and evidence-based treatments will be included. The types of sexual violence that occur and prevention efforts that have – or have not – been made to address the occurrence of these types of violence will be covered.
\r\n\r\n\tCultural and governmental policies, as well as legal and jurisdiction issues to address victims of these crimes, will also be incorporated in the book. For instance, Meagan’s Law and its worthiness in protecting children will be incorporated as well as the Federal program to reimburse victims of online child pornography and the legal entanglements and ramifications of that program.
\r\n\r\n\tThe typology of offenders and the effectiveness of treatment will also be addressed.
\r\n\tFinally, the direction of prevention strategies, treatment needs for both victims and offenders, and policy issues to move the field forward, particularly in terms of research, will be presented. The field of sexual violence has made significant strides in the past 45 years in terms of understanding sexually deviant behavior, the impact on children who then experience the symptoms of that trauma in adulthood, how to effectively interview sexually victimized children, and finally, treatment and social mores that make disclosure possible and recovery hopeful.
Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs), for example, CdSe/ZnS is an attractive quantum object in classical space. Attractiveness is based on the unique characteristics of nanoscale structures with a large quantum limitation. The high quantum yield of exciton luminescence (up to 80%), the narrow band of this luminescence, the long photo stability and the rearrangement of the exciton luminescence band in a wide spectrum range, depending on the size of the nanoparticles, have specific unique characteristics of these crystalline nanostructures [1]. These characteristics provide potential applications in photovoltaic and laser devices, thin-film transistors, light-emitting diodes and luminescent labels in biology and medicine [2, 3, 4, 5, 6]. In this article, I want to justify no less, but rather more, meaningful applications, both in fundamental and in applied physics.
We are talking about the properties of crystalline structures to have on their surface quantum defects called surface trap states. These surface traps capture photo-induced charge carriers, usually an electron, and delay its recombination for a fairly long time [7, 8, 9]. In [10], the exciton luminescence of CdSe/ZnS QDs was recorded in the millisecond time range and its intensity was six orders of magnitude less than the intensity of exciton luminescence immediately after the photo excitation pulse. Such a quantum state with a long existence of an exciton is called a metastable exciton. A metastable exciton is an electron—hole pair, in which an electron is captured by a surface trap with a long lifetime [10].
The typical relaxation time of exciton luminescence is the nanosecond time range. Consequently, relaxation of all excited quantum states of QDs takes place in the nanosecond range, whereas relaxation of metastable excitons takes place in the millisecond range, which is six orders of magnitude greater than the lifetime of all other quantum states of QDs. In other words, QDs with a metastable exciton are a quasistable quantum state, and can play the role of a second stable state
Obviously, we must receive the result of any quantum process, for example, quantum computing or teleportation in the classical space, in the space where we all function. For example, a digital computer operates in its “digital space.” We will need it only when it “produces” a result that is understandable to us, for example, a graph or a picture, but not as a set of numbers. QDs with a metastable exciton, as a qubits in the quantum state
We see that quantum dots can be in two stable quantum states, which allows them to be used as a qubit in all modern quantum technologies. One of these quantum states has a significantly different classical refractive index. This property makes it possible to register individual QDs in this quantum state
Quantum entanglement is a new resource of quantum physics, the same as, for example, energy [12]. New resources make it possible to discover new potentials and implement fundamentally new processes of quantum physics. The modern representation of quantum states is based on the statement that, in quantum mechanics, any physical system is described completely by a state vector
A real qubit is a quantum object that has two stable quantum states, which, as a rule, have different easily measured classical characteristics. For example, a quantum of light in the “
As an example, a type of state is usually given
The term “entanglement” was introduced by Schrödinger for the first time in 1935 [13]. Schrödinger introduced this term to describe the specific relationship between quantum systems, which have correlations between their dynamic quantities: position and momentum. And this relationship is expressed in an infinite set of dynamic values of two particles. Thus, Schrödinger justified one of the key properties of quantum entanglement—the complete uncertainty of the values of classical dynamic quantities such as the position and momentum of a particle. And what do we see in Eq. (2)? Here, the quantum state
where
Thus, we conclude that the quantum state |
Obviously, practical applications make sense with an array of entangled quantum states, the source of which is quantum superposition. Qbits are quantum objects in two basic states, the dynamic characteristics of which, for example, their location, can be easily measured in classical space. It is these qubits, more precisely, their quantum states |0〉 and |1〉 that form the quantum state of many-particle quantum superposition |
The semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) of CdSe/ZnS were used in this work as such qubits. The modern concept of quantum entanglement asserts that quantum entanglement is a consequence of some nonlocality of quantum mechanics, which cannot be explained from the standpoint of classical physics [15]. This concept is the basis for research on quantum communications, quantum cryptography and quantum networks. Let us leave the question of nonlocality “for later,” and let’s discuss the obvious property of quantum entanglement, which is it’s decoherence. An array of tossed and rotating coins will fall to the ground. Each coin will fall on one of its sides. This particular side of the coin is the result of the interaction of all the coins, both among themselves and with external and internal forces, as they rotate. Decoherence of quantum superposition unravels all entangled quantum states into concrete quantum states |0〉 and |1〉 of each qubit in classical space and, thus, makes it possible to record the result of the interaction of forces in quantum superposition or quantum entanglement.
The dynamic principle of quantum superposition states that the quantum state of quantum superposition can occur again after decoherence, if conditions for this exist. Therefore, the continuous functioning of the states of quantum superposition according to the scheme “self-assembly of quantum superposition—decoherence under the influence of external and internal forces—self-assembly of quantum superposition again—decoherence again, etc.” can occur only with continuous generation of the qubit. The quantum state of the qubit |0〉 is the ground unexcited state, which does not require external influence for its existence. The quantum state of the qubit |1〉 is a QD with a metastable exciton. Therefore, the continuous generation of this state is a necessary condition for the continuous functioning of the quantum state of quantum superposition. An optical beam with quantum energy greater than the bandgap is the driving force that is able to generate the state |1〉 continuously.
An optical beam with a wavelength of
All the experimental results were obtained in a simple experiment, the scheme of which is shown in Figure 1a. This graphic also shows a typical beam trace profile pattern on a remote screen. Figure 1b shows a typical transformation of the pattern of the beam trace profile after the start of illumination. Here, the time of 0 ms is the beginning of the illumination of the QDs suspension, and the intensity distribution is the input beam profile without a cuvette with a suspension with QDs in the beam. The input beam parameters were: beam convergence angle
(a) The scheme of the experiment and the profile of the laser beam trace on the screen. (b) The trace profile of the input optical beam and the trace profiles of the output beam in the process of accumulation of long-lived QDs after the start of illumination,
Quantum teleportation is the concept of quantum physics, which is being studied in a large number of recent published works. The main research topics are quantum communication, quantum computing and quantum networks. The term teleportation means the process by which bodies and objects are transferred from one place to another without moving along any path. The “quantum teleportation” boom begins with article [19], in which an unknown quantum state is first measured and then reconstructed at a remote place. The implementation of this information protocol requires a classical communication channel [19], and quantum entanglement [12]. The conceptual basis of such a quantum teleportation is the assertion that two quantum particles in an entangled state have some non-locality so that changes in the state of one particle immediately correlate with changes in the remote system regardless of the signal passing time between them [15]. If this concept is accepted as a physical reality, then one should assume the existence of some otherworldly forces, which, and only they, provide such a speculative correlation between remote quantum objects. This article substantiates another concept of quantum teleportation, which is really a physical reality, since this concept is the result of an experiment.
The meaning of the experiment was to look the transformation of the pattern of the beam trace profile when moving the cuvette with the QDs colloid on a rough surface, as a result of which, the QDs colloid was subjected to micro-shaking. Figure 2 contains information about how the dimensions of the pattern of the beam trace profile change in the process of establishing a steady state and after the beginning of the movement of the cuvette with the colloid QDs. These data were obtained at the position of the cuvette along the axis
The establishment of a stationary beam trace profile pattern. The inserts show the direct transformation of the pattern after the beginning of the movement from the position along the axis
It is obvious that the establishment of a stationary state takes place as a result of at least two processes. The first ~400 ms there is an increase in all sizes of the pattern of the beam trace profile. Then, we see a dramatic change in the size behavior of this pattern. An obvious reduction in all sizes of this pattern is observed. We should note that the increase and subsequent reduction in the size of the pattern is well extrapolated by exponential functions. Moreover, the pattern of the upper half of the beam trace profile is reduced to a much greater degree and significantly sooner. We will analyze these experimental results below. Here, we will consider the situation after the beginning of the movement of the cuvette with the colloid to another location along the
Transformation of the pattern of the beam trace profile during the movement of the colloid from the position
The beginning of this movement took place after 3 seconds of continuous illumination. Obviously, the steady state was achieved during this time (see Figure 2). This movement caused a complete “whistleblower” or “orgy” of the dimensions of the beam trace profile pattern, which Figures 2 and 3 demonstrate quite well. We must note that the pattern of the profile of a beam trace changes its structure in an abrupt manner. Details of the pattern of each frame in Figure 3 do not coincide with the details of the pattern of the previous frame of the video. All patterns of each frame change their details “jump.” Recall that the time between frames was 40 ms. Here we should especially note that all the processes that controlled the size of the pattern immediately before the beginning of the displacement had characteristic relaxation times of 200–300 ms, which significantly exceeded the actual time of a cardinal change of the pattern itself.
Another key result is that the axis of the output optical beam coincides with the axis of the input optical beam with all the “manipulations” with the cuvette with a colloid: its movement along the
The pattern of the beam trace profile changes its structure and dimensions “abruptly” in each frame of the video. Figure 4 shows how the digital profile of the beam trace profile pattern changes its structure and size after the beginning of the displacement (0 ms) of the cuvette along the z axis and after 120 ms. Here we have to remind that the beginning of movement took place after 3 seconds of continuous illumination, when the pattern of the beam trace profile was in a steady state with a characteristic exponential relaxation time
Digital profile of horizontal slice “
Figures 2–4 contain information that shows that the micro shake of a QDs colloid transforms the pattern of the beam trace profile over a time that is significantly shorter than the characteristic exponential relaxation time of the steady state of the QDs colloid. Here we recall that the pattern of the beam trace profile is a pattern of wave aberrations of the wave surface of the light-induced refractive index volume [17, 18]. The photoinduced refractive index of a colloid of QDs results from the accumulation of the concentration of QDs with a light-induced metastable exciton [16]. Consequently, the transformation of the pattern of the beam trace profile is the result of the transformation of the distribution of the concentration of QDs with a metastable exciton in the illuminated volume of the QDs suspension. Figure 4 convincingly shows that a substantial concentration of QDs with a metastable exciton, providing phase addition to the wave front of the input beam, for example, at 14
In principle, this behavior of the QDs concentration is expected. Micro-shaking is a source of forces that can cause flows in a liquid, which mix the concentration of QDs. But, the fact is that micro-shock causes forces with an arbitrary direction. It is obvious that such forces should cause arbitrary concentration flows in a liquid, which should cause an arbitrary geometric displacement of the optical beam, its axis, in the first place. The experiment shows that arbitrary QDs concentration fluxes with a metastable exciton really arise, but all these fluxes “spin” around the axis of the input optical beam. The axis of the input beam has “unshakable” directions and retains its direction for all mechanical perturbations of the cell with QDs colloid. This means only one thing: there are no real flows of QDs concentration in the liquid, and what we see is the result of teleportation of the quantum states of a metastable exciton. Quantum teleportation “transfers” only quantum states from one quantum object to another quantum object. The trajectory of the transfer, of course, is absent. We have implemented a unique situation where mechanical classical forces are small enough to cause a real disturbance of the fluid, but these forces easily cause quantum teleportation, which does not have a trajectory of movement in classical space. The lack of a trajectory of movement clearly means that there is no actual movement of objects in space. Obviously, there is no movement; therefore, there are no forces that prevent this movement. This means that what we see is the result of the direct action of the forces not “burdened” by the opposition of any other forces.
The fundamental and practical significance, as well as novelty, of these results cannot be overestimated. The fundamental significance and novelty lies in the fact that the resource of entangled quantum states creates a macroscopic wave function regardless of temperature. Quantum teleportation transports quantum states of neutral particles, for example, quantum dots with a metastable exciton, without a specific trajectory of motion in classical space. Since there is no movement trajectory, then there is no movement itself. Movement is not, means that there are no forces that impede movement. There are no such force, which means that there is no internal friction. There is no internal friction in a fluid, for example, in a colloid of quantum dots, and there is a real displacement of a quantum dot, since a quantum state with a metastable exciton is another stable quantum state of quantum dots in classical space, and therefore it is another quantum object. Moving quantum objects in a liquid without internal friction is the basis for the implementation of a superfluid quantum liquid, regardless of temperature. Superconductivity can be realized regardless of the temperature on the same quantum entanglement resource, but for this it is necessary to confuse the quantum states of charged qubits.
Practical significance and novelty lies in the fact that quantum teleportation allows you to register super-weak forces. Obviously, a super-weak force can impart to a super-small mass a sufficiently large acceleration, which is easy to register, especially in the absence of internal friction. On this basis, the possibility of developing super sensitive sensors, for example, for registration of gravitational waves, but in the size of an ordinary laboratory table opens.
To conclude this section, we formulate the physics of the quantum teleportation process of entangled quantum states. The obvious condition of quantum teleportation is that entangled quantum states must occupy a macroscopic volume. It is the volume in which the geometric displacement of quantum states takes place. In this work, this volume determines the geometry of the input optical beam, as well as, for example, in [20]. This optical beam light induces a second stable quantum state (QD with a metastable exciton) from the first state (QD in the ground quantum state), in other words, the optical beam generates classical two-level qubits, which at a sufficiently high concentration self-organize into a quantum state of quantum superposition with 2
Quantum gravity is a well-established term in the framework of the creation of the unified field theory, and this term means a quantum description of gravitational interaction. Obviously, the process of describing the gravitational interaction is not related to the emergence of gravitational force, as a fundamental force that plays a key role in nature. I propose to return quantum gravity to its original meaning as the primary source of interaction forces in nature. Quantum mechanics and general relativity are two fundamental theories that underlie the theory of quantum gravity. But, these theories are based on supposedly different a conceptual principle, which does not allow creating a unified field theory based on the theory of quantum gravity. Direct experiments in the field of quantum gravity are inaccessible to modern technologies due to the weakness of gravitational interactions. This is only a short list of difficulties that arise when trying to understand what quantum gravity is. I propose to combine the supposedly different conceptual principles of quantum mechanics and the general theory of relativity not to create a theory of Kant’s gravity, but for the experimental realization of quantum gravity as a macroscopic force.
Obviously, any quantum object has mass. Then, the gravitational interaction between these objects, as bodies having a certain mass, is called quantum gravity by analogy with the classical concept of gravity. The mass of quantum objects is very small, and then it is obvious that the force of such quantum gravity, due to mass, can play a significant role and be detected at very small distances. It is believed that this distance determines the absolute unit of Planck’s length, which is 10−33 cm. Penetration into the scale of units of length and Planck’s time requires the creation of a density of 1099 cm−3 objects. For this you need to build a collider size, probably from the Milky Way. These are supposedly obvious direct experiments, the technology of which cannot be realized at the present time.
I propose another technology for creating quantum gravity as a macroscopic force precisely on the basis of the conceptual compatibility of quantum mechanics with the general theory of relativity. For this, I propose to assume that quantum gravity, as a force, is the result of the space-time curvature of the field from the point of view of the general theory of relativity. And from the point of view of quantum mechanics, the source of quantum gravity should bend the space-time field at the quantum level. The moving mass creates a curvature of the space-time field in classical space; therefore it is the source of classical gravity. Then, by analogy, quantum gravity should arise as a result of a quantum process that bends the space-time field at the quantum level. Such a process exists and is generally known. This process is the transition of any quantum object from one quantum state to another quantum state, since the wave function of any quantum state transforms itself in space and time, and therefore bends space-time, with any change of quantum states. This is a well-known and generally accepted experimental fact. It is obvious that the curvature of the space-time field and, therefore, quantum gravity, as a force, will increase with an increase in the number of such quantum transitions. I propose to consider a quantum state called quantum superposition as a kind of quantum space that contains 2
The experimental results of part 2 of this article substantiate the teleportation of quantum dots with a metastable exciton under the action of external classical forces. This teleportation is the result of quantum teleportation of the “metastable exciton” quantum state. This result looks like a fantasy, but this result is a physical reality, since the qubit is a quantum object in two stable basic states. This means that a qubit in the state (QD in the ground state) and a qubit in the state (QD with a metastable exciton) are different quantum objects in the classical space. Figure 1b shows the transformation of the pattern of the beam trace profile in the process of achieving a steady state. A nonlinear optical response is formed as a result of a photoinduced change in the refractive index. QDs with metastable excitons are the direct source of this photoinduced refractive index. Therefore, the stationary state of the nonlinear response is established when the concentration of quantum dots with a metastable exciton is established in the stationary state. And this is due to the accumulation of quantum dots with a metastable exciton, as a state with a long relaxation time. Therefore, the unique flattening of the upper half of the beam profile pattern should be associated with the accumulation of QDs in the state. The experimental results of Figure 5 confirm this statement and show how the beam trace profile “comes” to its stationary state when the colloid was in the position
The photographs represent the profile of the beam trace in the process of establishing a steady state. The numbers have time after the start of the lighting. (a) Represents the beginning of the development of transformation; (b) shows the relaxation of the beam trace size to the stationary mode.
The fact is that the authors of almost all works consider that if the optical medium absorbs optical radiation, then the nonlinear optical response is thermal nonlinearity. Thermal nonlinearity is a consequence of a decrease in the density of the optical medium as a result of its heating. The non-linear thermal lens is, as a rule, negative and it defocuses the optical beam. The defocusing of the optical beam manifests itself as an increase in the size of the beam trace profile on a remote screen.
Figure 5 shows, with all the evidence, that the size of the beam trace profile coincides with the size of the input beam trace profile during the entire time of establishment of the steady state. This means that there is no thermal nonlinear lens, and a unique transformation of the output beam profile pattern is present. Therefore, the flattening of the beam trace pattern is a result of the action of forces that increase with the accumulation of QDs with a metastable exciton.
The obvious direction of action of these forces is shown in Figure 6, which shows the transformation of the pattern of the beam trace profile in the position of a cell with a colloid near the waist of the input optical beam. The input beam has a maximum intensity, and it illuminates the minimum volume of the nonlinear medium in this position. Therefore, the curvature of the wave front of the light-induced lens increases in comparison with the curvature at positions far from the waist of the input beam. The optical power of this lens also increases. The size and number of rings of the beam trace profile pattern increases, and the time to steady state is reduced. The files videos 1–3.gif demonstrates the transformation of the beam trace profile for this position of a colloid cell in real time. Collapse (self-focusing) of the optical beam takes place at the very beginning of illumination of a nonlinear medium. A typical Townes profile [21] is formed in the first 40 ms after the start of illumination. A dozen rings are formed already to 120 ms after the start of illumination. The increase in the number of rings and the simultaneous “lowering” of the whole pattern of the beam trace profile downward is observed in the time interval 160–600 ms after the start of illumination. Subsequently, the upper half of the beam trace continues to descend, forming only three contrasting rings that do not “go” beyond the horizon, as at
Transformation of the pattern of the beam traces profile when the cell was in the waist of the input beam. The numbers have time after the start of the lighting.
The photos in Figure 7 demonstrate the pattern of the beam trace profile when the colloid shines through in the vertical “bottom-up” direction. It can be seen that the beam trace profile remains axisymmetric all the time. Transformation of different parts of the beam trace profile is absent.
Profiles of the beam trace profile reflect the transformation of the progeny when the nonlinear medium shines through in the vertical direction: from bottom to top.
Obviously, the horizontal scanning of the colloid differs from the vertical in that the gravitational force of the Earth is directed perpendicular to the beam axis, whereas with vertical scanning the gravity force is parallel to the beam axis. In other words, we are in a situation where two mechanical forces have different directions. One force is terrestrial gravity, and it is directed vertically downwards, and the other force is light-induced force and it is directed to the axis of the optical beam. Then, the resultant force is the sum of two forces in the upper half of the beam trace profile, and there is the difference of these forces in the lower half of the beam trace profile. As a result, the upper half of the beam profile is compressed almost completely, and the lower half of the profile is compressed slightly.
Section 2.2 of this paper justifies the property of QDs to form quantum superposition with 2
The practical significance of such a force of quantum gravity solves the long-term problem of thermonuclear fusion of nuclei. The modern concept of nuclear synthesis suggests that plasma temperatures of 108–109 K will provide automatic synthesis of nuclei with a positive energy output. This concept is based on experimental results that are obtained repeatedly on particle accelerators. The real synthesis of nuclei in the
In conclusion, the concept of quantum gravity was proposed for the first time as a force that arises as a result of the space-time field curvature at the quantum level when a quantum object passes from one state to another quantum state. The concept of real quantum space was first proposed as a quantum state of a multi-particle quantum superposition of
Multi-level semiconductor quantum dots were first proposed as light-induced
The experimental results show that two light-induced fundamental processes manifest themselves in the QDs suspension, which were revealed due to a significant change in the lighting conditions of the QDs suspension (
The result is fundamentally new; we can say there is a revolutionary one, not only for quantum physics, but also for the entire world view, from cosmology to the functioning of all life. Naturally, this result does not coincide with the modern concept of the development of quantum physics, especially if we take into account the complete absence of the mathematical apparatus for quantum space, therefore, the result is fundamentally new. The experimental results shown in this article, for example, quantum teleportation based on the formation of a macroscopic wave function, justify fantastic possibilities to realize the Bose-Einstein condensate regardless of temperature.
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Today, the term “Systemic speech-and-language underdevelopment (SLU)” has firmly established in Russian science and practice, implying a complex developmental disorder of speech and language in children with a primary normal hearing and a conserved intellect, in which the main components of the language system are violated: vocabulary, grammar, phonetics, and, as a consequence, dialogic and monologic speech. Traditionally, a differentiated level-by-level analysis of the speech and language abilities of children is used. The variability of the manifestations and severity of speech-and-language disorders were initially systematized and characterized in four levels of underdevelopment: from the complete absence of phrase speech to the availability of simple and complex sentences with lexico-grammatical errors. Effective algorithms of speech therapist work with SLU are introduced. The effectiveness of the application of these models and algorithms on the material of various language groups is proved.",book:{id:"5957",slug:"advances-in-speech-language-pathology",title:"Advances in Speech-language Pathology",fullTitle:"Advances in Speech-language Pathology"},signatures:"Tatiana Tumanova and Tatiana Filicheva",authors:[{id:"204529",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatiana Volodarovna",middleName:null,surname:"Tumanova",slug:"tatiana-volodarovna-tumanova",fullName:"Tatiana Volodarovna Tumanova"},{id:"208704",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatiana Borisovna",middleName:null,surname:"Filicheva",slug:"tatiana-borisovna-filicheva",fullName:"Tatiana Borisovna Filicheva"}]},{id:"56560",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70235",title:"The Role of Speech and Language Therapist in Autism Spectrum Disorders Intervention – An Inclusive Approach",slug:"the-role-of-speech-and-language-therapist-in-autism-spectrum-disorders-intervention-an-inclusive-app",totalDownloads:2329,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:16,abstract:"The chapter describes the possibilities of involving a speech-language therapist in the assessment of the pragmatic level of communication in autism spectrum disorders (ASD), where one of the most frequently impaired areas is communication pragmatics. These difficulties lead to a disruption of social interaction, which might be one of the obstacles to speech-language intervention in these children. The text is based on an originally developed testing material aimed at selected pragmatic-oriented communication situations relating to everyday activities and real life. Based on a comparison of domestic and international resources in this area, as well as mediated and own empirical experience, our assessment approach is based on the conclusion that pragmatics can be understood in different contexts and perspectives. The text presents the results of a partial survey comparing the performance of children with ASD and children with typical development. The assessment focused on the children’s election of the correct picture of a pair of pictures that represent usual communication and social situations. The results of the research suggest fewer incorrect responses in children with ASD and in different areas compared with children with typical development. However, the results of a qualitative analysis indicate a necessity to expand the assessment of communication pragmatics by adding an individually specific qualitative analysis of children’s performance.",book:{id:"5957",slug:"advances-in-speech-language-pathology",title:"Advances in Speech-language Pathology",fullTitle:"Advances in Speech-language Pathology"},signatures:"Kateřina Vitásková and Lucie Kytnarová",authors:[{id:"203061",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Kateřina",middleName:null,surname:"Vitásková",slug:"katerina-vitaskova",fullName:"Kateřina Vitásková"},{id:"212035",title:"MSc.",name:"Lucie",middleName:null,surname:"Kytnarová",slug:"lucie-kytnarova",fullName:"Lucie Kytnarová"}]},{id:"56266",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69894",title:"Discourse: Assessment and Therapy",slug:"discourse-assessment-and-therapy",totalDownloads:3102,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"Discourse is essential for interaction and for the expression of ideas, feelings and opinions. Telling personal stories, such as talking about your day or recounting what happened in the playground, is essential for communication and establishing relationships. However, due to their language impairments, people with aphasia (PWA) and children with developmental language disorder (DLD) often have problems with everyday discourse which impact on their lives more widely. While improvement in language skills is supported by speech-language pathology (therapy), it tends to focus on smaller linguistic components, such as single words and sentences. This chapter outlines how speakers construct discourse in everyday situations and focuses on the meanings that people use discourse to convey, as well as the lexical and grammatical resources they use to convey these meanings. Current methods for discourse analysis will be outlined and key developments in narrative discourse production therapy will be reviewed.",book:{id:"5957",slug:"advances-in-speech-language-pathology",title:"Advances in Speech-language Pathology",fullTitle:"Advances in Speech-language Pathology"},signatures:"Lucy T. Dipper and Madeleine Pritchard",authors:[{id:"201158",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucy",middleName:null,surname:"Dipper",slug:"lucy-dipper",fullName:"Lucy Dipper"},{id:"208542",title:"Dr.",name:"Madeleine",middleName:null,surname:"Pritchard",slug:"madeleine-pritchard",fullName:"Madeleine Pritchard"}]},{id:"56698",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70107",title:"Risk Factors for Speech-Language Pathologies in Children",slug:"risk-factors-for-speech-language-pathologies-in-children",totalDownloads:1604,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Risk factors are understood to encompass “aspects of individual behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, hereditary or congenital characteristics that are associated with a health related condition”. These are conditions that increase the chances of the child presenting speech-language disorders and that can be avoided, controlled, or treated. Risk is defined as the chance of a child exposed to certain factors (environmental or biological) to acquire or develop speech-language disorders. The objectives of the present study were: to identify the risk factors for speech-language disorders in children up to five years of age and to verify the relationship between risk factors and speech-language diagnostic hypotheses. The aspects of being male gender, prematurity, shyness, being an only child or youngest child, presenting deleterious oral habits, having a family history of speech-language disorders, and use of licit or illicit drugs during pregnancy seem to be the factors that should draw the attention of the health professionals in child development. Therefore, the monitoring of children who have these risk factors should be performed in order to promote the necessary stimulation and the construction of healthy environments.",book:{id:"5957",slug:"advances-in-speech-language-pathology",title:"Advances in Speech-language Pathology",fullTitle:"Advances in Speech-language Pathology"},signatures:"Daniela Regina Molini-Avejonas, Laís Vignati Ferreira and Cibelle\nAlbuquerque de La Higuera Amato",authors:[{id:"38599",title:"Prof.",name:"Daniela",middleName:null,surname:"Molini-Avejonas",slug:"daniela-molini-avejonas",fullName:"Daniela Molini-Avejonas"},{id:"204612",title:"Prof.",name:"Cibelle",middleName:null,surname:"Amato",slug:"cibelle-amato",fullName:"Cibelle Amato"},{id:"210543",title:"Ms.",name:"Laís",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira",slug:"lais-ferreira",fullName:"Laís Ferreira"}]},{id:"56281",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70106",title:"Remote Speech-Language Intervention, with the Participation of Parents of Children with Autism",slug:"remote-speech-language-intervention-with-the-participation-of-parents-of-children-with-autism",totalDownloads:1528,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"The question about the possibility of identifying the best therapeutic approach for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has also been discussed in the literature. The intervention should be individualized, in order to involve the current level of development of the child and to identify the profile of the facilities and difficulties of each child. The families are constantly involved in complex and changeable context and are aware of the importance of access and participation to the treatment chosen, since that service delays can directly affect efficacy. In general, studies on language acquisition and development in autism focus on the child’s communication, and some analyze the mother seeking to understand how the role of parents and caregivers influences the communication of the children with autism. Observing the importance of the active inclusion of parents in the speech and language therapy of children with ASD, a Distance Speech Therapy Intervention project, was developed that would allow language stimulation of a greater number of children and adolescents with autism.",book:{id:"5957",slug:"advances-in-speech-language-pathology",title:"Advances in Speech-language Pathology",fullTitle:"Advances in Speech-language Pathology"},signatures:"Milene Rossi Pereira Barbosa and Fernanda Dreux Miranda\nFernandes",authors:[{id:"28286",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernanda Dreux Miranda",middleName:null,surname:"Fernandes",slug:"fernanda-dreux-miranda-fernandes",fullName:"Fernanda Dreux Miranda Fernandes"},{id:"171244",title:"Dr.",name:"Milene Rossi P.",middleName:null,surname:"Barbosa",slug:"milene-rossi-p.-barbosa",fullName:"Milene Rossi P. Barbosa"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"56698",title:"Risk Factors for Speech-Language Pathologies in Children",slug:"risk-factors-for-speech-language-pathologies-in-children",totalDownloads:1604,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Risk factors are understood to encompass “aspects of individual behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, hereditary or congenital characteristics that are associated with a health related condition”. These are conditions that increase the chances of the child presenting speech-language disorders and that can be avoided, controlled, or treated. Risk is defined as the chance of a child exposed to certain factors (environmental or biological) to acquire or develop speech-language disorders. The objectives of the present study were: to identify the risk factors for speech-language disorders in children up to five years of age and to verify the relationship between risk factors and speech-language diagnostic hypotheses. The aspects of being male gender, prematurity, shyness, being an only child or youngest child, presenting deleterious oral habits, having a family history of speech-language disorders, and use of licit or illicit drugs during pregnancy seem to be the factors that should draw the attention of the health professionals in child development. Therefore, the monitoring of children who have these risk factors should be performed in order to promote the necessary stimulation and the construction of healthy environments.",book:{id:"5957",slug:"advances-in-speech-language-pathology",title:"Advances in Speech-language Pathology",fullTitle:"Advances in Speech-language Pathology"},signatures:"Daniela Regina Molini-Avejonas, Laís Vignati Ferreira and Cibelle\nAlbuquerque de La Higuera Amato",authors:[{id:"38599",title:"Prof.",name:"Daniela",middleName:null,surname:"Molini-Avejonas",slug:"daniela-molini-avejonas",fullName:"Daniela Molini-Avejonas"},{id:"204612",title:"Prof.",name:"Cibelle",middleName:null,surname:"Amato",slug:"cibelle-amato",fullName:"Cibelle Amato"},{id:"210543",title:"Ms.",name:"Laís",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira",slug:"lais-ferreira",fullName:"Laís Ferreira"}]},{id:"56385",title:"Formulaic Language: The Building Block of Aphasic Speech",slug:"formulaic-language-the-building-block-of-aphasic-speech",totalDownloads:1862,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Aphasia is a condition that may appear when parts of the brain (Broca’s or Wernicke’s area) responsible for language production and processing are damaged. In most cases, patients have the left side of their brain affected. Thus, formulaic language remains intact in most cases. During speech therapy, this can be a solid base to build on. Formulaic language consists of formulas that are fixed phrases, stereotypes that behave as a single-unit lexical item. They have a significant role in language acquisition and fluent discourse production. These ready-made parts of speech are stored in the long-term memory. Studies suggest that the processing of formulaic language engages right hemisphere areas of the brain. Due to their language impairment, people with aphasia often have a lower quality of life, consequently social and professional integration for them being problematic. The investigation of preserved patterns, such as formulaic language and impairments related to different aspects of discourse, may provide insights both for clinical practice and for cognitive science, therefore, facilitating a more efficient approach to treatment.",book:{id:"5957",slug:"advances-in-speech-language-pathology",title:"Advances in Speech-language Pathology",fullTitle:"Advances in Speech-language Pathology"},signatures:"Annamária Győrfi",authors:[{id:"200880",title:"Dr.",name:"Annamaria",middleName:null,surname:"Gyorfi",slug:"annamaria-gyorfi",fullName:"Annamaria Gyorfi"}]},{id:"56266",title:"Discourse: Assessment and Therapy",slug:"discourse-assessment-and-therapy",totalDownloads:3102,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"Discourse is essential for interaction and for the expression of ideas, feelings and opinions. Telling personal stories, such as talking about your day or recounting what happened in the playground, is essential for communication and establishing relationships. However, due to their language impairments, people with aphasia (PWA) and children with developmental language disorder (DLD) often have problems with everyday discourse which impact on their lives more widely. While improvement in language skills is supported by speech-language pathology (therapy), it tends to focus on smaller linguistic components, such as single words and sentences. This chapter outlines how speakers construct discourse in everyday situations and focuses on the meanings that people use discourse to convey, as well as the lexical and grammatical resources they use to convey these meanings. Current methods for discourse analysis will be outlined and key developments in narrative discourse production therapy will be reviewed.",book:{id:"5957",slug:"advances-in-speech-language-pathology",title:"Advances in Speech-language Pathology",fullTitle:"Advances in Speech-language Pathology"},signatures:"Lucy T. Dipper and Madeleine Pritchard",authors:[{id:"201158",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucy",middleName:null,surname:"Dipper",slug:"lucy-dipper",fullName:"Lucy Dipper"},{id:"208542",title:"Dr.",name:"Madeleine",middleName:null,surname:"Pritchard",slug:"madeleine-pritchard",fullName:"Madeleine Pritchard"}]},{id:"56414",title:"Evidence for Speech Sound Disorder (SSD) Assessment",slug:"evidence-for-speech-sound-disorder-ssd-assessment",totalDownloads:1630,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Comprehensive studies on aspects related to the assessment of different biomedical parameters (acoustic and laryngeal signs and oral airflow amplitude), as well as parameters for speech disorders, articulation rate, speech inconsistency, and speech stimulability, are essential for better professional practice and to understand misarticulations in children with speech sound disorders (SSDs). Different equipments that enable noninvasive collection and analysis of data have become more common in speech-language pathology practice. Studies recently conducted by our research group have emphasized the evaluation of auditory-perceptual processing by means of assessments of central auditory processing, electrophysiology of hearing—considering that pure-tone, speech audiometry, and tympanometry are routinely used with children during the diagnostic phase and motor speech production performed by acoustic analysis of speech, electroglottography, aerodynamic measures, and ultrasound tongue imaging. This chapter presents the recent advances observed in studies with Brazilian-Portuguese speakers aiming to improve the assessment of speech sound disorders and to understand better the relationship between the different processing mechanisms involved in speech.",book:{id:"5957",slug:"advances-in-speech-language-pathology",title:"Advances in Speech-language Pathology",fullTitle:"Advances in Speech-language Pathology"},signatures:"Haydée Fiszbein Wertzner, Danira T. Francisco, Tatiane F. Barrozo\nand Luciana O. Pagan-Neves",authors:[{id:"204570",title:"Prof.",name:"Haydée",middleName:null,surname:"Wertzner",slug:"haydee-wertzner",fullName:"Haydée Wertzner"},{id:"204572",title:"MSc.",name:"Danira",middleName:null,surname:"Francisco",slug:"danira-francisco",fullName:"Danira Francisco"},{id:"204573",title:"MSc.",name:"Tatiane",middleName:null,surname:"Barrozo",slug:"tatiane-barrozo",fullName:"Tatiane Barrozo"},{id:"204574",title:"Dr.",name:"Luciana",middleName:null,surname:"Pagan-Neves",slug:"luciana-pagan-neves",fullName:"Luciana Pagan-Neves"}]},{id:"56042",title:"Cross-Cultural Adaption of the GRBAS and CAPE-V Scales for Portugal and a New Training Programme for Perceptual Voice Evaluation",slug:"cross-cultural-adaption-of-the-grbas-and-cape-v-scales-for-portugal-and-a-new-training-programme-for",totalDownloads:1514,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Several methods have been proposed for the perceptual evaluation of voice quality, but the GRBAS and Consensus Auditory-Perceptual Evaluation of Voice (CAPE-V) scales are the most widely used and recommended as part of standardised voice evaluation protocols. In this study, cross-cultural adaptation and translation of the GRBAS (the first translation from the original Japanese version) and CAPE-V scales to European Portuguese were carried out following international guidelines. Results from a study of the intra- and inter-rater reliability of the perceptual evaluation of voices with the GRBAS and CAPE-V scales, before and after a training programme, designed according to the most recent American Speech-Language-Hearing Association and Japan Society of Logopedics and Phoniatrics guidelines, are also reported.",book:{id:"5957",slug:"advances-in-speech-language-pathology",title:"Advances in Speech-language Pathology",fullTitle:"Advances in Speech-language Pathology"},signatures:"Luis M.T. Jesus, Ana Inês Tavares and Andreia Hall",authors:[{id:"202906",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Jesus",slug:"luis-jesus",fullName:"Luis Jesus"},{id:"204680",title:"Mrs.",name:"Ana Inês",middleName:null,surname:"Tavares",slug:"ana-ines-tavares",fullName:"Ana Inês Tavares"},{id:"204681",title:"Dr.",name:"Andreia",middleName:null,surname:"Hall",slug:"andreia-hall",fullName:"Andreia Hall"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1244",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:31,numberOfPublishedChapters:314,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:16,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:4,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:14,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/22.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 23rd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:1,editor:{id:"356540",title:"Prof.",name:"Taufiq",middleName:null,surname:"Choudhry",slug:"taufiq-choudhry",fullName:"Taufiq Choudhry",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000036X2hvQAC/Profile_Picture_2022-03-14T08:58:03.jpg",biography:"Prof. Choudhry holds a BSc degree in Economics from the University of Iowa, as well as a Masters and Ph.D. in Applied Economics from Clemson University, USA. In January 2006, he became a Professor of Finance at the University of Southampton Business School. He was previously a Professor of Finance at the University of Bradford Management School. He has over 80 articles published in international finance and economics journals. His research interests and specialties include financial econometrics, financial economics, international economics and finance, housing markets, financial markets, among others.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Southampton",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"86",title:"Business and Management",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/86.jpg",editor:{id:"128342",title:"Prof.",name:"Vito",middleName:null,surname:"Bobek",slug:"vito-bobek",fullName:"Vito Bobek",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/128342/images/system/128342.jpg",biography:"Dr. Vito Bobek works as an international management professor at the University of Applied Sciences FH Joanneum, Graz, Austria. He has published more than 400 works in his academic career and visited twenty-two universities worldwide as a visiting professor. Dr. Bobek is a member of the editorial boards of six international journals and a member of the Strategic Council of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Slovenia. He has a long history in academia, consulting, and entrepreneurship. His own consulting firm, Palemid, has managed twenty significant projects, such as Cooperation Program Interreg V-A (Slovenia-Austria) and Capacity Building for the Serbian Chamber of Enforcement Agents. He has also participated in many international projects in Italy, Germany, Great Britain, the United States, Spain, Turkey, France, Romania, Croatia, Montenegro, Malaysia, and China. Dr. Bobek is also a co-founder of the Academy of Regional Management in Slovenia.",institutionString:"Universities of Applied Sciences FH Joanneum, Austria",institution:null},editorTwo:{id:"293992",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatjana",middleName:null,surname:"Horvat",slug:"tatjana-horvat",fullName:"Tatjana Horvat",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hXb0hQAC/Profile_Picture_1642419002203",biography:"Tatjana Horvat works as a professor for accountant and auditing at the University of Primorska, Slovenia. She is a Certified State Internal Auditor (licensed by Ministry of Finance RS) and Certified Internal Auditor for Business Sector and Certified accountant (licensed by Slovenian Institute of Auditors). At the Ministry of Justice of Slovenia, she is a member of examination boards for court expert candidates and judicial appraisers in the following areas: economy/finance, valuation of companies, banking, and forensic investigation of economic operations/accounting. At the leading business newspaper Finance in Slovenia (Swedish ownership), she is the editor and head of the area for business, finance, tax-related articles, and educational programs.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Primorska",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"114318",title:"Dr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Rodeiro",slug:"david-rodeiro",fullName:"David Rodeiro",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS2a8QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-22T08:29:52.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Santiago de Compostela",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"114073",title:"Prof.",name:"Jörg",middleName:null,surname:"Freiling",slug:"jorg-freiling",fullName:"Jörg Freiling",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS2UPQA0/Profile_Picture_1642580983875",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Bremen",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"202681",title:"Dr.",name:"Mojca",middleName:null,surname:"Duh",slug:"mojca-duh",fullName:"Mojca Duh",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSD2dQAG/Profile_Picture_1644907300283",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Maribor",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"103802",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ondrej",middleName:null,surname:"Zizlavsky",slug:"ondrej-zizlavsky",fullName:"Ondrej Zizlavsky",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQJQA0/Profile_Picture_1643100292225",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Brno University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Czech Republic"}}},{id:"190913",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert M.X.",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",slug:"robert-m.x.-wu",fullName:"Robert M.X. 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Dr. Ortiz has previously worked for international organizations and non-government entities in economic and business matters, and he has university-wide globalization engagement in more than thirty-six countries. He has advised, among others, the United Nations Development Program, Inter-American Development Bank, Organization of American States, Pre-investment Organization of Latin America and the Caribbean, Technical Cooperation of the Suisse Government, and the World Bank. Dr. Ortiz is the author, co-author, or editor of books, book chapters, textbooks, research monographs and technical reports, and refereed journal articles. He is listed in Who’s Who in the World, Who’s Who in America, Who’s Who in Finance and Business, Who’s Who in Business Higher Education, Who’s Who in American Education, and Who’s Who Directory of Economists. Dr. Ortiz has been a Fulbright Scholar and an MSI Leadership Fellow with the W.K. Kellogg Foundation. His teaching interests revolve around global economies and markets while his research focuses on topics related to development and growth, global business decisions, and the economics of technical innovation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Houston",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"104262",title:"Dr.",name:"Chee-Heong",middleName:null,surname:"Quah",slug:"chee-heong-quah",fullName:"Chee-Heong Quah",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/104262/images/system/104262.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaya",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"236659",title:"Prof.",name:"Monica Violeta",middleName:null,surname:"Achim",slug:"monica-violeta-achim",fullName:"Monica Violeta Achim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/236659/images/system/236659.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Babeș-Bolyai University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"202039",title:"Dr.",name:"Nahanga",middleName:null,surname:"Verter",slug:"nahanga-verter",fullName:"Nahanga Verter",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCwtQAG/Profile_Picture_1643101901237",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Mendel University Brno",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Czech Republic"}}},{id:"107745",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Panagiotis E.",middleName:null,surname:"Petrakis",slug:"panagiotis-e.-petrakis",fullName:"Panagiotis E. 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