Estimated nutrient uptake and accumulation for 3500 kg/ha−1 (52 bu/ac) soybean yield [21, 22, 23].
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"4602",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Advances in Bioremediation of Wastewater and Polluted Soil",title:"Advances in Bioremediation of Wastewater and Polluted Soil",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The pollution of soil and groundwater by heavy metals and other chemicals is becoming a serious issue in many countries. However, the current bioremediation processes do not often achieve sufficient remediation, and more effective processes are desired. This book deals with advances in the bioremediation of polluted soil and groundwater. In the former chapters of this book, respected researchers in this field describe how the optimization of microorganisms, enzymes, absorbents, additives and injection procedures can help to realize excellent bioremediation. In the latter chapters, other researchers introduce bioremediation processes that have been performed in the field and novel bioremediation processes. Thus, the readers will be able to obtain new ideas about effective bioremediation as well as important information about recent advances in bioremediation.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-2165-7",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4215-7",doi:"10.5772/59328",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"advances-in-bioremediation-of-wastewater-and-polluted-soil",numberOfPages:284,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!0,hash:"8b879725924ff3e5b59fb2f8cc12c562",bookSignature:"Naofumi Shiomi",publishedDate:"September 9th 2015",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4602.jpg",numberOfDownloads:35317,numberOfWosCitations:93,numberOfCrossrefCitations:86,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:3,numberOfDimensionsCitations:180,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:5,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:359,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 25th 2014",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 16th 2014",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 20th 2015",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 20th 2015",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"May 20th 2015",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"163777",title:"Dr.",name:"Naofumi",middleName:null,surname:"Shiomi",slug:"naofumi-shiomi",fullName:"Naofumi Shiomi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/163777/images/system/163777.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Naofumi Shiomi studied recombinant yeast and its utilization as a researcher at the Laboratory of Production Technology of Kanena Corporation for 15 years until 1998 and earned his Ph.D. in Engineering from Kyoto University, Japan. He now works as a professor at the School of Human Sciences of Kobe College in Japan, where he teaches applied microbiology, biotechnology, and life science in his Applied Life Science laboratory. He has studied bioremediation for 24 years at Kobe College and has published more than 40 papers and several book chapters on recombinant microorganisms, bioremediation, and functional foods. His recent research has also focused on the prevention of obesity and aging.",institutionString:"Kobe College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"7",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"6",institution:{name:"Kobe College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"779",title:"Ecohydrology",slug:"engineering-environmental-engineering-ecohydrology"}],chapters:[{id:"48803",title:"Bioremediation of Polluted Waters Using Microorganisms",doi:"10.5772/60770",slug:"bioremediation-of-polluted-waters-using-microorganisms",totalDownloads:11427,totalCrossrefCites:37,totalDimensionsCites:83,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Water pollution is an issue of great concern worldwide, and it can be broadly divided into three main categories, that is, contamination by organic compounds, inorganic compounds (e.g., heavy metals), and microorganisms. In recent years, the number of research studies concerning the use of efficient processes to clean up and minimize the pollution of water bodies has been increasing. In this context, the use of bioremediation processes for the removal of toxic metals from aqueous solutions is gaining considerable attention. Bioremediation can be defined as the ability of certain biomolecules or types of biomass to bind and concentrate selected ions or other molecules present in aqueous solutions. Bioremediation using microorganisms shows great potential for future development due to its environmental compatibility and possible cost-effectiveness. A wide range of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, yeasts, and algae, can act as biologically active methylators, which are able to at least modify toxic species. Many microbial detoxification processes involve the efflux or exclusion of metal ions from the cell, which in some cases can result in high local concentrations of metals at the cell surface, where they can react with biogenic ligands and precipitate. Although microorganisms cannot destroy metals, they can alter their chemical properties via a surprising array of mechanisms. The main purpose of this chapter is to provide an update on the recent literature concerning the strategies available for the remediation of metal-contaminated water bodies using microorganisms and to critically discuss their main advantages and weaknesses. The focus is on the heavy metals associated with environmental contamination, for instance, lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and chromium (Cr), which are potentially hazardous to ecosystems. The types of microorganisms that are used in bioremediation processes due to their natural capacity to biosorb toxic heavy metal ions are discussed in detail. This chapter summarizes existing knowledge on various aspects of the fundamentals and applications of bioremediation and critically reviews the obstacles to its commercial success and future perspectives.",signatures:"Luciene M. Coelho, Helen C. Rezende, Luciana M. Coelho, Priscila\nA.R. de Sousa, Danielle F.O. Melo and Nívia M.M. Coelho",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/48803",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/48803",authors:[{id:"163731",title:"Prof.",name:"Nivia",surname:"Coelho",slug:"nivia-coelho",fullName:"Nivia Coelho"},{id:"177651",title:"Dr.",name:"Luciana",surname:"Coelho",slug:"luciana-coelho",fullName:"Luciana Coelho"},{id:"177741",title:"Dr.",name:"Luciene M.",surname:"Coelho",slug:"luciene-m.-coelho",fullName:"Luciene M. Coelho"},{id:"177742",title:"Dr.",name:"Helen C.",surname:"Rezende",slug:"helen-c.-rezende",fullName:"Helen C. Rezende"},{id:"177743",title:"Dr.",name:"Priscila A.R.",surname:"de Sousa",slug:"priscila-a.r.-de-sousa",fullName:"Priscila A.R. de Sousa"},{id:"177744",title:"Dr.",name:"Danielle F.O.",surname:"Melo",slug:"danielle-f.o.-melo",fullName:"Danielle F.O. Melo"}],corrections:null},{id:"48401",title:"New Uses of Haloarchaeal Species in Bioremediation Processes",doi:"10.5772/60667",slug:"new-uses-of-haloarchaeal-species-in-bioremediation-processes",totalDownloads:2355,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:17,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The extreme conditions under which haloarchaea survive make them good bioremediation agents in water treatment processes and in saline and hypersaline environments contaminated with toxic compounds such as nitrate, nitrite and ammonia, chlorine compounds such as perchlorate and chlorate, heavy metals, and aromatic compounds. New advances in the understanding of haloarchaea metabolism, biochemistry, and molecular biology suggest that general biochemical pathways related to nitrogen (Nitrogen cycle), metals (iron, mercury), hydrocarbons, or phenols can be used for bioremediation proposals.",signatures:"María José Bonete, Vanesa Bautista, Julia Esclapez, María José\nGarcía-Bonete, Carmen Pire, Mónica Camacho, Javier Torregrosa-\nCrespo and Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/48401",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/48401",authors:[{id:"100721",title:"Dr.",name:"Julia",surname:"Esclapez",slug:"julia-esclapez",fullName:"Julia Esclapez"},{id:"165545",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria-Jose",surname:"Bonete",slug:"maria-jose-bonete",fullName:"Maria-Jose Bonete"},{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa"},{id:"165628",title:"Dr.",name:"Mónica",surname:"Camacho",slug:"monica-camacho",fullName:"Mónica Camacho"},{id:"173619",title:"Dr.",name:"Vanesa",surname:"Bautista",slug:"vanesa-bautista",fullName:"Vanesa Bautista"},{id:"173635",title:"BSc.",name:"María-José",surname:"García-Bonete",slug:"maria-jose-garcia-bonete",fullName:"María-José García-Bonete"},{id:"173636",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmen",surname:"Pire",slug:"carmen-pire",fullName:"Carmen Pire"},{id:"173637",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",surname:"Torregrosa-Crespo",slug:"javier-torregrosa-crespo",fullName:"Javier Torregrosa-Crespo"}],corrections:null},{id:"48747",title:"The Potential of the Photoautotroph Synechocystis for Metal Bioremediation",doi:"10.5772/60514",slug:"the-potential-of-the-photoautotroph-synechocystis-for-metal-bioremediation",totalDownloads:1955,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The photoautotrophic cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC6803 has received much attention as a model photosynthetic cell factory for the production of a range of important biotech products. The biomass remaining from this activity may then have further utility in processes such as metal bioremediation. In addition Synechocystis being an inhabitant of many natural aquatic environments is seen as an environmentally friendly alternative to using chemical precipitation methodologies for metal remediation. Synechocystis produces a range of extracellular polysaccharide substances (EPS) that can undergo modification as a function of culture age and growth nutrients which have been implicated in metal biosorption. Many studies have demonstrated that high levels of charged groups present in EPS are important in forming polymeric matrices with metallic ions allowing their biosorption. Genetic studies has revealed genes involved in such metal binding indicating that EPS can be modified for potential enhancement of binding or modification of the types of metals bound. The utility of metal binding to live and dead biomass of Synechocystis has been demonstrated for a range of metals including Cr(VI), Cd(II), Cu(II), Pb(II), Sb, Ni(II), Mn(II), Mn(IV), As(III), As(V), Cs and Hg. The potential of using Synechocystis as a biosorption platform is discussed.",signatures:"J. Tony Pembroke, Balakrishnan Naveena and Patricia Armshaw",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/48747",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/48747",authors:[{id:"173356",title:"Prof.",name:"Tony",surname:"Pembroke",slug:"tony-pembroke",fullName:"Tony Pembroke"},{id:"173357",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",surname:"Armshaw",slug:"patricia-armshaw",fullName:"Patricia Armshaw"},{id:"175437",title:"Dr.",name:"Balakrishnan",surname:"Naveena",slug:"balakrishnan-naveena",fullName:"Balakrishnan Naveena"}],corrections:null},{id:"48561",title:"Metagenomics — A Technological Drift in Bioremediation",doi:"10.5772/60749",slug:"metagenomics-a-technological-drift-in-bioremediation",totalDownloads:3387,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:15,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Nature has its ways of resolving imbalances in its environment and microorganisms are one of the best tools of nature to eliminate toxic pollutants. The process of eliminating pollutants using microbes is termed Bioremediation. Metagenomics is a strategic approach for analysing microbial communities at a genomic level. It is one of the best technological upgradation to bioremediation. Identification and screening of metagenomes from the polluted environments are crucial in a metagenomic study. This chapter emphasizes recent multiple case studies explaining the approaches of metagenomics in bioremediation in different contaminated environments such as soil, water etc. The second section explains different sequences and function-based metagenomic strategies and tools starting from providing a detailed view of metagenomic screening, FACS, and multiple advanced metagenomic sequencing strategies dealing with the prevalent metagenomes in bioremediation and giving a list of different widespread metagenomic organisms and their respective projects. Eventually, we have provided a detailed view of different major bioinformatic tools and datasets most prevalently used in metagenomic data analysis and processing during metagenomic bioremediation.",signatures:"Pratap Devarapalli and Ranjith N. Kumavath",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/48561",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/48561",authors:[{id:"163692",title:"Dr.",name:"Ranjith",surname:"Kumavath",slug:"ranjith-kumavath",fullName:"Ranjith Kumavath"},{id:"167339",title:"Mr.",name:"Pratap",surname:"Devarapalli",slug:"pratap-devarapalli",fullName:"Pratap Devarapalli"}],corrections:null},{id:"48566",title:"Biosurfactants as Useful Tools in Bioremediation",doi:"10.5772/60751",slug:"biosurfactants-as-useful-tools-in-bioremediation",totalDownloads:3135,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:26,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Environmental pollution by organic contaminants is a major problem today because it has affected many environments. Hydrophobic contaminants are of special concern since their molecules can be bound to the soil particles, but because of its low solubility in water and high interfacial tension, those contaminants cannot be easily removed. To help with desorption of contaminants, surfactants can be used in soil and water remediation technologies. Amphiphiles that can form micelles are termed as surface active agents or surfactants and are among the most commonly used chemicals in everyday life. Chemically produced surfactants have increasingly been replaced by biotechnology-based products, obtained either by enzymatic or microbial synthesis, because they can be produced using natural resources. The group of surface active biomolecules produced by living organism is called biosurfactants. Originally, biosurfactants attracted attention as hydrocarbon-dissolving agents in the late 1960s and as potential replacements for synthetic surfactants (carboxylates, sulfonates and sulfate acid esters) in the food, pharmaceutical, and oil industries. Synthetic surfactants currently used are usually toxic and hardly degraded and as such are also a contaminant in the environment. To replace synthetic surfactants, biosurfactant production needs to be cost-effective; therefore, it is important to develop culture conditions with low-cost materials using efficient biosurfactant-producing microbial strains. Although bacteria have been extensively studied for biosurfactant production, yeasts are also potential biosurfactant-producing microorganisms. Because of their unique structures, biosurfactants may have a greater range of properties that can be exploited commercially. This review article will describe microorganisms related to biosurfactant production, including yeasts, as well as their role in bioremediation.",signatures:"Claudia Isabel Sáenz-Marta, María de Lourdes Ballinas-Casarrubias,\nBlanca E. Rivera-Chavira and Guadalupe Virginia Nevárez-Moorillón",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/48566",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/48566",authors:[{id:"141523",title:"Dr.",name:"María De Lourdes",surname:"Ballinas-Casarrubias",slug:"maria-de-lourdes-ballinas-casarrubias",fullName:"María De Lourdes Ballinas-Casarrubias"},{id:"166633",title:"Dr.",name:"Guadalupe",surname:"Nevárez-Moorillón",slug:"guadalupe-nevarez-moorillon",fullName:"Guadalupe Nevárez-Moorillón"},{id:"175549",title:"MSc.",name:"Claudia",surname:"Saenz-Marta",slug:"claudia-saenz-marta",fullName:"Claudia Saenz-Marta"},{id:"175550",title:"Dr.",name:"Blanca E.",surname:"Rivera-Chavira",slug:"blanca-e.-rivera-chavira",fullName:"Blanca E. Rivera-Chavira"}],corrections:null},{id:"48735",title:"Explorations and Applications of Enzyme-linked Bioremediation of Synthetic Dyes",doi:"10.5772/60753",slug:"explorations-and-applications-of-enzyme-linked-bioremediation-of-synthetic-dyes",totalDownloads:2846,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:9,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Extensive use of synthetic dyes and their subsequent release in industrial wastewater is a growing environmental problem. These dyes are recalcitrant in nature, and some dyes are also well established to be potentially carcinogenic and mutagenic as well as genotoxic. Research efforts have been devoted to develop new, low-cost, and eco-friendly treatments capable of reducing and even eliminating synthetic dye compounds from the environment. Enzymatic approach has attracted much interest recently in the decolorization of textile and other industrially important dyes from wastewater as an alternative strategy to conventional chemical, physical, and biological treatments, which pose serious limitations. In this chapter, the accumulated research data on the potential of the oxidoreductive enzymes—high redox potential peroxidases (lignin peroxidase [LiP], EC 1.11.1.14; manganese peroxidase [MnP], EC 1.11.1.13; dye decolorizing peroxidase [DyP], EC 1.11.1.19; and versatile peroxidases [VP], EC 1.11.1.16), laccases (benzenediol–oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.10.3.2), polyphenol oxidases (EC 1.14.18.1), and azoreductases (azobenzene reductases, EC 1.7.1.6)—that have been exploited in the decolorization and degradation of synthetic dyes are presented. An overview of enzyme technology, including the importance of redox mediators for enhanced range of substrates and efficiency of degradation, current biodegradation applications, and suggestions to overcome the limitations to these proteins’ large scale and efficient use, is made. Different strategies currently being used and future prospects for the potential use of genetic engineering techniques to improve the performance of these oxidoreductases in terms of stability, selectivity, and catalytic activity in dye bioremediation technologies are also explored.",signatures:"Henry Joseph Oduor Ogola, Hiroyuki Ashida, Takahiro Ishikawa and\nYoshihiro Sawa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/48735",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/48735",authors:[{id:"130755",title:"Dr.",name:"Henry Joseph Oduor",surname:"Ogola",slug:"henry-joseph-oduor-ogola",fullName:"Henry Joseph Oduor Ogola"},{id:"173676",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoshihiro",surname:"Sawa",slug:"yoshihiro-sawa",fullName:"Yoshihiro Sawa"},{id:"173690",title:"Prof.",name:"Takahiro",surname:"Ishikawa",slug:"takahiro-ishikawa",fullName:"Takahiro Ishikawa"},{id:"173691",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",surname:"Ashida",slug:"hiroyuki-ashida",fullName:"Hiroyuki Ashida"}],corrections:null},{id:"48809",title:"Use of Additives in Bioremediation of Contaminated Groundwater and Soil",doi:"10.5772/60915",slug:"use-of-additives-in-bioremediation-of-contaminated-groundwater-and-soil",totalDownloads:2010,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter reviews the application of additives used in bioremediation of chlorinated solvents and fuels for groundwater and soil remediation. Soluble carbon substrates are applicable to most site conditions except aquifers with very high or very low groundwater flow. Slow-release and solid substrates are intended to be long-lasting in supplying carbon for microbial growth thereby minimizing operation and maintenance requirements. Microbes as special additives can be used to enhance bioremediation (bioaugmentation) where such microbes are lacking. Oxygen gas can be added to increase aerobic biodegradation, and nutrients addition may be needed to stimulate and maintain sufficient microbial population. pH modifiers to control acidity for optimal microbial growth and degradation can also be added. Delivery of additives to the subsurface can be accomplished through permanent injection wells, direct-push methods, or permeable reactive barriers (biowall). Potential issues with additive use include biofouling, stalling, short circuiting, displacement, reduced hydraulic conductivity, and secondary water quality deterioration. Methods and techniques to deal with these issues are provided and future research needs are identified.",signatures:"Yongtian Thomas He and Chunming Su",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/48809",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/48809",authors:[{id:"173666",title:"Dr.",name:"Chunming",surname:"Su",slug:"chunming-su",fullName:"Chunming Su"},{id:"177813",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongtian Thomas",surname:"He",slug:"yongtian-thomas-he",fullName:"Yongtian Thomas He"}],corrections:null},{id:"48694",title:"Hexavalent Chromium (VI) Removal by Penicillium sp. IA-01",doi:"10.5772/60660",slug:"hexavalent-chromium-vi-removal-by-penicillium-sp-ia-01",totalDownloads:1850,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The objective of this work was to study the removal of chromium (VI) in aqueous solution by the fungus Penicillium sp. IA-01, isolated from polluted air with industrial vapors. To obtain the fungal biomass, pre-inoculums were performed in thioglycolate broth from a strain isolated from vapours contaminated with Cr (VI). The fungus was incubated for four weeks at ambient temperature, filtered, and washed three times with trideionized water. In preparing cellullar fractions, it was necessary to break the fungal cells with glass beads using a homogenizer being careful to keep the samples in frosty cold ice. To obtain the fungal biomass, the fungus was filtered and stored in an oven at 80°C, allowing it to dry for 48 h. Removal of Cr (VI) in vitro was evaluated using different cellular fractions and dead fungal biomass. We determine the optimal characteristics for metal removal in the reaction mixture. Concluding that the ideal conditions for the removal of Cr (VI) in the cell extracts were 37°C and pH 7.0, also we observ that the highest enzyme activity was in the mixed membrane fraction. In dead fungal biomass, the ideal conditions for removal of metal are 60°C and pH 1.0.",signatures:"Ismael Acosta-Rodríguez, Damaris L. Arévalo-Rangel, Juan F.\nCárdenas-González, María de Guadalupe Moctezuma-Zárate and\nVíctor M. Martínez-Juárez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/48694",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/48694",authors:[{id:"26625",title:"Dr.",name:"Ismael",surname:"Acosta",slug:"ismael-acosta",fullName:"Ismael Acosta"},{id:"175887",title:"BSc.",name:"Damaris",surname:"Arevalo",slug:"damaris-arevalo",fullName:"Damaris Arevalo"},{id:"175888",title:"MSc.",name:"Juan Fernando",surname:"Cárdenas",slug:"juan-fernando-cardenas",fullName:"Juan Fernando Cárdenas"},{id:"175889",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria De Guadalupe",surname:"Moctezuma",slug:"maria-de-guadalupe-moctezuma",fullName:"Maria De Guadalupe Moctezuma"},{id:"175890",title:"Dr.",name:"Victor Manuel",surname:"Martínez",slug:"victor-manuel-martinez",fullName:"Victor Manuel Martínez"}],corrections:null},{id:"48753",title:"Screening of Marine-derived Fungi Isolated from the sponge Didemnun ligulum for Biodegradation of Pentachlorophenol",doi:"10.5772/60777",slug:"screening-of-marine-derived-fungi-isolated-from-the-sponge-didemnun-ligulum-for-biodegradation-of-pe",totalDownloads:1949,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Contamination by pesticides employed in agriculture has caused serious environmental harm. Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is a phenolic organochlorine compound and a dangerous pollutant which was banned from Brazil since 1985; however, there are still many contaminated areas. This pesticide is a serious problem because it has high toxicity and persistence at the environment due to its resistance to biotic and abiotic degradation. The use of microorganisms as degrading agents is considered an efficient method to reduce the adverse effects of environmental contaminants. It is noteworthy that fungi from marine environment are adapted to extreme conditions, including high chlorine concentrations, and can produce unique enzymes with interesting properties. Therefore, marine-derived fungi have an excellent enzymatic potential for the biotransformation of xenobiotics such as organochlorine pesticides. In this work, fifteen fungi strains isolated from a marine invertebrate, the ascidian Didemnun ligulum, were evaluated according to their ability to grow in solid culture media (3% malt extract agar) in the presence of different concentrations (10, 25, 30, 40, and 50 mg L–1) of PCP. Among the tested strains, nine could grow in at least one concentration, and Trichoderma harzianum CBMAI 1677 showed optimal growth at the higher evaluated concentration (50 mg L–1), showing toxicity resistance and suggesting its potential for biodegradation of PCP. In a later work, it was observed that T. harzianum CBMAI 1677 was able to degrade PCP. These results confirmed the efficiency of marine-derived fungi to biodegrade persistent compounds and could enable the development of bioremediation methodologies using these microorganism.",signatures:"Bruna Vacondio, Willian Garcia Birolli, Mirna Helena Regali\nSeleghim, Sarah Gonçalves, Suzan Pantaroto de Vasconcellos and\nAndré Luiz Meleiro Porto",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/48753",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/48753",authors:[{id:"29131",title:"Prof.",name:"André",surname:"LM Porto",slug:"andre-lm-porto",fullName:"André LM Porto"}],corrections:null},{id:"48918",title:"The Characteristics of Phytoremediation of Soil and Leachate Polluted by Landfills",doi:"10.5772/61105",slug:"the-characteristics-of-phytoremediation-of-soil-and-leachate-polluted-by-landfills",totalDownloads:2324,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Current landfill regulations provide for the responsible management of solid waste and a safer alternative to the outdated practices of open or illegal dumping. Aside from imparting aesthetic value, natural or planted vegetation on landfill sites has an important role in erosion control and removal of contaminants, and may also be used in leaching treatment. The use of leachate for the irrigation of landfill vegetation reduces its harmful effects, and the reuse of water aids in water conservation. The aim of this study was to search for ways to use leachate water from solid waste landfill sites for irrigation of plant species that normally grow in the wild. The study focuses on the plant species Alcea rosea (hollyhock), Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass) and Melilotus officinalis (yellow melilot). Over the 2-year study period, plants were irrigated with tap and leachate water under drought conditions. Wild plant diversity was identified, and the landfill was rehabilitated with various plant species. After the experiment, populations of Escherichia coli, total coliforms and fecal coliform bacteria in soil samples were analyzed. We observed that the use of leachate water for cultivation of different kinds of plants affected the density of total and fecal coliforms in the soil.",signatures:"Reyhan Erdogan and Zeynep Zaimoglu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/48918",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/48918",authors:[{id:"151630",title:"Prof.",name:"Zeynep",surname:"Zaimoglu",slug:"zeynep-zaimoglu",fullName:"Zeynep Zaimoglu"},{id:"173368",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Reyhan",surname:"Erdogan",slug:"reyhan-erdogan",fullName:"Reyhan Erdogan"}],corrections:null},{id:"48858",title:"An assessment of the Causes of Lead Pollution and the Efficiency of Bioremediation by Plants and Microorganisms",doi:"10.5772/60802",slug:"an-assessment-of-the-causes-of-lead-pollution-and-the-efficiency-of-bioremediation-by-plants-and-mic",totalDownloads:2082,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A rapid increase in mining industries associated with an increase in lead demand has resulted in the problem of lead poisoning. In this study, the initial causes of lead pollution were investigated. The results suggest that soil pollution from lead did not occur in urban and agricultural areas due to the efforts of decreased lead use and an increase in recycling; however, serious pollution locally occurred in the areas where metallurgy and mining industries were present. Therefore, remediation must be carried out in the latter areas. Next, the efficiency of lead remediation by plants and microorganisms in the areas with increased lead pollution was assessed. The plants showing high potential have been developed, and phytoextraction is a promising process. However, a more cost-effective method is necessary to achieve widespread implementation. Thus, a novel remediation method (the landfarming with immobilized microorganisms (LIM) method) to overcome the problem of cost was proposed. The LIM method combines the immobilized technique with landfarming. As the treatment period is short and the lead can readily be recycled from the soil, the LIM method may be a better alternative to phytoextraction for lead remediation.",signatures:"Naofumi Shiomi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/48858",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/48858",authors:[{id:"163777",title:"Dr.",name:"Naofumi",surname:"Shiomi",slug:"naofumi-shiomi",fullName:"Naofumi Shiomi"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5701",title:"Superfood and Functional Food",subtitle:"The Development of Superfoods and Their Roles as Medicine",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0c3c4e9924a0f6c2fe2df43d5dfc50fb",slug:"superfood-and-functional-food-the-development-of-superfoods-and-their-roles-as-medicine",bookSignature:"Naofumi Shiomi and Viduranga Waisundara",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5701.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"163777",title:"Dr.",name:"Naofumi",surname:"Shiomi",slug:"naofumi-shiomi",fullName:"Naofumi Shiomi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6062",title:"Advances in Bioremediation and Phytoremediation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7b537906414bbdbbe7a318c5702ef67e",slug:"advances-in-bioremediation-and-phytoremediation",bookSignature:"Naofumi Shiomi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6062.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"163777",title:"Dr.",name:"Naofumi",surname:"Shiomi",slug:"naofumi-shiomi",fullName:"Naofumi Shiomi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6538",title:"Current Topics on Superfoods",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"42525eaf5a539bc1e2318f4eb8dfea5a",slug:"current-topics-on-superfoods",bookSignature:"Naofumi Shiomi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6538.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"163777",title:"Dr.",name:"Naofumi",surname:"Shiomi",slug:"naofumi-shiomi",fullName:"Naofumi Shiomi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7594",title:"Current Topics in Biochemical Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"391609f1f0cb3bba32befeb3aa40ccf3",slug:"current-topics-in-biochemical-engineering",bookSignature:"Naofumi Shiomi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7594.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"163777",title:"Dr.",name:"Naofumi",surname:"Shiomi",slug:"naofumi-shiomi",fullName:"Naofumi Shiomi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5258",title:"Molecular Mechanisms of the Aging Process and Rejuvenation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fd825c8a444ab91728c15f350df7b5ea",slug:"molecular-mechanisms-of-the-aging-process-and-rejuvenation",bookSignature:"Naofumi Shiomi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5258.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"163777",title:"Dr.",name:"Naofumi",surname:"Shiomi",slug:"naofumi-shiomi",fullName:"Naofumi Shiomi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2503",title:"Water Treatment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"296eb93cd4d7425db9a1f7c0d57032fe",slug:"water-treatment",bookSignature:"Walid Elshorbagy and Rezaul Kabir Chowdhury",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2503.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"137631",title:"Dr.",name:"Walid",surname:"Elshorbagy",slug:"walid-elshorbagy",fullName:"Walid Elshorbagy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1868",title:"Industrial Waste",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ecbdc3462929480899609f52f7b1f18b",slug:"industrial-waste",bookSignature:"Kuan-Yeow Show and Xinxin Guo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1868.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"119827",title:"Prof.",name:"Kuan-Yeow",surname:"Show",slug:"kuan-yeow-show",fullName:"Kuan-Yeow Show"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"303",title:"Expanding Issues in Desalination",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"59baacd82853e81f2c0bb98ba737c5f3",slug:"expanding-issues-in-desalination",bookSignature:"Robert Y. 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Hodges",dateSubmitted:"June 21st 2018",dateReviewed:"October 22nd 2018",datePrePublished:"December 31st 2018",datePublished:"February 19th 2020",book:{id:"8295",title:"Landscape Reclamation",subtitle:"Rising From What's Left",fullTitle:"Landscape Reclamation - Rising From What's Left",slug:"landscape-reclamation-rising-from-what-s-left",publishedDate:"February 19th 2020",bookSignature:"Luis Loures",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8295.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108118",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Loures",slug:"luis-loures",fullName:"Luis Loures"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"264298",title:"Dr.",name:"Jason",middleName:null,surname:"Gordon",fullName:"Jason Gordon",slug:"jason-gordon",email:"jason.gordon@uga.edu",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Georgia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"65057",slug:"public-perceptions-of-values-associated-with-wildfire-protection-at-the-wildland-urban-interface-a-s",signatures:"Jason Gordon, Adam S. 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Indeed, it is the study of nature and natural phenomena, in an attempt to understand the principles and elucidate the underlying mechanisms, obtain ideas from nature, and apply concepts that may benefit science, engineering, pharmacy, dentistry, and medicine. Smart/Intelligent Biomaterials for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine is a fine example. Yet, biomimicry can go above and beyond the simplistic inspiration and use of natural properties as the basis for the innovation of new products. It bridges the gap between the lab and the industry, via the intra-disciplinary design and formulation of functional solutions combining knowledge, methods, techniques, and advances in the fields of chemistry, biology, architecture, engineering, medicine, pharmaceutics, dentistry, and biomedical engineering. Three-Dimensional Printing, Self-Healing nanoCoatings, biomechanical Carbon nanoTubes, Stimuli-sensitive and -responsive Cell/Drug Delivery Systems, and Robotics are good examples. Those are some of the topics that will be covered in this new book, with the objective to provide the interested reader, whether a student or an expert, with a practical reference approaching biomimetics from a realistic and translational perspective, discussing problems and offering solutions, via including studies from basics to the clinic to scale-up and industrial or go-to-market obstacles.
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Presently, a Full Professor, leading the BioMAT’X R&D&I HAIDAR LAB at the CiiB, UAndes, Santiago de Chile.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"222709",title:"Prof.",name:"Ziyad S.",middleName:null,surname:"Haidar",slug:"ziyad-s.-haidar",fullName:"Ziyad S. Haidar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/222709/images/system/222709.jpg",biography:"Ziyad S. Haidar, DDS, Cert Implantol, MSC, FRCSc, MBA, Ph.D., is a Full Professor of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering and the scientific director of the Facultad de Odontología (Faculty of Dentistry), Universidad de los Andes (UAndes), Santiago, Chile. He is also the founder and head of the Biomaterials, Pharmaceutical Delivery, and Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Tissue Engineering Laboratory (BioMAT\\'X R&D&I Chile – HAIDAR Lab). In addition, he serves as the head of innovation at the Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CiiB), a faculty/theses member in the bioMedicine Doctoral (Ph.D. bioMedicina) Program at UAndes, and a visiting clinical and surgical professor at the MaxilloFacial Division of the Universidad de la Frontera and the Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Lautaru Hospital, both in Temuco, Chile.\n\nDr. Haidar is a trained dentist, implantologist, and an oral and maxillofacial surgeon with a Ph.D. in Nanobiomaterials, Pharmaceuticals, and Tissue Engineering from McGill University, Montréal, Canada. He completed a post-doctoral training residency in orthopedics at the Montréal Shriners Hospital, McGill University Health Center, Montréal, Canada. Before moving to Chile, he served as Associate Professor of Bioceramics and the Chair of Excellence in BioEngineering at the Université de Limoges, Limoges, France and was an assistant professor in the Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry (cross-appointment with the Department of BioEngineering), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. Between 2010 and 2012 Dr. Haidar served as an adjunct professor of Head and Neck Surgery and the scientific director of the joint Utah–Inha R&D Center, Inha University Hospital, Incheon, Seoul, South Korea. \n\nHe has won several prestigious awards from the International Bone and Mineral Society, Society for Biomaterials, Canadian Biomaterial Society, and the Canadian and Lebanese Societies of Plastic Surgeons, to name a few. His R&D&I focus on patient-oriented development and evaluation of bionanotechnology, biopolymers, bioceramics, and drug delivery systems for the repair, restoration, reconstruction, and regeneration of challenging craniofacial and orthopedic defects. Dr. Haidar is an international speaker with more than 125 publications, conference proceedings, textbooks, and patents to his credit. 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Soybean originated in East Asia and has been cultivated in China for millennia. It is estimated that the domestication event from wild soybean (
Soybeans are one of the most flexible crops in terms of production methods, geographical growing regions, and end use versatility. Therefore, there are multiple agronomic practices to consider when preparing a field for soybean production. While tillage and fertilization practices are common among producers, technique specifications can vary greatly due to preferences, environmental conditions, and cost. Historically, mechanized and non-mechanized tillage was considered a vital practice to maximize crop yield and value [8]. While tillage is still a useful tool, contemporary research has corroborated the dangers of over-tilling and the potential benefits from soil conservation and no-till operations. No-till practices and conservation tillage for soybean are wide-spread in areas of highly-erodible soil, and some research has shown that soybean yields remain the same or increase with decreased tillage [9, 10, 11, 12]. However, other research has shown that rotational tillage practices will provide higher crop value than no-till practices, specifically because of herbicide costs and equipment requirements [13, 14, 15]. Given the need for proper soil maintenance, conservation tillage (<30% crop residue left on the soil surface) is a popular compromise, especially in herbicide tolerant soybean production [16, 17]. Research has further elucidated the benefits of conservation tillage and no-till practices on soil health by showing positive correlations with rhizobia and nematode populations [18, 19].
\nPre-plant fertilization for a variety of macro and micronutrients is another common practice in soybean production. Soil fertility programs are designed to provide sufficient nutrients for a crop’s needs which maximizes crop yield and farm efficiency while also minimizing environmental impact. To prepare a field for soybean planting, a farmer must start by determining what nutrients are already present in the soil; this can be accomplished by a variety of soil sampling and analysis methods [20]. The primary macronutrients, nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), and potassium (K), should be examined first alongside critical secondary macronutrients and micronutrients such as sulfur (S), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), boron (B), iron (Fe), and copper (Cu). General field nutrient requirement guidelines for soybean production are summarized in Table 1. While soybeans require a large amount of nitrogen, fertilization is usually unnecessary because of the symbiotic relationship with
While yield is the driving factor for fertilization, recent market changes have adjusted soybean valuation with increased focus on seed composition quality. Amino acid profiles as descriptors for protein quality in human food and livestock feed as well as high oleic acid soybeans for increased functionality and performance are just two examples of possible premiums producers can receive through soybean seed composition. Research has shown that agronomic practices coupled with location-dependent, environmental variables can directly impact those premiums [28, 29, 30]. Nitrogen fertilization plays a limited role in seed composition as it is rarely needed due to the bacterial nitrogen fixation. However, excess nitrogen has been shown to decrease the levels of sulfur-containing amino acids and has an inconsistent effect on fatty acid concentrations [31, 32]. Phosphorous applications can increase protein quantity without adjusting the amino acid profile but also has a positive correlation with higher phytic acid and isoflavone concentrations [33, 34, 35]. Additionally, phytic acid has been shown to increase alongside zinc concentrations [33]. Pre-plant potassium applications have limited return on investment in regard to yield and seed composition; however, potassium deficient soybean plants are at a greater risk to insect pests, specifically aphids [36, 37]. Limited yield response is observed with sulfur applications. Although researchers have found the use of sulfur fertilizers to be economically viable, particularly on coarse soils, sulfur fertilization is rarely recommended [9, 21, 38]. Soil sulfur levels have also been shown to greatly impact the ratio between 11S and 7S seed storage proteins [39]. As markets continue to change and value differing soybean seed compositions, it will be critical for producers to fertilize with both yield and seed components in mind.
\nSoybean producers make decisions throughout the year that impact final yield, value, and profit from their annual crop. Many of the most critical decisions occur at the beginning of and throughout the growing season. From the moment a soybean seed is planted to harvest, producers choose (or decide against) a multitude of practices including crop rotation, row spacing, population density, irrigation, post-emergence fertilization, and pest management. Maximizing a potential soybean crop is directly connected to previous field usage. Crop rotation or the process of growing different crops in sequenced seasons within the same field is a common practice in soybean production. Corn (
Protecting and revitalizing the soil through non-harvested crops planted between soybean growing seasons or cover cropping is also beneficial. Cover crops protect the soil that would otherwise be farrow and replenish nutrients assimilated into the soybean plant [9, 22, 43]. Furthermore, cover crops can beneficially reduce weed pressure, lessen soil compaction, and improve water conservation [44, 45, 46]. However, cover crops increase annual cost and have not been shown to increase soybean yield which can negatively impact certain producer’s net profit [47]. Many farmers who receive enough growing degree units throughout the year also limit farrow fields by double cropping with soybean. Soybean and wheat double crop systems have exhibited high economic returns for producers in both field and modeling research [48, 49]. Double cropped soybeans exhibit lower yield due to late planting and decreased leaf-area-index potential, but this can be mitigated with early maturing varieties [50, 51]. Intercropping or growing at least two crops simultaneously is another, less-common option for soybean production. Corn and soybean intercropping can increase yields for both crops with the proper seeding rates [52, 53]. Wheat and soybean intercropping also displays positive yield response [54, 55]. Sugarcane (
After choosing a cropping system, soybean producers must then determine the proper row spacing and population density for their environment. The appropriate balance between row space and plant density is critical for maximum soybean production and reliable economic returns. Narrow rows and high plant densities both correlate with quickened canopy closure and weed suppression [57, 58, 59, 60]. Increased plants per field also increase cost; however, subsequent increased yield and profit overcomes the cost [61, 62, 63]. As soybeans emerge and grow, the next consideration for producers is irrigation. This localized decision can be based upon historical precipitation records, predicted forecasts, day-to-day weather events, or a combination of factors. In the absence of natural precipitation, irrigation is vital to soybean production as water deficiencies inhibit yield potential [64, 65, 66, 67]. Irrigation can also be optimized spatially throughout a field with variable rate techniques and temporally across the growing season by targeting specific growth stages [68, 69]. Fertigation applications can be used to combine applications of post-emergent fertilizer with irrigation. Other methods of post-emergent fertilization including foliar spray and direct-to-soil applications are more common solutions for growing season nutrient issues. Plant tissue sampling and analysis can be coupled with soil samples to determine in-season soil deficiencies and to prescribe further applications [9, 21, 26]. As soybean increases nitrogen uptake during reproductive stages when bacterial fixation may be diminishing, soil or foliar nitrogen applications are typical yet usually ineffective. While limited yield increases can be seen from supplemental nitrogen applications or various nutrient combinations, the economic returns generally fail to cover the cost of application [70, 71, 72, 73]. Foliar nutrient applications have shown minor impacts on seed protein and oil content; however, these results are inconsistent amongst experiments [74, 75]. A location-specific, comprehensive nutrient management plan that accounts for all other agronomic practices is the best method for maximizing yield and economic returns in soybean production.
\nInsect and insect-like pests of soybean vary greatly ranging from aphids to stinkbugs to loopers to beetles. Which insects are the major pests and potential pest impact on soybean varies significantly from year to year and depends on the region the soybean crop is grown. Total damage by insects is a little ambiguous but yield losses of up to 80% have been reported [76]. Some prominent insect pests include soybean aphids (
Insecticides constitute a large portion of insect management as they are used to control most insect pests and in some cases are the primary method of control [80]. Integrated pest management (IPM) is becoming more common among growers due to its ability to reduce pesticide use, non-pests affected, workers’ exposure to pesticides, and the likelihood insecticide resistance [82, 83]. Additionally, it has been found to be effective at reducing damage done by pests equivalent to conventional methods [84]. IPM works similarly for all pests. It involves monitoring fields to determine which pests are present, determining which pesticides can and should be used, and incorporating cultural management practices [83]. For insects, trap cropping and sweep nets are used to monitor and determine which insect pests are present [85, 86]. The cultural practices used in insect management include altering planting date and row spacing, using no-till fields, and using resistant soybean cultivars [76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81].
\nWeeds are considered one of the most damaging, if not the most damaging pests, in soybean [87]. About 37% of global production of soybean is affected by soybean, while 23% of global production is affected by other pests [88]. In the United States alone, it has caused losses of several million US dollars each year [87]. Weeds pose a problem for soybean crops since they compete for nutrients, space, and other resources [89]. There are many different weed pests that compete with soybean, some of which include common waterhemp (
Management of weeds is largely done through integrated pest management. This involves using herbicides along with herbicide resistant soybean varieties and cultural practices [87, 92]. There are many different classes of herbicides that include enzyme inhibitors, lipid synthesis inhibitors, photosystems diverters, nucleic acid inhibitors, and auxin inhibitors [93]. Historically, herbicides have been a large part of weed management and will most likely remain significant due to effectiveness and limited efficiency through other individual methods [87]. Furthermore, herbicide effectiveness can be improved by using herbicide resistant soybean, such as glyphosate resistant Roundup Ready soybean. Although since weeds can develop resistance to herbicides, it is important to incorporate other management practices [87]. One such method is herbicide spray timing. A common management practice involves pre- and postemergence herbicide applications. This involves spraying herbicides before and a few days after the soybean plants have emerged to reduce any damage to the soybean plants [94]. Additionally, cultural control practices are used including crop rotations, planting in narrow rows and proper fertilization to promote crop competition, and cultivation [92]. Crop rotations allow for different herbicides to be used which in turn helps to prevent the development of herbicide resistant weeds [92]. Promoting crop competition through planting density allows soybean plants to grow enough to create a canopy to maximize shading of weeds [92]. Cultivation is an effective and economical way to control weeds to help minimize herbicide use [92]. All of the aforementioned management practices are parts of integrated weed management and will continue to play a significant role in control of weeds.
\nSimilar to the insect pests, there is a wide variety of diseases in soybean. Most diseases are caused by fungal and bacterial diseases and can be vectored by nematodes. Fungal diseases have been known to reduce yield up to 50%, while bacterial diseases have been known to cause yield loss of anywhere between 15 and 60% [76]. Which disease is the most devastating depends on the region and the year, but the most prevalent diseases include
From Table 2, it is evident that chemical pesticides still play a large role in treatment strategies against all major diseases in soybean. However, there has been a rising interest to incorporate other methods that prevent and treat diseases in soybean due to the harmful environmental and health effects of pesticides. Some other methods to control soybean diseases are seen in cultural control practices, such as increasing or decreasing tillage and crop rotation, drainage, and using resistant cultivars [103]. While the treatments listed in the above table are usually effective, there is continual research to find innovative ways to improve the control of plant diseases. One such example is the development of using hyperspectral bands for early detection of charcoal rot in soybean [104]. These researchers developed a method that involves analyzing spectral and spatial information of infected and healthy soybean in order to find wavebands that signify a soybean plant that is infected with charcoal rot [104]. This process identified six wavebands that were specific to plants infected with charcoal rot and can potentially allow for the detection of charcoal rot in crops in three days [104]. By being able to identify disease earlier, growers can minimize the damage done by that disease by removing infected plants and incorporating treatment strategies, such as pesticides or cultural controls.
\nThe research above shows that there is interest in developing early detection for soybean pathogens. One of the other major areas of research for soybean diseases, is identifying resistance genes to promote resistant cultivars. Given that soybean cyst nematode is one of the most devastating soybean diseases there has been a lot of research done to identify genes involved with resistance to soybean cyst nematode. The main resistance gene in soybean to cyst nematode is the Rhg1 gene, which encodes an amino acid transporter [105, 106]. This gene confers partial resistance and has been shown to reduce reproduction of soybean cyst nematode and improve yield in fields that are infected with soybean cyst nematode [78]. Even though there are resistant cultivars available, they do not permanently stop diseases. For soybean cyst nematode, it is advised to utilize cultural practices, such as using multiple resistant cultivars and rotating with non-host crops that are resistant to cyst nematode, and other methods [107]. This is a classic example of how integrated pest management involves continuously incorporating new methods to control diseases to prevent the disease from overcoming any pesticides and resistant cultivars.
\nSoybean is a valuable crop worldwide mainly because of soybean meal’s nutritional efficacy as a food and feed ingredient. A high protein content, balanced essential amino acid profile, and the presence of other beneficial nutrients all contribute to its economic and nutritional value. Soybean meal constitutes 70% of seed value while only being roughly 35% of seed dry weight [108, 109]. Furthermore, in the United States, 97% of soybean meal is used for livestock feed [109]. This overwhelming usage rate as a livestock protein source is mainly due to the presence of essential amino acids. While some livestock require other amino acids, most livestock need nine essential amino acids: histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine [110]. All nine of these amino acids are found in some quantity in soybean meal [111]. For this reason, soybean meal can maximize livestock production in cattle, swine, poultry, and aquaculture. Generally, soybean meal and other soy byproducts use are limited to a supplementary or finishing role for cattle due to feed ration complications from other seed components [110, 112, 113]. Soybean meal use is highly prevalent in monogastric livestock production such as swine and poultry and is increasing in popularity for aquaculture [114, 115]. However, soybean as feed has two main obstacles: methionine deficiency and trypsin inhibitor proteins. Albeit present in soybean, methionine content is deficient for livestock needs, is considered the first limiting amino acid for soybean meal and requires producers to supplement with synthetic methionine [116, 117, 118, 119, 120]. This has a variety of negative economic and environmental impacts, including increased cost and poor nitrogen-use efficiency [121, 122]. Trypsin inhibitor proteins are an antinutritional factor present in raw soybean that decreases feed efficiency and can harm the livestock. There are a variety of industrial processing methods used to overcome trypsin inhibitors in soybean such as thermal and infrared treatment [123]. In the future, soybean methionine deficiencies and trypsin inhibitor levels may both be solved via breeding and transgenic efforts.
\nSoybean as human food exists to two different extents that are derived from geography and cultural tradition. Eastern hemisphere populations incorporate whole soybeans and processed soy foods into their lives on a daily basis, whereas Western hemisphere populations generally utilize processed soybeans as food ingredients. Eastern soy foods are divided into two main categories: fermented and non-fermented. Non-fermented soy foods include whole seed options such as whole dry soybeans, soy nuts, and edamame, processed items such as soy flour and soy milk, and vegetative soy sprouts [115, 124]. Soy milk in its simplest form is a water extract from soybean that when further processed can make tofu and tofu byproducts such as okara (soy pulp) and yuba (tofu skin). Fermented soy products include miso, soy sauce, tempeh, natto, and sufu, and each product has a specific bacterial species that enables proper fermentation. For example, natto is associated with Bacillus subtilis, and soy sauce is associated with Aspergillus sp. [115, 124]. Western cultures have assimilated many soy food products, and they are becoming more popular as consumers seek plant-based protein sources. However, the vast majority of soybeans in western diets consists of food ingredients made from soybean meal and soy oil. Soybean meal can be processed into ingredients such as soy flour, protein concentrates, and protein isolates that are used in bakery mixes, breakfast cereals, baby food, and exercise supplements [114]. Soybean oil is widely used in vegetable oil and margarine mixes for a variety of cooking purposes. The importance of traditional and innovative soy food uses has perpetuated because of the potential health benefits from soy consumption. Soy foods have been shown to play a role in chronic human disease prevention for conditions such as heart disease, osteoporosis, and cancer [125, 126, 127]. However, isoflavones, one of the most common seed components linked to disease prevention, is also negatively linked to hormonal health as a phytoestrogen. While large population subsets are concerned about isoflavones negatively impacting fertility, summarized data has shown inconsistent results [128, 129, 130]. As consumers continue to seek plant-based protein, soybeans will be the premier source for historically and culturally significant recipes as well as healthy, novel animal meat alternatives.
\nEven though soybean is classified as an oilseed, soybean oil has historically been an afterthought for soybean producers and processors. When markets for soybean meal would falter, researchers and other stakeholders would turn to soybean oil for added value or seek alternative uses for meal components. Modern sustainability and industrial goals have stimulated soy-based product usage in a variety of fields, as summarized in Table 3. Soybean oil as biodiesel has experienced the largest growth with United States consumers using over 2 billion gallons in 2017 [131]. Current biodiesel production methods can create soy-based fuel that perform nearly equal or equivalent to standard diesel fuels and have the potential to become a truly renewable resource when coupled with sustainable farming practices [132, 133, 134]. Constantly improving processing methods will continue to augment soybean seed component versatility and create new opportunities for soy-based products.
\n\nSoybean seed has many beneficial traits, such as high protein, oil, and soluble sugar content [135]. While soybean seed value is defined by these favorable qualities, past and present breeding attempts have sought further improvement. With regards to protein content, breeders have worked with soybean to increase total protein content as well as the amount of sulfur containing amino acids, methionine and cysteine [135]. Methionine and cysteine are of interest since the seed protein is naturally deficient, and these two amino acids can improve the nutritional value of soybean meal [135, 136]. However, some research indicates that total protein content is negatively correlated with other favorable seed qualities, including yield, oil content, and potentially methionine and cysteine content [137, 138]. So far, most breeding efforts to improve protein quality have involved identifying quantitative trait loci (QTL) that are associated with the amino acid content [139]. QTLs are regions of DNA that are associated with a particular trait and allow breeders to select for particular cultivars that have the trait of interest [140]. The composition of soybean seed oil primarily includes linolenic, steric, palmitic, linoleic, and oleic acid [141]. There have been breeding attempts mainly to increase oleic acid in soybean seed while keeping linolenic acid relatively low, due to respective human health impacts [141, 142]. Lastly, soluble sugar levels, specifically sucrose content, has also been an area of interest in soybean breeding [135]. While sucrose is the main sugar found in soybean, fructose and glucose are also present but in trace amounts [143]. Similar to protein content, multiple QTLs have been identified associated with high sucrose [144]. Sucrose is a desirable seed composition trait due to soy food flavor improvement for human consumption [144]. Overall, conventional breeding has been used to improve protein quality, oil content, and sucrose content in soybean seed.
\nWhile soybean does have numerous profitable seed traits, it also contains several unfavorable traits that include trypsin inhibitors (TIs), indigestible carbohydrates, and phytate [145, 146]. There are two trypsin inhibitors found in soybean, the Kunitz and Bowman-Birk trypsin inhibitor, and they are antinutritional factors due to their ability to interfere with protein digestibility and reduce the health of animals that are fed soybean meal containing these proteins [147, 148]. Currently, processors can heat the soybean meal in order to inactivate the trypsin inhibitors, but this step is costly [149]. Due to TIs negatively affecting animal health and increased cost for inactivation, more breeding efforts are being made to develop low-TI soybean lines [150]. Indigestible carbohydrates, raffinose and stachyose, that are found in soybean seed are also a target for soybean breeding since they can cause flatulence and diarrhea when consumed [144]. There has been progress made in lowering these carbohydrates, which include identifying QTLs associated with raffinose and stachyose [144]. Lastly, while phytate is an antinutritional factor found in soybean, there is not a lot of work being done anymore to breed low phytate soybean lines since phytase supplements are an effective, inexpensive way to reduce the phytate found in soybean meal [151].
\nGenetic engineering involves the process of artificially and intentionally manipulating the DNA of an organism with the purpose of modifying that organism [152]. Some of the methods used to transform plants include
Soybean is an essential crop that is grown globally due to its various and diverse uses. Given its importance, there are many pre-growing practices to prepare the field for the growing season, including tillage, pre-plant fertilization, and monitoring soil pH. Many agronomic aspects must be considered during growing season to ensure successful soybean growth including crop rotations, double cropping, cover crops, irrigation, row spacing, plant density, and post-emergence fertilization. Additionally, integrated pest management involving the use of pesticides, resistant soybean cultivars, and cultural practices are vital to control the numerous pests of soybean. While soybean is highly used in livestock feed due to its high protein content, it’s methionine deficiency and presence of antinutritional factors still present problems that need to be solved. Soybean versatility is represented by the many uses in human consumption, biofuels, and other industrial uses. Traditional and conventional breeders have been working to increase protein and oil content, while eliminating antinutritional factors. Genetic engineering and gene editing show promise to help improve soybean by introducing genes to improve protein and oil quality and knocking out genes to remove antinutritional factors.
\nThe authors would like to acknowledge Virginia Tech’s Open Access Subvention Fund for funding the publishing fee.
\nThe authors declare no conflict of interest.
One of the most common approaches for studying forecasting models is the Nonparametric functional regression method, which has been successfully applied in time series analysis. In this chapter, a new approach of power transformation is proposed to improve time series prediction when using functional nonparametric techniques. Although the nonparametric regression estimation under dependence is a useful tool for forecasting in time series [1], the functional and nonparametric approaches does not work well in certain circumstances.
Regarding the functional approach, The functional data (FD) analysis treats with the observations as a functions [2] without the need for fully parametric and non-parametric modeling conditions. In other words, FD analysis reduces the size of the data by clarifying the correlations between a large number of variables by a small number of factors or functions [3]. This transformation of the data structure into a linear combination of a few functions (curves) is equivalent to structural regression models. A number of useful semi-metrics families can be used to measure the proximities between the curves of the functional variables. One of these ways, for example, the Functional Principle Components Analysis (FPCA) [4, 5]. In some data sets with the time dependence of observations, FPCA may lead to weak estimates and that this problem may be exacerbated in some time series data sets especially those characterized by the presence of seasonal changes [6] (See also [7] who pointed out that the standard PCA may not be the suitable technique to apply when the data distribution is skewed or there are outliers).
As for the nonparametric approach to estimating kernel density functions (KDF) or predictions in regression and time series models, although this approach is a Distribution-Free method, the symmetricity of the data is an important issue in order to obtain efficient estimators [8, 9].
As for time series and the goal of improving forecastability, it is known that the time series data sets in practical applications are rarely adapted for statistical analysis due to their instability in variance, trend, and seasonal variations [10].
Based on the aforementioned requirements of importance that precede the analysis and inference in the functional nonparametric time series analysis, it can be said that the power transformation (PT) provide a novel corrective framework of the predictive modeling.
The rest of the chapter is organized as follows: The second section includes some explanations and clarifications of some traditional approaches of PT and their uses in KDF. In the third section, the authors present their proposal which contains a new approach for Transforming of KDS. Section four includes the algorithm for applying the proposed method. While the fifth section includes an applications of the proposed method to two temperature time series datasets. Finally, the sixth section included the conclusions and some future recommendations.
There is a long tradition of applying PT models in statistical applications. In 1952, Finney [11] used the PT model
to achieve a linear relationship with normality errors. In 1977, Tukey [13] describes an orderly way of re-expressing variables using the following model in order to preserve the order of the variable after the PT is used,
to make the relationship as close to a straight line as possible. As for the nonparametric estimates, many authors refer to the usefulness of PT in reducing the bias of KDF when the data is clearly skewed or heavy tailed [14], (For more details see, [15, 16, 17]).
Regarding the transformation parameter estimation issues, most transformation methodologies have a common analytical path, which is the choice of the PT model and proposing an algorithm for estimating the power parameters in parallel with the mechanisms of estimating traditional model parameters. As for the approach of transforming the probability density function (PDF) of all or some model variables before proposing an algorithm estimation, there are at least two common methodologies of data transformation. The first in chronological order is the Box Cox transformation (BCT) methodology of data transforming to normality of response variable in parametric multiple regression models [12]. The common decision rule for selecting power parameter estimator in this approach is the maximization of log likelihood function of the PDF of original data. In some cases, the Bayesian estimating method is used and many other methods included in the subject literature can also be used to choose the transformation parameter. The second methodology is proposed by Wand, Marron and Ruppert in 1991 [8] to transform the KDF to a symmetrical shape in density function. In this methodology, the decision rule for selecting optimal estimator of density power parameter is the minimization of the Mean Integrated Square Error (MISE) of KDF estimator. Both transformation ways are used the distribution approach of transformed data and therefor defining the original data distribution as a “back-transformed” of change-of-variable technique. Mathematically, in the case of the univariate random variable
While the second methodology [8], Wand, Marron, and Ruppert assumes the estimated KDF of the transformed variable
Such that the estimated KDF of the original variable
Where h is the bandwidth and the kernel K is a density. In brief terms, the first methodology aims in the parametric models to improve the efficiency of the statistical inference based on the data normality, and the second methodology aims to improve the kernel estimator at least on the basis of symmetrical data. And in the same context, the literatures recommend the use of transformations as long as they can improve interpretation of effect sizes between variables [13] or given the fact that model parameters are not easily interpreted in terms of the original response [14], (For more details, see [15, 16, 17].
Now, assuming that
Assume that the first and second derivatives of the function
Where:
and the minimized window width for any value of
and it contains less
Where,
The last two equations (Eqs. (10) and (11)) represent a measure of the transformation’s
By the same decision rules logic
Asymptotically, the optimal choice of
Where:
In other words, it can be said that the minimization of
Finally, the relationship between
Both error functions yield the same results, whether in terms of the original variable or of the transformed variable.
Unlike BCT methodology, which assumes that the original data is of unknown distribution, PTs’ in KDF estimation are used to shifted the random variables with a known distribution into symmetric shapes to obtain an efficient kernel density estimation. The statistical literature in nonparametric estimation suggested the use of MISE indicator as a decision rule for power parameter estimation for a number of distributions such as Lognormal [8, 18], gamma [8], Cauchy [9], Pareto [18] and heavy-tailed distributions [19, 20].
Now, similar to the BCT approach, the primary hypothesis of the new approach in this chapter is that the data do not have a definite distribution. We will use the power transformation to transform the data to a normal shape and use MISE as a decision rule to choose the optimal value of the power parameter. Later in the sections 4 and 5 we will use this approach in the functional nonparametric time series analysis.
Let us assume that we have the random variable
In our proposed approach, the assumption of the normality of the transformed data when the original data is of unknown distribution provides uncomplicated options for estimating the power parameter so that Eq. (14) can be used as the simplest alternative to Eq. (11). In our assumption, we have,
So, the square of the second derivative of Eq. (17) is,
By inserting the integration factor, we get,
Assume
and the second term of Eq. (19),
and the third term of Eq. (19),
by using the central moments equation of the real-valued random variable
Based on the moments equation,
Substitute the three parts defined by Eq. (20), Eq. (21) and (Eq. (22) into Eq. (19) get,
Eq. (25) is the end of the derivation. The optimal power parameter value is the one that minimizes the value of
For the univariate time series
represents the relationship between the smooth functional data
Where K is a kernel function and, h (depending on n) are a positive real bandwidth and
The application methodology includes estimating the smooth functional data
Step 1: Choosing the common range
Step 2: Calculate the value of
Step 3: Transform the original response variable
Step 4: Redefining the functional data of the regression model
and the response
Step 5: Defining the Eq. (28) and Eq. (29) in which
Step 6: Estimate the explanatory function regression
by using the Nadaraya–Watson regression estimator for functional data.
Step 7: Perform the steps 2 through 6 for all
Step 8: Choose the optimal value that corresponds to the lowest value of
Step 9: Calculate the estimator of mean square errors of the last curve
In all PT methodologies, the decision rule for choosing the optimal power parameter, always leads to what we might call the area of feasible solutions. For example, the argumentative question in BCT is: Does the optimal parameter that results from minimizing MLE method for the original response function achieve the normality of the transformed variable in practice? The authors believe that this problem is due to the nature of the data. In the proposed approach, the optimal power parameter that corresponds to the lowest
The PT models indicated in the proposed application algorithm have been applied to two examples of nonstationary time series of monthly temperature averages [21]. The first has a size of 200 observations of Nineveh City in Iraq (TSN) for the period 1976 to 2000 (Figure 1a). The second has a size of 300 observations of Tunisia (TST) of the period 1991 to 2015 (Figure 1b). R software was used to analyze the data. The data is available at https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org.
Plots of the monthly temperature averages series: (a) TSN; (b) TST [
Returning to the ideas of the of feasible solutions area, we must verify the results of choosing the optimal PT value according to the proposed density transformation approach and its contribution to achieving the analysis efficiency requirements: the concavity of
Mathematically,
The curves of the ordered pairs
The curves of the ordered pairs
In Figure 2, it can be seen that the curves of the two time series data sets using FT has a concavity point in the range
While when applying BCT, it becomes clear from Figure 3 that there is no point of concavity in the curves of
As for the normality of the transformed data, Table 1 shows for the two examples, that the response variable data in its original and transformed states are not normal. Both optimal values of
Time Series | Responses | p-value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
K-Smirnov | Sh.-Wilk | |||
TSN | 1.0 | 0.0002 | 8.5E–7 | |
−0.4 | 2.2E–16 | 2.8E–6 | ||
TST | 1.0 | 2.0E–8 | 5.0E–11 | |
−0.6 | 2.2E–16 | 5.9E–10 |
The data normality tests of the original and transformed responses in the two examples using FT model.
Time Series | Responses | ||
---|---|---|---|
TSN | 1.0 | 1.7616 | |
−0.4 | 0.9462 | ||
TST | 1.0 | 0.4303 | |
−0.6 | 0.1994 |
The MSE estimates of the last curve
In the analysis of parametric and non-parametric time series, like any statistical modeling process that requires the availability of certain conditions so that the results of statistical inference are reliable, which contributes to improving the forecastability.
Data is rarely ready for statistical analysis, which necessitates the use of power transformation to improve the required output. In this chapter, power transformation has been used with a new methodology to improve the outputs of the analysis with the following three directions: time series, nonparametric estimation and functional analysis. Therefore, the authors faced the challenge of choosing the optimal power parameter estimation method in accordance with the conditions of the feasible solutions area for the three directions. Using MISE as a criterion for choosing the power parameter in the proposed method did not achieve the normality of the data but it enhanced the forcasetibility of the time series.
By applying the FT and BCT models, the first was applicable and fulfilled the concavity condition for the transformation effect measurement function
In the future, we recommend developing the proposed methodology using other transformation models and looking into the possibility of using it in other shapes of time series.
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The contents in this chapter include: (1) structures and governing equations of SRM; (2) some commonly used SRM converters; (3) estimation of key parameters and performance evaluation of SRM drive; (4) commutation scheme, current control scheme, and speed control scheme of SRM drive; (5) some commonly used front-end converters and their operation controls for SRM drive; (6) reversible and regenerative braking operation controls for SRM drive; (7) some tuning issues for SRM drive; (8) operation control and some tuning issues of switched-reluctance generators; and (9) experimental application exploration for SRM systems—(a) wind generator and microgrid and (b) EV SRM drive.",book:{id:"8899",slug:"modelling-and-control-of-switched-reluctance-machines",title:"Modelling and Control of Switched Reluctance Machines",fullTitle:"Modelling and Control of Switched Reluctance Machines"},signatures:"Chang-Ming Liaw, Min-Ze Lu, Ping-Hong Jhou and Kuan-Yu Chou",authors:[{id:"37616",title:"Prof.",name:"Chang-Ming",middleName:null,surname:"Liaw",slug:"chang-ming-liaw",fullName:"Chang-Ming Liaw"},{id:"306461",title:"Mr.",name:"Min-Ze",middleName:null,surname:"Lu",slug:"min-ze-lu",fullName:"Min-Ze Lu"},{id:"306463",title:"Mr.",name:"Ping-Hong",middleName:null,surname:"Jhou",slug:"ping-hong-jhou",fullName:"Ping-Hong Jhou"},{id:"306464",title:"Mr.",name:"Kuan-Yu",middleName:null,surname:"Chou",slug:"kuan-yu-chou",fullName:"Kuan-Yu Chou"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"83003",title:"Rheology of Heavy Oils",slug:"rheology-of-heavy-oils",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105666",abstract:"The problems of heavy oil rheology, accompanied by physical phenomena of the formation and destruction of coagulation disordered structures and aggregates as a result of the hydrodynamic interaction of particles (asphaltenes, paraffins, resins, and solid-phase particles) contained in the oil, which significantly affect its properties and flow, are considered and analyzed. Rheological models of viscous-plastic heavy oils are considered and developed, consistent with a variety of experimental data. New rheological models for viscous-plastic heavy oils are proposed, which make it possible to generalize many existing models. It is noted that the variety of rheological models for heavy oils is determined by the conditions for the formation of disordered structures in the bulk of the oil flow. For heavy oils, a nonlinear equation for filtration in porous media is proposed, depending on the shear stress, pressure gradient, effective viscosity of the oil, and a number of other parameters. An analytical solution to this equation is proposed, which is consistent with the experimental data. Models for the settling rate and drag coefficient of particles in heavy oils are proposed. 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The effect of reaction conditions and approaches such as doping, codoping, composites, temperature, pH, precursor type, surface area, and morphology on surface defects and optical band-gap energy of TBP nanomaterial was highlighted. Importantly, the impact of surface defects and optical band-gap energy of TBP on its photocatalytic activities was discussed. Finally, how to enhance the degradation efficiency of TBP was proposed.",book:{id:"11469",title:"Recent Advances in Perovskite Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11469.jpg"},signatures:"Izunna Stanislaus Okeke, Priscilla Yahemba Aondona, Amoge Chidinma Ogu, Eugene Echeweozo and Fabian Ifeanyichukwu Ezema"},{id:"82718",title:"Refractories for the Cast Iron Melting",slug:"refractories-for-the-cast-iron-melting",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105973",abstract:"Refractory is a very important component in economically successful melting of cast iron. Refractory is used to line the furnace or any other vessel used for melting or holding of the molten metal. This chapter has discussed the different type of furnaces used for the melting of cast iron, the special features of those furnaces and the operational parameters of those furnaces with special emphasis on the coreless induction furnace, which is most commonly used. 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A quasi-random lens and a mask containing a quasi-random array of pinholes were manufactured using electron beam lithography and photolithography, respectively, for I-COACH. In both cases, the compactification has been achieved without sacrificing the performances. The design, fabrication, and experiments of FINCH and I-COACH with static diffractive optical elements are presented in details.",book:{id:"11860",title:"Holography - Recent Advances and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11860.jpg"},signatures:"Vijayakumar Anand, Soon Hock Ng, Tomas Katkus, Daniel Smith, Vinoth Balasubramani, Denver P. Linklater, Pierre J. Magistretti, Christian Depeursinge, Elena P. 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This algorithm is applied to 13 commonly used global numerical optimization test functions, including a spherical, three hyper-ellipsoid, the sum of different powers, Rastrigin’s, Schwefel’s, Griewank’s, Rosenbrock’s valley, Styblinski-Tang, Ackley’s Path, Price-Rosenbrock, and Eggholder’s functions. This algorithm is applied 1000 times to each of the 13 test functions, and the results shows that this algorithm always converges to each of the 13 test function’s global minimum.",book:{id:"11555",title:"Ubiquitous and Pervasive Computing - New Trends and Opportunities",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11555.jpg"},signatures:"Peter Stubberud"},{id:"82986",title:"Interferometric Gravitational Wave Detectors",slug:"interferometric-gravitational-wave-detectors",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106417",abstract:"The existence of gravitational waves is an important proof of Einstein’s theory of general relativity and took 100 years to be achieved using optical interferometry. This work describes how such a detector works and how it can change the way of seeing the Universe. Kilometers size laser interferometers are being built around the world in the way to make gravitational astronomy; detectors already built in the United States, Italy, and Japan will join efforts with detectors built in Japan and India and provide humanity with the means to see gravitational interactions of black holes and neutron star. Interactions, without these detectors, will be forever out of our sight.",book:{id:"11156",title:"Optical Interferometry - A Multidisciplinary Technique in Science and Engineering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11156.jpg"},signatures:"Carlos Frajuca"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:792},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. 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Editor-in-chief of the journal in the field of aesthetic medicine and dermatology - Aesthetica.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",slug:"alexandros-tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"lulu-wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",slug:"reda-r.-gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. 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He completed a one-year Post-Doctoral Fellowship awarded by the DFAIT (Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada) at the Institute of Biomedical Engineering of the University of New Brunswick (Canada) in 2010. Currently, he is Professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (UFU). He has authored and co-authored more than 200 peer-reviewed publications in Biomedical Engineering. He has been a researcher of The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq-Brazil) since 2009. He has served as an ad-hoc consultant for CNPq, CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), FINEP (Brazilian Innovation Agency), and other funding bodies on several occasions. He was the Secretary of the Brazilian Society of Biomedical Engineering (SBEB) from 2015 to 2016, President of SBEB (2017-2018) and Vice-President of SBEB (2019-2020). He was the head of the undergraduate program in Biomedical Engineering of the Federal University of Uberlândia (2015 - June/2019) and the head of the Centre for Innovation and Technology Assessment in Health (NIATS/UFU) since 2010. He is the head of the Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering (UFU, July/2019 - to date). He was the secretary of the Parkinson's Disease Association of Uberlândia (2018-2019). Dr. Andrade's primary area of research is focused towards getting information from the neuromuscular system to understand its strategies of organization, adaptation and controlling in the context of motor neuron diseases. 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Dr. Villarreal is the editor in chief and founder of the Revista de Ciencias Tecnológicas (RECIT) (https://recit.uabc.mx/) and is a member of several editorial and reviewer boards for numerous international journals. He has published more than thirty international papers and reviewed more than ninety-two manuscripts. 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He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. 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We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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