\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"2034",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Brain Injury - Functional Aspects, Rehabilitation and Prevention",title:"Brain Injury",subtitle:"Functional Aspects, Rehabilitation and Prevention",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:'The present two volume book "Brain Injury" is distinctive in its presentation and includes a wealth of updated information on many aspects in the field of brain injury. 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Zhang",authors:[{id:"50443",title:"Prof.",name:"Jiachang",middleName:null,surname:"Yue",fullName:"Jiachang Yue",slug:"jiachang-yue"},{id:"61166",title:"Prof.",name:"Yao-Gen",middleName:null,surname:"Shu",fullName:"Yao-Gen Shu",slug:"yao-gen-shu"},{id:"61167",title:"Dr.",name:"Pei-Rong",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Pei-Rong Wang",slug:"pei-rong-wang"},{id:"61168",title:"Dr.",name:"Xu",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Xu Zhang",slug:"xu-zhang"}]},{id:"23623",title:"PLGA-Alendronate Conjugate as a New Biomaterial to Produce Osteotropic Drug Nanocarriers",slug:"plga-alendronate-conjugate-as-a-new-biomaterial-to-produce-osteotropic-drug-nanocarriers",signatures:"Rosario Pignatello",authors:[{id:"64447",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosario",middleName:null,surname:"Pignatello",fullName:"Rosario Pignatello",slug:"rosario-pignatello"}]},{id:"23624",title:"Complete Healing of Severe Experimental Osseous Infections Using a Calcium-Deficient Apatite as a Drug-Delivery System",slug:"complete-healing-of-severe-experimental-osseous-infections-using-a-calcium-deficient-apatite-as-a-dr",signatures:"G. Amador Del Valle, H. Gautier, A. Gaudin, V. Le Mabecque, A.F. Miegeville, J.M. Bouler, J. Caillon, P. Weiss, G. Potel and C. 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Lee",slug:"don-ching-lee"}]},{id:"23626",title:"Transfection of Bone Cells In Vivo Using HA-Ceramic Particles - Histological Study",slug:"transfection-of-bone-cells-in-vivo-using-ha-ceramic-particles-histological-study",signatures:"Patrick Frayssinet and Nicole Rouquet",authors:[{id:"50905",title:"Dr.",name:"Patrick",middleName:null,surname:"Frayssinet",fullName:"Patrick Frayssinet",slug:"patrick-frayssinet"},{id:"60751",title:"Prof.",name:"Nicole",middleName:null,surname:"Rouquet",fullName:"Nicole Rouquet",slug:"nicole-rouquet"}]},{id:"23627",title:"Magnetite Nanoparticles for Cell Lysis Implanted Into Bone - Histological and TEM Study",slug:"magnetite-nanoparticles-for-cell-lysis-implanted-into-bone-histological-and-tem-study",signatures:"Patrick Frayssinet, Didier Mathon, Marylène Combacau and Nicole Rouquet",authors:[{id:"50905",title:"Dr.",name:"Patrick",middleName:null,surname:"Frayssinet",fullName:"Patrick Frayssinet",slug:"patrick-frayssinet"},{id:"60751",title:"Prof.",name:"Nicole",middleName:null,surname:"Rouquet",fullName:"Nicole Rouquet",slug:"nicole-rouquet"},{id:"60749",title:"Mrs.",name:"Marylène",middleName:null,surname:"Combacau",fullName:"Marylène Combacau",slug:"marylene-combacau"},{id:"60750",title:"Dr.",name:"Didier",middleName:null,surname:"Mathon",fullName:"Didier Mathon",slug:"didier-mathon"}]},{id:"23628",title:"Polysaccharides as Excipients for Ocular Topical Formulations",slug:"polysaccharides-as-excipients-for-ocular-topical-formulations",signatures:"Ylenia Zambito and Giacomo Di Colo",authors:[{id:"57344",title:"Dr.",name:"Ylenia",middleName:null,surname:"Zambito",fullName:"Ylenia Zambito",slug:"ylenia-zambito"},{id:"61639",title:"Prof.",name:"Giacomo",middleName:null,surname:"Di Colo",fullName:"Giacomo Di Colo",slug:"giacomo-di-colo"}]},{id:"23629",title:"Nacre, a Natural Biomaterial",slug:"nacre-a-natural-biomaterial",signatures:"Marthe Rousseau",authors:[{id:"50051",title:"Dr.",name:"Marthe",middleName:null,surname:"Rousseau",fullName:"Marthe Rousseau",slug:"marthe-rousseau"}]},{id:"23630",title:"Alumina and Zirconia Ceramic for Orthopaedic and Dental Devices",slug:"alumina-and-zirconia-ceramic-for-orthopaedic-and-dental-devices",signatures:"Giulio Maccauro, Pierfrancesco Rossi Iommetti, Luca Raffaelli and Paolo Francesco Manicone",authors:[{id:"38492",title:"Dr.",name:"Giulio",middleName:null,surname:"Maccauro",fullName:"Giulio Maccauro",slug:"giulio-maccauro"},{id:"54410",title:"Dr.",name:"Luca",middleName:null,surname:"Raffaelli",fullName:"Luca Raffaelli",slug:"luca-raffaelli"},{id:"61257",title:"Dr.",name:"Pierfrancesco",middleName:null,surname:"Rossi Iommeytti",fullName:"Pierfrancesco Rossi Iommeytti",slug:"pierfrancesco-rossi-iommeytti"},{id:"61258",title:"Dr.",name:"Paolo Francesco",middleName:null,surname:"Manicone",fullName:"Paolo Francesco Manicone",slug:"paolo-francesco-manicone"},{id:"61259",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Silvia",middleName:null,surname:"Spinelli",fullName:"Maria Silvia Spinelli",slug:"maria-silvia-spinelli"},{id:"61260",title:"Dr.",name:"Calogero",middleName:null,surname:"Graci",fullName:"Calogero Graci",slug:"calogero-graci"}]},{id:"23631",title:"Natural-Based Polyurethane Biomaterials for Medical Applications",slug:"natural-based-polyurethane-biomaterials-for-medical-applications",signatures:"Doina Macocinschi, Daniela Filip and Stelian Vlad",authors:[{id:"56189",title:"Dr.",name:"Doina",middleName:null,surname:"Macocinschi",fullName:"Doina Macocinschi",slug:"doina-macocinschi"},{id:"59259",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniela",middleName:null,surname:"Filip",fullName:"Daniela Filip",slug:"daniela-filip"},{id:"59260",title:"Dr.",name:"Stelian",middleName:null,surname:"Vlad",fullName:"Stelian Vlad",slug:"stelian-vlad"}]},{id:"23632",title:"Collagen-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Tissue Engineering",slug:"collagen-based-drug-delivery-systems-for-tissue-engineering",signatures:"Mădălina Georgiana Albu, Irina Titorencu and Mihaela Violeta Ghica",authors:[{id:"50060",title:"Dr.",name:"Madalina Georgiana",middleName:null,surname:"Albu",fullName:"Madalina Georgiana Albu",slug:"madalina-georgiana-albu"},{id:"56578",title:"Dr.",name:"Irina",middleName:null,surname:"Titorencu",fullName:"Irina Titorencu",slug:"irina-titorencu"},{id:"56579",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihaela Violeta",middleName:null,surname:"Ghica",fullName:"Mihaela Violeta Ghica",slug:"mihaela-violeta-ghica"}]},{id:"23633",title:"The Use of Biomaterials to Treat Abdominal Hernias",slug:"the-use-of-biomaterials-to-treat-abdominal-hernias",signatures:"Luciano Zogbi",authors:[{id:"56634",title:"Dr.",name:"Luciano",middleName:null,surname:"Zogbi",fullName:"Luciano Zogbi",slug:"luciano-zogbi"}]},{id:"23634",title:"Biopolymers as Wound Healing Materials: Challenges and New Strategies",slug:"biopolymers-as-wound-healing-materials-challenges-and-new-strategies",signatures:"Ali Demir Sezer and Erdal Cevher",authors:[{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer"},{id:"129634",title:"Prof.",name:"Erdal",middleName:null,surname:"Cevher",fullName:"Erdal Cevher",slug:"erdal-cevher"}]},{id:"23635",title:"Cellular Systems and Biomaterials for Nerve Regeneration in Neurotmesis Injuries",slug:"cellular-systems-and-biomaterials-for-nerve-regeneration-in-neurotmesis-injuries",signatures:"Ana Colette Maurício, Andrea Gärtner, Paulo Armada-da-Silva, Sandra Amado, Tiago Pereira, António Prieto Veloso, Artur Varejão, Ana Lúcia Luís and Stefano Geuna",authors:[{id:"48118",title:"Prof.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"Geuna",fullName:"Stefano Geuna",slug:"stefano-geuna"},{id:"56285",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Colette",middleName:null,surname:"Maurício",fullName:"Ana Colette 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Vaccines",slug:"extracellular-matrix-adjuvant-for-vaccines",signatures:"Mark A. Suckow, Rae Ritchie and Amy Overby",authors:[{id:"56475",title:"Dr.",name:"Mark",middleName:null,surname:"Suckow",fullName:"Mark Suckow",slug:"mark-suckow"},{id:"56502",title:"Dr.",name:"Rae",middleName:null,surname:"Ritchie",fullName:"Rae Ritchie",slug:"rae-ritchie"},{id:"56503",title:"Ms",name:"Amy",middleName:null,surname:"Overby",fullName:"Amy Overby",slug:"amy-overby"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7727",title:"Biotechnology and Bioengineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1e6603fadccf154db3bc2b7a1e473121",slug:"biotechnology-and-bioengineering",bookSignature:"Eduardo Jacob -Lopes and Leila Queiroz Zepka",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7727.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"171980",title:"Dr.",name:"Eduardo",surname:"Jacob-Lopes",slug:"eduardo-jacob-lopes",fullName:"Eduardo Jacob-Lopes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"395",title:"Biomaterials",subtitle:"Physics and Chemistry",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"41507bb56706aec99bb59a645585d54e",slug:"biomaterials-physics-and-chemistry",bookSignature:"Rosario Pignatello",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/395.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64447",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosario",surname:"Pignatello",slug:"rosario-pignatello",fullName:"Rosario Pignatello"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1486",title:"Biomaterials Science and Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"38aeff8880e6259e624707abda269b0f",slug:"biomaterials-science-and-engineering",bookSignature:"Rosario Pignatello",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1486.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64447",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosario",surname:"Pignatello",slug:"rosario-pignatello",fullName:"Rosario Pignatello"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1487",title:"Biomaterials",subtitle:"Applications for Nanomedicine",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"696e143e9bcc2385c45795c2d73cdafc",slug:"biomaterials-applications-for-nanomedicine",bookSignature:"Rosario Pignatello",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1487.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64447",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosario",surname:"Pignatello",slug:"rosario-pignatello",fullName:"Rosario Pignatello"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6280",title:"Biomaterials",subtitle:"Physics and Chemistry - New Edition",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d45002a20a9496ff80f5c0166d9be33",slug:"biomaterials-physics-and-chemistry-new-edition",bookSignature:"Rosario Pignatello and Teresa Musumeci",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6280.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64447",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosario",surname:"Pignatello",slug:"rosario-pignatello",fullName:"Rosario Pignatello"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"395",title:"Biomaterials",subtitle:"Physics and Chemistry",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"41507bb56706aec99bb59a645585d54e",slug:"biomaterials-physics-and-chemistry",bookSignature:"Rosario Pignatello",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/395.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64447",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosario",surname:"Pignatello",slug:"rosario-pignatello",fullName:"Rosario Pignatello"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"76905",title:"Special Cases in Cataract Surgery",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98260",slug:"special-cases-in-cataract-surgery",body:'With continuous advancements in technology, emergence of new equipment, and introduction of new types of intraocular lens (IOL) for cataract surgery, the latter has entered the era of refractive surgery. Simultaneously, the advent of a variety of functional IOLs [1] can enable patients to achieve functional vision recovery after cataract surgery. The individualized eye conditions of the patient and the unpredictable special conditions that occur during and after surgery should be considered by every cataract surgeon. Based on our clinical experience, the following are a few questions for readers to contemplate: (1) After the occurrence of posterior capsule circular capsulorhexis and posterior capsular rupture, can high-end IOLs be safely implanted? (2) For cataract patients with obvious decentered ablation after laser-assisted in-situ keratomileusis (LASIK), is high-end IOL implantation suitable during phacoemulsification? (3) How can we deal with capsular shrinkage syndrome after cataract surgery in patients with retinitis pigmentosa and high myopia?
In the following chapters, we will specifically report the three aforementioned situations in combination with actual cases, for providing readers with valuable clinical references.
A 25-year-old male patient was admitted to the hospital for a complaint of blurred vision in the right eye since childhood, which had gradually aggravated and was accompanied by photophobia for 2 years. The patient had refractive errors bilaterally and amblyopia in his right eye and had worn glasses for many years. The eye examination revealed that the right eye had a visual acuity of 0.25, which could not be corrected; the left eye had a visual acuity of 0.1, wherein optometry showed (−2.50 D), and it was corrected to 1.0; the binocular intraocular pressure was normal. The right eye lens was disc-shaped, irregular porcelain, with white opacity seen in the posterior pole, and the left eye lens was transparent (Figure 1). The corneal endothelial cell count of the right eye was 2479.9 cells/mm2; No abnormality was evident in the optical coherence tomography (OCT) examination of the macular area. His condition was diagnosed as a posterior polar cataract of the right eye, amblyopia in the right eye, and refractive error in the left eye.
Slit-lamp photography after mydriasis of the surgical eye shows that the posterior capsule is opaque, dense, and organized (A, B). Pentacam examination after mydriasis shows that the posterior capsule is opaque and demonstrates high reflective brightness, with a high brightness value (C red box); there is 1.4 D@93° regular corneal astigmatism at 15° of the center of the anterior surface of the cornea under the measurement of the natural pupil (D red box).
The patient was only 25 years old and had certain requirements for a full range of vision; however, the right eye of the patient had a posterior polar cataract. Based on the results of Pentacam, the posterior capsule was very likely to be severely organized or incomplete, and the patient had amblyopia in the right eye. Therefore, before the operation, the patient was informed about the surgical procedure such that the patient fully understood that the posterior capsule might be organized, opaque, or incomplete during the operation, and it would be necessary to perform posterior capsule continuous circular capsulorhexis. If the capsulorhexis was successful, then a trifocal IOL could be implanted. Otherwise, a prepared three-piece single-focus IOL would be implanted. Even if the trifocal IOL was successfully implanted, the postoperative far, medium, and near visions would not reach the normal level due to amblyopia and would need to be corrected by wearing glasses. With the patient’s full understanding, the right eye cataract phacoemulsification and trifocal IOL implantation was performed on March 31, 2020. Before the operation, the 0-180° axial position was marked in the surgical eye in the sitting position. After routine disinfection and draping during the operation, the Placido disc marked the meridian position of the steep axis of corneal astigmatism at the 93° and 273° axial positions of the surgical eye; a 3.0-mm skeratome was then used to make a symmetric incision at the corneal limbus of the steep axis of the cornea, and 5.5-mm continuous circular capsulorhexis and hydrodelineation were performed. Phacoemulsification was used to aspirate and remove the nucleus and cortex. The posterior capsule was not found to be incomplete; however, the thick white mass of the opaque, organized tissue attached to the upper center of the posterior capsule could not be polished or aspirated. The viscoelastic agent was injected into the anterior chamber, and a 1-mL syringe needle was used to remove the opaque, organized tissue that adhered to the posterior capsule. Subsequently, a posterior capsule continuous circular capsulorhexis of approximately 4.0 mm was successfully performed, and while a +19.0 D trifocal IOL (AT LISA tri 839mp, Zeiss) was implanted in the capsular bag, during which the IOL was rapidly unfolded. It was found that the posterior capsule annular capsulorhexis opening had partial dehiscence at approximately the 8 o’ clock position; however, no vitreous was observed. The IOL was rotated to make its long axis perpendicular to the angle of the posterior capsule dehiscence such that the IOL was centered in the capsular bag, the residual viscoelastic agent in the anterior chamber was aspirated, and the stability and centering of the IOL were verified again. The incision was watertight and the IOL position was observed to ensure that it was centered, and the operation was complete (Figure 2).
According to the preoperative corneal astigmatism of the patient, a 3.0-mm-wide symmetric transparent corneal incision was made on the steep axis of the cornea to relieve corneal astigmatism (A, blue arrow). After the nucleus and cortex were aspirated, the thick white mass of opaque and organized tissue attached to the upper center of the posterior capsule could not be polished or aspirated (B, blue arrow). A 1-mL syringe needle was used to remove the opaque and organized tissues that adhered to the posterior capsule (C, blue arrow and the blue circular area). After the completion of the continuous circular capsulorhexis of the posterior capsule, there were manifestations of the irregular capsulorhexis opening at nearly the 8 o’ clock position, which was a hidden danger for the subsequent occurrence of posterior capsular rupture at this location (D, yellow arrow); the plate-type trifocal intraocular lens (IOL) was rapidly unfolded during implantation, and pressure was applied to the weak part at nearly the 8 o’ clock position of the posterior capsular opening to cause rupture (E, green arrow); finally, the long axis of the IOL was placed in the direction perpendicular to the posterior capsular dehiscence angle, the IOL was stable and centered, and, simultaneously, the dehiscence site of the posterior capsulorhexis opening and the opaque and organized site in Figure D corresponded to each other (F, red arrow).
The uncorrected visual acuity of the right eye was (far vision 0.4, medium vision 0.4 near vision 0.63) at 1 day after operation, (far vision 0.5, medium vision 0.5, near vision 0.63) at 1 week after operation, and (far vision 0.5, medium vision 0.5, near vision 0.63) at 42 days after operation, and (far vision 0.5, medium vision 0.5, near vision 0.63), optometry showing −0.75DCX138°, which was corrected to +0.5 at 7 months after operation. At this time, the IOL position was stable and centered as revealed in reexamination (Figure 3). There were no manifestations of anisometropia or complaints of obvious glare, halo, and other adverse visual phenomena in the postoperative reexaminations at various stages.
Pentacam examination performed again at 7 months after surgery shows that the anterior surface corneal astigmatism changed from 1.4 D@93° before surgery to 0.9 D@59° (A, red frame and green frame); Slit-lamp retroillumination imaging showing that the intraocular lens was centered and stable, the dehiscence of the posterior capsular opening at the 8 o’ clock position did not change significantly compared to the intraoperative status (B, red arrow); Pentacam tomography showing that the posterior capsule signal at the 8 o’ clock position is discontinuous and no contralateral signal is observed, indicating the direction of posterior capsule dehiscence (C, green box and red arrow); Pentacam tomography scan showing that the posterior capsule is incomplete in the direction of nearly the 6 o’ clock position; however, the signal of the margin of the posterior capsule is visible and symmetrical (D, green box and yellow arrow).
In this study, a patient with amblyopia and a monocular posterior polar cataract in the right eye was analyzed. The with-the-rule corneal astigmatism (around 1.4D) was partially corrected by using a steep-axis clear corneal symmetric incision during the operation. Considering the potential influence of the densely opaque and organized tissue in the visual axis of posterior capsule, a posterior capsule continuous circular capsulorhexis was successfully performed during the surgery, and a trifocal IOL was implanted in the capsular bag. However, when the trifocal IOL was implanted as the hydrophilic acrylic IOL was unfolded rapidly, it caused pressure on the weak posterior capsule circular capsulorhexis opening, and the dehiscence of posterior capsulorhexis opening occurred. As the posterior capsule and anterior hyaloid membrane were separated with a viscoelastic agent in advance, there was no vitreous overflow. By rotating the position of the IOL, the long axis of the IOL was perpendicular to the direction of the dehiscence of posterior capsulorhexis opening and the four corner loops of the plate-type IOL provided support in the capsular bag, thus ensuring its centering and stability. Although the patient had amblyopia and large astigmatism in the surgical eye, he received full explaination before the operation to ensure his recognition and understanding. The postoperative corneal astigmatism was controlled within 1.0 D, and the far, medium, and near visions were greatly improved compared to those before the operation; the postoperative patient satisfaction was quite high. In 2018, Srinivasaraghavan et al. reported a case of successful implantation of a functional IOL in the capsular bag after a posterior capsule rupture in a traumatic cataract patient, which provided a certain reference basis for this study [2].
The choice of the trifocal IOL for this case is mainly based on the following considerations: (1) Young patients have a high demand for a full range of vision; (2) Although the patient’s cornea had 1.4 D with-the-rule astigmatism, studies have shown that after the production of a symmetric transparent corneal incision on the steep axis of the cornea, a 2.8–3.5 mm clear corneal incision could correct 1.00-2.06 D of astigmatism [3, 4, 5]. Based on the surgeon’s previous surgical experience, it was considered that astigmatism could be reduced to less than 1.0 D through the symmetric incision on the steep axis of the cornea. Simultaneously, according to the correction analysis of the astigmatism IOL using the Baylor nomogram, it was not necessary to correct with-the-rule astigmatism of less than 1.69 D, which also provided the basis for the implantation of the trifocal IOL in this study [6]; (3) Except for the posterior polar cataract, no organic abnormality was evident in the patient’s surgical eye examination. However, through a retrospective analysis of the patient’s medical history and various examinations, he was diagnosed as amblyopia, and it was expected that although the postoperative visual acuity could not reach normal, it would be greatly improved compared with the preoperative visual acuity, and the full range of visual acuity could be achieved; therefore, the final choice was to implant a trifocal IOL.
Posterior polar cataract surgery is highly challenging and unpredictable, because the specific conditions of the posterior capsule must always be considered during the operation; only hydrodelineation, without hydrodissection, is performed during the operation, and the anterior chamber must be maintained stable at all times to avoid causing excessive tension on the posterior capsule and thus resulting in posterior capsule rupture [7, 8, 9]. Although the posterior capsule of this patient was intact during the operation, its opacity was located in the visual axis, which seriously affected the visual quality after IOL implantation. Therefore, the posterior capsule was subjected to continuous circular capsulorhexis during the operation [9]. When a trifocal IOL was implanted, it was unfolded quickly and caused great tension on the posterior capsulorhexis opening, leading to dehiscence of the posterior capsulorhexis opening. The location of the dehiscence of the posterior capsular was the same as the site where the capsulorhexis crossed over the opacity of the posterior capsule. Considering that the tension resistance of the capsule here was weaker than that of the normal posterior capsule, dehiscence occurred under the state of uneven tension when the IOL was unfolded after implantation. This also suggests that we should try to tear off the opacity part as far as possible during the posterior capsule capsulorhexis to ensure even and consistent tension resistance of the capsular opening.
After the intraoperative implantation of a trifocal IOL, the dehiscence of posterior capsulorhexis opening occurred beyond our expectation. We must weigh the pros and cons according to the specific situation. If the trifocal IOL could not be stably implanted in the capsular bag or if there was a large amount of vitreous overflow, then we would choose to implant a single focal three-piece IOL in the ciliary sulcus, and the optical part was captured in the anterior capsulorhexis opening of less than 6 mm, which could prevent the eccentricity and tilt of the IOL that might occur after surgery and keep its stability [10]. The surgeon assessed that although the posterior capsular capsulorhexis dehiscence occurred during the intraoperative trifocal IOL implantation in this patient, the anterior vitreous membrane was well protected in the early stage and there was no vitreous overflow; therefore, the long axis of trifocal IOL was rotated to the direction perpendicular to the direction of dehiscence, which reduced further pulling of the IOL on the capsulorhexis opening of dehiscence and allowed it to be stable and centered in the capsular bag.
Although this study did not involve a follow-up for 1 year or longer after surgery, the long-term stability of the trifocal IOL remained to be observed; however, this study emphasizes that for posterior capsular continuous circular capsulorhexis in posterior polar cataract surgery or a small range of posterior capsular rupture in common cataract surgery followed by posterior capsular continuous circular capsulorhexis, in circumstances where there is no vitreous overflow, the surgeon can evaluate whether it is feasible to implant the trifocal IOL in the capsular bag according to the actual intraoperative situation and expand the relative indications for trifocal IOL surgery.
A 51-year-old male patient underwent LASIK surgery 23 years ago due to high myopia in both eyes. According to the patient’s recollection, the best postoperative visual acuity in his eyes was 0.5 in the right eye and 0.6 in the left eye. On May 20, 2019, the patient presented with high myopia and cataract in both eyes, binocular visions: right eye 0.08, left eye 0.12; optometry: right eye −14.50DS = 0.3, left eye −13.50DS/−0.75 DC*50° = 0.3. The fundus photos and OCT scanning of both eyes showed high myopic retinal changes (Figure 4).
Fundus photography and OCT examination showing high myopic changes in the fundus of both eyes.
The corneal topography examination showed obvious decentered ablation (Figure 5), and the right eye’s total corneal astigmatism was 1.3 D, total corneal spherical aberration (SA) was 0.532 μm, total corneal irregular astigmatism was 1.615 μm, and angle kappa was 0.79 mm. The left eye’s total corneal astigmatism was 2.4 D, total corneal SA was 1.259 μm, and total corneal irregular astigmatism was 1.373 μm. The above indicators were significantly beyond the scope of application of the trifocal IOL recommended by the Expert Consensus on The Clinical Application of Multifocal IOLs in China (2019): estimated postoperative total corneal astigmatism ≤ 0.75 D, preoperative total corneal spherical aberration (SA) ≤ 0.3 μm, total corneal irregular astigmatism ≤ 0.3 to 0.5 μm, angle kappa ≤ 0.5 mm, or less than half of the diameter of the central refractive optical zone of the IOL.
Binocular Pentacam examination showing decentered ablation in both eyes.
Given the actual situation of the patient, we conducted in-depth communication with the patient and recommended that the patient should receive an implant of a single-focus IOL to avoid evident symptoms of visual discomfort after the operation. However, the patient had a strong willing of not wearing eyeglasses after surgry; therefore, he still wanted to apply trifocal IOL to achieve full range of vision after surgery. Even in the event of maladaptation, he was willing to replace the IOL with another operation.
Finally, it was decided to perform phacoemulsification combined with trifocal IOL implantation on the right eye, which had relatively good corneal conditions. In this case, a multi-formula average method from the American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery (ASCRS) website was used for IOL power calculation to improve the accuracy. Because the patient’s right eye corneal astigmatism was 1.3D, we used a 3.0-mm symmetrical and clear corneal incision on the 101.9° meridian of the steep axis of the cornea to partially correct the corneal astigmatism. Subsequently, continuous circular capsulorhexis with a diameter of approximately 5.5 mm was performed during the operation, and the phacoemulsification was completed using the Stellaris (Bausch +Lomb Laboratories, USA) system. After aspirating cortex, the anterior and posterior capsules were thoroughly polished, and +10.0 D (IOL degrees of both eyes are selected according to the ASCRS IOL Calculator for Eyes with Prior Myopic LASIK/PRK online calculation formula) Zeiss trifocal IOL (AT LISA tri839MP) was implanted; no complications occurred during the operation.
Visual acuity on the second day of right eye was as follows: far vision 0.4, medium vision 0.63, near vision 0.63; optometry showed that the far vision was −0.5 DS/−0.75 DC*105°=0.5 and intraocular pressure was 15 mmHg; slit-lamp examination showed that the cornea was transparent and clear, and the clear corneal incision was well closed; the pupil was sensitive to light, and the IOL was well-centered (Figure 6). The Pentacam examination of the right eye showed that the corneal incision was well closed, and the patient was highly satisfied and did not complain of any visual disturbance or discomfort.
A right-eye slit-lamp photograph taken on May 24, 2019, showing the trifocal intraocular lens (IOL) is well centered, and the center of the diffraction ring is quite close to the center of the pupil (Panel A). Simultaneously, Pentacam in the right eye shows that the corneal incision is well closed (red arrow in Panel B).
Given the more obvious decentered ablation of the left cornea, greater corneal astigmatism, and greater total corneal SA and total corneal irregular astigmatism (Figure 5), we communicated with the patient repeatedly to inform about the possible obvious visual disturbance and discomfort after surgery. After the patient’s approval to use the ZEISS trifocal IOL, we used the same method to perform left eye phacoemulsification combined with +9.5 D Zeiss trifocal IOL implantation for the patient on May 28, 2019. There were no complications during the operation.
On May 29, 2019, a re-examination showed that the right eye had a far vision of 0.5, medium vision of 0.63, and near vision of 0.63, and the left eye had a far vision of 0.5, medium vision of 0.5, and near vision of 0.5. Optometry showed that the right eye had −0.75 DC*107°=0.5 and the left eye had −0.25 DS/−0.5 DC*135°=0.5. The intraocular pressure was 14 mmHg in the right eye and 16 mmHg in the left eye. Slit-lamp examination showed that the cornea of both eyes was transparent and clear, the clear corneal incision was well closed, the pupils were sensitive to light, and the IOL was well-centered (Figure 7). On June 05, 2019, the results of Pentacam examination performed again on both eyes showed that the corneal incision was well closed, the corneal astigmatism in both eyes was reduced compared with that before the operation, and the total corneal SA and total corneal irregular astigmatism were both reduced compared with those before the operation. The patient was highly satisfied, which was a completely unexpected outcome (Figure 8).
A binocular slit-lamp photograph taken on May 29, 2019, showing that the trifocal intraocular lens (IOL) is well centered, and the center of the diffraction ring is quite close to the center of the pupil.
A binocular Pentacam image taken on June 05, 2019, showing that corneal astigmatism, total corneal spherical aberration (SA), and total corneal irregular astigmatism are all reduced compared with those before surgery.
Since 1990s, corneal refractive surgery has been widely performed for refractive correction in millions of younger patients. As they grew older for cataract surgery, they are still willing to acquire better visual quality and freedom from glasses [11]. Some of previous studies have demonstrated that multifocal IOL implantation could be a safe and efficient way for patients with previous corneal refractive surgery [12, 13, 14, 15]. However, due to the uncertainty in IOL power calculation and the potential side effects such as glare, halo or other visual acuity problems, premium IOL surgical plans for patients post-corneal refractive surgery are still facing many challenges.
AT LISA tri839MP used in this study, as a monolithic diffractive trifocal IOL, is able to split the incoming light at near, intermediate, and distant focus, respectively. It has been shown to provide good outcomes of visual acuity at a near, intermediate, and far distance and a high postoperative satisfaction [16, 17]. Moreover, two previous studies also demonstrated that it can provide a good visual outcome at both near and distance vision for post-myopic LASIK cases [18, 19].
Although the patient’s corneal astigmatism, irregular astigmatism, and SA in both eyes exceeded the scope of application of the Zeiss trifocal IOL, the patient had a strong willingness of not wearing eyeglasses after the operation. Therefore, after a comprehensive preoperative evaluation, a symmetric clear corneal incision on a steep axis was used to correct corneal astigmatism. Pentacam examination after surgery showed that corneal astigmatism was corrected to a certain extent, and corneal irregular astigmatism and SA were reduced. This played a certain role in improving the visual quality of patients after surgery. The absence of evident symptoms of visual disturbance and discomfort after surgery in the patient may be related to the neurological adaptability of the brain for many years. Therefore, when the phacoemulsification cataract surgery removed the effects of cataract-induced refractive interstitial opacity and myopia and reduced astigmatism, irregularities, and SA, the patient had improved vision without the occurrence of any additional symptoms of visual disturbance and discomfort. For the calculation of IOL power, we used the formula for the calculation of IOL after myopic refractive surgery on the ASCRS website, took the average power as the final IOL power, and obtained a relatively accurate target refraction after the operation.
Through the analysis of this case, we can provide certain experience references for more patients who had undergone early myopia refractive surgery, particularly for some patients who desired to receive an implant of trifocal IOL but had decentered ablation, irregular corneal astigmatism, and large SA caused by early refractive surgery.
On March 5, 2018, a patient with binocular retinitis pigmentosa and high myopia complicated with cataract was admitted to hospital. The visual acuity was hand motion in both eyes; intraocular pressure was 15 mmHg in the right eye and 20 mmHg in the left eye; there was alternating exotropia and nystagmus in both eyes. The lens cortex of the right eye had localized opacity, and the nucleus was opaque and dark brown; the left lens nucleus was opaque and brown-yellow, and there was obvious posterior subcapsular opacity (Figure 9).
The state of binocular lens opacity (the upper row is the right eye, and the lower row is the left eye).
The patient underwent small incision cataract extraction in the right eye and phacoemulsification cataract surgery in the left eye on March 8, 2018, and April 3, 2018, respectively. The author knew that both retinitis pigmentosa and high myopia are risk factors for capsular contraction syndrome (CCS), small incision cataract extraction in the right eye was performed gently and the continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis (CCC) diameter was larger than 6 mm; the patient’s lens suspensory ligament was found to loosen during capsulorhexis. When the residual cortex was aspirated, starfish-like cortical debris was found attached to the posterior capsule, which was polished using a viscoelastic needle. As the pupil could not be fully dilated, the IOL positioning hook assisted in the dilation of the pupil, the equatorial cortex was aspirated as far as possible, the posterior capsule was carefully polished, and finally, a one-piece hydrophilic acrylic IOL was implanted. Postoperative vision in the right eye was 0.2, intraocular pressure was 17 mmHg, the cornea was clear, pupils were round, light reflection was good, aqueous flare was ++, the IOL position was good, and retinitis pigmentosa and high myopic changes were observed in the fundus. The patient received prednisolone acetate eye drops 8 times a day and levofloxacin, pranoprofen, and 3% sodium hyaluronate eye drops four times a day. At the re-examination 1 week after the operation, the anterior chamber inflammation was significantly relieved, the IOL position was stable, the rest were similar to that at 1 day after surgery. The patient came to the hospital for scheduled cataract surgery for the left eye, 20 days after the operation. Re-examination showed right eye visual acuity as 0.25 and the intraocular pressure as 18 mmHg; the cornea was clear as revealed by the slit lamp examination, the aqueous flare was -, the pupils were round, and light reflection was good. Mydriatic examination showed that the anterior capsular opening was shrunk to less than 4 mm with obvious CCS (Figure 10).
Anterior capsular opening of the right eye is shrunk.
CCS was quite obvious soon after cataract surgery, and timely detection and treatment were necessary to prevent serious complications. Therefore, after communicating with the patient, YAG laser anterior capsular opening lysis was performed for the right eye of the patient. First, the site of the anterior capsule with less tension was selected; then the anterior capsule was opened using laser, and the laser was used continuously at the contralateral site to loosen the shrunk anterior capsule, and the rest was performed in a manner similar to that followed to loosen the anterior capsule around the entire circumstance. It was forbidden to directly select the edge of the capsular opening for laser lysis, as asymmetrical dehiscence of the capsular membrane might occur due to excessive tension (Figure 11).
The shrinkage of the anterior capsular opening is significantly reduced after laser lysis in the right eye.
After YAG laser surgery, slit-lamp examination showed that the patient had more floating white crystalline cortical debris in the anterior chamber of the right eye. The intraocular pressure was 30 mmHg. He received prednisolone acetate eye drops four times a day; timolol eye drops two times/day; levofloxacin, pranoprofen, and 3% sodium hyaluronate eye drops four times/day, and the patient was asked to visit for re-examination the next day. The re-examination showed that the visual acuity of the right eye was 0.25 and the intraocular pressure was 22 mmHg. The slit-lamp examination showed that the cortical debris floating in the anterior chamber of the right eye was significantly reduced, and the IOL position was stable. The patient was instructed to continue the medication and to visit for re-examination after 3 days. The re-examination showed the visual acuity of the right eye was 0.25, and the intraocular pressure was 17 mmHg. The slit-lamp examination showed only a small amount of floating cortical debris in the anterior chamber of the right eye, and the IOL position was stable; the patient was instructed to continue the previous medication. Because the degree of cataract in the left eye of the patient was lighter than that of the right eye and the nuclear hardness grade was lower than that of the right eye, phacoemulsification cataract aspiration in the left eye was scheduled on April 3, 2018. Owing to the experience in the right eye, special attention was paid to the prevention of CCS during the perioperative period of the left eye. First, preoperatively, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug pranoprofen eye drops were administered four times a day to reduce the intraoperative inflammation and maintain the dilated state of the pupil during the operation. Second, operations were performed as gently as possible during the surgery to reduce mechanical irritation to the iris to reduce the release of inflammatory mediators. During capsulorhexis, the suspensory ligament of the lens was loosened, and the diameter of the capsulorhexis opening was larger than 6 mm. Sufficient hydrodissection was performed to reduce the pulling effect of the intraoperative operation on the ligament, during the phacoemulsification process, the nucleus was split into smaller nuclei as far as possible before performing emulsification to reduce the release of ultrasound energy. When the emulsification was completed and the residual cortex was aspirated, the central part of the posterior capsule showed starfish-like attached cortical debris, which was tightly attached to the posterior capsule. It was mechanically polished using a viscoelastic needle, and the anterior subcapsular region was polished using a polisher around the whole circumference to reduce postoperative proliferation. A one-piece hydrophilic acrylate IOL of the same model was implanted. On the second day after surgery, re-examination showed that the left eye visual acuity was 0.3, and the intraocular pressure was 16 mmHg; the slit-lamp examination showed clear cornea, round pupils, good light reflection, aqueous flare was ++, and normal IOL position. The patient received prednisolone acetate eye drops eight times a day and levofloxacin, pranoprofen, and 3% sodium hyaluronate eye drops four times a day. The left eye was re-examined 20 days after surgery, the visual acuity was 0.3, the intraocular pressure was 18 mmHg, the cornea was clear, the aqueous flare was -, the pupil was round, and the light reflection was good. Mydriatic examination showed that the anterior capsular opening was shrunk, less than 4 mm, and CCS was evident. A YAG laser anterior capsule lysis was performed for the patient’s left eye, and good postoperative results were achieved (Figure 12).
Image of the capsular opening that was shrunk after the operation of the left eye. Image of the capsular opening that is in good condition after YAG laser anterior capsule lysis.
This case study analyzed a case of a complicated cataract patient with binocular retinitis pigmentosa and high myopia who developed severe CCS short-term postoperatively, and both eyes were treated using YAG laser lysis.
Most of the capsular bag shrinkage caused by non-specific stimulation after cataract surgery occurs in the anterior lens capsule [20]. Residual lens epithelial cells (LEC) under the margin of the anterior capsule produce a variety of cytokines under the surgical stimulation and stimulation by different material IOLs. These factors may react against LEC and make it produce collagen and fibers through autocrine or paracrine, leading to shrinkage of the anterior capsular opening [21].
Several studies have shown that silicone gel IOLs have a higher incidence of CCS than other types of IOLs [22, 23]. The study of Tsinopoulos et al. [24] showed that hydrophilic acrylate IOL has a higher incidence of CCS than hydrophobic acrylate IOL. Although hydrophilic acrylic material has better uveal biocompatibility, lower adhesion of bacteria and silicone oil, and less incidence of glare, its weak adhesion to type IV collagen leads to an increased incidence of fibrosis, which is more likely to lead to the occurrence of CCS [25, 26, 27]. The hydrophobic acrylate IOL can inhibit the migration of LEC to the optical zone and loops, thereby reducing the occurrence of CCS [22, 28, 29]. In this case, both eyes of the patient used hydrophilic acrylic IOL, which may also be one of the risk factors for the rapid occurrence of CCS. Studies have shown that one-piece acrylate and three-piece acrylate IOL have similar incidences of CCS [30]. Another study showed that four-loop IOL is more effective in preventing postoperative IOL eccentricity and CCS [31].
Studies have shown that the size of the diameter of capsulorhexis is closely related to CCS. CCC larger than 5.5 mm showed an increasing trend in the change of the size of the capsulorhexis after surgery; conversely, the capsulorhexis opening of CCC smaller than 5 mm showed a gradually shrinking trend after the surgery [32]. Anterior capsule opacity after cataract surgery occurs only in the part where the anterior capsule is in contact with the IOL. Therefore, the smaller the capsulorhexis diameter, the more obvious the anterior capsule opacity and organization will be, thereby aggravating the occurrence of capsular bag shrinkage. To prevent postoperative CCS, the diameter of the capsulorhexis, in this case, was greater than 6 mm; however, it did not have an obvious preventive effect. This may be related to other risk factors that are prone to CCS in the patient.
All diseases that easily affect the normal function of the suspensory ligament and lead to the fragility of the suspensory ligament are risk factors for the occurrence of CCS, including retinitis pigmentosa, high myopia, and advanced age [33]. The shrinkage area of the capsular bag of patients with retinitis pigmentosa was significantly larger than that of the normal control group, which was close to 25%. In total, 9.4% of the retinitis pigmentosa group underwent YAG laser anterior capsulotomy within 12 months after surgery. The anterior capsular opening area of these patients was all less than 10 mm2 [34]. Diseases involving abnormal blood–aqueous barrier function, including exfoliation syndrome, uveitis, diabetes, and myotonic dystrophy, were all risk factors for CCS [35, 36]. The stimulation of cataract surgery is more likely to lead to the destruction of the barrier, thus causing the occurrence of CCS. Moreover, patients with diabetic retinopathy are more likely to develop CCS than those without fundus disease [35].
The treatment of CCS includes YAG laser anterior capsulotomy and surgical treatment. YAG laser is a safe and effective method for the treatment of early CCS, which can effectively enlarge the anterior capsule opening and restore visual function [37]. The study by Deokule et al. [37] showed that the success rate of YAG laser treatment of CCS was 78%, while the failure rate of preoperative IOL eccentric cases was high. Some researchers have reported [38, 39] that the early preventive application of YAG laser after cataract surgery for anterior capsulotomy at meridian 0°, 120°, and 240° can effectively prevent the occurrence of CCS in high-risk patients without adverse reactions. In more severe cases of CCS, YAG laser lysis cannot achieve effective treatment, and the proliferating fibrous membrane must be surgically seaparted under the anterior capsule and the adhesion of IOL edges and loops, to remove the fibrous membrane as far as possible by cutting or tearing it off. Radial cutting or direct continuous circular capsulorhexis was performed on the narrowed anterior capsular opening to remove the fibrous membrane, and there was no recurrence during postoperative follow-up [40]. Yeh et al. [41] proposed to use an anterior vitrectomy to cut the shrunk anterior capsular opening to remove the subcapsular fibrous membrane and residual lens epithelial cells, which can reduce the chance of radial tear of the suspensory ligament and secondary IOL eccentricity. The disadvantage of the surgical method is that it may cause further damage to the suspensory ligament and IOL eccentricity for patients with poor suspensory ligament function.
The prevention of CCS mainly includes the following aspects: (1) The application of preoperative non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can effectively reduce the release of intraoperative inflammatory factors, thereby preventing the progression of anterior capsule shrinkage [42]. (2) Avoid excessive stimulation of the iris tissue and further aggravation of the destruction of the blood-aqueous barrier during whole operation. The diameter of the CCC should be 5.5–6.0 mm. The complete removal of the residual LEC under the anterior capsule helps to prevent the excessive proliferation of the anterior capsular opening, preventing CCS [43]. (3) Adequate anti-inflammatory treatment should be provided after the operation, which should be combined with glucocorticoid and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory eye drops, and the use time of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs should be appropriately extended, which can effectively control the postoperative inflammatory response of operation and plays a role in preventing CCS. (4) In terms of IOL selection, hydrophobic acrylate materials are the first choice. (5) The use of intraoperative capsular tension ring. Studies have shown that the implantation of the capsular bag tension ring can effectively prevent IOL eccentricity, tilt, and significantly prevent capsular bag shrinkage [44, 45].
In conclusion, in actual clinical work, surgeons will encounter a variety of special conditions. Based on different conditions, the surgeon should comprehensively evaluate the surgical plan and the specific conditions before and after the operation, and deal with them in a targeted manner, to improve the post-operative visual quality of patients.
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 81971697, 81501544.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
None.
IntechOpen - where academia and industry create content with global impact
",metaTitle:"Team",metaDescription:"Advancing discovery in Open Access for the scientists by the scientist",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"page/team",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Our business values are based on those any scientist applies to their research. We have created a culture of respect and collaboration within a relaxed, friendly and progressive atmosphere, while maintaining academic rigour.
\\n\\nCo-founded by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic: “We are passionate about the advancement of science. As Ph.D. researchers in Vienna, we found it difficult to access the scholarly research we needed. We created IntechOpen with the specific aim of putting the academic needs of the global research community before the business interests of publishers. Our Team is now a global one and includes highly-renowned scientists and publishers, as well as experts in disseminating your research.”
\\n\\nBut, one thing we have in common is -- we are all scientists at heart!
\\n\\nSara Uhac, COO
\\n\\nSara Uhac was appointed Managing Director of IntechOpen at the beginning of 2014. She directs and controls the company’s operations. Sara joined IntechOpen in 2010 as Head of Journal Publishing, a new strategically underdeveloped department at that time. After obtaining a Master's degree in Media Management, she completed her Ph.D. at the University of Lugano, Switzerland. She holds a BA in Financial Market Management from the Bocconi University in Milan, Italy, where she started her career in the American publishing house Condé Nast and further collaborated with the UK-based publishing company Time Out. Sara was awarded a professional degree in Publishing from Yale University (2012). She is a member of the professional branch association of "Publishers, Designers and Graphic Artists" at the Croatian Chamber of Commerce.
\\n\\nAdrian Assad De Marco
\\n\\nAdrian Assad De Marco joined the company as a Director in 2017. With his extensive experience in management, acquired while working for regional and global leaders, he took over direction and control of all the company's publishing processes. Adrian holds a degree in Economy and Management from the University of Zagreb, School of Economics, Croatia. A former sportsman, he continually strives to develop his skills through professional courses and specializations such as NLP (Neuro-linguistic programming).
\\n\\nDr Alex Lazinica
\\n\\nAlex Lazinica is co-founder and Board member of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his Ph.D. in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. There, he worked as a robotics researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group, as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and, most importantly, co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems, the world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career since it proved to be the pathway to the foundation of IntechOpen with its focus on addressing academic researchers’ needs. Alex personifies many of IntechOpen´s key values, including the commitment to developing mutual trust, openness, and a spirit of entrepreneurialism. Today, his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"Our business values are based on those any scientist applies to their research. We have created a culture of respect and collaboration within a relaxed, friendly and progressive atmosphere, while maintaining academic rigour.
\n\nCo-founded by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic: “We are passionate about the advancement of science. As Ph.D. researchers in Vienna, we found it difficult to access the scholarly research we needed. We created IntechOpen with the specific aim of putting the academic needs of the global research community before the business interests of publishers. Our Team is now a global one and includes highly-renowned scientists and publishers, as well as experts in disseminating your research.”
\n\nBut, one thing we have in common is -- we are all scientists at heart!
\n\nSara Uhac, COO
\n\nSara Uhac was appointed Managing Director of IntechOpen at the beginning of 2014. She directs and controls the company’s operations. Sara joined IntechOpen in 2010 as Head of Journal Publishing, a new strategically underdeveloped department at that time. After obtaining a Master's degree in Media Management, she completed her Ph.D. at the University of Lugano, Switzerland. She holds a BA in Financial Market Management from the Bocconi University in Milan, Italy, where she started her career in the American publishing house Condé Nast and further collaborated with the UK-based publishing company Time Out. Sara was awarded a professional degree in Publishing from Yale University (2012). She is a member of the professional branch association of "Publishers, Designers and Graphic Artists" at the Croatian Chamber of Commerce.
\n\nAdrian Assad De Marco
\n\nAdrian Assad De Marco joined the company as a Director in 2017. With his extensive experience in management, acquired while working for regional and global leaders, he took over direction and control of all the company's publishing processes. Adrian holds a degree in Economy and Management from the University of Zagreb, School of Economics, Croatia. A former sportsman, he continually strives to develop his skills through professional courses and specializations such as NLP (Neuro-linguistic programming).
\n\nDr Alex Lazinica
\n\nAlex Lazinica is co-founder and Board member of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his Ph.D. in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. There, he worked as a robotics researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group, as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and, most importantly, co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems, the world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career since it proved to be the pathway to the foundation of IntechOpen with its focus on addressing academic researchers’ needs. Alex personifies many of IntechOpen´s key values, including the commitment to developing mutual trust, openness, and a spirit of entrepreneurialism. Today, his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.
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Taguchi method is a broadly accepted method of DOE, which has proven in producing high-quality products at subsequently low cost.",book:{id:"5856",slug:"statistical-approaches-with-emphasis-on-design-of-experiments-applied-to-chemical-processes",title:"Statistical Approaches With Emphasis on Design of Experiments Applied to Chemical Processes",fullTitle:"Statistical Approaches With Emphasis on Design of Experiments Applied to Chemical Processes"},signatures:"Rahul Davis and Pretesh John",authors:[{id:"199438",title:"Mr.",name:"Rahul",middleName:null,surname:"Davis",slug:"rahul-davis",fullName:"Rahul Davis"}]},{id:"64216",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81170",title:"CNN Approaches for Time Series Classification",slug:"cnn-approaches-for-time-series-classification",totalDownloads:3425,totalCrossrefCites:21,totalDimensionsCites:28,abstract:"Time series classification is an important field in time series data-mining which have covered broad applications so far. Although it has attracted great interests during last decades, it remains a challenging task and falls short of efficiency due to the nature of its data: high dimensionality, large in data size and updating continuously. With the advent of deep learning, new methods have been developed, especially Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models. In this paper, we present a review of our time series CNN approaches including: (i) a data-level approach based on encoding time series into frequency-domain signals via the Stockwell transform, (ii) an algorithm-level approach based on an adaptive convolutional layer filter that suits the time series in hand, and (iii) another algorithm-level approach adapted to time series classification tasks with limited annotated data, which is a global, fast and light-weight framework based on a transfer learning technique with a source learning task similar or different but related to the target learning task. These approaches are implemented on identifying human activities including normal movements of typical subjects and disorder-related movements such as stereotypical motor movements of autistic subjects. Experimental results show that our approaches improve performance of time series classification.",book:{id:"8362",slug:"time-series-analysis-data-methods-and-applications",title:"Time Series Analysis",fullTitle:"Time Series Analysis - Data, Methods, and Applications"},signatures:"Lamyaa Sadouk",authors:[{id:"257943",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Lamyaa",middleName:null,surname:"Sadouk",slug:"lamyaa-sadouk",fullName:"Lamyaa Sadouk"}]},{id:"56653",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70230",title:"Bayesian Hypothesis Testing: An Alternative to Null Hypothesis Significance Testing (NHST) in Psychology and Social Sciences",slug:"bayesian-hypothesis-testing-an-alternative-to-null-hypothesis-significance-testing-nhst-in-psycholog",totalDownloads:3438,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:19,abstract:"Since the mid-1950s, there has been a clear predominance of the Frequentist approach to hypothesis testing, both in psychology and in social sciences. Despite its popularity in the field of statistics, Bayesian inference is barely known and used in psychology. Frequentist inference, and its null hypothesis significance testing (NHST), has been hegemonic through most of the history of scientific psychology. However, the NHST has not been exempt of criticisms. Therefore, the aim of this chapter is to introduce a Bayesian approach to hypothesis testing that may represent a useful complement, or even an alternative, to the current NHST. The advantages of this Bayesian approach over Frequentist NHST will be presented, providing examples that support its use in psychology and social sciences. Conclusions are outlined.",book:{id:"5964",slug:"bayesian-inference",title:"Bayesian Inference",fullTitle:"Bayesian Inference"},signatures:"Alonso Ortega and Gorka Navarrete",authors:[{id:"203438",title:"Dr.",name:"Alonso",middleName:null,surname:"Ortega",slug:"alonso-ortega",fullName:"Alonso Ortega"},{id:"208842",title:"Dr.",name:"Gorka",middleName:null,surname:"Navarrete",slug:"gorka-navarrete",fullName:"Gorka Navarrete"}]},{id:"59936",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75007",title:"Application of Principal Component Analysis to Image Compression",slug:"application-of-principal-component-analysis-to-image-compression",totalDownloads:1827,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:15,abstract:"In this chapter, an introduction to the basics of principal component analysis (PCA) is given, aimed at presenting PCA applications to image compression. Here, concepts of linear algebra used in PCA are introduced, and PCA theoretical foundations are explained in connection with those concepts. Next, an image is compressed by using different principal components, and concepts such as image dimension reduction and image reconstruction quality are explained. Also, using the almost periodicity of the first principal component, a quality comparative analysis of a compressed image using two and eight principal components is carried out. Finally, a novel construction of principal components by periodicity of principal components has been included, in order to reduce the computational cost for their calculation, although decreasing the accuracy.",book:{id:"6703",slug:"statistics-growing-data-sets-and-growing-demand-for-statistics",title:"Statistics",fullTitle:"Statistics - Growing Data Sets and Growing Demand for Statistics"},signatures:"Wilmar Hernandez and Alfredo Mendez",authors:null}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"59209",title:"Utilization of Response Surface Methodology in Optimization of Extraction of Plant Materials",slug:"utilization-of-response-surface-methodology-in-optimization-of-extraction-of-plant-materials",totalDownloads:5470,totalCrossrefCites:64,totalDimensionsCites:97,abstract:"Experimental design plays an important role in several areas of science and industry. Experimentation is an application of treatments applied to experimental units and is then part of a scientific method based on the measurement of one or more responses. It is necessary to observe the process and the operation of the system well. For this reason, in order to obtain a final result, an experimenter must plan and design experiments and analyzes the results. One of the most commonly used experimental designs for optimization is the response surface methodology (RSM). Because it allows evaluating the effects of multiple factors and their interactions on one or more response variables it is a useful method. In this section, recent studies have been compiled which aim to extraction of plant material in high yield and quality and determine optimum conditions for this extraction process.",book:{id:"5856",slug:"statistical-approaches-with-emphasis-on-design-of-experiments-applied-to-chemical-processes",title:"Statistical Approaches With Emphasis on Design of Experiments Applied to Chemical Processes",fullTitle:"Statistical Approaches With Emphasis on Design of Experiments Applied to Chemical Processes"},signatures:"Alev Yüksel Aydar",authors:[{id:"218870",title:"Dr.",name:"Alev Yüksel",middleName:null,surname:"Aydar",slug:"alev-yuksel-aydar",fullName:"Alev Yüksel Aydar"}]},{id:"60864",title:"Statistical Methodology for Evaluating Business Cycles with the Conditions of Their Synchronization and Harmonization",slug:"statistical-methodology-for-evaluating-business-cycles-with-the-conditions-of-their-synchronization-",totalDownloads:1372,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"The importance of the topic of business cycle research and their interaction is due to the fact that the cyclical nature of development is a universal feature of the market economy (regardless of the level of development of the country’s economy and the principles of its organization). In all cases, cyclical ups and downs depend not only on internal system cyclical processes and their factors in countries but also on the consequences of intercountry interaction. The ability to measure and predict business cycles, taking into account their mutual influence, is a prerequisite for the development of an adequate business policy of countries and their associations.",book:{id:"6703",slug:"statistics-growing-data-sets-and-growing-demand-for-statistics",title:"Statistics",fullTitle:"Statistics - Growing Data Sets and Growing Demand for Statistics"},signatures:"Elena Zarova",authors:null},{id:"60246",title:"Statistical Research of Investment Appeal of Russian Regions",slug:"statistical-research-of-investment-appeal-of-russian-regions",totalDownloads:1014,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"In this chapter, the methodological results directed on realization statistical research of investment appeal of Russian regions are offered. Methodological basis of research is the method of the dynamic standard, index and the coefficient analysis and the method of paired comparisons. The results of the study: (1) the method of the dynamic standard for creation of statistical model of region investment appeal is offered; (2) the normative model of region investment appeal to measure the productivity of the realization of regions investment policy in Russia is created; (3) new factors of region investment appeal are investigated and (4) statistically valid conclusions are drawn and practical recommendations are made. The results of the study are addressed to the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation in order to justify the amount of federal targeted investment programs financing in Russian regions.",book:{id:"6703",slug:"statistics-growing-data-sets-and-growing-demand-for-statistics",title:"Statistics",fullTitle:"Statistics - Growing Data Sets and Growing Demand for Statistics"},signatures:"Burtseva Tatiana Alexsandrovna",authors:null},{id:"56460",title:"Application of Taguchi-Based Design of Experiments for Industrial Chemical Processes",slug:"application-of-taguchi-based-design-of-experiments-for-industrial-chemical-processes",totalDownloads:3222,totalCrossrefCites:27,totalDimensionsCites:54,abstract:"Design of experiment is the method, which is used at a very large scale to study the experimentations of industrial processes. It is a statically approach where we develop the mathematical models through experimental trial runs to predict the possible output on the basis of the given input data or parameters. The aim of this chapter is to stimulate the engineering community to apply Taguchi technique to experimentation, the design of experiments, and to tackle quality problems in industrial chemical processes that they deal with. Based on years of research and applications, Dr. G. Taguchi has standardized the methods for each of these DOE application steps. Thus, DOE using Taguchi approach has become a much more attractive tool to practicing engineers and scientists. And since the last four decades, there were limitations when conventional experimental design techniques were applied to industrial experimentation. And Taguchi, also known as orthogonal array design, adds a new dimension to conventional experimental design. Taguchi method is a broadly accepted method of DOE, which has proven in producing high-quality products at subsequently low cost.",book:{id:"5856",slug:"statistical-approaches-with-emphasis-on-design-of-experiments-applied-to-chemical-processes",title:"Statistical Approaches With Emphasis on Design of Experiments Applied to Chemical Processes",fullTitle:"Statistical Approaches With Emphasis on Design of Experiments Applied to Chemical Processes"},signatures:"Rahul Davis and Pretesh John",authors:[{id:"199438",title:"Mr.",name:"Rahul",middleName:null,surname:"Davis",slug:"rahul-davis",fullName:"Rahul Davis"}]},{id:"59936",title:"Application of Principal Component Analysis to Image Compression",slug:"application-of-principal-component-analysis-to-image-compression",totalDownloads:1823,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:15,abstract:"In this chapter, an introduction to the basics of principal component analysis (PCA) is given, aimed at presenting PCA applications to image compression. Here, concepts of linear algebra used in PCA are introduced, and PCA theoretical foundations are explained in connection with those concepts. Next, an image is compressed by using different principal components, and concepts such as image dimension reduction and image reconstruction quality are explained. Also, using the almost periodicity of the first principal component, a quality comparative analysis of a compressed image using two and eight principal components is carried out. Finally, a novel construction of principal components by periodicity of principal components has been included, in order to reduce the computational cost for their calculation, although decreasing the accuracy.",book:{id:"6703",slug:"statistics-growing-data-sets-and-growing-demand-for-statistics",title:"Statistics",fullTitle:"Statistics - Growing Data Sets and Growing Demand for Statistics"},signatures:"Wilmar Hernandez and Alfredo Mendez",authors:null}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"166",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:140,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. 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Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. 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His research interests are focused on modern imaging methods used in medicine and pharmacy, including in particular hyperspectral imaging, dynamic thermovision analysis, high-resolution ultrasound, as well as other techniques such as EPR, NMR and hemispheric directional reflectance. Author of over 100 scientific works, patents and industrial designs. Expert of the Polish National Center for Research and Development, Member of the Investment Committee in the Bridge Alfa NCBiR program, expert of the Polish Ministry of Funds and Regional Policy, Polish Medical Research Agency. Editor-in-chief of the journal in the field of aesthetic medicine and dermatology - Aesthetica.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",slug:"adriano-andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",biography:"Dr. Adriano de Oliveira Andrade graduated in Electrical Engineering at the Federal University of Goiás (Brazil) in 1997. He received his MSc and PhD in Biomedical Engineering respectively from the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU, Brazil) in 2000 and from the University of Reading (UK) in 2005. He completed a one-year Post-Doctoral Fellowship awarded by the DFAIT (Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada) at the Institute of Biomedical Engineering of the University of New Brunswick (Canada) in 2010. Currently, he is Professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (UFU). He has authored and co-authored more than 200 peer-reviewed publications in Biomedical Engineering. He has been a researcher of The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq-Brazil) since 2009. He has served as an ad-hoc consultant for CNPq, CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), FINEP (Brazilian Innovation Agency), and other funding bodies on several occasions. He was the Secretary of the Brazilian Society of Biomedical Engineering (SBEB) from 2015 to 2016, President of SBEB (2017-2018) and Vice-President of SBEB (2019-2020). He was the head of the undergraduate program in Biomedical Engineering of the Federal University of Uberlândia (2015 - June/2019) and the head of the Centre for Innovation and Technology Assessment in Health (NIATS/UFU) since 2010. He is the head of the Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering (UFU, July/2019 - to date). He was the secretary of the Parkinson's Disease Association of Uberlândia (2018-2019). Dr. Andrade's primary area of research is focused towards getting information from the neuromuscular system to understand its strategies of organization, adaptation and controlling in the context of motor neuron diseases. His research interests include Biomedical Signal Processing and Modelling, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation Engineering, Neuroengineering and Parkinson's Disease.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",slug:"luis-villarreal-gomez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",biography:"Dr. Luis Villarreal is a research professor from the Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana, Baja California, México. 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For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. 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He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"117248",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Macnab",slug:"andrew-macnab",fullName:"Andrew Macnab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"322007",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Elizbeth",middleName:null,surname:"Alvarez-Sánchez",slug:"maria-elizbeth-alvarez-sanchez",fullName:"Maria Elizbeth Alvarez-Sánchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"337443",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"A. Gonzalez-Sanchez",slug:"juan-a.-gonzalez-sanchez",fullName:"Juan A. Gonzalez-Sanchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"8",type:"subseries",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11404,editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",slug:"adriano-andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",biography:"Dr. Adriano de Oliveira Andrade graduated in Electrical Engineering at the Federal University of Goiás (Brazil) in 1997. He received his MSc and PhD in Biomedical Engineering respectively from the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU, Brazil) in 2000 and from the University of Reading (UK) in 2005. He completed a one-year Post-Doctoral Fellowship awarded by the DFAIT (Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada) at the Institute of Biomedical Engineering of the University of New Brunswick (Canada) in 2010. Currently, he is Professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (UFU). He has authored and co-authored more than 200 peer-reviewed publications in Biomedical Engineering. He has been a researcher of The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq-Brazil) since 2009. He has served as an ad-hoc consultant for CNPq, CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), FINEP (Brazilian Innovation Agency), and other funding bodies on several occasions. He was the Secretary of the Brazilian Society of Biomedical Engineering (SBEB) from 2015 to 2016, President of SBEB (2017-2018) and Vice-President of SBEB (2019-2020). He was the head of the undergraduate program in Biomedical Engineering of the Federal University of Uberlândia (2015 - June/2019) and the head of the Centre for Innovation and Technology Assessment in Health (NIATS/UFU) since 2010. He is the head of the Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering (UFU, July/2019 - to date). He was the secretary of the Parkinson's Disease Association of Uberlândia (2018-2019). Dr. Andrade's primary area of research is focused towards getting information from the neuromuscular system to understand its strategies of organization, adaptation and controlling in the context of motor neuron diseases. 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Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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