\\n\\n
These books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\\n\\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\\n\\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched formed a partnership to support researchers working in engineering sciences by enabling an easier approach to publishing Open Access content. Using the Knowledge Unlatched crowdfunding model to raise the publishing costs through libraries around the world, Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) was not required from the authors.
\n\nInitially, the partnership supported engineering research, but it soon grew to include physical and life sciences, attracting more researchers to the advantages of Open Access publishing.
\n\n\n\nThese books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\n\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\n\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"441",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Understanding the Complexities of Kidney Transplantation",title:"Understanding the Complexities of Kidney Transplantation",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Kidney transplantation is a complex field that incorporates several different specialties to manage the transplant patient. This book was created because of the importance of kidney transplantation. This volume focuses on the complexities of the transplant patient. In particular, there is a focus on the comorbidities and special considerations for a transplant patient and how they affect kidney transplant outcomes. Contributors to this book are from all over the world and are experts in their individual fields. They were all individually approached to add a chapter to this book and with their efforts this book was formed. Understanding the Complexities of Kidney Transplantation gives the reader an excellent foundation to build upon to truly understand kidney transplantation.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-819-9",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6701-3",doi:"10.5772/940",price:159,priceEur:175,priceUsd:205,slug:"understanding-the-complexities-of-kidney-transplantation",numberOfPages:576,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"46a4e22d63f105619b4bbf4b5631655c",bookSignature:"Jorge Ortiz and Jason Andre",publishedDate:"September 6th 2011",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/441.jpg",numberOfDownloads:123556,numberOfWosCitations:17,numberOfCrossrefCitations:13,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:24,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:2,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:54,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 14th 2010",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 11th 2010",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"March 18th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 17th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 16th 2011",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"33534",title:"Prof.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Ortiz",slug:"jorge-ortiz",fullName:"Jorge Ortiz",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/33534/images/1736_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Jorge Ortiz completed the General Surgery Residency Program at North Shore University Hospital in New York, NY from 1991-1996. Following the completion of his residency he completed an Organ Transplant Fellowship at University of Miami Medical Center from 1996 – 1998 following which he joined the staff in the Division of Transplantation at UC Irvine Medical Center at the University of California and was appointed Director, Renal Transplant Program from 1998-2000 when he left to join the medical staff at Einstein. 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Thus, we speak of water stress when the demand for water exceeds the available resources. This category includes countries where the availability of water per year and per inhabitant is less than 1700 m3, particularly in semi-arid regions. Arid zones are characterized by a negative hydric balance, mean annual rainfall of less than 800 mm, with a mean insolation of 2800 h/year and means annual temperatures of 23–27°C. These conditions lead to high evapotranspiration rates, carrying a water deficit in nearly the entire region [4]. Abiotic stresses and inefficient production techniques are the obvious factors limiting crop productivity, especially in the southern parts characterized by severe aridity [5, 6, 7].
Faba bean (
In Tunisia, faba bean covers more than 68% (70,000 ha) of the total area annually devoted to grain legumes crops and the national average yield is around 50,000 tons [9, 10]. Although the agro-economic importance of the bean is known, its cultivation is in decline, both in some countries of the world and in Tunisia [9]. The areas reserved for legumes in Tunisia in gradual fall [11]. This mainly affected the peas and broad beans. The national average bean yield is low and fluctuates widely from year to year. This is mainly due to climatic variations [6].
The seeds of the bean are very rich in proteins (25% of the dry matter of the seeds) and especially in lysine but poor in amino acid [12]. It is also a source of carbohydrates, mineral salts, fiber, vitamins and little lipids. The seeds are the most consumed parts and like all vegetables; the bean is self-sufficient for nitrogen nutrition. The bean is used as a green manure which serves as well for the improvement of the structure of the soil as for its enrichment in mineral elements. In addition to its nutritional and fertilizing (green manure) utility, the bean also has medicinal interests [13].
The success of agriculture in arid and semi-arid zones worldwide will be tremendously dependent on the ability of agricultural systems and farmers to adjust to climate change [14]. A vast majority of these areas, despite the huge production, suffer from limiting resource of water [15]. As that resource becomes more scarce and availability more difficult to predict, water managers and farmers will be forced to implement new creative solutions to water supply challenges. Expected exposure indicates improvement and better understanding of culture adaptation to water stress in such areas is high-priority to successful development in these regions under a changing climate. This work focuses on understanding the effect of water stress on morphological, physiological and biochemical aspects of
Water is a vital element for the growth and development of plants. It generally constitutes 85–90% of the total fresh weight of plants. Water is the natural vehicle for all the substances circulating in the plant, the elements absorbed in the soil or the organic substances produced in the leaves circulating in the saps of the xylem and phloem [16]. The need for water for the plant is proven by multiple observations such as wilting and death of plants left without water, hence the importance of irrigation and the relationship between vegetation and rainfall [17]. Plants can get the water they need through their roots. These extract water from the soil to pass it through the plant; part of this water is then released into the atmosphere (a phenomenon called transpiration) [1]. Omprakash et al. [18] defines water deficit or water stress as a period of insufficient water activity in the plant. According to this same author the notion of stress implies on the one hand a more or less abrupt deviation from the normal conditions of the plant and on the other hand a sensitive reaction of the plant in the different aspects of its physiology which changes appreciably with either adaptation to the new situation, ie to the limit degradation leading to a fatal outcome. On the contrary, according to Dodd and Ryan. [19] any water restriction resulting in a drop in the plant’s production potential, following a disturbance of its physiological activity caused by a deficit in water consumption is called water stress.
The experiment was carried out during 2019/2020, in a plastic greenhouse at the IRA (Institute of Arid Regions), located 22.5 km north-east of the city of Medenine. This region is located in the lower arid bioclimatic stage characterized by a low annual rainfall of around 150 mm/year; high temperature and frequent winds.
Three accessions (El Hamma, Mareth and Medenine) of faba bean have been analyzed for dry matter accumulation. Significant effect of treatment (P < 0.005) was observed and no difference has been established between ascensions (Figure 1). Under moderate water stress treatment (T1), faba bean (i.e., El Hamma, Mareth and Medenine) accessions were significantly decreased their shoot and root DW as compared to control plants. Total leaf and root dry masses were all two to three times greater in the well-watered treatment (T0) than those in the water-limited one (T1). The watering treatment showed significant effects among localities on apparent shoot biomass and apparent root biomass (Figure 1). Risk-taking by minimal reduction of shoot DW under water stress was revealed as a physiological indicator for drought resilient at the flowering stage for faba bean [22]. The capacity of populations to maintain shoot biomass in water shortage was displayed to be an important trait for drought tolerance in soybean plants [23]. Under drought faba bean decreased their root DW (Figure 2). Root growth reduction was also reported for pea plant [24]. According to Chavoshi et al. [25] severe drought stress reduces biomass and seed yield (by 20–90%).
Changes in (a) Shoot DW, (b) Root DW for
Changes in relative water content (RWC) for
As shown in Figure 2, RWC varied significantly among accessions and RWC was significantly higher as expected in non-stress conditions (T0) than in stressed plants (T1). This parameter is sufficiently influenced by water restriction (P < 0.001). Thus, leaves of the three ascensions studied reacted with a considerable drop in their relative water content (RWC). In El Hamma, the RWC is maintained at high values for irrigated plants and stressed plants, while in Mareth and Medenine, plants cultivated under T1, exhibited a significant decrease compared to the control of about 9.74% and 24.73% respectively. Repeated measures ANOVA, indicated significant interaction between accession and stress deficit (P < 0.01) for RWC. The analysis of the relative water content makes it possible to give a clue and describe in a global way the water status of beans in response to water stress. Decrease in RWC in plants under drought stress have been perceived in many plants and may depend on plant vigor. Likely, in this constraint, the ability to achieve good osmoregulation and to preserve cell turgor is reduced [26]. It seems that concentration of organic solutes to maintain membrane is not sufficient in this case [27, 28].
Chlorophyll ‘A’, ‘B’ and total chlorophyll contents, showed no significant difference among the accessions in the stress conditions, but significant difference under the non-stress conditions (Figure 3). The decrease in the chlorophyll contents in the three ascensions studied during the period of stress would be most likely due to the increased in catalytic activity of chlorophylls and degradation of photosynthetic pigments and this process is also the result of not providing the necessary factors for the synthesis of chlorophyll and the destruction of its structure under stress conditions [24]. Zhu [29] has been reported that a decrease in the chlorophyll content will be due to a decrease in the stomata aperture and aimed at limiting water losses by evaporation and by increased resistance to the entry of atmospheric CO2 necessary for photosynthesis [30]. These results are in agreement with Tairo et al. [31] who reported a significant increase in chlorophyll ‘A’, ‘B’ and total chlorophyll contents was seen in varieties 1(KAT B9), 4(F8 Drought line) and 5(JESCA) of common bean
Changes in Chlorophyll (a), (b) and (a+b) for
Induced drought stress influenced (P < 0.001) soluble sugar contents (Figure 4). Untreated plants showed the lowest concentration (0.54 mg/g for Mareth accenssion). However, the highest soluble sugar content (1.31 mg/g) was noticed under water deficit condition for ElHamma cultivar. These metabolic adaptations that improve plant tolerance to osmotic or water stress involve an increased synthesis of compatible osmolytes as soluble sugars and proline. This increase in sugar content under stress might contribute for osmotic adjustment and plays an important role in scavenging free radicals and protect DNA from damaging effects of increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels due to water stress [32, 33]. Moreover, soluble sugar accumulation was considered as an indicator of plant tolerance to drought conditions. It improves water absorption and reduces water loss when stress leads to slower growth [34, 35].
Effect of water stress on soluble sugar contents of
The effect of sodium chloride (NaCl) concentrations (0.0, 60, 120, 240 mM) on growth and chlorophyll content of (
Crop production is influenced by multiple environmental abiotic factors including drought, soil salinity, waterlogging and temperature interferes with the whole metabolic activities in plants [41, 42]. Plant adopted different mechanisms and modifications to cope with stresses such as plant hormones that facilitating growth, nutrient allocation and development [43, 44]. Salicylic acid (SA) significantly increased the Mn+2, Co+3, Fe+2, Cu+3, K+ and Mg+2 while decreased the Na+, Ni+3, Pb+4, Zn+2, and Na+/K+ content of roots and soil content under salinity stress. SA (10-5 M) can be implicated to mitigate the adverse effects of salinity on maize plants [45, 46]. Additionally, exogenous application of gibberellic acid (GA3) reduced oxidative stress in
Mineral compounds play too a key role in the structural and functional integrity of the plant to better respond to abiotic stresses. Silicon application enhances drought tolerance of
In conclusion, water stress seems to be the main limitation factor to growth process in
The authors are grateful to Mr. Lachiheb Belgacem. lab technician from the Arid Land Institue for their collaboration in the laboratory analysis.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
IntechOpen implements a robust policy to minimize and deal with instances of fraud or misconduct. As part of our general commitment to transparency and openness, and in order to maintain high scientific standards, we have a well-defined editorial policy regarding Retractions and Corrections.
",metaTitle:"Retraction and Correction Policy",metaDescription:"Retraction and Correction Policy",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/retraction-and-correction-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"IntechOpen’s Retraction and Correction Policy has been developed in accordance with the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) publication guidelines relating to scientific misconduct and research ethics:
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\\n\\nA Retraction of a Chapter will be issued by the Academic Editor, either following an Author’s request to do so or when there is a 3rd party report of scientific misconduct. Upon receipt of a report by a 3rd party, the Academic Editor will investigate any allegations of scientific misconduct, working in cooperation with the Author(s) and their institution(s).
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\\n\\n3.1. ERRATUM
\\n\\nAn Erratum will be issued by the Academic Editor when it is determined that a mistake in a Chapter originates from the production process handled by the publisher.
\\n\\nA published Erratum will adhere to the Retraction Notice publishing guidelines outlined above.
\\n\\n3.2. CORRIGENDUM
\\n\\nA Corrigendum will be issued by the Academic Editor when it is determined that a mistake in a Chapter is a result of an Author’s miscalculation or oversight. A published Corrigendum will adhere to the Retraction Notice publishing guidelines outlined above.
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\\n\\nIntechOpen wishes to emphasize that the final decision on whether a Retraction, Statement of Concern, or a Correction will be issued rests with the Academic Editor. The publisher is obliged to act upon any reports of scientific misconduct in its publications and to make a reasonable effort to facilitate any subsequent investigation of such claims.
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\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2017-09-11
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen’s Retraction and Correction Policy has been developed in accordance with the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) publication guidelines relating to scientific misconduct and research ethics:
\n\n1. RETRACTIONS
\n\nA Retraction of a Chapter will be issued by the Academic Editor, either following an Author’s request to do so or when there is a 3rd party report of scientific misconduct. Upon receipt of a report by a 3rd party, the Academic Editor will investigate any allegations of scientific misconduct, working in cooperation with the Author(s) and their institution(s).
\n\nA formal Retraction will be issued when there is clear and conclusive evidence of any of the following:
\n\nPublishing of a Retraction Notice will adhere to the following guidelines:
\n\n1.2. REMOVALS AND CANCELLATIONS
\n\n2. STATEMENTS OF CONCERN
\n\nA Statement of Concern detailing alleged misconduct will be issued by the Academic Editor or publisher following a 3rd party report of scientific misconduct when:
\n\nIntechOpen believes that the number of occasions on which a Statement of Concern is issued will be very few in number. In all cases when such a decision has been taken by the Academic Editor the decision will be reviewed by another editor to whom the author can make representations.
\n\n3. CORRECTIONS
\n\nA Correction will be issued by the Academic Editor when:
\n\n3.1. ERRATUM
\n\nAn Erratum will be issued by the Academic Editor when it is determined that a mistake in a Chapter originates from the production process handled by the publisher.
\n\nA published Erratum will adhere to the Retraction Notice publishing guidelines outlined above.
\n\n3.2. CORRIGENDUM
\n\nA Corrigendum will be issued by the Academic Editor when it is determined that a mistake in a Chapter is a result of an Author’s miscalculation or oversight. A published Corrigendum will adhere to the Retraction Notice publishing guidelines outlined above.
\n\n4. FINAL REMARKS
\n\nIntechOpen wishes to emphasize that the final decision on whether a Retraction, Statement of Concern, or a Correction will be issued rests with the Academic Editor. The publisher is obliged to act upon any reports of scientific misconduct in its publications and to make a reasonable effort to facilitate any subsequent investigation of such claims.
\n\nIn the case of Retraction or removal of the Work, the publisher will be under no obligation to refund the APC.
\n\nThe general principles set out above apply to Retractions and Corrections issued in all IntechOpen publications.
\n\nAny suggestions or comments on this Policy are welcome and may be sent to permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2017-09-11
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Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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