Continuous variables for three-bar truss problem.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"8470",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Poultry - An Advanced Learning",title:"Poultry",subtitle:"An Advanced Learning",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Poultry is a one of the biggest meat-producing industries in the world. The success story of the poultry industry largely depends upon continuous research and knowledge sharing. This book is an effort to disseminate the latest information on poultry research among poultry producers, young researchers, students, and farm managers. In this concise text, all key information related to poultry production is included. After reading this book, you will learn the architectural requirements of a poultry house particularly for the tropical environment. You will also understand the advanced genomic and nutritional applications as well as statistical tools needed to optimize poultry production and meat quality. The book will also strengthen knowledge of bird physiology with more emphasis on the reproductive tract of layers.",isbn:"978-1-78923-820-4",printIsbn:"978-1-78923-819-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-78984-983-7",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78844",price:100,priceEur:109,priceUsd:129,slug:"poultry-an-advanced-learning",numberOfPages:94,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"88f09746e2b424573c8dc0bd927e9dbb",bookSignature:"Asghar Ali Kamboh",publishedDate:"April 29th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8470.jpg",numberOfDownloads:6730,numberOfWosCitations:2,numberOfCrossrefCitations:13,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:27,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:42,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 3rd 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"September 24th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 23rd 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 11th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 12th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"225390",title:"Dr.",name:"Asghar Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Kamboh",slug:"asghar-ali-kamboh",fullName:"Asghar Ali Kamboh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225390/images/system/225390.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Asghar Ali Kamboh was born in Mehrabpur, Sindh, Pakistan. He completed his studies in Veterinary Medicine and Masters in Veterinary Microbiology in 2003 and 2007 respectively, with distinguished grades. In 2009, he was awarded an overseas scholarship by the Government of Pakistan and proceeded to China for doctoral studies. Currently, he is working as an Associate Professor in the Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam. He has edited two books and published more than 100 research and review articles in national and international peer-reviewed journals. He has supervised/co-supervised more than 35 M.Phil students. He is also the author of many books and book chapters. In addition, he is an editor/editorial board member of many scholarly journals in the area of animal health and production.",institutionString:"Sindh Agriculture University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Sindh Agriculture University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"319",title:"Poultry Science",slug:"poultry-science"}],chapters:[{id:"65864",title:"Poultry Housing and Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83811",slug:"poultry-housing-and-management",totalDownloads:3147,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:11,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Majority of the people in the poorest regions of the tropics rely on poultry production as their major source of protein supply. However, poultry production is hindered by the harsh environmental conditions in this regions therefore, reducing the daily supply of protein. It is believed that understanding heat stress in birds by paying detail attention to the sources of heat generation in a poultry house can help manage the heat stress situation in this region. This text reviews the internal climatic conditions of the poultry houses, how the birds respond to them, and their implications for heat management in poultry production. Thus, it provides pertinent information for guidance on parameters for open poultry houses architectural design that ensures optimum climatic conditions that will alleviate heat stress problem in poultry production in hot and humid climate.",signatures:"Ayodeji Oloyo and Adedamola Ojerinde",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65864",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65864",authors:[{id:"273409",title:"Mr.",name:"Ayodeji",surname:"Oloyo",slug:"ayodeji-oloyo",fullName:"Ayodeji Oloyo"},{id:"274920",title:"MSc.",name:"Adedamola",surname:"Ojerinde",slug:"adedamola-ojerinde",fullName:"Adedamola Ojerinde"}],corrections:null},{id:"65551",title:"Investigation of the Effects of Some Herbal Extracts Used in Different Ratios on Meat Fatty Acid Profile Level in Experimental Heat Stress Created in Broilers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83751",slug:"investigation-of-the-effects-of-some-herbal-extracts-used-in-different-ratios-on-meat-fatty-acid-pro",totalDownloads:753,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Stress is the biological or external alteration of the organism against the factors that make it possible to achieve hemostasis or normal physiological balance. In our world, temperature increase due to climate change has become one of the most important stress factors in poultry sector. This research investigated the effects of essential oil mixture (EOM; Eucalyptus globulus Labill, Thymus vulgaris, Cymbopogon nardus, and Syzygium aromaticum) broilers adding to the drinking water under heat stress conditions. The fatty acid profile was evaluated. In a 42-day study, 400 Ross-308 male chickens (1-day-old) were randomly assigned to eight different groups (n = 50), each containing five subgroups (n = 10). As a result of the research, in stress-free groups 22°C rations of myristic acid (C14:0), palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:1), linoleic acid (C18:2n-6t), and Cis 11 eicosapentaenoic acid (C 20: 1n9) increased, whereas MUFA, UFA, and behenic acid (C22:0) reduced. However, in stressed groups, 36°C rations of myristic acid (C14:0), palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), and arachidonic acid (C20:0) decreased, increased the UFA ratio, and had no effect on the MUFA and PUFA.",signatures:"Emre Tekce, Bülent Bayraktar and Vecihi Aksakal",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65551",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65551",authors:[{id:"273192",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Emre",surname:"Tekce",slug:"emre-tekce",fullName:"Emre Tekce"},{id:"278225",title:"Dr.",name:"Bülent",surname:"Bayraktar",slug:"bulent-bayraktar",fullName:"Bülent Bayraktar"},{id:"278226",title:"Prof.",name:"Vecihi",surname:"Aksakal",slug:"vecihi-aksakal",fullName:"Vecihi Aksakal"}],corrections:null},{id:"66081",title:"Genetic and Hormonal Regulation of Egg Formation in the Oviduct of Laying Hens",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85011",slug:"genetic-and-hormonal-regulation-of-egg-formation-in-the-oviduct-of-laying-hens",totalDownloads:1234,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:12,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The chicken oviduct is a unique organ in which ovulated yolk transforms into a complete egg. Ovarian hormones induce the cellular and biochemical changes in the oviducts during the egg formation and oviposition. Estradiol regulates the folliculogenesis, accumulation of yolk in the follicles, ovulation, and development of oviducts. Estradiol also induces glandular development and expression of the genes responsible for egg white proteins. Progesterone induces the ovulation of yolk from the ovary, and development of oviductal glands. In addition, several genes are spatiotemporally expressed in the magnum for albumen synthesis and deposition around the yolk, in the isthmus for shell membranes synthesis, and in the uterus for eggshell biomineralization. This chapter highlights the involvement of hormones, genes/proteins, and their interaction for egg formation in the oviduct of laying hens.",signatures:"Birendra Mishra, Nirvay Sah and Sanjeev Wasti",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66081",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66081",authors:[{id:"274927",title:"Dr.",name:"Birendra",surname:"Mishra",slug:"birendra-mishra",fullName:"Birendra Mishra"},{id:"290539",title:"Dr.",name:"Nirvay",surname:"Sah",slug:"nirvay-sah",fullName:"Nirvay Sah"},{id:"290540",title:"Dr.",name:"Sanjeev",surname:"Wasti",slug:"sanjeev-wasti",fullName:"Sanjeev Wasti"}],corrections:null},{id:"65400",title:"Regulatory Mechanism and Application of lncRNAs in Poultry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83800",slug:"regulatory-mechanism-and-application-of-lncrnas-in-poultry",totalDownloads:1030,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Long noncoding RNA (lncRNAs) are transcripts greater than 200 nt in length with decreased coding potential and are widespread in all types of biological organisms. lncRNAs can interact with protein, DNA and RNA, respectively, which may participate in the multilevel regulation of transcriptional, post-transcriptional and epigenetic modifications. It is well known that lncRNA, which length is single-stranded non-coding RNA molecule, plays crucial roles in animal growth, development, cell proliferation and differentiation, and other life activities. In this research, we review the regulation mechanism and current research status of lncRNAs in chicken economic traits and disease, which would contribute to further understanding the regulatory mechanisms and application of lncRNAs in poultry.",signatures:"Zhuanjian Li, Tuanhui Ren, Wenya Li and Ruili Han",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65400",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65400",authors:[{id:"237484",title:"Dr.",name:"Ruili",surname:"Han",slug:"ruili-han",fullName:"Ruili Han"},{id:"245284",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhuanjian",surname:"Li",slug:"zhuanjian-li",fullName:"Zhuanjian Li"},{id:"279995",title:"Dr.",name:"Tuanhui",surname:"Ren",slug:"tuanhui-ren",fullName:"Tuanhui Ren"},{id:"279996",title:"Dr.",name:"Wenya",surname:"Li",slug:"wenya-li",fullName:"Wenya Li"}],corrections:null},{id:"70650",title:"Some Statistical Analysis of Poultry Feeds Data",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86361",slug:"some-statistical-analysis-of-poultry-feeds-data",totalDownloads:572,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this study we presented generalized exponential power distribution as an alternative to normal distribution commonly used in the analysis of agricultural data. The distribution which is more robust in modeling because of the present of shape parameters, which regulates it tails. Some of its mathematical and statistical properties are examined. The application of the probability density function is demonstrated in fitting poultry feeds data. 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\r\n\tanimal life inside an environment. These fields include Nuclear Physics, Industrial Processes, Environmental
\r\n\tSciences, Radiation Biology, Radiation Chemistry, Radiotherapy, Agriculture and Forestry, and Food industry.
\r\n\tUranium mining is the process of extraction of uranium ore from the ground. Many different types of uranium
\r\n\tdeposits have been discovered and mined. There are mainly three types of uranium. The book covers an
\r\n\toverview of Gamma Background Radiations and Measurements, Radioactive Decay, Radioecological, Applications
\r\n\tIn Environmental Gamma Dosimetry, Gamma and Alpha Interaction, Influence of Gamma Radiation on Dynamical
\r\n\tMechanical Properties, Influence of Low Dose Gamma Irradiation Treatments on The Microbial Decontamination,
\r\n\tGamma Ray Ionization Enhancement in Tissues, Modeling Plastic Deformation Location in Irradiated Materials,
\r\n\tRadiotherapy, Radon gas, isotopes, Alpha emission rates Application of Radiation and Genetic Engineering
\r\n\tTechniques, Gamma Ray Measurements Using different devices. This book is expected to benefit undergraduate
\r\n\tand postgraduate students, researchers, teachers, practitioners, policymakers, and every individual who has a
\r\n\tconcern for a healthy life.
Grinker 2010: 173 [in [1]]
Our modern societies have been said to house ‘stone age minds’ (see [2]). That is to say that despite all the influences of modern culture our hard wired neurological make-up, instinctive responses and emotional capacities evolved in the vast depths of time which make up our evolutionary past. Much of what makes us ‘human’ thus rests on the nature of societies in the depths of prehistory thousands or even millions of years ago.
Looking back on the archaeological record of the early stone age there is much to be proud of in our ancestry. Not only our remarkable intelligence but also our deep capacities to care about others and work together for a common good come from evolutionary selection on early humans throughout millions of years of the stone age. As far back as 1.6 million years ago we have archaeological evidence from survival of illnesses and trauma that those who were ill were looked after by others, and by the time of Neanderthals extensive care of the ill, infirm and elderly was common, see [3,4]. From at least one million years ago we see evidence for widespread collaboration in hunting, in sharing food and in looking after increasingly vulnerable young. Stone age societies, much as recent hunter-gatherers such as the Selk’nam of Tierra del Fuego (figure 1), lived in small groups who cared deeply about each other, and worked together to survive.
Nonetheless our evolved minds also have a darker side. For most of our early existence, at least until only around 100,000 years ago, human groups were relatively isolated, and much of our common drive to identify ‘us’ and ‘them’ probably has its roots in a suspicion of ‘others’ which dates to this time. Studies of the remains of a group of
Thanks to our capacities for self-awareness and moral judgement we can make balanced decisions about how we treat others. Undoubtedly we must also influenced by our more recent evolutionary history of a remarkably widespread collaboration. Indeed from 100,000 years ago onwards we begin to see evidence for widespread links across different stone age groups in many different parts of the world. In ice age Europe for example around 35-10,000 years ago marine shells travel over 2000km through exchange networks which helped provide a social buffer to withstand shortfalls in resources (see [8]). Somehow these groups overcame their tendencies to distrust outsiders and worked out ways of working together.
Selk’nam hunter-gatherers from Tierra de Fuego on the move. Hunter-gatherer societies such as the Selk’nam depend on high levels of collaboration for their survival. But do all minds need to be the same for collaboration to work, or are different minds a better recipe for success?
Our remarkable abilities to extend ourselves to care about others’ wellbeing can sometimes be rather fragile. As the same time as being able to care about global issues or the wellbeing of those we have never met, we can work hard to set up divisions which set us above others. One can’t help but wonder if future societies may well look in disbelief at the plethora of ways in which the twentieth and twenty-first centuries have found more detailed and elaborate ways to define a mentally ‘normal’ mind in contrast with a mentally different (and by implication ‘wrong’) other. Whilst our abilities to deal with mental health issues have become ever more sophisticated, our ‘labelling’ of many conditions as disorders can fly in the face of the more obvious reality that the human condition involves a great deal of suffering, and not all of that suffering can be seen as ‘unnatural’.
Many so-called ‘disorders’ may be a natural part of humanity. Conditions such as anxiety or depression are unwelcome but far from unnatural for example. Equally, genetically linked conditions such as schizophrenia or bipolar disorder appear to have a long history, with good evidence to suggest a role for those less grounded in reality in hunter-gatherer societies as shaman (see [9]). Though a shaman’s apparent difference, and connection to another world, may give them power, the trances experienced by shaman, and seen as providing a link to the spirit world are more commonly painful than pleasurable. Their experience and behaviour may have at times given them a certain social role in the past, but the same experience is more typically seen as a disorder today.
It is within the context of a fashionable drive to label and classify ‘disorder’ that the label of autism has emerged. Yet are autistic minds really ‘abnormal’ or ‘wrong’? We would be well advised to be cautious of media warnings of an autism ‘epidemic’, wording which easily conjures up a picture of a growing disease threatening society. There is every reason to suggest in contrast that what makes ‘us’ human is not a single ‘normal’ mind but a complex interdependency between different minds in which autism plays a key role (see [10, 11, 12]). As Grinker (see [1]) illustrates autism should not deprive someone of humanity, but rather shape their (and our) humanity. Whilst the ‘story’ of autism is nearly always told as beginning with its labelling in diagnosis by Kanner and Asperger in the early 19th century (see [13]) autism may have much older roots, and a more significant role to play in the emergence of our species. This much earlier ‘story’ of the role of autism is an important one which accords a key role to autism in the emergence of humanity.
This chapter explores the potential stone age origins of autism, considering the contribution which those with autism may have made to small scale prehistoric societies and the archaeological evidence for a long time depth to the influence of autism.
Is autism part of what makes us ‘human’ today? Autism has traditionally been seen as a condition of people somehow
Various authors have questioned whether autism, particularly high functioning autism or aspergers syndrome, should always be seen as
Are people with autism motivated to be part of a greater social good? One of the key misconceptions of autism is that a ‘lack of empathy’ carries with it a tendency to care far less about others wellbeing than the ‘neurotypical’ might. However empathy comprises a cognitive and an affective component (understanding others feelings and caring about others feelings). The affective component, how much someone will care about others, has been shown to be intact in autism (see [20]). People with autistic spectrum conditions ‘care’ about others wellbeing as much as anyone else might (even if their abilities to intuitively sense others feelings are impaired), often channelling such concerns into wider social endeavours such as a drive for fairness and justice (see [11]) or scientific progress. Autism implies that people care about others
Are people with autism really part of human social life? A further misconception is that those with asperger’s syndrome are unsocial. Anthropological studies of autism have made a significant impact on our understanding of what it is to be autistic and social and shown that whilst ‘autistic sociality’ is notably
Even those with severe autism can share a sociality which binds them to others. Solomon (in [21]) for example describes Sacks account of two severely autistic twins, John and Michael, who were institutionalised from childhood. In their early twenties and delighted in sharing mathematical concepts and ‘conversing’ in prime numbers.
Sacks writes:
The twins happily welcome Sacks to their conversation when he joins in with his own prime numbers. They provide an example of how apparently extremely autistic individuals can connect socially to others, and derive pleasure from their social contribution and connection, albeit in a non-typical manner. Sadly the different nature of their communication lead them to be separated to prevent them communicating in this ‘non-normal’ manner.
Whilst it is clear that for the twins pleasurable social life may be distinctive from the norm, in many ways this type of connection is not uncomparable to motivations and pleasures of scientific endeavour as described by Nikola Tesla (see [23]).
Not only rare geniuses like Darwin or Einstein may have been autistic (see [25, 26, 27, 28]) but many more common and far less obviously distinctive members of society may have minds that are distinctively different from what we see as ‘typical’, and add something critical to what makes us ‘human’.
As Dawn Prince comments, autism can be seen as a disability of context. How we view expressions of autism, whether as laudable and productive (such as an extreme focus on scientific discovery to the exclusion of other concerns for example) or as unproductive and threatening (in the case of the mathematical communication of the twins studies above) is greatly dependant on our culture. Whereas all cultures will have some limits to the nature of unusual behaviours that could be readily supported by others (and severe autism may never be an advantage), some may have been more accommodating of autistic difference than others, and in turn benefitted from what autism may have brought to society (figure 2).
Social means of accommodating autism (or other differences in mind) and the resulting nature of cognitive differences.
Dawn Prince’s observation that autism brings with it inherited gifts of unique
Baron-Cohen (in [30]) describes the main areas of talents in autism. These talents derive from a drive to understand systems, and illustrate the domains in which unique insights often lie.
The major kinds of system focused on by those with autism include:
Restricted or circumscribed interests shown by children with autism (figure 3), and which tend to fall into these domains may be difficult for parents to manage, but are often also seen as related to unique strengths or talents (see [31, 32]). An obsession with weather patterns as a child for example may in some lead to a particular strength and an academic focus on meteorology as an adult. Many famous scientists appear to show autistic traits. Isaac Newton’s unique insights into astronomy for example derive from a particularly focused motivation to understand the systems behind the movements of astronomical features (figure 4).
An eight month old boy with autism obsessively stacking cans (source: Wikimedia commons)
Sir Isaac Newton\'s depiction of the orbit of the Comet of 1680, fit to a parabola.
In a stone age context a focus on fine scale technological prowess or understanding and prediction of nature has an obvious contribution, particularly in harsh and risky high latitude environments such as the Arctic where survival depends on technology occupation depends on highly technological systems. The Inuit for example use complex multi-component harpoons to fish for seal, finely engineered dog sleds and highly efficient hunting equipment.
Though subtle, certain differences in the material culture selected and created by those with autism reflect their different minds. Thus we can argue that it ought to be possible to discriminate the material record of a society which includes or even encourages autistic traits from those where autism is unsupported.
Children and adults with autism use and create the world around them in subtly different ways, though it is children who have been studied most intensively. Children diagnosed with autistic spectrum disorder tend to engage differently with toys, for example focusing on spinning objects or lining up toys, and seem to derive comfort from
Differences in perception also influence the creation and use of objects. Children with autism notice the numbers on telegraph poles, and differences in perception lead to adults
Horse and rider completed at approximately 5 years 6 months by Nadia. Selfe 2011:
Two riders drawn by non-autistic children aged 6 years. Selfe: 2011 (
As well as driving detailed recording, fine scale understanding and new innovations of the natural world, autism may also be related to
Clues to the significance of defined rules of social behaviour for stone age societies can be found in modern hunter-gatherers. Amongst the Inuit for example, as with most hunter-gatherers, connections to external groups and collaborations at times of crisis work through rigid systems of defined behaviour, rather than being driven by a far messier suite of complex allegiances or personal favours.
In the northern Canada the Netsilik Inuit for example had a highly rule based system called
The incorporation of an autistic obsession with fairness and rules may have been key to providing highly systemised conventions to circumvent any tendencies to follow allegiances, or react emotionally to the unfamiliar and so may have been critical in promoting collaboration between different groups. It is not unreasonable to suggest that the widespread connections, exchange of materials and collaboration at times of need which we see after around 100,000 years ago may have been driven by the inclusion of autistic minds into societies. These types of systems may have been the key for example to allowing upper Palaeolithic groups to collaborate across large regions to survive local famines during the severe environments of ice age Heinrich events (see [38]).
Autism may often be a disadvantage where intuitive understanding of others is important, and can be unhelpful to the emotional wellbeing of others. Nonetheless where they could be integrated and supported, at a certain level a few individuals at the extreme of the spectrum of mind may have made an important contribution to past societies both in technological and social domains.
In the light of the potential value of autistic insight and action in certain contexts it is possible to view the archaeological record rather differently. Rather than a progressive sophistication of a single human ‘mind’, a more plausible explanation for much of the patterning in the archaeological record is as the marked emergence of autistic traits within a modern ‘humanity’ made up of complex interrelationship between
The earliest evidence for any autistic characteristics emerges well after the split between our own species and our nearest relatives the Neanderthals (occurring around 500,000 years ago), perhaps unsurprisingly as some of the key genes for autism have been found to be lacking in the Neanderthal genome (see [39]) and that of the other closely related species to modern humans, the Denisovans (see [40]).
However after 100,000 years ago various elements of the archaeological record document certain new traits which appear to be linked to autism – such as a unique focus on detail, technological innovation, and understanding of complex systems (see [10]) as well as evidence for large scale collaborations in the exchange of materials between groups (see [41]). Many of these new elements can be associated with what has been termed the appearance of ‘modern human behaviour’.
After around 100,000 years ago we begin to relatively suddenly see the emergence of ‘inventions’ such as the spear thrower, multi-component harpoon and tiny microlithic stone tools (figure 7 & 8) which appear to have been essential for the colonisation of previously unoccupied regions such as the far north (see [42]).
A ‘microlith’, these tiny tools formed part of barbs in arrow shafts, as well as other uses, and were highly efficient ways of making effective hunting weapons as well as maximising the use of stone tools materials and the efficiency and maintainability of tools with individual microliths being replaceable.
Microliths, forming part of highly engineering technologies, only appear after about 100,000 years ago. These microliths are from Red Ratcher Late Mesolithic site in the Pennines (courtesy of Paul Preston).
For example changes in ‘modern human’ technology include the appearance of tiny microlithic points such as at Howieson’s Poort and Rose Cottage in South Africa at around 75,000 years ago. Other innovations in Africa at his time including finely made bifacial points made on raw materials which may have been derived from structured exchange networks, bone tools, new symbolic art such as engraved patterns on ochre and ostrich eggshell and the formal ordering of space on sites (see [44]). Microliths and other elements of ‘modern’ behaviour are also later found at Patne in India, following the presumed colonisation of the southern corridor by fully modern humans (see [45]).
Somewhat later in Ice Age Europe, around 35-10,000 years ago, we see potential further evidence for a stone age context in which autism may have played an important social role.
Firstly, a number of artefacts found at European Upper Palaeolithic sites illustrate a unique focus on recording and understanding natural systems, particularly astronomical systems, which parallels with that seen in those with aspergers syndrome today. The Taï plaque for example, a 9cm long engraved bone from the Grotte de Taï, dated to around 10,000 years ago (see [43, 46]) is covered with many notches interpreted as a calendrical notation spanning over a year (figure 9).
The Taï plaque (Marshack 1991:
The Abri Blanchard plaquette, dated from around 32,000 years ago is perhaps even more remarkable. The patterns on this bone record the phases of the moon and its position in the sky related to a notched co-ordinate system at the edge of the plaque (figure 10, see [47, 46, 48]).
As well as other artefacts which also appear to carry calendrical, astronomical or other notation there are also other hints of autistic influence. The Raymonden plaquette from around 12,000 bp for example illustrates an autistic like approach to social relationships. This bone features an extended bison skeleton, with figures sitting on either side of the spine, illustrating both a detailed anatomical knowledge of anatomy (showing individual vertebrae) and with a focus on equal or systematically defined sharing (figure 11).
The most famous example of a link between autism and the contemporary archaeological record of this period however comes from the famous art. Upper Palaeolithic art in south-western europe is dominated by often extraordinarily realistic and naturalistic depictions of animals, both on cave walls (see front figure and figure 12) and in portable art (see figure 13). A number of elements of this art, such as highly realistic detailed figurative representation, a focus on parts (with drawings often overlapping) and a remarkable visual memory from what can only have been limited opportunities to note details of dynamic animals are found in common with autism (see [49, 35, 50, 10]). Whilst we might not necessarily suggest that the ice age artists were autistic themselves, it would not be unreasonable to conclude that
The Abri Blanchard plaquette (De Smedt and Cruz 2011:
Raymonden plaque, c10,000 years old, Raymonden, Dordogne, southern France (image: museo de Altamira).
B. & G. Delluc viewing frieze of swimming reindeer in Lascaux cave, Dorgdogne c 20,000 years old.
Line of animal heads engraved on a rib from the cave of Courbet, Penne-Tarn, France, Late Magdalenian, about 12,500 years ago (source: Wikimedia Commons)
The patchy nature of the expression of autistic traits in post 100,000 bp archaeological evidence suggests that it may have been most particularly in certain times and places that the advantages of autism were particularly emphasised. The clearest context may be that of highly risky, cold climate environments such as Ice Age Europe. Here both the dependence on technology for survival is greatest, and technological efficiency and innovation much valued, and unstable climates place an emphasis on large scale collaborations to provide a social buffer against shortfalls in resources. The archaeological record of southernmost Africa provides another particularly interesting case where autistic traits appear to be have adopted early at Blombos and Rose Cottage, later declined around 65,000 years ago and then re-adopted many thousands of years later continuing into elements of modern San technology (see [51]). If those with autism were integrated into societies at different times and places it is not surprising the there are multiple genes coding for autistic traits, and representing a geographically complex process of selection.
Individuals with autism can create challenges for societies, whether small scale hunter-gatherers or large scale modern societies. Pronounced counter-dominance tactics in hunter-gathers (see [52]) for example may have developed in part to prevent the dominance of those with autistic traits such as rigid rules and a lack of sensitivity to potential emotional consequences of their actions. Thus no matter how much someone is respected in small scale egalitarian groups, their rights to dictate the behaviour of others is heavily constrained by shared action to maintain equality. Indeed Boehm documents a progressive series of sanctions for dominating behaviour from ridicule to ostracism or assassination (see [53]). Such dynamics have also been recognised in Palaeolithic and Mesolithic contexts (see [52]). Whilst counter-dominance tactics work in a small scale setting, in modern societies a lack of such intuitively based social sanctions on behaviour may create problems where highly dominant individuals with autism are in positions of power. In this case such individuals may make decisions with emotionally damaging consequences for others which remain unchallenged.
Most individuals with autism are highly moral. However where autism is associated with disorders of
Whilst we tend to envisage a single typical Upper Palaeolithic society, such societies, like the human minds within them, were likely to have been highly variable. In a modern context small scale societies today tend to vary greatly in their level of social tolerance and tendencies towards or against violence, and a certain amount of self sorting takes place amongst hunter-gatherers with more collaborative or more competitive individuals tending to group together (see [55]). It is not difficult to envisage situations in prehistory where it was not the highly collaborative and moral personalities which were the most successful but in contrast where highly dominant, aggressive and even violent attitudes towards others might occasionally ‘pay off’ sufficiently to allow the genetic determinants of such traits to be selected for (see [54]).
There is every reason to believe that autism, far from being outside society, is very much part of the story of the origins of ‘humanity’. Those with autism may have played a unique role in technological spheres and understanding of natural systems, contributing calendrical knowledge, refined efficient technological practices and a unique perspective to art. They may also have been key to allowing larger scale societies to form with clear rules to define how sharing takes places.
Autism is sometimes portrayed as the ‘other’. Not only is this a dangerous perspective to take on a difference of mind, but there is every reason to conclude that autism is a central part of what makes us ‘human’. However difficult dealing with autism may be there may be much which we owe to the role of autism in our success. Moreover the solutions to allowing ‘us’ to work with ‘others’ in the Palaeolithic, and allowing a large scale society to be created might have depended on the inclusion of autism.
I much appreciate lively discussions and advice not only from my undergraduate and postgraduate students but also from colleaugues, most particularly Barry Wright, Andy Needham, Isabelle Winder, Geoff Bailey, Mark Edmonds, Andy Shuttleworth, Adam Feinstein, Paul Trehin and Nicolas Humphrey. All errors are my own.
Many engineering design problems require simultaneous optimization of multiple, often competing, objectives. Unlike in single-objective optimization, a multi-objective problem with competing objectives has no single solution. An optimum solution with respect to only one objective may not be acceptable when measured with respect to the other objectives. Multi-objective problems have a number of solutions called the Pareto-optimal set, named after Vilfred Pareto [1], that represent the range of best possible compromises amongst the objectives. Traditional gradient-based optimization algorithms are capable of addressing the multi-objective problems by converting the problem into a single-objective formulation. On the other hand, evolutionary algorithms (EAs)1 are well suited for the multi-objective problems as they can evolve to a set of designs that represent the Pareto frontier in a single run of the algorithm [2, 3]. As a result, EAs often find application to address multi-objective problems. Despite the popularity of these algorithms to solve a wide range of problems, they, like all non-gradient meta-heuristic searches, have issues with computational cost and rate of convergence to the Pareto frontier. After some number of generations, the candidate solutions may begin to exhibit little or no improvement. Modified versions of these algorithms exist which improve the convergence rate [4]. However, hybridizing EAs with an efficient gradient-based algorithm may significantly improve the convergence rate and has demonstrated the ability to solve multi-objective problems more efficiently than the EA alone [3]. Hybridization of an EA with a gradient-based local search algorithm has started to gain popularity owing to its promising capabilities to address the demerits of many optimization algorithms when used independently.
The genetic algorithm (GA) [5] is a class of EA and is a well-known population-based global search algorithm. Apart from its ability to explore the design space, GA is also capable of handling both discrete and continuous type design variables. This makes the GA an ideal choice to address problems that combine both discrete and continuous variables. However, the GA, like other EAs, does not provide any proof of convergence, and the GA cannot directly enforce constraints. Commonly, constraint handling for a GA search uses a penalty approach such that the fitness function reflects the objective function value and accounts for violated constraints. This generally requires the use of penalty multipliers to adjust the “strength” with which the penalty impacts the fitness function and selecting suitable penalty multipliers is often difficult. Further, for multi-objective problems, the different scaling or magnitude of the objectives can complicate selecting appropriate penalty multipliers.
On the other hand, Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP) [6], is a well-known gradient-based search algorithm that directly handles constraints and provides proof of convergence to local optima using Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) optimality criteria [7]. Because SQP uses gradient information, it is a computationally efficient search algorithm. However, SQP cannot handle discrete design variables or discontinuous functions and has difficulty with multi-modal functions. Therefore, both of these (GA and SQP) well-known optimization algorithms have their own pros and cons that limit their individual applicability to fully address constrained multi-objective problems that combine both continuous and discrete type design variables. Combining the GA with SQP creates a hybrid approach that improves the overall optimization process for constrained mixed-discrete nonlinear programming problems (MDNLP).
The chapter presents a combination of the two-branch tournament GA for multi-objective problems with an SQP-based local search implementation of the goal attainment problem formulation allowing an improved information sharing between the two algorithms. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, there exists no work that emphasizes the process of hybridization combining an N-branch tournament selection GA with the goal attainment formulation as the local search in a compatible manner and then demonstrates application of the approach to solve a hard-to-solve constrained multi-objective, mixed-discrete nonlinear optimization problem. Later in the chapter, the hybrid approach is applied to solve a three-bar truss problem, a ten-bar truss problem, and a greener aircraft design optimization problem – all representatives of constrained multi-objective, mixed-discrete nonlinear programming problem. The truss problems have basis in test problems for structural optimization, and the motivation to select a greener aircraft design optimization problem arises from the increased concern about the environmental impact of the growing air transportation system.
The ability of the EAs to evolve to a Pareto-frontier as the generation progresses makes them an ideal choice for several multi-objective optimization problems. Vector Evaluated GA (VEGA), proposed by Schaffer [8] back in 1985, is one of the earlier versions of multi-objective GA. Several multi-objective EAs are developed since then including Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm (MOGA) [9], Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm [10], Non-dominated Sorted Genetic Algorithm (NSGA) [11] to mention a few popular ones.
Coello [2, 12] has conducted comprehensive literature surveys of various evolutionary multi-objective techniques. Konak et al. [13] compared various multi-objective optimization algorithms and provides a set of guidelines to follow while developing a multi-objective algorithm. Their effort primarily lies in guiding researchers with very little background in MOGA and making them familiar with the ideas and approaches of multi-objective optimization.
One such multi-objective algorithm named Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA), developed by Srinivas and Dev [11] – arguably one of the most widely used multi-objective EAs – uses the concept of non-dominated sets originally proposed by Goldberg in his book on Genetic Algorithm and Machine Learning [14]. The NSGA approach maintains sets of non-dominated individuals, with the first set of individuals not dominated by any other individuals in the population. The second set finds the new set of non-dominated individuals after excluding the individuals from the first set. This step continues until all the individuals in the population are categorized inside the non-dominated sets.
A majority of these multi-objective algorithms, in some form, require an assignment of a scalar measure of a fitness value to the individuals in the population. As an example, MOGA [9] and NSGA [11] assign a fitness value based on a ranking scheme depending on the individual’s levels of domination. The two-branch tournament selection genetic algorithm presented by Crossley et al. [15] uses a tournament selection scheme that chooses parents considering both the objectives directly in the fitness functions. The individuals are evaluated based on their fitness across both the objectives. The overall process remains the same as that of a traditional GA. However, the only difference appears in the tournament selection operator. During the tournament selection step, the algorithm selects 50% of the parents based on the fitness value associated with the first objective, that is, the individuals are evaluated solely with respect to the first objective without consideration of the other objective. These selected parents are by nature strong in objective 1, or
The hybrid approach, presented in this chapter, uses this two-branch tournament selection GA as the global search optimizer and combines with a gradient-based approach to refine the search using a novel information sharing concept in the process of hybridization. The unique tournament selection strategy of the two-branch tournament GA allows to understand the underlying trait of the parents, i.e., if they are
Another challenge with multi-objective EAs is their ability to enforce constraints. Unlike gradient-based methods, which use constraint gradient information to guide the search in the feasible direction, no such constraint gradient is available for EAs. There have been several efforts to handle the constraints for EAs; however, not all of these methods strictly or directly enforce the problem constraints. The penalty function approach is arguably the most widely known of the various approaches to handle constraints in EAs. Assuming a minimization problem, this approach adds a penalty to the objective function when constraints are violated [14].
Another simple approach includes ignoring any infeasible design solution; because this does not differentiate between constraints that are close to the constraint boundaries and those that are far apart, this constraint handling method is inefficient.
Binh and Korn [16] suggested a method to assign fitness to individuals based on combining both the objective function vector as well as the degree to which the individual violates the constraint. Infeasible individuals are categorized into different classes based on how close or how far they are to the constraints boundaries.
Fonseca and Fleming [17] proposed a priority-based constraint handling strategy where search is first driven for feasibility followed by optimality by assigning high priority to constraints and low priority to objective functions. Although there are various techniques to “handle” constraints in EAs, “enforcing” them in a robust way is still an open issue. This is another motivation to pursue the hybrid approach that leverages the efficacy of gradient-based search to enforce the problem constraints.
Further, these population-based searches have issues with computational cost and rate of convergence to the Pareto frontier. After some number of generations, the candidate solutions may begin to exhibit little or no improvement. Modified versions of the algorithms work to improve the convergence rate [4, 18]; however, hybridizing EAs or GAs with an efficient gradient-based algorithm can significantly improve the convergence rate, thereby reducing the computational cost. Hybridization of an EA or GA with a gradient-based local search algorithm is not new. There are numerous references demonstrating how hybridization may improve the quality of the search for both single objective and multi-objective problem formulations; these include, but are not limited to, those appearing in [3, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32]. The local search can be considered as the local learning that takes place in an individual throughout its lifespan. Some of the approaches apply the local search to the final non-dominated set, while some techniques apply local search to all or many individuals of the population as the generation progresses.
The effort here extends the previous effort by Lehner and Crossley [27] to include a multi-objective formulation and combine the advantage of the hybrid approach with an novel information sharing technique between the global and the local search. The two-branch tournament selection GA algorithm globally explores the design space handling both discrete and continuous type variables, while the gradient-based approach sees only the continuous variables in a goal attainment formulation and seeks to efficiently refine the population based on the information passed on by the top-level GA while enforcing all the problem constraints.
The hybrid approach presented in this chapter combines the two-branch tournament GA (see Figure 1) for the global search [15] and the goal attainment SQP algorithm provided in the function
Original two branch tournament selection GA for two objective problems. Adapted from reference [
The top level of the problem, which the GA sees as its optimization problem, is a bound constrained (i.e., only side constraints on the continuous design variables) multi-objective minimization problem that uses the two-branch tournament selection technique with some modification to include the local search. This level includes both discrete and continuous design variables of the original problem. The continuous variables in this level,
In the original two-branch tournament selection GA, the tournament step selects 50% of the parents based on the fitness value associated with the first objective. These parents are by nature strong in objective 1 or
Modified two branch tournament selection GA and SQP interaction.
With a given goal
Figure 3 demonstrates the parent selection process of the new two-branch tournament selection GA and the goal assignment technique with a simple example. The approach starts with a population size of 8
Selective parent mixing strategy.
The lower-level problem presented to the SQP algorithm refines the population of the GA by searching the continuous variable space and helps the hybrid algorithm converge to the Pareto frontier at a faster rate. The
This goal attainment formulation seeks to attain values for the objectives close to a set of predefined goal values,
The
Goal assignment technique.
To assign the goal point values, the hybrid approach first identifies the local ideal point in each generation. This ideal point is the combination of the lowest
To assign a goal point to an individual, the approach defines a vector that originates from an individual and ends to where the vector intersects with either of the dotted lines. The point of intersection becomes the goal point for that individual. Children of parents from sub-pool 1, the
Referring back to Figure 3, parents 1 and 4 from sub-pool 1 create children
Although the approach seems robust in enforcing constraints via goal attainment formulation, there may be instances when no feasible solution exists to the goal attainment formulation for a given set of discrete variables. In such cases, the local search will not be able to return a feasible solution and the fitness function receives a severe penalty in the GA-level in an effort to discard such discrete design choices from the population. This severe penalty has some resemblance to the approach of ignoring infeasible designs that was criticised above; however, because the situation where no locally-feasible design exists results from a specific combination of discrete variables, there is no analog to having a “nearly feasible” design with a slightly violated constraint. Severely penalizing such infeasible designs for certain combinations of discrete variable choices, in this context, is appropriate.
To demonstrate the efficacy of the hybrid approach in solving constrained multi-objective MDNLP problems, we solve three different engineering test problems with varying difficulties - a three-bar truss, a ten-bar truss, and greener aircraft design problem.
For the three-bar truss problem (see Figure 5), the problem formulation includes the objectives of minimizing the weight of the truss and minimizing the deflection of the free node. The deflection of a node is calculated as the resultant of the deflections in both the x and y directions. The problem consists of six design variables, of which three are continuous and three are discrete. The continuous variables describe the cross-sectional area of the three bars while the discrete variables describe the material selection properties of these bars. The details of the continuous design variables and their design bounds appear in Table 1. For this problem, four discrete material selection choices are available for each element and include aluminum, titanium, steel, and nickel options. The yield stress for every bar acts as a constraint for the problem (total three constraints), not allowing the stress in the bar to go beyond that upper limit. References [35, 36] provide more details about the three-bar truss problem. For the hybrid approach, the GA population is limited to 8 individuals while setting the upper limit for the number of generations to 50. The probability of crossover is set to 0.5 and the mutation rate is fixed at 0.005. The continuous and discrete variables uses 8 and 2 bits respectively in the Gray-coded binary scheme.
Three bar truss problem.
Design variables | Lower bound | Upper bound |
---|---|---|
Cross-sectional area of bar 1 [cm2] | 0 | 5 |
Cross-sectional area of bar 2 [cm2] | 0 | 5 |
Cross-sectional area of bar 3 [cm2] | 0 | 5 |
Continuous variables for three-bar truss problem.
The resulting Pareto frontier for the three-bar truss problem appears in Figure 6(a). The plot shows the Pareto frontier has a good spread, leading to a total of 248 non-dominated points as solutions to the optimization problem. The visible trend in the non-dominated design set indicates that as the weight of the three bar truss system increases, they are accompanied by similar increases in the cross-sectional area of the bars with the material selection choice gradually shifting to steel for all the three bars. Aluminum or nickel never appeared as the material selection choice in the first two bars. The designs visible in the top left corner of the Pareto front in Figure 6(a) correspond to high displacement and low weight designs. The separated cluster of points (six designs) visible at the bottom right corner of the Pareto frontier corresponds to low displacement and high weight designs, with the maximum weight design having a material combination of all steel bars.
Pareto front for the three-bar truss problem and its comparison with the other approaches. (a) Pareto front for the three-bar truss problem using the hybrid approach. (b) Comparison of Pareto frontier obtained using the hybrid approach, a weighted sum approach and the original two-branch tournament GA approach.
For the three-bar truss problem, only 64 possible combinations of discrete design variables exist. Hence, it is possible to perform a complete enumeration of the discrete design space and get a sense of the shape of the true Pareto front and help assess the performance of the hybrid approach. This led the authors to compare the hybrid approach (and the original two-branch tournament selection GA2) with a gradient-based weighted sum approach for this three-bar truss problem. The weighted sum approach converts the multi-objective problem formulation into a single objective problem by assigning weights to both the objectives and solves the single objective problem with the gradient-based approach using MATLAB’s
First, the objectives are normalized using the utopia point. Next, objective 1 is assigned a weight
Figure 7 compares how the Pareto frontier evolved with generations using the original two-branch tournament GA and the proposed hybrid approach. As expected, without the local search feature, the original two-branch tournament selection GA shows distinct improvement in both the quality and the spread of the Pareto front as the generation progresses. That is, the black diamonds (non-dominated set after second generation) are replaced with better non-dominated designs as the generation progresses. However, in the hybrid case, we start to see the shape of the final Pareto front immediately after the second generation. As the generation progresses further, more points get added to the list of non-dominated designs. This is due to the multi-start approach where the top-level GA populates various possible combinations of the discrete material selection choices and the local gradient-based search then improves these designs by varying the continuous design variables. The hybrid approach is able to rapidly get to the final Pareto front at the expense of increased number of function evaluations needed by the gradient-based local search.
Evolution of the non-dominated sets as the generation progresses. (a) Original two-branch tournament selection GA. (b) Proposed hybrid approach.
Next, the hybrid approach solves a more difficult and challenging version of the three-bar truss problem – a ten-bar truss. Similar to the three-bar truss problem, the ten-bar truss has the competing objectives that include minimizing the weight of the ten-bar truss system and minimizing the resultant displacement of any of the free nodes. The displacement is taken as the absolute of the maximum calculated displacement among all the bar elements. This problem consists of twenty design variables – ten continuous type and ten discrete type. The continuous variables describe the cross-sectional diameters of the ten bars, ranging from 0.1 cm2 to 40 cm2, while the discrete variables specify the material selection properties of these bars. Like the three-bar problem, the four discrete material choices available for each bar include aluminum, titanium, steel, and nickel. However, this problem has over one million possible combinations of the discrete choices (
Figure 8(a) compares the Pareto front obtained using the hybrid approach after 20 GA generations with the Pareto frontier obtained using the two-branch tournament selection GA after 100 generations. The figure shows both the approaches performed well for this problem with the two-branch tournament selection GA resulting a better spread in the low weight/high displacement region of the objective space, whereas the hybrid GA has a better spread in the low displacement/high weight region. Figure 8(b) shows how the non-dominated set evolved as the generation progresses using the hybrid approach. We see a similar trend as that of the three-bar truss problem. That is, there is not much significant change in the final shape of the Pareto front other than the increase in the number of non-dominated designs as the generation progresses. However, this time there is slight improvement in the quality of the Pareto front (the red non-dominated set obtained after generation 20 is slightly better than the blue or the black non-dominated designs obtained at generation 5 and 2 respectively).
Ten bar truss problem results. (a) Comparison between the original two-branch tournament GA (after 100 GA generation) and the hybrid approach (after 20 GA generations) for the 10 bar truss problem. (b) Evolution of non-dominated set as the generation progresses for the 10 bar truss problem using the hybrid approach.
For the three-bar example, a majority of the improvements across the objective space are due to the gradient-based local search’s ability to obtain designs with better cross-sectional area. With only 64 possible material selection combinations, there are not many discrete material selection options to explore. On the other hand, for the ten-bar truss problem, a vast majority of the improvement is due to the ability of the GA to find a better material selection combination rather than fine-tuning the cross sectional variables. It is not possible to seek further improvement in the Pareto front just by varying the continuous variables, so the local search saturates as appear in the case of black (diamonds) and blue (squares) non-dominated designs. After few more GA iterations, the algorithm is able to find better combinations of material selection that lead to further improvement in the Pareto front (red dots).
The third application problem solved using the hybrid approach is the greener aircraft design problem. Here, a “greener” aircraft design problem provides an example to demonstrate the efficacy of the hybrid algorithm and its ability to solve such MDNLP problems. The intent is to find aircraft designs that represent the best possible trade-offs among performance, economics, and environmental metrics which essentially makes this a multi-objective problem. Further, with the inclusion of discrete technologies, the problem becomes MDNLP in nature.
The aircraft design optimization problem employs the NASA sizing code FLOPS [37] to evaluate discrete design configurations and perform the sizing and performance calculations of the candidate aircraft designs. The sizing code accepts both continuous and discrete design variables as input and returns the aircraft gross weight along with environmental metrics (fuel weight, which corresponds to CO2 emissions, and NO
The problem includes ten continuous variables that define the wing and the engine parameters of the aircraft. The details of these continuous design variables and their design bounds appear in Table 2.
Design variables | Lower bound | Upper bound |
---|---|---|
Aspect Ratio | 8 | 12 |
Taper Ratio | 0.3 | 0.5 |
Thickness to Chord Ratio | 0.09 | 0.17 |
Wing Area [ft2] | 1,000 | 1,500 |
Wing Sweep at 25 percent [deg] | 0 | 40 |
Thrust per engine [lbs] | 20,000 | 30,000 |
By-Pass Ratio | 5 | 10 |
Turbine Inlet Temperature [R] | 3010 | 3510 |
Overall Pressure Ratio | 35 | 55 |
Fan Pressure Ratio | 1.6 | 1.7 |
Continuous variables for aircraft design problem.
This aircraft design optimization study models three types of discrete technologies. Table 3 lists the set of discrete technologies considered in this study. To model composite material selection choice on various aircraft components, the approach here uses a binary variable for each of the aircraft components that includes wing, fuselage, tail, and nacelle. A value of one represents composites being present while a value of zero represents no composite materials in that structure. The second discrete variable includes the eight possible combinations of the location and the number of engines. Lastly, eight combinations of laminar flow technologies are included for this problem, depending on whether it is natural laminar flow (NLF) or hybrid laminar flow control (HLFC) technology and the number of components on which it is applied (as listed in Table 3). References [38, 39, 40] describe the various discrete technologies used in this study in further detail.
Laminar Flow Technologies | Engine Position | Composite Material Choices | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wing | Fuselage | Nacelle | Tail | ||
NLF-Wing | 2 wing | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
HLFC-Wing | 2 fuselage | No | No | No | No |
HLFC-Wing + Nacelle | 2 wing +1 fuselage | ||||
HLFC-Wing + Tail | 3 fuselage | ||||
HLFC-Wing + Tail + Nacelle | 4 wing | ||||
NLF-Wing + HLFC-Tail | 2 wing +2 fuselage | ||||
NLF-Wing + HLFC-Nacelle | 1 fuselage | ||||
NLF-Wing + HLFC-Tail + HLFC-Nacelle | 4 wing +1 fuselage |
Discrete technologies for aircraft design problem.
The problem also has four constraints that appear in Table 4. The constraints ensure that the design solution meets the desired field length criteria, has sufficient ground clearance, and sets a maximum limit on the amount of allowable fuel carrying space in the fuselage.
Take-off field length [ft] | |
Landing field length [ft] | |
Landing gear length [in] | |
Fuselage fuel capacity [lbs] |
Problem constraints.
The aircraft design optimization problem considers two different pairs of competing objectives. The first pair involves simultaneous minimization of the aircraft fuel weight (index of CO2 emissions) and the total operating cost of the aircraft, and the second pair involves minimizing the NO
Figure 9 shows the set of 24 non-dominated designs for the competing objective pair – aircraft fuel weight and total operating cost. The aircraft fuel weight, analogous to fuel burn, is directly related to the amount of CO2 produced during the trip. The Pareto frontier consists of designs employing combinations of composite structures, eight different engine position(s), and eight different laminar flow technologies, modeled as a part of the greener technology approaches described in the previous section.
The non-dominated set for objective pair – aircraft fuel weight (index for CO2 production) and the total operating cost.
The design point ND1 (for Non-Dominated design number 1) in Figure 9 corresponds to highest total operating cost (also lowest fuel weight) and makes use of NLF technology on the wing and HLFC technology on the nacelles and tail, along with two wing-mounted engines. This design also features composite wings, fuselage, and nacelles. The use of composite structures leads to a decrease in the fuel consumption (due to the reduction in aircraft empty weight) at the expense of increased total operating cost (due to increase in the manufacturing and maintenance costs associated with composite materials). The design with the lowest total operating cost (ND24) makes use of NLF technology on the wing and HLFC technology on the nacelles and tail, along with two wing-mounted engines as well. But, this design has no composite components and, hence, has the lowest total operating cost according to the models used in this study.
All the non-dominated designs employ NLF technology on the wings and HLFC technology on both the nacelle and tail, along with two wing-mounted engine configuration. The laminar flow technologies tend to reduce the skin friction drag of the aircraft, making the design more aerodynamically efficient, and reducing its fuel consumption for a given mission range. All the non-dominated designs employ these technologies in various forms (NLF or HLFC) to reduce fuel burn, depicting the importance of employing these technologies in near future “greener” aircraft design.
An interesting region in the Pareto frontier from an airline’s standpoint would be near the points ND1 and ND3 (or ND2), where a substantial decrease in total operating cost is possible for a marginal increase in the aircraft fuel weight (index of CO2 production per trip). Considering non-dominated designs ND1 and ND3, a nearly 1% reduction in total operating cost is possible to achieve for only a 0.6% increase in the total fuel weight needed for the mission, as one move from ND1 to ND3. Similar trends for the objective pair in consideration are also observed for designs ND9, ND10, and ND11.
The Pareto front corresponding to the NO
The non-dominated set for objective pair – NOX emissions versus total operating cost.
The design with minimum NO
An interesting region from the airline’s point of view is the near the points ND2, ND3, ND4 and ND5, where a nearly vertical portion is visible in the top left portion of the Pareto frontier (refer to Figure 10). Moving from left to right in this region, a substantial decrease in total operating cost is possible for a marginal increase in the NO
Given there is some degree of randomness associated with the genetic operations in the GA, subsequent runs of the hybrid GA for the two objective pairs find a slightly different number of non-dominated designs points. However, the basic trait of the Pareto frontier, in terms of the discrete choices, did not alter; only the density of points in the Pareto frontier varied with different runs.
This chapter describes a hybrid multi-objective algorithm that makes use of an efficient gradient-based SQP algorithm for fitness evaluation inside a GA in a learning approach. The combination allows the GA to evolve a population of designs in the direction of the Pareto frontier while the SQP algorithm enforces constraints, eliminating the need for penalty multipliers or other special constraint handling methods and refines the values of the continuous design variables. The selective parent mixing and unique sets of goal point assignment to the individual lead to a distinct improvement in convergence and the quality of the Pareto frontier from a previous variation of this approach. When applied to various constrained MDNLP engineering design problems, the hybrid algorithm shows the ability to identify promising designs.
Although the ability of the hybrid approach to solve difficult constrained MDNLP problems is demonstrated in this chapter, the methodology relies heavily on the constraint enforcing ability and efficient searching of the continuous design space via the local gradient-based SQP algorithm that requires some estimates (either numerically or analytically) of the gradients of the objectives and the constraints with respect to the continuous design variables. A major advantage of a gradient-based approach besides being able to enforce the problem constraints (hence, the motivation to hybridize) is that the computational cost needed to compute the gradients is nearly independent of the number of design variables [41] when using adjoint-based methods to estimate the derivatives. This allows the gradient-based approach to efficiently solve problems with a very large number of design variables. However, if the objectives are encapsulated in a black-box function and are computationally very expensive to evaluate, then it may not be possible to directly implement a gradient-based search and may require a surrogate-based design optimization approach [40, 42, 43].
αi | Weight vector for the relative under/over-attainment of objective |
fi(x) | Value of the objective |
fiG | Goal value for objective |
gi(x) | Nonlinear inequality constraints |
γ | Attainment factor |
hi(x) | Nonlinear equality constraints |
n | Population size |
xc | Continuous design variable |
xd | Discrete design variable |
xL | Design variable lower bound |
xU | Design variable upper bound |
EA | Evolutionary algorithm |
GA | Generic algorithm |
HLFC | Hybrid laminar flow control |
MDNLP | Mixed-discrete nonlinear programming |
ND | Non-dominated design |
NLF | Natural laminar flow |
NSGA | Non-dominated Sorted Genetic Algorithm |
SPEA | Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm |
SQP | Sequential Quadratic Programming |
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Saxena",hash:"d92a4085627bab25ddc7942fbf44cf05",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:7}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:249,paginationItems:[{id:"274452",title:"Dr.",name:"Yousif",middleName:"Mohamed",surname:"Abdallah",slug:"yousif-abdallah",fullName:"Yousif Abdallah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274452/images/8324_n.jpg",biography:"I certainly enjoyed my experience in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, particularly it has been in different institutions and hospitals with different Medical Cultures and allocated resources. Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait. His research interests include optimization, computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, and intelligent systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker at various platforms around the globe. He has advised/supervised more than 110 students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He has authored and/or edited around seventy books. Prof. Sarfraz is a member of various professional societies. He is a chair and member of international advisory committees and organizing committees of numerous international conferences. He is also an editor and editor in chief for various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:"Beijing University of Technology",institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Lakhno Igor Victorovich was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPhD – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSc – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nLakhno Igor has been graduated from an international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held in Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s a professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education . He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 17 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Lakhno Igor is a rewiever of Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for DSc degree \\'Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention and treatment”. Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, cardiovascular medicine.",institutionString:"V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University",institution:{name:"Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education",country:{name:"Ukraine"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZkkQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-09T12:55:18.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"338222",title:"Mrs.",name:"María José",middleName:null,surname:"Lucía Mudas",slug:"maria-jose-lucia-mudas",fullName:"María José Lucía Mudas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"147824",title:"Mr.",name:"Pablo",middleName:null,surname:"Revuelta Sanz",slug:"pablo-revuelta-sanz",fullName:"Pablo Revuelta Sanz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"12",type:"subseries",title:"Human Physiology",keywords:"Anatomy, Cells, Organs, Systems, Homeostasis, Functions",scope:"Human physiology is the scientific exploration of the various functions (physical, biochemical, and mechanical properties) of humans, their organs, and their constituent cells. The endocrine and nervous systems play important roles in maintaining homeostasis in the human body. Integration, which is the biological basis of physiology, is achieved through communication between the many overlapping functions of the human body's systems, which takes place through electrical and chemical means. Much of the basis of our knowledge of human physiology has been provided by animal experiments. Because of the close relationship between structure and function, studies in human physiology and anatomy seek to understand the mechanisms that help the human body function. The series on human physiology deals with the various mechanisms of interaction between the various organs, nerves, and cells in the human body.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/12.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11408,editor:{id:"195829",title:"Prof.",name:"Kunihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Sakuma",slug:"kunihiro-sakuma",fullName:"Kunihiro Sakuma",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195829/images/system/195829.jpg",biography:"Professor Kunihiro Sakuma, Ph.D., currently works in the Institute for Liberal Arts at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. He is a physiologist working in the field of skeletal muscle. He was awarded his sports science diploma in 1995 by the University of Tsukuba and began his scientific work at the Department of Physiology, Aichi Human Service Center, focusing on the molecular mechanism of congenital muscular dystrophy and normal muscle regeneration. 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This includes, but is not limited to: single-neuron modeling, sensory processing, motor control, memory, and synaptic plasticity, attention, identification, categorization, discrimination, learning, development, axonal patterning, guidance, neural architecture, behaviors, and dynamics of networks, cognition and the neuroscientific basis of consciousness. 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