MSE versus neurons in the hidden layer for static neural network.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\\n\\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\\n\\nLaunching 2021
\\n\\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\\n\\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\\n\\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\\n\\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\\n\\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\\n\\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\\n\\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/132"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'With the desire to make book publishing more relevant for the digital age and offer innovative Open Access publishing options, we are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format: IntechOpen Book Series.
\n\nDesigned to cover fast-moving research fields in rapidly expanding areas, our Book Series feature a Topic structure allowing us to present the most relevant sub-disciplines. Book Series are headed by Series Editors, and a team of Topic Editors supported by international Editorial Board members. Topics are always open for submissions, with an Annual Volume published each calendar year.
\n\nAfter a robust peer-review process, accepted works are published quickly, thanks to Online First, ensuring research is made available to the scientific community without delay.
\n\nOur innovative Book Series format brings you:
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\n\nLaunching 2021
\n\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\n\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\n\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\n\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\n\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\n\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\n\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\n\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\n\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"},{slug:"intechopen-identified-as-one-of-the-most-significant-contributor-to-oa-book-growth-in-doab-20210809",title:"IntechOpen Identified as One of the Most Significant Contributors to OA Book Growth in DOAB"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"1311",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Advances in Cancer Therapy",title:"Advances in Cancer Therapy",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The book \"Advances in Cancer Therapy\" is a new addition to the Intech collection of books and aims at providing scientists and clinicians with a comprehensive overview of the state of current knowledge and latest research findings in the area of cancer therapy. For this purpose research articles, clinical investigations and review papers that are thought to improve the readers' understanding of cancer therapy developments and/or to keep them up to date with the most recent advances in this field have been included in this book. With cancer being one of the most serious diseases of our times, I am confident that this book will meet the patients', physicians' and researchers' needs.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-703-1",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6579-8",doi:"10.5772/1780",price:159,priceEur:175,priceUsd:205,slug:"advances-in-cancer-therapy",numberOfPages:580,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"24db071212f134f4a7dc3dc0cc786fec",bookSignature:"Hala Gali-Muhtasib",publishedDate:"November 21st 2011",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1311.jpg",numberOfDownloads:70695,numberOfWosCitations:72,numberOfCrossrefCitations:20,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:2,numberOfDimensionsCitations:50,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:2,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:142,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 17th 2010",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 15th 2010",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"April 21st 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 21st 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 20th 2011",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,10",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"57145",title:"Prof.",name:"Hala",middleName:null,surname:"Gali-Muhtasib",slug:"hala-gali-muhtasib",fullName:"Hala Gali-Muhtasib",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/57145/images/system/57145.jpg",biography:"Hala Gali-Muhtasib is a tenured Professor of Cell and Cancer Biology at the American University of Beirut (AUB), Lebanon. She received her PhD from Kansas State University, Manhattan, USA and joined AUB in 1994. She assumed many administrative positions at AUB including Interim Associate Provost, Chair of Enrollment Management, Chair of Biology Department and Director of Center for Drug Discovery. She is a prominent scholar with outstanding scientific contributions to the study of the role of natural products in cancer therapy and identifying their cellular and molecular mechanisms of action. She has published 95 peer reviewed articles, more than 10 book chapters and has edited a few books. 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by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"56846",title:"Solar Radiation Prediction Using NARX Model",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70570",slug:"solar-radiation-prediction-using-narx-model",body:'\nThe human brain, like every vital organ, is constituted of a set of cells which are called neurons. It is through this organ that we can learn and reason, reflect and memorize. The geniality of human brain and more particularly of its neurons motivates several researchers to interest to this research and to benefit from its biological aspect. The idea was to reproduce, in an artificial way, the behaviors observed in man. It was in 1943 that the first artificial neural network was created by Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts. It is a simple elementary processor imitating the structure and the functioning from the biological neuron. Artificial neural network is characterized by its capacity of learning and generalizing. It represents a very powerful tool; it provided multiple solutions to different complex problems. In these recent years, its effectiveness is proved in various researches fields. Artificial neural network are subdivided on two main groups, the static and dynamic neural network. The choice of the one or the other neural network type depends on the application to be processed and the complexity of model. For static neural network, information propagates in a single direction, layer by layer, and from the inlet to the outlet. They are generally used in various applications such as classifications, pattern recognition, and functions approximation. The connectivity between neurons in dynamic neural network is not limited. Each neuron can send and receive information from all other neurons. The dynamic neural network architecture includes frequently one or more cycles which necessarily contain at least one delay connection. This gives rise to the dynamism notion. This neural network type is more complex than the static one, but it is more efficient for some particular applications such as dynamic modeling, monitoring, and process control. In this chapter, nonlinear autoregressive models with exogenous input (NARX) model, as type of dynamic neural network, will be used to the solar radiation prediction. Simulation results will be presented to prove the effectiveness of this model compared to the static one.
\nStatic neural network was the first and simplest type. It is a nonlooped network since it does not contain a feedback or delay connection [1]. It is a statistical regression tool which allows the approximation of any nonlinear function sufficiently regular. The neural architecture of this network is presented as shown in \nFigure 1\n. It imitates the structure of the biological neuron. It is composed of a set of layers. The hidden one allows to receive a variable number of inputs, and information is moved only from inputs directly through hidden layer to the output layer without cycles or loops. Each connection is associated with a synaptic weight w, which represents the strength of each connection. The negative weight inhibits its input, while the positive weight accentuates it.
\nStatic neural architecture.
NARX model is the abbreviation of “nonlinear autoregressive models with exogenous input”. It is registered under recurrent dynamic neural networks. It is a nonlinear autoregressive model with exogenous inputs. NARX consists of a linear ARX model with two delays, one for input and the other for output. It is based on the multilayer perceptron and the recurring connections. Its effectiveness has been proven in the research work presented in [2] to predict the PV power. It is also used in other applications such as the electricity prices prediction and the air pollution prediction [3, 4, 5]. This model is commonly used for the time series, estimation, and prediction as well as for nonlinear dynamic systems modeling. Compared to other neural network types, NARX model is characterized by a good learning, fast convergence, and better generalization [6]. The PV power prediction results presented in [2] have proven an improvement performance when using NARX model compared to those obtained using the static neural network. NARX model performances are also compared to those of static neural network and radial neural network in the research works presented in [7]. NARX gave also the best prediction results in these studies.
\nNARX model defines the output as a function of its inputs and its past outputs as described in the following equation [8],
\nWhere u represents the exogenous data and y are the NARX model outputs. du and dy present respectively delays order of inputs u and outputs y. \nFigure 2\n presents the NARX model standard architecture.
\nNARX model standard architecture.
For example, the NARX architecture of a neural network composed of three inputs, one output and six neurons in its hidden layer is presented as shown in the \nFigure 3\n.
\nExample NARX model standard architecture
Learning and generalization are two specifics properties that characterize any neural network. Unlike traditional methods that build programs to solve a problem, neural network operates mainly on a learning basis. We do not program a neural network, but we learn it. This is why the learning phase is among the most important properties of neural network.
\nThe learning phase consists to estimate the parameter of the network in such a way that it can best fulfill the task assigned to it. This phase cannot be effective only after having accumulated a set of inputs/outputs. When creating a neural network, the inputs and outputs are fixed relative to the application to be accomplished, it is the network weights that are modified and adjusted during the learning phase. The weight adjustment cannot be done in a random way but according to a “learning algorithm.” The generalization phase, known also the test phase, is one of the characteristics that determines the neural network performance. It consists to treat the output network with respect to the nonlearned inputs. The network generalization capacity degrades in the case of under/on learning.
\nIn the present work, solar radiation will be predicted firstly with static neural network and then with NARX model. This study begins firstly with the observation of the solar radiation data base. In fact, the data base used in this work is composed of a set of solar radiation and temperature measurements correspond to an industrial company located on north of Barcelona [9]. These measurements are taken every day and every 5 minutes throughout 2010. In \nFigure 4\n, the daily evolution of solar radiation during 2010 is presented.
\nSolar radiation daily evolution during 2010.
As shown in the above figure, the presented database is so large. So in order to reduce this annual solar radiation descriptive curve, just the solar radiation weekly averages will be taken into consideration in the solar radiation prediction. The curve presented in \nFigure 4\n is thus reduced as presented in \nFigure 5\n.
\nWeekly evolution of solar radiation during 2010.
In this paragraph, solar radiation will be predicted using the static neural network. Inputs chosen for this neural network are the temperature and the output will be the radiation as presented in \nFigure 6\n.
\nInputs and the output for the static neural network.
To determine the optimal neural structure for this network, the learning and test performances are treated for different neurons in the hidden layer. The transfer functions chosen for the hidden layer and for the output layer are respectively “tansig” and “purelin.” As presented in \nTable 1\n, the optimal neurons number obtained for this static neural network is equal to 2. The simulation results of learning, test, and validation obtained with this structure are presented in \nFigure 7\n.
\nNumber of neurons | \nMSE | \n
---|---|
1 | \n0.0288 | \n
\n | \n\n | \n
3 | \n0.0140 | \n
4 | \n0.0041 | \n
5 | \n0.0071 | \n
6 | \n0.0298 | \n
7 | \n0.0043 | \n
8 | \n0.0058 | \n
9 | \n0.0106 | \n
10 | \n0.0097 | \n
MSE versus neurons in the hidden layer for static neural network.
Learning, test, and validation of static neural network.
The optimal neural structure for the static neural network is thus composed of temperature (T) as input, radiation (R) as output, and one hidden layer which contains two neurons as shown in \nFigure 8\n.
\nOptimal neural architecture for the static neural network.
The results of solar radiations prediction with static neural network are presented in \nFigure 9.\nAll inputs are normalized, so the maximum solar radiation value is equal to 1. The blue curve corresponds to the real solar radiation, and the red one corresponds to the predicted one. As shown in the figure, the predicted solar radiation follows the evolution of the real one, but there is not an approximation between the two curves. This is remarked especially when the solar radiation fluctuations are so important. To better treat these results, prediction error is presented in \nFigure 10\n, and the different error mean square error (MSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and root mean square error (RMSE) are computed and presented in \nTable 2\n.
\nSolar radiation prediction using the static neural network.
Solar radiation prediction error with the static neural network.
Error | \nPerformances | \n
---|---|
MSE | \n0.0516 | \n
MAE | \n0.2076 | \n
RMSE | \n0.2272 | \n
MSE, MAE, and RMSE for solar radiation prediction with static neural network.
\n\nFigure 11\nshows that the prediction error is variable. It reaches a maximum value of 0.5 and a minimum value of 0.02. This is shows the performances of static neural network to predict the solar radiation for certain period of time and its weakness to predict it in other periods. The MSE value is equal to 0.0516; it is lower than MAE and RMSE. It is not considered too small, thus shows the inefficiency of the static neural network to best predict the solar radiation.
\nInputs and output for the NARX model.
In this part, solar radiation will be predicted using the NARX model. As presented in the previous paragraph, to predict a future value, NARX model is based on the historical data related to this value and involves some exogenous data. As temperature influences the solar radiation variation, it is chosen as an exogenous data. So the NARX model inputs will be the historical solar radiation data and temperature data as presented in \nFigure 11\n.
\nThe hidden layers number and their neurons must be chosen in such a way that they offer the best network performances in learning and in generalization. So in this paragraph, the network performances will be treated for different neural network architecture. Inputs for NARX model correspond to the historical solar radiations (R(t−1) and R(t−2)) and the ambient temperatures (T(t−1) and T(t−2)). The output will be the predicted solar radiation at time t (R(t)) as presented in \nFigure 12\n. The transfer functions used for the hidden layer and for the output layer are respectively “tansig” and “purelin.”
\nNeural architecture for the NARX model.
First, the network performances will be studied with just one neuron in the hidden layer; then, number of neurons will be incremented and the network performances will be restudied. Network performances are treated by the compute of the mean square error of learning and test (MSE). The optimal neural structure corresponds to the one which presented the minimal MSE. Simulations results for this study are presented in\nTable 3\n and in \nFigure 13\n. The optimal neural architecture obtained is the one which its hidden layer contains five neurons as presented in \nFigure 14\n.
\nNumber of neurons | \nMSE | \n
---|---|
1 | \n0.0047 | \n
2 | \n0.0217 | \n
3 | \n0.0122 | \n
4 | \n0.0072 | \n
\n | \n\n | \n
6 | \n0.0016 | \n
7 | \n0.0076 | \n
8 | \n0.0258 | \n
9 | \n0.0784 | \n
10 | \n0.0460 | \n
MSE versus neurons in hidden layer for NARX model.
Learning, test and validation of NARX model.
Optimal neural architecture for the NARX model.
Based on this neural network, solar radiation is predicted by NARX model. Simulation results are presented in \nFigure 15\n. The blue curve corresponds to the real solar radiation, and the red curve corresponds to the predicted one. As obtained with the static neural network, the predicted solar radiation follows the evolution of the real one. Furthermore, an approximation between the real and predicted curves is remarked, the two curves are overlapped for certain period of time especially when the solar radiation fluctuations are low. So an improvement in the quality of solar radiation prediction with NARX model is remarked compared to that obtained with the static neural network.
\nSolar radiation predicted by NARX.
To the best evaluation of the NARX model performances, the solar radiation prediction error is presented in \nFigure 16\n. The different error MSE, MAE, and RMSE are computed and presented in \nTable 4\n. As presented in \nFigure 16\n, the maximum error reaches the value of 0.42, and the minimum one is equal to 0. MSE is always the lowest one. It indicates a value of 0.0348. It is low compared to this one obtained with static neural network. Therefore, the performance of NARX model is proven in this work to predict the solar radiation.
\nSolar radiation prediction error with NARX model.
Error | \nPerformances | \n
---|---|
MSE | \n0.0348 | \n
MAE | \n0.1360 | \n
RMSE | \n0.1864 | \n
MSE, MAE, and RMSE for solar radiation prediction with NARX model.
In this chapter, the solar radiation is predicted using two different neural networks, the static one and the NARX model. Simulations results are presented and are proven the effectiveness of NARX model to predict the solar radiation compared to the static neural network. The efficiency of NARX model is proven especially for the low solar radiation fluctuations. The NARX model is characterized by the presence of a direct feedback of the output which has given it an additional predictive power.
\nPalm oil industry is a significant industry sector and plays a significant role in Malaysia’s economy as one of the largest palm oil producers in the entire world [1]. The palm oil industry in Malaysia contributes about 39% of the world palm oil production and also 44% of palm oil world export [2]. Due to this importance, a large area of land has been converted into oil palm plantation estate. At the same time more and more palm oil mill has been built to process the increasing amount of oil palm fresh fruit bunch (FFB) into crude palm oil [1]. The growth of the industry at the same time indicates the increase of wastewater or palm oil mill effluent (POME) produced and released into the watercourse, which will bring harm to the environment.
The process of extracting crude palm oil from the fresh fruit bunch consumes much water and therefore produces a large volume of wastewater. In Malaysia, a record of 0.67 cubic meters of POME generated in order to process one ton of FFB [1]. Approximately 5–7.5 tons of water is required to produce one ton of crude palm oil. Eventually, more than 50% of these water would become POME which is shown in Figure 1 [2].
Palm oil mill effluent.
It is approximately 48–72 million tons, and 49–74 million tons of POME was generated in the year 2013 and 2014, respectively. In the year 2014, it estimated 19.66 million tons of crude palm oil produced with roughly 44 million cubic meters of POME generated [3]. In POME generated by processing 1 ton of FFB, it contains about 29-30 kg of 30°C, 3-days Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD3) [1]. From the data of POME produced in the year 2014, if the raw POME discharged into the environment without any further treatment, the BOD discharged is equal to the waste generated by 75 million people which is the 2.5 times of current Malaysia’s population [3]. POME is also said to be 100 times polluting than domestic sewage [1]. According to the Department of Environment (DOE) practice, there are two ways of discharging treated POME, which are into water course or land. For the discharge into the watercourse, there are seven contaminants contained in the POME regulated. The regulated parameters are BOD3, suspended solids (SS), oil and grease (O&G), ammoniacal nitrogen (AN), total nitrogen (TN), pH and temperature. For the discharge onto the land, the only parameter is BOD3 which set at 5000 mg/L. Table 1 shows the characteristic of raw and treated POME obtained from the discharge point of the local palm oil mill in Malaysia and DOE discharge limit [2].
Parameters | Raw POME | DOE Discharge Limit |
---|---|---|
Temperature (°C) | 85 | 45 |
pH | 4.2 | 5.0–9.0 |
Oil & Grease (mg/L) | 6000 | 50 |
BOD (mg/L) | 25,000 | 100 |
COD (mg/L) | 51,000 | — |
TS (mg/L) | 40,000 | 1500 |
TSS (mg/L) | 18,000 | 400 |
TVS (mg/L) | 34,000 | — |
TN (mg/L) | 750 | 200 |
Color (ADMI) | Above 500 | 200 |
Characteristic of raw POME and DOE discharge limit [4].
The most popular method to treat the POME in Malaysia is the ponding system due to low equipment cost and the system is easy to operate. In Malaysia, there are more than 85% of palm oil mills that are currently adopting this method to reduce the BOD of POME into an acceptable limit which is less than 100 mg/L in West Malaysia and 50 mg/L in East Malaysia. In the ponding system, the POME undergoes biological treatments which include anaerobic digestion process followed by aerobic ponding with the hydraulic retention time of 40 days or above. However, the ponding system also causes some drawbacks which are long hydraulic retention time (HRT), vast land needed and the release of greenhouse gases (methane). There are also many palm oil mills which are unable to achieve the discharge limit only by using the ponding system [3].
If untreated POME discharges into the watercourse, it will undergo biodegradation process and consume dissolved oxygen in the water which eventually will kill the marine animals, especially fish in the river. The untreated POME, which is acidic, will cause the watercourse to turn acidic and affect the aquatic life. Moreover, the oil content in untreated POME tends to form a thick layer on the water surface that will prevent the absorption of oxygen. The dark brown color and unpleasant smell of POME will turn the stream into brownish and unacceptable for public consumption [2]. Apart from that, the high concentration of suspended solids will remain at the bottom of the river and undergo biodegradation, which will produce sludge oxygen demand (SOD) and deplete the dissolved oxygen [4]. In order to protect the environment, DOE Malaysia establishes a standard where the final discharge of treated POME that came out from the mill must be less than 100 mg/L of COD. Hence, for POME to have the minimum or no impact on the environment when discharging and to comply with the discharge limits, the palm oil mill must have an effective POME wastewater treatment system. The cost of maintenance and operation of the POME wastewater treatment system, availability of land and location of mill greatly influencing the choice and selection of POME wastewater treatment systems in Malaysia. In return, it will stress the industry players, especially small and medium scale palm oil mill financially. Therefore, the central idea of this study is to provide an inexpensive and uncomplicated method for small and medium scale palm oil industries to process POME before discharging to the watercourse. This study provides insights into utilizing chitosan and polyglutamic acid in the POME treatment process to remove pollutants that contribute to high COD, color, and TSS of POME.
The most common way in extracting palm oil from fresh fruit bunches (FFB) is the wet palm oil milling process. Several stages of wet palm oil milling process required a tremendous amount of water and steam for washing and sterilizing. As a result, this generates a considerable quantity of wastewater or better known as POME from palm oil mill. Figure 2 shows a simplified process flow diagram to produce palm oil.
Typical palm oil process flowchart [
In a palm oil mill operation using a conventional manufacturing process, there are three primary processing operations responsible for producing the POME. These three primary processes are sterilization of FFB, clarification of the extracted crude palm oil and hydro-cyclone separation of the cracked mixture of kernel and shell. Sterilization process customarily carried out in horizontal cylindrical autoclaves known as sterilizers where the FFBs are cooked with steam at the pressure about 3 atm for 1 to 1.5 hours. The sterilization process aims to inactivate the natural enzymes in the fruits (lipases) and inhibit the splitting of fat into free fatty acid (FFA) and cause oil loss. Besides, the steam sterilization process loosens the fruits from the bunch and soften the mesocarp to ease the oil extraction. This station contributes approximately 36% of total POME [1]. The clarification process is to separate the oil produced from the press station, which is mixed with water and solid from the bunch fiber. The oil usually is separated from the mixture in the clarifier tank by using gravity, de-sander and also decanter. This station contributes the majority part of the POME, which is 60% [6]. The nuts from the nut silo will be cracked by nutcracker in the ripple mill. These cracked kernel and shell mixture are separated in air columns and by a water bath in hydrocyclone. This station only produces around 4% of POME. The POME generated from sterilizer condensate, clarification of oil and hydro-cyclone is in the ratio of 9:15:1 (36%:60%:4%). Table 2 shows the characteristics of different source of wastewater in palm oil mill that combined to produce POME [1].
Parameter | Sterilizer condensate | Clarification wastewater | Hydro-cyclone wastewater |
---|---|---|---|
pH | 5.0 | 4.5 | — |
Oil and grease; mg/L | 4000 | 7000 | 300 |
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) 3 days, 30°C; mg/L | 23,000 | 29,000 | 5000 |
Chemical oxygen demand (COD); mg/L | 47,000 | 64,000 | 15,000 |
Suspended solids; mg/L | 5000 | 23,000 | 7000 |
Dissolved solids; mg/L | 34,000 | 22,000 | 100 |
Total nitrogen; mg/L | 600 | 1200 | 100 |
Ammoniacal-nitrogen; mg/L | 20 | 40 | — |
Characteristic of different sources of wastewater [1].
The POME from different mills would have different characteristics due to different oil extraction technique, FFB quality, climate, condition of palm oil processing and mill requirement on POME discharge limit [6]. POME is a mixture of water (up to 95%), oil and fine suspended solids [7]. The suspended solid (TSS) is the vegetative matter such as cell walls, organelles, short fibers, water-soluble carbohydrates (glucose, reducing sugar and pectin), nitrogenous compound (protein and amino acid), free organic acid, lipids and also combined small organic and mineral constituents [8]. POME is considered as non-toxic waste as the palm oil mills usually do not use any harmful chemical in the entire milling process [1]. The dark color of POME is usually caused by the decomposition of lignocellulosic materials; which produces lignin, tannin, humic acids, carotene and other organic matter that are recalcitrant to conventional treatment [9]. These suspended solids will eventually contribute to the high BOD of POME [1].
In term of organic content, based on the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), raw POME has an average BOD of 25,000 mg/L. Raw POME is highly acidic. Biodegradability of effluent can be determined from the BOD/COD ratio. COD stands for chemical oxygen demand. BOD/COD ratio indicates the fraction of chemically oxidized organics which is eligible for biological degradation. In East Malaysia, the POME discharged when the BOD is less than 50 mg/L as required by Department of Environment (DOE). The pollution load of POME generated in a palm oil mill in a day can be calculated based on the following Eq. (1) and (2):
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is the measure of the amount of oxygen that bacteria will consume during the decomposition of organic matter content under aerobic conditions. BOD test should be carried out according to APHA Standard Method 5510B [10]. BOD is determined by incubating a sealed sample of water for five days and measuring the loss of oxygen from the beginning to the end of the test. The samples are usually diluted before the incubation because the bacteria could deplete all of the oxygen in the bottle before the test is complete [11]. It is essential to determine the sample size and dilution ratio before the BOD test, as this will ensure valid BOD results. The pH value of the samples should be in the range of 6.0–8.0, as alkalinity or acidity of samples can prevent bacteria from growing during the BOD test. pH can adjust by adding sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4) [10]. When the test carries out in this way, the BOD usually abbreviated as BOD5. BOD is a severe problem in natural waters because the dissolved oxygen (DO) of the water can be stressed by BOD oxidation [12].
Chemical oxygen demand is a measure of the amount of oxygen required to oxidize all organic material into carbon dioxide and water. COD values usually are higher than BOD values, but COD measurements can be obtained in a few hours while BOD measurements will take around five days [11]. Samples heated for 2 hours with sulfuric acid and strong oxidizing agent potassium dichromate. The reduction reaction is shown in Eq. (3).
The amount of Cr3+ produced is measured at wavelengths and reflected in mg/L of COD.
Total suspended solids are a measure of suspended matter contained in the wastewater. Suspended solids contain BOD and can impair water quality by adding turbidity and reducing esthetics. Discharges of SS also caused deposits that developed at the bottom of waterways. In the laboratory, standard filtration and drying method used to measure SS, where the increase of weight of a container/filter is measured, for a known volume of wastewater filtered [12]. The TSS before and after the experiment measured according to Standard Methods Section 2540 D, and total solids dried from 103–105°C. The treated and the untreated POME samples were evaporated in a weighed dish and dried to a constant weight in an oven from 103–105°C. The increase in weight over the empty dish represents the total solids. TSS calculation is shown in Eq. (4).
The natural chemical properties of the POME make it easily treated by a biological approach. Currently, there are three biological processes employed in the palm oil industry which are anaerobic, facultative anaerobic, and aerobic treatments. The anaerobic treatment is the major part which is removing pollutant (BOD). It can remove BOD up to 95% [13]. There are four main stages which are hydrolytic, acidogenic, acetogenesis and methanogenic. The hydrolysis process begins with bacteria of insoluble organic polymers (carbohydrate) and complex organic compound (protein and lipid) to make them available for other bacteria. Hydrolytic microorganisms will secrete extracellular enzymes for hydrolysis. This process will convert organics into simpler molecule such as amino acids, glycerol, triglycerides, sugar and fatty acids. Meanwhile, in acidogenesis process, the hydrolyzed or soluble products from the first stage are further broken down by acidogen into simpler organic compound such as volatile fatty acid (VFA), ammonia, carbon dioxide, hydrogen and hydrogen sulfide. In the acetogenesis process, the simple molecule from the previous stage is further digested by acetogens to produce carbon dioxide, hydrogen and acetic acid. For the methanogenesis process, the acetic acid, hydrogen and VFA are converted to methane, carbon dioxide and water by methanogens.
The ponding system is a combination of a series anaerobic, facultative, and algae (aerobic) ponds, as shown in Figures 3 and 4. Ponding system primarily anaerobic and facultative ponds require less energy as it does not need mechanical mixing, operation control or monitoring. The major drawback of the ponding system is a large area of land is needed to accommodate a series of ponds to achieve the discharge limit [13]. In constructing the ponds, depth is the primary consideration for different types of ponds. However, the optimum depth for the anaerobic pond is 5-7 m, the facultative anaerobic pond is 1–1.5 m and aerobic pond is 0.5-1 m. The sufficient hydraulic retention time (HRT) of anaerobic, facultative anaerobic and aerobic ponds are 45, 20 and 14 days, respectively [13]. The problems arise from the ponding system is the formation of scum. Scum form when the bubbles rise to the surface together with the fine suspended solids. It is caused by the presence of oil and grease in the POME. Another drawback of the ponding system is the solid sludge accumulates at the bottom of the ponds. It will affect the effectiveness of the pond as it decreases the volumetric capacity and hydraulics retention time (HRT) [13]. Therefore, de-sludging is required when the sludge is more than one-third of the pond. About 85% of the palm oil mills that POME in Malaysia adopted ponding system because it is inexpensive, low capital, simple and easy to handle [14]. The palm oil industry is widely favored to the ponding system as only clay lining of ponds is needed and can be constructed easily by excavating hence low marginal cost [4].
Series of ponds for POME treatment.
Typical configuration for ponding treatment system for POME [
The combination of open digester and ponding system is another type of conventional POME treatment system that combines an open digester tank with a series of ponds. Figure 5 shows a typical open digester tank. Digester tank may build with various volumetric capacities ranging from 600 until 3600 m3. In this treatment method, digester has the same function as the anaerobic pond. It carries out the anaerobic digestion. The output of the POME from the digester will then enter facultative anaerobic ponds and then algae (aerobic) ponds. The digester can decrease the BOD in a shorter time than the pond. The HRT for digester is only 20–25 days which is a lot shorter than anaerobic ponding system. Although it is proven that the digester is more effective than anaerobic ponds, it brings some drawback to the operator. The disadvantages of digester include scum formation on the top, sludge accumulation at the bottom and the corrosion of the steel structure of the digesters due to prolonged exposure to hydrogen sulfide. There are incidents which reported that the digester burst and collapsed [13].
Typical open digester tank.
Extended aeration is to complement the previous conventional treatment system, which shown in Figure 6. In this treatment method, mechanical surface aerators are introduced at the aerobic ponds to supply more oxygen to the ponds. It can reduce the BOD in POME effectively by aerobic processes. Usually, the surface aerators are installed at the end of the ponds before discharging the POME. This treatment method is useful only used when the land area is a constraint and does not permit extensive wastewater treatment [13].
Surface aerator for POME ponds.
In recent years, many studies conducted to investigate alternative POME treatment technologies, especially in secondary and tertiary treatment. The technologies that are widely investigated are adsorption, coagulation or flocculation, membrane filtration and advanced oxidation processes. Most of these investigations are in laboratory scale, but they show potential to overcome the drawback of conventional ponding system [2]. Figure 7 shows an overview of recent POME polishing technologies.
Overview of recent POME polishing technologies [
AOPs are the processes which degrade the organic pollutant by the powerful and reactive hydroxyl radical (OH∙). Hydroxyl radical (OH∙) generated would have an oxidation potential of 2.8 eV OH∙ can generate through either one or a combined of chemical oxidation by using H2O2, ozone, ultrasound and radiation assisted source (ultraviolet) [15]. During the treatment of wastewater, OH∙ will attack the organic pollutants and convert them to CO2, H2O and inorganic salt [16]. AOPs can effectively degrade the pollutants and have its advantages of non-selectively, mineralization of pollutants and ease of operation compared to the conventional methods. The most popular AOPs are Fenton oxidation, photocatalysis, ultrasound cavitation and ozonation. Fenton oxidation uses the reaction between Fe2+ and H2O2 to produce OH∙ [17]. Photocatalysis applies metal oxide (such as TiO2) in the presence of irradiation (UV and Vis) to produce OH∙ [18]. Ozonation uses the ozone, which is a powerful oxidant with high thermodynamic oxidation potential [19]. Ultrasound (US) cavitation uses ultrasound to oxidize the pollutants. AOPs are more effective when combined two or more AOPs due to more OH∙ is generated, lower catalyst consumption and shorter process time [20]. AOPs have successfully adopted as tertiary treatment of wastewater such as olive oil mill wastewater (OOWW), agrochemicals, pulp and paper, textile wastewater and pharmaceutical [2].
Besides advance oxidation processes (AOPs), membrane technology is also one of the popular polishing methods of POME. The advantages of membrane technologies are high removal rate, modularity, and ability to integrate with other water treatment method. However, the main drawback of membrane technologies is that the membrane fouling will cause significant reduction in permeate flow due to the surface and pore-blocking of the membrane. The high initial capital and maintenance costs have also limited the application of the membrane. The most commonly used membrane in membrane technologies are microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF), nano-filtration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) [2]. There is an argument about membrane technologies in removing COD from POME compared to other technology. Higher pressure might have provided higher treatment efficiency but at the same time also contributes to the increasing rate of membrane fouling. The effectiveness of membrane technologies in POME treatment depends on the properties of the membrane. Nano-filtration performs better than ultrafiltration, but it has a higher level of fouling compared to ultrafiltration. Membrane technologies can be combined with other technology such as coagulation and flocculation to increase their treatment effectiveness [2]. Table 3 shows some of the application of membrane technologies used in POME polishing.
Process | Pressure (bar) | pH | Time (hr) | COD removal (%) | BOD removal (%) | Solids removal (%) | Color Removal (%) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Membrane NF + UF | 1–5 | — | 4 | — | — | — | 97.9 | [21] |
Membrane UF | 5 | 9.05 | 4 | 88 | — | 80 | — | [22] |
Membrane UF | 2 | 8 | 1.5 | 90 | 90 | — | — | [23] |
Membrane UF | — | 6.6–7 | — | 95 | — | 79 | — | [24] |
Membrane UF | 0.2–0.8 | — | 4.5 | 57 | — | 97.7 | — | [25] |
Membrane UF | 1–7 | 1–14 | — | 60 | 60 | — | 97 | [26] |
Membrane UF + RO | UF: 0–7 RO: 0–60 | 5.5–6 0.5 | — | 98.8 | 99.4 | — | — | [27] |
The application of membrane technologies for POME polishing.
For adsorption technologies, it is a physicochemical separation process involving inter-phase transfer between an adsorbent and a solution. The pollutant in the solution (adsorbate) absorb onto the surface of the adsorbent. Adsorption can be a reversible process which offers the possibility of adsorbent regeneration through desorption [28]. Adsorption mechanism mainly influenced by the physical forces (physisorption) or chemical interactions (chemisorption) between the adsorbent and adsorbate. The adsorption is also influenced by characteristics of the adsorbent such as specific surface area, porosity and surface charge. Chemical structure of the adsorbate and environmental condition such as temperature, pH, solubility and ionic strength will influence the adsorption performance [29]. Table 4 shows some of the application of adsorption process in POME polishing.
Process/Adsorbent dosage | pH | Time (min) | COD removal (%) | Color removal (%) | TSS removal (%) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BP/Natural clay: 5 g/L | 7 | 90 | 95 | 95 | 95 | [30] |
BP/GAC: 150 g/L | 4 | 87.9 | — | 90 | — | [31] |
BP/Fly ash: 90 g/L | 4 | 60 | 89 | 97 | 96 | [2] |
FB/Resin: 0.3 mBH | 9.28 | — | 88 | 98 | — | [2] |
BP/AC: 10 g/L | 8.5 | 30 | 98 | — | 99 | [32] |
BP/Banana peel: 300 g/L | 2 | 1800 | 100 | 95.96 | 100 | [33] |
BP/AC: 200 g/L | — | 120 | 98.99 | 79.3 | 98.45 | [34] |
FB/Resin: 0.3 mBH | 3 | — | 72 | 64 | — | [35] |
BP/Zeolite: 10 g/L | 3 | 50 | — | — | — | [36] |
Application of adsorption for POME polishing.
Coagulation process commonly used to remove the organic matter and suspended solids (SS) from the wastewater. During the coagulation process, the chemical is added into the wastewater to enhance the flocculation and sedimentation. It will help in removing dissolved solids and suspended solids from the wastewater. Aluminum and iron-based compounds coagulant are often used in water treatment, as they are simple, easy to handle, cheap, and have excellent removal efficiency [37].
Nevertheless, the residual aluminum and iron concentrations may inhibit the biological treatment process in wastewater due to the reduction of microorganism respiration rate and low organic matter elimination [38]. The drawbacks of these chemicals are high cost, non-biodegradable and possible adverse effect of the chemical. Recently, interests have shift to natural and biodegradable coagulants such as PGA, cotton, chitosan, natural seed gum,
Coagulant type/dosage | pH | Mixing rate (rpm) | Time (min) | COD removal (%) | TSS removal (%) | Oil and Grease removal (%) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Calcium lactate: 50 mg/L | — | 258 | 23 | 58 | 58 | — | [43] |
Alum: 2124 mg/L | 6 | — | 20 | 59 | — | — | [44] |
Chitosan: 0.5 g/L | 4 | 100 | 15 | — | 95 | 95 | [45] |
Mango Pit: 50 g/L Fly ash: 90 g/L | 4 | 200 | 60 | 89 | 96 | — | [2] |
PAC: 0.6 g/L + AC: 10 g/L | 8.5 | 50 | 30 | 98 | 99 | — | [32] |
PAC: 2 g/L | — | 150 | 5 | 93 | — | — | [46] |
Application of coagulation-flocculation in POME treatment.
Chitosan is a biopolymer coagulant which is non-toxic, biodegradable, renewable and environmental friendly [47]. Chitosan is a type of marine polymer which has widely used in practical fields such as wastewater management, pharmacology, biochemistry and biomedical. Chitosan is a cellulose-like polyelectrolyte biopolymer which derived from de-acetylation of chitin, as shown in Figure 8. Chitin can easily found in marine nature, and it is occurring in the insects, yeast, fungi and exoskeletons of crustaceans [45]. Chitosan contains a high amount of amino functions that provide novel binding properties for heavy metals in wastewater [48]. Chitosan can coagulate effectively at pH less than 4.5 as strong acidic condition exaggerates POME to form unstable flocs [49]. The mechanisms involved in the coagulation can divide into two main categories which are charge neutralization or electrostatic interaction and sweep coagulation/co-precipitation [50]. The chitosan coagulation process is charge neutralization while synthetic coagulant such as ferric chloride (FeCl3) is sweep coagulation as shown in Figure 9 [51]. The flocs formed by charge neutralization are smaller than the flocs formed through sweep coagulation [52]. The smaller sized flocs could bring fouling risk to the membrane if membrane technologies are used.
Derivation of chitosan from chitin [
Chitosan charge neutralization and FeCl3 sweep coagulation.
The optimum condition for coagulation treatment with chitosan as a coagulant is about 100 ppm (mg/L) of POME at pH 4.5. The removal percentage for the COD, the color and the TSS is 15.39%, 85.79 and 97%, respectively. The results are shown in Figure 10. The graph in Figure 10 showed that any further increase in dosage does not increase the color and the TSS removal significantly. However, a further increase in dosage causes the COD to increase. The negative result of the COD removal observed with the addition of chitosan, which is a natural biopolymer coagulant (an impurity) that causes the COD to increase when the dosage exceeds its saturation point. In essence, the low COD removal was due to natural properties of POME as chitosan is not effective in removing dissolved solid [53]. Typical raw POME has a total solid of 40,000 mg/L, while 34,000 mg/L of it is dissolved solid [2]. Furthermore, TSS removal is very effective at low chitosan dosage [45]. However, chitosan is effective in removing suspended solids that contributes to the COD but not total dissolved solids (TDS).
Effect of chitosan dosage in pollutant removal (COD, color and TSS).
This study was done by combining ultrasound (US) cavitation, chitosan and ferric chloride (FeCl3) in different ways to determine the best combination and order of treatment. Every treatment method is conducted by following the result of optimum condition obtained from previous studies. The result is shown in Figure 11.
COD and color removal percentage with the different treatment combination.
From the graph in Figure 11, the COD removal for the combination of ultrasound (US) cavitation, followed by ferric chloride coagulation treatment, is the highest, at 56.26%. Besides, the color removal for this combination is the highest among other combinations, at 92.41%.
Furthermore, among all these combinations where chitosan is present, the COD removal percentage is less substantially, ranging from 35.1% to 40.12%, which can be observe at the combination of US- FeCl3 (ultrasound and ferric chloride) that shows the COD removal at 56.26%. However, when chitosan added after it, the COD removal percentage drops to 38.61%, due to chitosan being a natural coagulant that is biodegradable [47]. Chitosan is not very useful in coagulating the organic pollutant (COD), which dissolved in the POME [53]. Therefore, chitosan will become the pollutant, contributing to COD and causing the COD removal percentage to decrease. Even though ferric chloride performs better when paired with other polishing methods, the dosage usage of chitosan in POME treatment is lesser and hence more superior in terms of cost-effectiveness and environmentally friendly method for palm oil mills in dealing with wastewaters.
This chapter presents the treatment performance of palm oil mill effluent by utilizing chitosan as natural coagulant. Chitosan is natural, food-based and environmentally friendly biopolymer which has enormous potential to be used to treat POME before discharged to watercourse. Some of the methods for combinations, as suggested in the study. The pollutant removal performance measure in terms of COD, color, and TSS removal percentage. The main contribution of this chapter is to provide a low cost and simple method to small and medium oil palm processing industry in processing their wastewater before discharge to the environment. For chitosan, the main advantage is that low dosage would contribute to high removal of suspended solids in POME. However, the disadvantage is that if paired with other methods such as ultrasound cavitation and ferric chloride, it would not have significant improvement in terms of pollutant removal percentage. On the other hand, ferric chloride could work with other methods to improve pollutant removal significantly. Nevertheless, utilizing chitosan would not contribute to significant increment in the overall treatment cost, which would encourage palm oil mill to adapt this method in treating their wastewater.
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Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4720",title:"Flow Cytometry",subtitle:"Select Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5a842a00d86bc7f956a5fd1fe6d62b8a",slug:"flow-cytometry-select-topics",bookSignature:"Ingrid Schmid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4720.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109787",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Ingrid",middleName:null,surname:"Schmid",slug:"ingrid-schmid",fullName:"Ingrid Schmid"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3536",title:"Chromatin Remodelling",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"31abe97fe35989e4547bab854b38e03a",slug:"chromatin-remodelling",bookSignature:"Danuta Radzioch",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3536.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"165250",title:"Dr.",name:"Danuta",middleName:null,surname:"Radzioch",slug:"danuta-radzioch",fullName:"Danuta Radzioch"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1578",title:"Flow Cytometry",subtitle:"Recent Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fccad401cbcf998ea4de62d524abf82d",slug:"flow-cytometry-recent-perspectives",bookSignature:"Ingrid Schmid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1578.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109787",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Ingrid",middleName:null,surname:"Schmid",slug:"ingrid-schmid",fullName:"Ingrid Schmid"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2291",title:"Clinical Flow Cytometry",subtitle:"Emerging Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a5414617aafe62d7c6ec8205028f6967",slug:"clinical-flow-cytometry-emerging-applications",bookSignature:"Ingrid Schmid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2291.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109787",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Ingrid",middleName:null,surname:"Schmid",slug:"ingrid-schmid",fullName:"Ingrid Schmid"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:5,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"44225",doi:"10.5772/55370",title:"Role of Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 Polycomb Protein and Its Significance in Tumor Progression and Cell Differentiation",slug:"role-of-enhancer-of-zeste-homolog-2-polycomb-protein-and-its-significance-in-tumor-progression-and-c",totalDownloads:3914,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:null,book:{id:"3536",slug:"chromatin-remodelling",title:"Chromatin Remodelling",fullTitle:"Chromatin Remodelling"},signatures:"Irene Marchesi and Luigi Bagella",authors:[{id:"91878",title:"Prof.",name:"Luigi",middleName:null,surname:"Bagella",slug:"luigi-bagella",fullName:"Luigi Bagella"},{id:"164852",title:"Dr.",name:"Irene",middleName:null,surname:"Marchesi",slug:"irene-marchesi",fullName:"Irene Marchesi"}]},{id:"52461",doi:"10.5772/65353",title:"Molecular Diagnosis and Precision Therapeutic Approaches for Telomere Biology Disorders",slug:"molecular-diagnosis-and-precision-therapeutic-approaches-for-telomere-biology-disorders",totalDownloads:1713,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"Telomeres are nucleo-protein structures located at the end of chromosomes that protect them from degradation. Telomeres length is maintained by the activity of the telomerase complex. These structures are protected by a specialized protein complex named shelterin. In the absence of telomerase activity and/or protection telomeres are shortened after each round of DNA replication. When a critical size is reached, telomeres are recognized as damaged DNA by the cell p53-dependent DNA-repair system. Persistent activation of this pathway finally results in cell apoptosis or senescence.",book:{id:"5085",slug:"telomere-a-complex-end-of-a-chromosome",title:"Telomere",fullTitle:"Telomere - A Complex End of a Chromosome"},signatures:"Rosario Perona, Laura Iarriccio, Laura Pintado-Berninches, Javier\nRodriguez-Centeno, Cristina Manguan-Garcia, Elena Garcia, Blanca\nLopez-Ayllón and Leandro Sastre",authors:[{id:"179373",title:"Dr.",name:"Leandro",middleName:null,surname:"Sastre",slug:"leandro-sastre",fullName:"Leandro Sastre"},{id:"184869",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosario",middleName:null,surname:"Perona",slug:"rosario-perona",fullName:"Rosario Perona"},{id:"184870",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Iarriccio",slug:"laura-iarriccio",fullName:"Laura Iarriccio"},{id:"184871",title:"MSc.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Pintado-Berninches",slug:"laura-pintado-berninches",fullName:"Laura Pintado-Berninches"},{id:"184872",title:"MSc.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Centeno",slug:"javier-rodriguez-centeno",fullName:"Javier Rodriguez-Centeno"},{id:"184873",title:"Ms.",name:"Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Manguan-Garcia",slug:"cristina-manguan-garcia",fullName:"Cristina Manguan-Garcia"},{id:"184874",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia",slug:"elena-garcia",fullName:"Elena Garcia"},{id:"184875",title:"Dr.",name:"Blanca",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Ayllon",slug:"blanca-lopez-ayllon",fullName:"Blanca Lopez-Ayllon"}]},{id:"37424",doi:"10.5772/37904",title:"Flow Cytometry Applications in Food Safety Studies",slug:"flow-cytometry-applications-in-food-safety-studies",totalDownloads:2441,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:null,book:{id:"1578",slug:"flow-cytometry-recent-perspectives",title:"Flow Cytometry",fullTitle:"Flow Cytometry - Recent Perspectives"},signatures:"Antonello Paparella, Annalisa Serio and Clemencia Chaves Lopez",authors:[{id:"114721",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonello",middleName:null,surname:"Paparella",slug:"antonello-paparella",fullName:"Antonello Paparella"},{id:"116805",title:"Dr.",name:"Annalisa",middleName:null,surname:"Serio",slug:"annalisa-serio",fullName:"Annalisa Serio"},{id:"116807",title:"Dr.",name:"Clemencia",middleName:null,surname:"Chaves Lopez",slug:"clemencia-chaves-lopez",fullName:"Clemencia Chaves Lopez"}]},{id:"43453",doi:"10.5772/55683",title:"Chromatin Remodelers and Their Way of Action",slug:"chromatin-remodelers-and-their-way-of-action",totalDownloads:2677,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:null,book:{id:"3536",slug:"chromatin-remodelling",title:"Chromatin Remodelling",fullTitle:"Chromatin Remodelling"},signatures:"Laura Manelyte and Gernot Längst",authors:[{id:"164322",title:"Prof.",name:"Gernot",middleName:null,surname:"Längst",slug:"gernot-langst",fullName:"Gernot Längst"},{id:"164410",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Manelyte",slug:"laura-manelyte",fullName:"Laura Manelyte"}]},{id:"51978",doi:"10.5772/64713",title:"Telomere Length and Its Relation to Human Health",slug:"telomere-length-and-its-relation-to-human-health",totalDownloads:1758,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Telomeres are complex nucleotide sequences that cap the end of chromosomes from degradation, unwanted recombination‐fusion, inappropriate activation of DNA damage response and play a critical role in cell division and chromosome stability. There is growing evidence that telomere stability can be affected by occupational and environmental exposure, as some of these factors have been correlated with increase in inflammation, oxidative stress, DNA damage, chromosome aberration, and epigenetic alterations. Both extremely short and long telomeres have been associated with neurodegenerative, cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and cancer risk. Occupational and environmental exposure to several synthetic and natural chemicals has been found to be associated with changes in telomere length, although the molecular mechanism is not fully understood. Telomeric DNA is relatively less capable of repair, resulting in accelerated shortening during the cell cycle and replicative senescence. It is recognized that diet plays an important role in telomere maintenance. Prevention of exposure to environmental and occupational hazards as well as psychological stressors can reduce the risk of telomere instability. This review provides a broad evaluation of the associated mechanism between human health and environmental and occupational exposure with telomere length, including recent findings and future perspectives.",book:{id:"5085",slug:"telomere-a-complex-end-of-a-chromosome",title:"Telomere",fullTitle:"Telomere - A Complex End of a Chromosome"},signatures:"Vivian F. S. Kahl and Juliana da Silva",authors:[{id:"170193",title:"Dr.",name:"Juliana",middleName:null,surname:"Da Silva",slug:"juliana-da-silva",fullName:"Juliana Da Silva"},{id:"187307",title:"MSc.",name:"Vivian Francilia",middleName:null,surname:"Silva Kahl",slug:"vivian-francilia-silva-kahl",fullName:"Vivian Francilia Silva Kahl"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"49878",title:"Immunophenotyping of Acute Leukemias – From Biology to Clinical Application",slug:"immunophenotyping-of-acute-leukemias-from-biology-to-clinical-application",totalDownloads:3278,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Immunophenotyping is an essential part of the modern diagnostic workup of acute leukemias and thus for an appropriate treatment of these complex and heterogeneous diseases. It provides a lot of useful information in this setting that transfers directly from laboratory to clinical management of patients. Lineage definition is the first goal leading to proper initial therapy. Some phenotypic patterns define specific subsets correlating with poor (mixed phenotype, dendritic cell neoplasm) or favorable (cortical T-lymphoblastic leukemia) outcome, thus guiding the application of treatment modalities. An advanced analysis of phenotypic data can address specific issues, such as the still debated role of multilineage dysplasia. The quality of response to chemotherapy is monitored by the detection of minimal residual disease and peripheral blast clearance during chemotherapy delivering. That allows a sharp discrimination of prognosis and again can drive the intensity of therapies proportionally to the disease chemosensitivity.",book:{id:"4720",slug:"flow-cytometry-select-topics",title:"Flow Cytometry",fullTitle:"Flow Cytometry - Select Topics"},signatures:"Francesco Mannelli",authors:[{id:"178848",title:"M.D.",name:"Francesco",middleName:null,surname:"Mannelli",slug:"francesco-mannelli",fullName:"Francesco Mannelli"}]},{id:"50878",title:"Detection of Anti-HLA Antibodies by Flow Cytometer",slug:"detection-of-anti-hla-antibodies-by-flow-cytometer",totalDownloads:3119,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Lives of patients with solid organ failure depend physically, emotionally, and economically on others. Improvement in organ transplantation is one of the most important medical breakthroughs of the twenty-first century. Being healthy upon organ transplantation is the second chance to live the life. This is frequently observed in heart-, lung-, and liver-transplanted patients. For instance, upon kidney transplantation, dialysis dependence terminates and life quality of the patients increases. The major difficulty in organ transplantation is the low number of organ donation. Thus, the number of patients in the waiting list for the cadaveric transplantation increases day by day. Under these limited circumstances, required conditions should be further provided for the long survival rates of recipients with allogeneic graft without any problem. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) tissue typing and anti-HLA antibodies produced before and after the transplantation adversely affect the graft survival and thus the survival of an individual. Investigation of pretransplantation immune status of recipients is significant. Particularly, donor-specific anti-HLA antibodies determine early and long-term graft survival. Flow cytometer is one of the most important devices used in anti-HLA antibody detection and also for other clinical and scientific purposes. Compared to conventional methods, it supports transplantation clinics due to its high sensitivity and specificity. The use of flow cytometer dependent methods in transplantation field increases progressively.",book:{id:"4720",slug:"flow-cytometry-select-topics",title:"Flow Cytometry",fullTitle:"Flow Cytometry - Select Topics"},signatures:"Tülay Kılıçaslan Ayna and Aslı Özkızılcık Koçyiğit",authors:[{id:"178265",title:"Dr.",name:"Tulay",middleName:null,surname:"Kilicaslan Ayna",slug:"tulay-kilicaslan-ayna",fullName:"Tulay Kilicaslan Ayna"}]},{id:"44225",title:"Role of Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 Polycomb Protein and Its Significance in Tumor Progression and Cell Differentiation",slug:"role-of-enhancer-of-zeste-homolog-2-polycomb-protein-and-its-significance-in-tumor-progression-and-c",totalDownloads:3915,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:null,book:{id:"3536",slug:"chromatin-remodelling",title:"Chromatin Remodelling",fullTitle:"Chromatin Remodelling"},signatures:"Irene Marchesi and Luigi Bagella",authors:[{id:"91878",title:"Prof.",name:"Luigi",middleName:null,surname:"Bagella",slug:"luigi-bagella",fullName:"Luigi Bagella"},{id:"164852",title:"Dr.",name:"Irene",middleName:null,surname:"Marchesi",slug:"irene-marchesi",fullName:"Irene Marchesi"}]},{id:"48399",title:"The Multiplexing of Assays for the Measurement of Early Stages of Apoptosis by Polychromatic Flow Cytometry",slug:"the-multiplexing-of-assays-for-the-measurement-of-early-stages-of-apoptosis-by-polychromatic-flow-cy",totalDownloads:1742,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"The detection of apoptosis has been a stalwart application for flow cytometric analysis for decades and this review of flow cytometric methods to detect early stages of apoptosis includes the use of the pivotal assay to detect early and late apoptosis, the Annexin V assay which when multiplexed with biologically functional fluorescent dyes to measure mitochondrial function and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) generation allows further identification of functionally different subsets within apoptotic populations. Here we show how this polychromatic approach can be used to demonstrate which subset of cells show changes in mitochondrial function and when ROS is generated in a time dependent manner. This polychromatic approach to flow cytometry leads to the identification of over ten sub-populations of cells during classic apoptosis or programmed cell death (PCD).",book:{id:"4720",slug:"flow-cytometry-select-topics",title:"Flow Cytometry",fullTitle:"Flow Cytometry - Select Topics"},signatures:"G. Warnes",authors:[{id:"108846",title:"Dr.",name:"Gary",middleName:null,surname:"Warnes",slug:"gary-warnes",fullName:"Gary Warnes"}]},{id:"49834",title:"The Role of Telomeres and Telomere-associated Proteins as Components of Interactome in Cell-signaling Pathways",slug:"the-role-of-telomeres-and-telomere-associated-proteins-as-components-of-interactome-in-cell-signalin",totalDownloads:1726,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Telomeres represent ends of all eukaryotic chromosomes and serve specialized biological role in maintaining genomic integrity by preventing end fusions and degradation. Various protein complexes associate with telomeres to either protect them from DNA damage machinery or maintain telomere length homeostasis. These protein complex subunits cross talk with a variety of cell-signaling components to either maintain telomere integrity or perform other functions, which are either dependent or independent of telomeres and/or their telomeric role. Mutations in these protein components lead to the development of various human diseases, such as age-related disorders, which occur mainly due to telomere dysfunction or cancer development due to telomerase reactivation. This chapter focuses on the structural and functional aspects of telomeric proteins and their importance in human diseases.",book:{id:"5085",slug:"telomere-a-complex-end-of-a-chromosome",title:"Telomere",fullTitle:"Telomere - A Complex End of a Chromosome"},signatures:"Ekta Khattar and Vinay Tergaonkar",authors:[{id:"118589",title:"Prof.",name:"Vinay",middleName:null,surname:"Tergaonkar",slug:"vinay-tergaonkar",fullName:"Vinay Tergaonkar"},{id:"176764",title:"Dr.",name:"Ekta",middleName:null,surname:"Khattar",slug:"ekta-khattar",fullName:"Ekta Khattar"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"403",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:286,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:101,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. 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Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). 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He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. 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He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",slug:"mehmet-aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mehmet Emin Aydin is a Senior Lecturer with the Department of Computer Science and Creative Technology, the University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. His research interests include swarm intelligence, parallel and distributed metaheuristics, machine learning, intelligent agents and multi-agent systems, resource planning, scheduling and optimization, combinatorial optimization. Dr. Aydin is currently a Fellow of Higher Education Academy, UK, a member of EPSRC College, a senior member of IEEE and a senior member of ACM. In addition to being a member of advisory committees of many international conferences, he is an Editorial Board Member of various peer-reviewed international journals. He has served as guest editor for a number of special issues of peer-reviewed international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the West of England",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:26,paginationItems:[{id:"81791",title:"Self-Supervised Contrastive Representation Learning in Computer Vision",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104785",signatures:"Yalin Bastanlar and Semih Orhan",slug:"self-supervised-contrastive-representation-learning-in-computer-vision",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"79345",title:"Application of Jump Diffusion Models in Insurance Claim Estimation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99853",signatures:"Leonard Mushunje, Chiedza Elvina Mashiri, Edina Chandiwana and Maxwell Mashasha",slug:"application-of-jump-diffusion-models-in-insurance-claim-estimation-1",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81557",title:"Object Tracking Using Adapted Optical Flow",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102863",signatures:"Ronaldo Ferreira, Joaquim José de Castro Ferreira and António José Ribeiro Neves",slug:"object-tracking-using-adapted-optical-flow",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",subseries:{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision"}}},{id:"81558",title:"Thresholding Image Techniques for Plant Segmentation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104587",signatures:"Miguel Ángel Castillo-Martínez, Francisco Javier Gallegos-Funes, Blanca E. 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(Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7726",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7726.jpg",slug:"swarm-intelligence-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Javier Del Ser, Esther Villar and Eneko Osaba",hash:"e7ea7e74ce7a7a8e5359629e07c68d31",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",editors:[{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"7656",title:"Fuzzy Logic",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7656.jpg",slug:"fuzzy-logic",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Constantin Volosencu",hash:"54f092d4ffe0abf5e4172a80025019bc",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Fuzzy Logic",editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"9963",title:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9963.jpg",slug:"advances-and-applications-in-deep-learning",publishedDate:"December 9th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"0d51ba46f22e55cb89140f60d86a071e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. 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His research interest focuses on computational chemistry and molecular modeling of diverse systems of pharmacological, food, and alternative energy interests by resorting to DFT and Conceptual DFT. He has authored a coauthored more than 255 peer-reviewed papers, 32 book chapters, and 2 edited books. He has delivered speeches at many international and domestic conferences. He serves as a reviewer for more than eighty international journals, books, and research proposals as well as an editor for special issues of renowned scientific journals.",institutionString:"Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados",institution:{name:"Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"76477",title:"Prof.",name:"Mirza",middleName:null,surname:"Hasanuzzaman",slug:"mirza-hasanuzzaman",fullName:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/76477/images/system/76477.png",biography:"Dr. Mirza Hasanuzzaman is a Professor of Agronomy at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Bangladesh. He received his Ph.D. in Plant Stress Physiology and Antioxidant Metabolism from Ehime University, Japan, with a scholarship from the Japanese Government (MEXT). Later, he completed his postdoctoral research at the Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of the Ryukyus, Japan, as a recipient of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) postdoctoral fellowship. He was also the recipient of the Australian Government Endeavour Research Fellowship for postdoctoral research as an adjunct senior researcher at the University of Tasmania, Australia. Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s current work is focused on the physiological and molecular mechanisms of environmental stress tolerance. Dr. Hasanuzzaman has published more than 150 articles in peer-reviewed journals. He has edited ten books and written more than forty book chapters on important aspects of plant physiology, plant stress tolerance, and crop production. According to Scopus, Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s publications have received more than 10,500 citations with an h-index of 53. He has been named a Highly Cited Researcher by Clarivate. He is an editor and reviewer for more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and was a recipient of the “Publons Peer Review Award” in 2017, 2018, and 2019. He has been honored by different authorities for his outstanding performance in various fields like research and education, and he has received the World Academy of Science Young Scientist Award (2014) and the University Grants Commission (UGC) Award 2018. He is a fellow of the Bangladesh Academy of Sciences (BAS) and the Royal Society of Biology.",institutionString:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",institution:{name:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",country:{name:"Bangladesh"}}},{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",biography:"Kusal K. Das is a Distinguished Chair Professor of Physiology, Shri B. M. Patil Medical College and Director, Centre for Advanced Medical Research (CAMR), BLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapur, Karnataka, India. Dr. Das did his M.S. and Ph.D. in Human Physiology from the University of Calcutta, Kolkata. His area of research is focused on understanding of molecular mechanisms of heavy metal activated low oxygen sensing pathways in vascular pathophysiology. He has invented a new method of estimation of serum vitamin E. His expertise in critical experimental protocols on vascular functions in experimental animals was well documented by his quality of publications. He was a Visiting Professor of Medicine at University of Leeds, United Kingdom (2014-2016) and Tulane University, New Orleans, USA (2017). For his immense contribution in medical research Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India conferred him 'G.P. Chatterjee Memorial Research Prize-2019” and he is also the recipient of 'Dr.Raja Ramanna State Scientist Award 2015” by Government of Karnataka. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Biology (FRSB), London and Honorary Fellow of Karnataka Science and Technology Academy, Department of Science and Technology, Government of Karnataka.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null},{id:"243660",title:"Dr.",name:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda",middleName:null,surname:"Biradar",slug:"mallanagouda-shivanagouda-biradar",fullName:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda Biradar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243660/images/system/243660.jpeg",biography:"M. S. Biradar is Vice Chancellor and Professor of Medicine of\nBLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India.\nHe obtained his MD with a gold medal in General Medicine and\nhas devoted himself to medical teaching, research, and administrations. He has also immensely contributed to medical research\non vascular medicine, which is reflected by his numerous publications including books and book chapters. Professor Biradar was\nalso Visiting Professor at Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University)",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"289796",title:"Dr.",name:"Swastika",middleName:null,surname:"Das",slug:"swastika-das",fullName:"Swastika Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/289796/images/system/289796.jpeg",biography:"Swastika N. Das is Professor of Chemistry at the V. P. Dr. P. G.\nHalakatti College of Engineering and Technology, BLDE (Deemed\nto be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India. She obtained an\nMSc, MPhil, and PhD in Chemistry from Sambalpur University,\nOdisha, India. Her areas of research interest are medicinal chemistry, chemical kinetics, and free radical chemistry. She is a member\nof the investigators who invented a new modified method of estimation of serum vitamin E. She has authored numerous publications including book\nchapters and is a mentor of doctoral curriculum at her university.",institutionString:"BLDEA’s V.P.Dr.P.G.Halakatti College of Engineering & Technology",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248459/images/system/248459.png",biography:"Akikazu Takada was born in Japan, 1935. After graduation from\nKeio University School of Medicine and finishing his post-graduate studies, he worked at Roswell Park Memorial Institute NY,\nUSA. He then took a professorship at Hamamatsu University\nSchool of Medicine. In thrombosis studies, he found the SK\npotentiator that enhances plasminogen activation by streptokinase. He is very much interested in simultaneous measurements\nof fatty acids, amino acids, and tryptophan degradation products. By using fatty\nacid analyses, he indicated that plasma levels of trans-fatty acids of old men were\nfar higher in the US than Japanese men. . He also showed that eicosapentaenoic acid\n(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels are higher, and arachidonic acid\nlevels are lower in Japanese than US people. By using simultaneous LC/MS analyses\nof plasma levels of tryptophan metabolites, he recently found that plasma levels of\nserotonin, kynurenine, or 5-HIAA were higher in patients of mono- and bipolar\ndepression, which are significantly different from observations reported before. In\nview of recent reports that plasma tryptophan metabolites are mainly produced by\nmicrobiota. He is now working on the relationships between microbiota and depression or autism.",institutionString:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",institution:{name:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"137240",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"mohammed-khalid",fullName:"Mohammed Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/137240/images/system/137240.png",biography:"Mohammed Khalid received his B.S. degree in chemistry in 2000 and Ph.D. degree in physical chemistry in 2007 from the University of Khartoum, Sudan. He moved to School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Australia in 2009 and joined Dr. Ron Clarke as a postdoctoral fellow where he worked on the interaction of ATP with the phosphoenzyme of the Na+/K+-ATPase and dual mechanisms of allosteric acceleration of the Na+/K+-ATPase by ATP; then he went back to Department of Chemistry, University of Khartoum as an assistant professor, and in 2014 he was promoted as an associate professor. In 2011, he joined the staff of Department of Chemistry at Taif University, Saudi Arabia, where he is currently an assistant professor. His research interests include the following: P-Type ATPase enzyme kinetics and mechanisms, kinetics and mechanisms of redox reactions, autocatalytic reactions, computational enzyme kinetics, allosteric acceleration of P-type ATPases by ATP, exploring of allosteric sites of ATPases, and interaction of ATP with ATPases located in cell membranes.",institutionString:"Taif University",institution:{name:"Taif University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"63810",title:"Prof.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Morales-Montor",slug:"jorge-morales-montor",fullName:"Jorge Morales-Montor",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63810/images/system/63810.png",biography:"Dr. Jorge Morales-Montor was recognized with the Lola and Igo Flisser PUIS Award for best graduate thesis at the national level in the field of parasitology. He received a fellowship from the Fogarty Foundation to perform postdoctoral research stay at the University of Georgia. He has 153 journal articles to his credit. He has also edited several books and published more than fifty-five book chapters. He is a member of the Mexican Academy of Sciences, Latin American Academy of Sciences, and the National Academy of Medicine. He has received more than thirty-five awards and has supervised numerous bachelor’s, master’s, and Ph.D. students. Dr. Morales-Montor is the past president of the Mexican Society of Parasitology.",institutionString:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"217215",title:"Dr.",name:"Palash",middleName:null,surname:"Mandal",slug:"palash-mandal",fullName:"Palash Mandal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217215/images/system/217215.jpeg",biography:null,institutionString:"Charusat University",institution:null},{id:"49739",title:"Dr.",name:"Leszek",middleName:null,surname:"Szablewski",slug:"leszek-szablewski",fullName:"Leszek Szablewski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49739/images/system/49739.jpg",biography:"Leszek Szablewski is a professor of medical sciences. He received his M.S. in the Faculty of Biology from the University of Warsaw and his PhD degree from the Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences. He habilitated in the Medical University of Warsaw, and he obtained his degree of Professor from the President of Poland. Professor Szablewski is the Head of Chair and Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw. Professor Szablewski has published over 80 peer-reviewed papers in journals such as Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, Biochim. Biophys. Acta Reviews of Cancer, Biol. Chem., J. Biomed. Sci., and Diabetes/Metabol. Res. Rev, Endocrine. He is the author of two books and four book chapters. He has edited four books, written 15 scripts for students, is the ad hoc reviewer of over 30 peer-reviewed journals, and editorial member of peer-reviewed journals. Prof. Szablewski’s research focuses on cell physiology, genetics, and pathophysiology. He works on the damage caused by lack of glucose homeostasis and changes in the expression and/or function of glucose transporters due to various diseases. He has given lectures, seminars, and exercises for students at the Medical University.",institutionString:"Medical University of Warsaw",institution:{name:"Medical University of Warsaw",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"173123",title:"Dr.",name:"Maitham",middleName:null,surname:"Khajah",slug:"maitham-khajah",fullName:"Maitham Khajah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/173123/images/system/173123.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Maitham A. Khajah received his degree in Pharmacy from Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, in 2003 and obtained his PhD degree in December 2009 from the University of Calgary, Canada (Gastrointestinal Science and Immunology). Since January 2010 he has been assistant professor in Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. His research interest are molecular targets for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and the mechanisms responsible for immune cell chemotaxis. He cosupervised many students for the MSc Molecular Biology Program, College of Graduate Studies, Kuwait University. Ever since joining Kuwait University in 2010, he got various grants as PI and Co-I. He was awarded the Best Young Researcher Award by Kuwait University, Research Sector, for the Year 2013–2014. He was a member in the organizing committee for three conferences organized by Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, as cochair and a member in the scientific committee (the 3rd, 4th, and 5th Kuwait International Pharmacy Conference).",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"195136",title:"Dr.",name:"Aya",middleName:null,surname:"Adel",slug:"aya-adel",fullName:"Aya Adel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195136/images/system/195136.jpg",biography:"Dr. Adel works as an Assistant Lecturer in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. Dr. Adel is especially interested in joint attention and its impairment in autism spectrum disorder",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"94911",title:"Dr.",name:"Boulenouar",middleName:null,surname:"Mesraoua",slug:"boulenouar-mesraoua",fullName:"Boulenouar Mesraoua",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94911/images/system/94911.png",biography:"Dr Boulenouar Mesraoua is the Associate Professor of Clinical Neurology at Weill Cornell Medical College-Qatar and a Consultant Neurologist at Hamad Medical Corporation at the Neuroscience Department; He graduated as a Medical Doctor from the University of Oran, Algeria; he then moved to Belgium, the City of Liege, for a Residency in Internal Medicine and Neurology at Liege University; after getting the Belgian Board of Neurology (with high marks), he went to the National Hospital for Nervous Diseases, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom for a fellowship in Clinical Neurophysiology, under Pr Willison ; Dr Mesraoua had also further training in Epilepsy and Continuous EEG Monitoring for two years (from 2001-2003) in the Neurophysiology department of Zurich University, Switzerland, under late Pr Hans Gregor Wieser ,an internationally known epileptologist expert. \n\nDr B. Mesraoua is the Director of the Neurology Fellowship Program at the Neurology Section and an active member of the newly created Comprehensive Epilepsy Program at Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar; he is also Assistant Director of the Residency Program at the Qatar Medical School. \nDr B. Mesraoua's main interests are Epilepsy, Multiple Sclerosis, and Clinical Neurology; He is the Chairman and the Organizer of the well known Qatar Epilepsy Symposium, he is running yearly for the past 14 years and which is considered a landmark in the Gulf region; He has also started last year , together with other epileptologists from Qatar, the region and elsewhere, a yearly International Epilepsy School Course, which was attended by many neurologists from the Area.\n\nInternationally, Dr Mesraoua is an active and elected member of the Commission on Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR ) , a regional branch of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE), where he represents the Middle East and North Africa(MENA ) and where he holds the position of chief of the Epilepsy Epidemiology Section; Dr Mesraoua is a member of the American Academy of Neurology, the Europeen Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society.\n\nDr Mesraoua's main objectives are to encourage frequent gathering of the epileptologists/neurologists from the MENA region and the rest of the world, promote Epilepsy Teaching in the MENA Region, and encourage multicenter studies involving neurologists and epileptologists in the MENA region, particularly epilepsy epidemiological studies. \n\nDr. Mesraoua is the recipient of two research Grants, as the Lead Principal Investigator (750.000 USD and 250.000 USD) from the Qatar National Research Fund (QNRF) and the Hamad Hospital Internal Research Grant (IRGC), on the following topics : “Continuous EEG Monitoring in the ICU “ and on “Alpha-lactoalbumin , proof of concept in the treatment of epilepsy” .Dr Mesraoua is a reviewer for the journal \"seizures\" (Europeen Epilepsy Journal ) as well as dove journals ; Dr Mesraoua is the author and co-author of many peer reviewed publications and four book chapters in the field of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurology",institutionString:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",institution:{name:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",country:{name:"Qatar"}}},{id:"282429",title:"Prof.",name:"Covanis",middleName:null,surname:"Athanasios",slug:"covanis-athanasios",fullName:"Covanis Athanasios",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/282429/images/system/282429.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"Neurology-Neurophysiology Department of the Children Hospital Agia Sophia",institution:null},{id:"190980",title:"Prof.",name:"Marwa",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoud Saleh",slug:"marwa-mahmoud-saleh",fullName:"Marwa Mahmoud Saleh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190980/images/system/190980.jpg",biography:"Professor Marwa Mahmoud Saleh is a doctor of medicine and currently works in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. She got her doctoral degree in 1991 and her doctoral thesis was accomplished in the University of Iowa, United States. Her publications covered a multitude of topics as videokymography, cochlear implants, stuttering, and dysphagia. She has lectured Egyptian phonology for many years. Her recent research interest is joint attention in autism.",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259190/images/system/259190.png",biography:"Dr. Naqvi is a radioanalytical chemist and is working as an associate professor of analytical chemistry in the Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Advance separation techniques, nuclear analytical techniques and radiopharmaceutical analysis are the main courses that he is teaching to graduate and post-graduate students. In the research area, he is focusing on the development of organic- and biomolecule-based radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis and therapy of infectious and cancerous diseases. Under the supervision of Dr. Naqvi, three students have completed their Ph.D. degrees and 41 students have completed their MS degrees. He has completed three research projects and is currently working on 2 projects entitled “Radiolabeling of fluoroquinolone derivatives for the diagnosis of deep-seated bacterial infections” and “Radiolabeled minigastrin peptides for diagnosis and therapy of NETs”. He has published about 100 research articles in international reputed journals and 7 book chapters. Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology (PINSTECH) Islamabad, Punjab Institute of Nuclear Medicine (PINM), Faisalabad and Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology (INOR) Abbottabad are the main collaborating institutes.",institutionString:"Government College University",institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",middleName:null,surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58390/images/system/58390.png",biography:"Gyula Mózsik MD, Ph.D., ScD (med), is an emeritus professor of Medicine at the First Department of Medicine, Univesity of Pécs, Hungary. He was head of this department from 1993 to 2003. His specializations are medicine, gastroenterology, clinical pharmacology, clinical nutrition, and dietetics. His research fields are biochemical pharmacological examinations in the human gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa, mechanisms of retinoids, drugs, capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves, and innovative pharmacological, pharmaceutical, and nutritional (dietary) research in humans. He has published about 360 peer-reviewed papers, 197 book chapters, 692 abstracts, 19 monographs, and has edited 37 books. He has given about 1120 regular and review lectures. He has organized thirty-eight national and international congresses and symposia. He is the founder of the International Conference on Ulcer Research (ICUR); International Union of Pharmacology, Gastrointestinal Section (IUPHAR-GI); Brain-Gut Society symposiums, and gastrointestinal cytoprotective symposiums. He received the Andre Robert Award from IUPHAR-GI in 2014. Fifteen of his students have been appointed as full professors in Egypt, Cuba, and Hungary.",institutionString:"University of Pécs",institution:{name:"University of Pecs",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"277367",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:"Martin",surname:"Márquez López",slug:"daniel-marquez-lopez",fullName:"Daniel Márquez López",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/277367/images/7909_n.jpg",biography:"Msc Daniel Martin Márquez López has a bachelor degree in Industrial Chemical Engineering, a Master of science degree in the same área and he is a PhD candidate for the Instituto Politécnico Nacional. His Works are realted to the Green chemistry field, biolubricants, biodiesel, transesterification reactions for biodiesel production and the manipulation of oils for therapeutic purposes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196544/images/system/196544.jpg",biography:"Angel Catalá studied chemistry at Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where he received a Ph.D. in Chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From 1964 to 1974, he worked as an Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of Medicine at the same university. From 1974 to 1976, he was a fellow of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor of Biochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata. He is a member of the National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and the Argentine Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for many years in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Dr. Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, published more than 100 papers in peer-reviewed journals, several chapters in books, and edited twelve books. He received awards at the 40th International Conference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999 in Dijon, France. He is the winner of the Bimbo Pan-American Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South America, Human Nutrition, Professional Category. In 2006, he won the Bernardo Houssay award in pharmacology, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Dr. Catalá belongs to the editorial board of several journals including Journal of Lipids; International Review of Biophysical Chemistry; Frontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics; World Journal of Experimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International; World Journal of Biological Chemistry, Diabetes, and the Pancreas; International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy; and International Journal of Nutrition. 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At the National Cancer Institute (National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD) he worked as a research associate on the molecular biology of selenium and its role in health and disease. After postdoctoral collaborations with Carlos Gutierrez-Merino (University of Extremadura, Spain) and Dario Alessi (University of Dundee, UK), he established his own laboratory in 2008. 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Fungal infectious illness prevalence and prognosis are determined by the exposure between fungi and host, host immunological state, fungal virulence, and early and accurate diagnosis and treatment. \r\nPatients with both congenital and acquired immunodeficiency are more likely to be infected with opportunistic mycosis. Fungal infectious disease outbreaks are common during the post- disaster rebuilding era, which is characterised by high population density, migration, and poor health and medical conditions.\r\nSystemic or local fungal infection is mainly associated with the fungi directly inhaled or inoculated in the environment during the disaster. The most common fungal infection pathways are human to human (anthropophilic), animal to human (zoophilic), and environment to human (soilophile). Diseases are common as a result of widespread exposure to pathogenic fungus dispersed into the environment. \r\nFungi that are both common and emerging are intertwined. In Southeast Asia, for example, Talaromyces marneffei is an important pathogenic thermally dimorphic fungus that causes systemic mycosis. Widespread fungal infections with complicated and variable clinical manifestations, such as Candida auris infection resistant to several antifungal medicines, Covid-19 associated with Trichoderma, and terbinafine resistant dermatophytosis in India, are among the most serious disorders. \r\nInappropriate local or systemic use of glucocorticoids, as well as their immunosuppressive effects, may lead to changes in fungal infection spectrum and clinical characteristics. Hematogenous candidiasis is a worrisome issue that affects people all over the world, particularly ICU patients. CARD9 deficiency and fungal infection have been major issues in recent years. Invasive aspergillosis is associated with a significant death rate. Special attention should be given to endemic fungal infections, identification of important clinical fungal infections advanced in yeasts, filamentous fungal infections, skin mycobiome and fungal genomes, and immunity to fungal infections.\r\nIn addition, endemic fungal diseases or uncommon fungal infections caused by Mucor irregularis, dermatophytosis, Malassezia, cryptococcosis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidiosis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, and other fungi, should be monitored. \r\nThis topic includes the research progress on the etiology and pathogenesis of fungal infections, new methods of isolation and identification, rapid detection, drug sensitivity testing, new antifungal drugs, schemes and case series reports. It will provide significant opportunities and support for scientists, clinical doctors, mycologists, antifungal drug researchers, public health practitioners, and epidemiologists from all over the world to share new research, ideas and solutions to promote the development and progress of medical mycology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",keywords:"Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Invasive Infections, Epidemiology, Cell Membrane, Fungal Virulence, Diagnosis, Treatment"},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",scope:"Parasitic diseases have evolved alongside their human hosts. In many cases, these diseases have adapted so well that they have developed efficient resilience methods in the human host and can live in the host for years. Others, particularly some blood parasites, can cause very acute diseases and are responsible for millions of deaths yearly. Many parasitic diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases because they have received minimal funding over recent years and, in many cases, are under-reported despite the critical role they play in morbidity and mortality among human and animal hosts. The current topic, Parasitic Infectious Diseases, in the Infectious Diseases Series aims to publish studies on the systematics, epidemiology, molecular biology, genomics, pathogenesis, genetics, and clinical significance of parasitic diseases from blood borne to intestinal parasites as well as zoonotic parasites. We hope to cover all aspects of parasitic diseases to provide current and relevant research data on these very important diseases. In the current atmosphere of the Coronavirus pandemic, communities around the world, particularly those in different underdeveloped areas, are faced with the growing challenges of the high burden of parasitic diseases. At the same time, they are faced with the Covid-19 pandemic leading to what some authors have called potential syndemics that might worsen the outcome of such infections. Therefore, it is important to conduct studies that examine parasitic infections in the context of the coronavirus pandemic for the benefit of all communities to help foster more informed decisions for the betterment of human and animal health.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",keywords:"Blood Borne Parasites, Intestinal Parasites, Protozoa, Helminths, Arthropods, Water Born Parasites, Epidemiology, Molecular Biology, Systematics, Genomics, Proteomics, Ecology"},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",scope:"The Viral Infectious Diseases Book Series aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends and discoveries in various viral infectious diseases emerging around the globe. The emergence of any viral disease is hard to anticipate, which often contributes to death. A viral disease can be defined as an infectious disease that has recently appeared within a population or exists in nature with the rapid expansion of incident or geographic range. This series will focus on various crucial factors related to emerging viral infectious diseases, including epidemiology, pathogenesis, host immune response, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical recommendations for managing viral infectious diseases, highlighting the recent issues with future directions for effective therapeutic strategies.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",keywords:"Novel Viruses, Virus Transmission, Virus Evolution, Molecular Virology, Control and Prevention, Virus-host Interaction"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 15th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:286,numberOfPublishedBooks:27,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRqB9QAK/Profile_Picture_1626163237970",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/32435",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"32435"},fullPath:"/profiles/32435",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()