Field values
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"4515",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Mitigation of Ionospheric Threats to GNSS: an Appraisal of the Scientific and Technological Outputs of the TRANSMIT Project",title:"Mitigation of Ionospheric Threats to GNSS",subtitle:"an Appraisal of the Scientific and Technological Outputs of the TRANSMIT Project",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"TRANSMIT (Training Research and Applications Network to Support the Mitigation of Ionospheric Threats) is an initiative funded by the European Commission through a Marie Curie Initial Training Network. It provided a coordinated program of academic and industrial training, focused on atmospheric phenomena that can significantly impair a wide range of systems and applications that are at the core of several activities embedded in our daily life. TRANSMIT deals with the harmful effects of the ionosphere on these systems. 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He received his Ph.D. in 2001 with a thesis on the atmosphere remote sensing exploiting GPS measurements from space and from ground. His fields of activities included also electromagnetic wave propagation, radarmeteorology, and more recently, GNSS-Reflectometry. He has been Visiting Scientist at EUMETSAT and DMI for GNSS Radio Occultation data analysis. 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There are a number of directives to protect the environment, for example, in the EU see [1], [2]. Implementation of guidelines in accordance with these directives is based on environmental monitoring. Modelling based on existing data could look to reduce the necessary costs required for environmental monitoring in the future. This chapter was included in this book to reflect the adverse impacts of poor-treated and/or accidentally untreated water on nearby water bodies. Figure 1 shows an idealised sketch of mixing of pollutants in the river downstream of the outfall (0 m) of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP).
Sketch of mixing of pollutants in the river downstream of the WWTP outfall
In general four distinct zones exist downstream of the orifice. The first zone is a zone with background concentration. The second zone is a 3D mixing zone, the third zone is a 2D mixing zone and the fourth zone is a 1D mixing zone. In the initially three-dimensional mixing process (until the location where complete vertical mixing takes place) the drop-off of the maximum mass concentrationis relatively fast,
The advective-dispersive equation for solute movement through a river forms the basis of the mathematical algorithm used by the riverine component. The surface-water flow is assumed to be steady and uniform; the algorithms are developed for the limiting case of unidirectional advective transport with three-dimensional (longitudinal, lateral, and vertical) dispersion. The advective-dispersive equation for solute movement in a river can be described by the following expression
,where
Discharges or ‘wasteloads’ (
Reaction terms or ‘processes’ (
Examples of physical processes are:
settling of suspended particulate matter
water movement not affecting substances, like evaporation
volatilisation of the substance itself at the water surface.
Examples of other processes are:
biochemical conversions like ammonia and oxygen forming nitrite
growth of algae (primary production)
predation by other animals
chemical reactions on whether the flow is laminar orturbulent.
Dispersion is the scattering of particles or a cloud of contaminants by the combined effects of shear and transverse diffusion. Molecular diffusion is the scattering of particles by random molecular motions, which may be described by Fick’s law and the classical diffusion equation.Turbulent diffusion is the random scattering of particles by turbulent motion, considered roughly analogous to molecular diffusion, but with eddy diffusion coefficients (which are much larger than molecular diffusion coefficients). The diffusion coefficients would either be molecular or turbulent, depending on whether the flow is laminar or turbulent [7]. In natural rivers, a host of processes lead to a non-uniform velocity field, which allows mixing to occur much faster than by molecular diffusion alone [7]. Under the assumptions of negligible momentum and buoyancy, and for a discharge near the stream\'s free surface or near the bottom, complete vertical mixing is expected to occur at distance
,where
The constant
Complete transverse mixing is expected to occur at a distance
,where
The constant
In most practical problems we can start by assuming that the effluent is uniformly distributed over the vertical, or in the other words, we can analyse the two-dimensional spread from a uniform line source [8]. The longitudinal mixing term has very little influence on transverse mixing under the above condition and can be dropped. If the channel has the width
,where
Dilution factor
The concentration of a pollutant of concern (or a dye tracer) at any sampling point is given by
,where
The closeness of the approach of model values to measured values is given by:
,where
The unsteady solutions of the 1D advective dispersion equation (ADE) may be obtained using methods of Fourier transform, of Laplace transform and the Fourier method. Using the methods of calculus, analytical solutions are developed that provide the predicted solute concentration as a function of time and space. Analytical solutions are derived for conservative substance, constant velocity, constant discharge, constant cross-sectional area and constant dispersion coefficient. Point sources such as accidental spills may be viewed as instantaneous sources [10]. For a spill, the solution to ADE can be obtained using the method of Fourier transform. For a continuous rectangular input the solution can be obtained using the method of Laplace transform described by [8]. This solution is useable only for the duration of the continuous input. The principle of superposition may be used to develop the solution for all time periods after the termination of the continuous input [10]. Results of Fourier transform have greater error then results from Laplace transform [11]. The analytical solution of Laplace transform gives results comparable to the more time and calculation consuming Fourier method [11].
Sometimes the concentrations in the 1D zone are too low. The International System of Units (SI) doesn`t include ppb as a unit. Therefore it is convenient to compute with ratio
,where
where
,where
,where
Longitudinal dispersion is given by Equation (11)
where
There are some predictive models for examining the mixing from point sources and showing compliance with EQS-values:
General water quality models may be required in more complex situations. Different methods for the far-field modeling exist, ranging from water quality models in estuary- type flows (e.g. model QUAL-2 of the U.S. EPA), to Eulerian coastal circulation and transport models (e.g. Delft3d of Delft Hydraulics) to Lagrangian particle tracking models. For rivers, the model AVG of the German ATV-DVWK, the model QUAL-2 of the U.S. EPA, and the model RWQM1 of the International Water Association are all examples of general water quality models. Such models also form the basis of management procedures for attaining a good quality status in the case of multiple sources, i.e. by following the principle of a distributed waste load allocation for individual water users [3]. Danish Hydraulic Institute MIKE Software is the result of years of experience and dedicated development. DHI Software models the world of water - from mountain streams to the ocean and from drinking water to sewage [14]. MIKE 11 is synonymous with top quality river modelling covering more application areas than any other river modelling package.
Choosing of an initial dilution model - five models are described in [15]:
Three are theoretical (UM, UDKHDEN, and VSW), and two are empirical (RSB and CORMIX). UM is the current version of the earlier models UOUTPLM and UMERGE. It acts as a two-dimensional model for single ports, though a pseudo-three-dimensional version is employed when there is a multiport diffuser with potential merging. It uses the 3/2 power profile to calculate the ratio and determine the centerline concentration as a function of the top hat concentration that it predicts. The ratio changes continuously with each integration step along the trajectory. Merging is simulated with the reflection technique. The CORMIX model has three modules: cormix1 for submerged single-point discharges, cormix2 for submerged multi-port diffuser discharges, and cormix3 for buoyant surface discharges.
Choosing a farfield model described in [15]:
There are two farfield models which are presently recommended for use. They are code named FARFIELD and RIVPLUM5. The appropriate farfield model to use in a particular mixing zone analysis depends on the combination of conditions involved:
The receiving water is sufficiently deep such that a plume will form and pass through the initial dilution phase without "Froude number less than 1", "overlap", or "boundary constraint" problems. Use FARFIELD as the algorithm (i.e., the version in 3PLUMES interface).
The receiving water is shallow and unidirectional; the effluent is thoroughly mixed surface to depth (i.e., no defined plume); and the discharge is a single port or short diffuser. Use RIVPLUM5.
There is/are bank constraint(s). Use RIVPLUM5, provided the conditions in 2. Above are also met.
Other shallow receiving waters (with no bank constraints) which occur with all other combinations of effluent plumes and discharger configurations. Use FARFIELD as a stand-alone model. A three-dimensional advective dispersion equation may also be appropriate.
The QTRACER2 (program for tracer-breakthrough curve analysis for tracer tests in karstic aquifers and other hydrologic systems)[13] is fast and easy method for evaluating tracer-breakthrough curves (BTCs) generated from tracing studies conducted in hydrologic systems. It has been reviewed in accordance with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency policy and approved for publication. Results may then be applied in solute-transport modeling and risk assessment studies.
First, the model must be calibrated; that is, its parameters must be adjusted to match the behaviour of the prototype. Second the model must be validated. This means that a calibrated model must be compared to data not used in the calibration to determine whether the model is applicable to cases outside the calibration data set [7]. The CIT model was tested against data from a dye tracer study of the City of Arlington WWTP discharge to the Stillaguamish River, described in reference [16 ]. This study was performed on 22 August, 2006 and documented in a Mixing Zone Study report (CEG, November 2006, revised May 2007). The field study included injection of Rhodamine WT dye into the WWTP effluent at a known concentration; collection of bottled fluorescence samples from within the effluent plume; and measurement of river bathymetry, width, and current velocity. At seasonal low flow conditions observed during the dye study, the river was approximately 121 feet (36.9 m) wide with an average depth of 4 feet(1.22 m). Average current speeds, measured with a Swoffer meter, were 1.5 feet per second (0.46 m.s-1). The river channel is relatively straight and uniform downstream of the outfall, and river cross-section bathymetry is similar at other locations up to 500 feet (152.3 m) downstream of the outfall. The outfall consists of a single port discharge (12-inch-diameter) discharging horizontally at the river bottom. The outfall discharge is located approximately 52 feet (15.86 m) from the left (south) bank at an invert depth of 4.61 feet (1.406 m) during low flow conditions. Appendix A contains plan and profile record drawings of the outfall. Effluent discharge flow through the outfall was 2.2 million gallons per day (8,318.4 m3.d-1) during the study. Manning’s roughness coefficient value (0.025) in the study report was based upon the average rock diameter observed at the site. Water column average dilution factors at plume centerline are summarized in Table 1. Except for the 50-foot distance, centerline profiles were measured over two time periods to better represent the time varying nature of the plume. The plume was observed to rise from the river bottom immediately following discharge to approximately river mid-depth, and was relatively unsteady with a billowing nature (wandering back and forth across river within a prescribed area). Between 100 and 304 feet from the outfall, complete vertical mixing of the plume was visually observed to occur, and the billowing nature of the effluent plume was less apparent. These observations are confirmed in the effluent volume fraction profiles at the mixing zone boundary (304 feet downstream), where both time period results are nearly indistinguishable, and effluent concentrations are nearly uniform from the top to bottom of the water column. Calibration of the RIVPLUM 5 model to the tracer study results produced a transverse mixing coefficient constant equal to 0.4.
Field values
Calibration of the CIT model to the tracer study results produced a transverse mixing coefficient constant equal to 0.408 (see Figure 2). The closeness of approach of model CIT values to field values was computed using Equation (6). Resulting value of CIT model was about the same as resulting value of RIVPLUM 5 model and within the range of experiments reported by [8], from which CIT and RIVPLUM5 were developed.
Water quality model downstream of Arlington WWTP – calibration procedure
Although physical processes play a large role in determining the fate of solutes, chemical and biological processes may be equally important. We would like to describe results of modelling for non-conservative substances now. The next fictive exapmle shows possibility of investigating the impacts of different effluent quality using the CIT developer model to show its merits with different treatment efficiencies. We are interested about biological oxygen demand (BOD) in this case. We assume the calibrated and validated value of transverse mixing coefficient constant is equal to 0.408. Secondly we assume calibrated and validated value of the temperature dependent first order rate coefficient for BOD equal to 2.31.10-6 s-1 at a temperature 20°C. The CIT model computes concentration of BOD at point of interest using Equation (5). Resulting concentration of BOD at a downstream distance 200m can be found in Table 2.
Modelling BOD concentrations at a downstream distance of 200 m at a temperature 20°C.
Sudden changes usually occur in the regular channel of the natural river. These singularities can be natural, such as changes in roughness, meanders etc., or artificial, such as bridge piers, groynees etc. Burdych´s suggested method uses spare length
For each distance listed in Table 3 the value
Fictive field values and computing
Centreline excess concentration above ambient background concentration
The transverse mixing coefficient constant
,where
Regression analysis
Water quality model downstream WWTP – calibration procedure including
There are a few methods on, how to calculate Chezy’s coefficient, such as Manning’s method, Pavlivskij’s method etc. If we use Pavlivskij’s method
Thanks to the device for continuous monitoring of the biological water quality, which was installed at the Bohumín station located on the borderline profile at the Odra River, accidental leakage on the 9th of January 2012 was registered [19]. The first non-zero toxic index (
In the second part of Table 4 the results for other characteristic times of effluent cloud passage at the sampling station are listed. The resulting lag time of travel (
Chatwin’s values
Characteristic times
Comparison between the shape of toxic index curve and the shape of model concentration ratio curve at Bohumín station on 9 January 2012.
Chatwin’s values
After fitting a straight line through the Chatwin’s values we obtained value
Chatwin’s analysis
Water quality modelling can help us in environmental impact assessment. One of many 2D water quality models is the CIT model, which is described in this chapter. Every water quality model should be calibrated and validated for the conservative substance at first. Afterwards, this model may be calibrated and validated for non-conservative substance. The CIT model was successfully tested against data from the dye tracer study of the City Arlington WWTP discharge to the Stillaguamish River. CIT model may only be used at a far-field distance where the plume is completely or nearly-completely vertically mixed. Near-field mixing driven by jet velocity can be included to computing using spare length
For the first part of this chapter financial support for the research plan MŽP 0002071101 “VÝZKUM A OCHRANA HYDROSFÉRY“ from the Ministry of the Environment of the Czech Republic is gratefully acknowledged. For the second part of this chapter financial support for the research project TA01020714 “VÝVOJ NÁSTROJŮ VČASNÉHO VAROVÁNÍ A REAKCE V OBLASTI OCHRANY POVRCHOVÝCH VOD“ from the Technology Agency of the Czech Republic is gratefully acknowledged.
It has always been known that humans find reassurance in nature. Therapeutic sanctuaries have been sought out through the ages by individuals who have a sense of disorientation or likely future ambiguity. For example, those diagnosed with acute and terminal illness often search for a space of solitude, needing time and space for reflection on significant life and health changes [1]. Explanations for this phenomenon find that the brain is capable of two types of attention: directed attention, belonging to the higher cognitive centres, and soft fascination, linked to the old parts of the brain [2]. In natural environments, the higher cognitive centres of the human brain can rest and reset, lending some of the first scientific evidence to the healing powers of nature.
Most recently, as social tensions associated with the Covid-19 pandemic, climate change and racial inequity deepen the need for places of emotional retreat and healing, therapeutic landscapes have become an increasing topic of interest [3, 4]. However, while more and more research [5, 6, 7] finds that contact with nature plays a critical role in psychological well-being, and for those in need, a faster recovery from psychological trauma or stress, Ulrich & Gilpin found when researching hospital gardens, an example that had a measurable negative effect on patient’s health [8]. Similarly, following an extensive review of healing gardens, Stigsdotter & Grahn found that not all gardens are healing gardens [9], leading to the question, what is a therapeutic landscape or a healing garden?
The term therapeutic landscape was originally defined in 1992 by the geographer William Gesler as a place “where physical and built environments, social conditions and human perceptions combine to produce an atmosphere which is conducive to healing” [10]. This definition was contested, critiqued and elaborated on over the next two decades, extending from a literal relationship between health and place with the acknowledgment of extraordinary places to a much expanded and refined characterisation. The extended literature reflected the growing interest in the relational and situated approach to well-being, which acknowledged the therapeutic nature of places in the context of those social, cultural, material, affectional and sensual aspects of human and non-human factors [1]. Such therapeutic encounters are defined differently by others, such as ‘networks’ [11], ‘experiences’ and ‘environments’ [12], ‘taskscapes’ [13], ‘mobilities’ [14], ‘assemblages’ [15] and ‘enabling places’ [16], with the latter gaining particular purchase amongst health and cultural geographers alike.
This theoretical turn saw a much greater emphasis on qualitative and ethnographic methodologies in the study of health designed to reveal the histories, discourses, and lived experiences of a place. Building on the contention that different people experience therapeutic landscapes differently or at different times, the potential healing outcome of the landscape can be seen as a relational process, and therapeutic landscapes become socially and culturally responsive. People’s behaviour is deeply embedded within a place, particularly around health [17]. It is not just the space that is healing but the intention of those using the space [18]. Places should not only be defined by the fact they are conducive to healing but also places that are conducive to the maintenance of health and well-being [19, 20].
Successful therapeutic spaces generally reflect a society’s current values and aspirations, and as such, become part of its identity. Situated in the current context, ‘place’ becomes even more challenged and implies that such spaces may need to be flexible to changing interpretation to remain therapeutic over time. Foley & Kistemann [21] considered therapeutic spaces as emergent through a set of embodied experiential practices linking affects, emotions, and bodily sense that arise from being immersed in such therapeutic environments. This form of assemblage can therefore be better understood through its material, metaphorical, and inhabited dimensions [15, 22]. The material component would contain the tangible aspects of landscape that people experience due to their therapeutic qualities. The metaphorical component comprises the ethnographic and cultural values expressed through narratives, myths, and stories that are crucial in defining site-specific rituals and cures. Inhabitation brings together mind, body, and spirit because it draws from lived, experiential, and performative health dimensions.
To this concept, Andrews [17] proposed two streams of application. One relates to the impact of landscape on human experience. The other pertains to how therapeutic landscapes are shaped by the influence of different belief systems, leading to the cultural specificity of the therapeutic landscape concept. In this way, culture and requirements for health create an assemblage of layers that combine in bespoke combinations depending on the individual and the time. The implication is that a healing environment cannot be achieved by a set of design requirements or details you need to meet, it must facilitate a healthcare service that is patient-focused and centres on the diverse needs of all [23]. This extends the therapeutic landscape concept to encompass both tangible and intangible values, supporting the proposition that health, well-being, and place are intricately intertwined and emergent through the layering of architecture and material; with practices and responses in a narrative of individual and communal history where people are simply seeking well-being.
Indigenous methods of restoring health and well-being offer new opportunities for understanding the complexity of health and well-being. Most of the Western understanding around therapeutic landscapes has come from the healing properties of the physical space and adopting a bio-medical approach, translated into spas, mineral springs and mountain retreats [24]. For example, in areas of natural springs, much was made of the unique chemical make-up of the water until scientists uncovered the lack of chemical difference [11]. With this narrow view, what was overlooked was the non-physical dimension to these spaces [24], as scientists failed to engage with and quantify the practices and traditions associated with these landscapes that enabled the healing process [25]. Similarly, what has not been translated into Western culture is the deep-rooted connection with the land and its relation to self-identity on an everyday basis. The associated values and practices embedded in culture and practice are often the foundation of the healing nature of the therapeutic landscapes. Practices in Indigenous cultures are able to be embodied and translated into everyday places and landscapes.
In fact, only a small portion of the literature on therapeutic landscapes discusses the inclusion of Indigenous methods and the relationship between the environment and health and well-being that most of their spiritual connections are grounded by. However, 80% of people in developing countries still rely on traditional medicines or methods. They are inexpensive and easily accessible, they are also believed to be stronger and more effective than treatments offered at a healthcare facility [26]. Indigenous methods and practices often combined with everyday health and well-being, mainly when connected to a sense of place and the sense of identity and symbolic healing the environment can enable [24].
This chapter explores therapeutic landscapes and landscape architectural approaches that can be applied to creating or understanding therapeutic landscapes that are culturally and socially responsive. It addresses the gap in the literature regarding therapeutic landscapes to understand how different social and cultural contexts can affect physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual health. Our intent is to illustrate landscapes that include cultural practice and Indigenous healing methods to promote well-being at both individual and community levels. Examining a series of case studies from around the world, it explores landscape architectural responses to healing. The case studies have been selected based on their success in catering to the social, mental, physical and emotional needs of the user. The chapter unpacks the social and cultural contexts that have shaped these environments and discusses how this can be applied to the universal design of everyday therapeutic landscapes.
To investigate the ideas underlying therapeutic environments, a literature review was undertaken using electronic databases such as Scopus, Google Scholar and ProQuest, as well as landmark book publications. Search terms included therapeutic landscapes, therapeutic environments, healthcare landscapes, and restorative outdoor spaces to identify design criteria. Following the first selection and exclusion of non-relevant materials, twenty-two peer-reviewed publications were evaluated. The articles were critically assessed by conducting a strengths and weaknesses analysis of each study and considering their relevance in promoting health and well-being. As causal relationships between therapeutic environments and human health are difficult to establish, this critical literature review focussed on studies that dealt with association rather than causation. To better understand the theoretical constructs and obtain an international perspective of approaches to health and well-being, 32 case studies were initially selected during the scoping of the literature to demonstrate a breadth of scales. To get an understanding of how different places with differing social and cultural contexts responded through their therapeutic environments, samples were selected from five different countries, namely Kopupaka Reserve in Aotearoa-New Zealand, Lions Park in Queensland, Australia, Freedom Park in Pretoria, South Africa, Jiyan Healing Garden, in Chamchamal, Iraq, and Jardín Etnobotánico de Oaxaca in Mexico, for closer investigation.
Kopupaka Reserve is a large urban wetland in Auckland, New Zealand. It is unique as it combines an expansive natural environment, which has been identified as having unique healing qualities, with Indigenous Māori cultural values. Māori call themselves the
In an effort to enhance the presence, visibility, and participation with design, a set of design principles for the creation of designed environments were developed based on Māori cultural values [28]. The values that underpin these design framework are
The Auckland City Council commissioned the Kopupaka Reserve as a new public space for the emerging Westgate shopping centre. The Kopupaka Reseve is an ancestral name for the area and relates to the meeting of the Tōtara Creek and Waiteputa Stream. The reserve is of a linear shape that follows the riparian corridor of Tōtara Creek and Waiteputa Stream, which had become extremely degraded from the area’s long history of growing market produce and most recently a large-scale strawberry farm. Once rich with
Wetland waterways provide an abundance of life with food and purification, contributing to the well-being of the people as Māori maintain that a healthy landscape makes for a healthy individual. Views over the wetlands surrounding the confluence of the two freshwater streams, display the varied birdlife and biologically diverse horticulture. Hard landscape forms are inspired by the abundance of
Kopupaka reserve and the wetlands, where timber frames are deeply inspired in traditional Māori eel baskets.
Recreational activities at Kopupapa reserve.
A distinct and defining feature of the park is a series of interlocked curving timber structures that frame the wetland ponds and a woven together with vegetated paths. The timber frames are a symbolic representation of the
What makes Kopupaka Reserve a successful therapeutic landscape its ability to encourage community engagement and establish a strong sense of place and place identity. These themes are threaded throughout most of the literature that has been written on therapeutic landscapes. As research shifted from its focus on the big event or extraordinary healing spaces to the everyday, the method of healing also shifted from an internal singular process to a communal and inclusive process. Urban park and community gardens emerged as having healing qualities and were celebrated for their unique ability to bring communities together and improve overall well-being. The 22-hectare reserve is located within the centre of Westgate, a new town centre that has emerged as a result of urban sprawl. The park connects together the surrounding suburbs and is a central point for many people. While people are not directly forced to engage with each other or participate in rehabilitative activities, the opportunity is given. Signs and cultural motifs placed around the park tell a narrative of the history of the reserve, people feel more attached to the park as they can understand its significance. The diversity of spaces allows locals to find what they need from the park and offers opportunities to improve their personal health and well-being. The park aimed to restore the mauri (lifeforce) of the area, which was mainly achieved through improved storm water management and the revegetation of key areas improving the water quality of the area and enhancing habitats and ecological corridors [28]. Kopupaka park demonstrates how urban growth and community engagement can be successfully paired with ecology and engineering [30].
Lions Park is a small urban park located in Gladstone, Queensland, but in spite of its size, it is considered a revolutionary park for Australia, being one of the first intergenerational and therapeutic environments located within the public realm. It is an inclusive space that has been established for intergenerational socialisation and as a safe space for those with disabilities. Building from the evidence that a strong link exists between the natural environment and improved health and well-being, these spaces provide moments of relaxation, social interaction and physical activity [31]. The park is a destination for locals and it also acts as a thoroughfare between the commercial zone, suburbs and natural environment. The Leonardo Da Vinci inspired playspace incorporates sensory features that can accommodate children and adults with disabilities. The designer, Playscape Creations, worked closely with local communities and those with impairments to create a space that accommodates a diverse range of needs [32]. Due to the urban location, Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) design principles were used throughout the entire design to enhance active and passive surveillance as well as making sure the park was a multi-use space. The increased surveillance also minimises the complexity of maintenance and ensures the park features last longer [32].
The form of the park is inspired by Da Vinci’s cogs of interaction. The cogs create islands of play and recreation linked together with wide wheelchair-friendly paths and tactile water features. Each cog is unique with special elements that engage, inspire, and incorporate user preferences for each impairment. For example, those with sensory processing disorders like to spin and swing, but also enjoy shared play and like spaces to hide away in and just observe from. Those with auditory processing disorders engage well with tactile and visual elements but prefer less busy spaces and bold signage. Those with visual impairments are especially sensitive to light so shade is needed along with tactile environments that offer a contrast for navigation. Those with Down syndrome require muscle stimulating equipment, individual and group play opportunities and vestibular play elements. Those with autism can be sensitive to change, so enjoy tactile mapping and colour coding, as well as repetitive play equipment and spaces they can hide away in. For muscular dystrophy, spaces are required to provide shelter from light and heat and have a handhold that can be used with a closed fist. Those with cerebral palsy need rest spaces, handholds that can be used with a closed fist and tactile interactive panels. To accommodate spina bifida, wide wheelchair friendly pathways and transfer points to get on equipment are necessary but also are places for social rest.
Cog one is the entry node at the beginning of the park, which also contains the car park. The purpose of this area is predominantly a gathering space with arranged seating and shelter. From there, the user can move through into the body of the park. Cog two is the linking cog and social hub, connecting either to the nature cog and action cog or the commercial zone cog. In cog three, there is play equipment, informal water play, soft fall mats, turf, and walls that are intended to double as informal seating and shelters. Cog four is the swing, spin and discovery zone and a five-way swing stands in the centre. The play zone is enclosed by a dense vegetation buffer due to its proximity to the road. Cog five is an informal cog dedicated to nature play and exploration play (Figure 3). Activities are less structured in this area and there is more opportunity for imagination to take control [33].
Lions park and the different cog areas.
In Lions park, play elements and natural features are thereby designed for all of the seven senses; hearing, sight, smell, touch, vestibular and proprioception. Specific play equipment has been included in the design of the playgrounds to ensure that users of all abilities have been included. These play elements include tactile water features for formal and informal water play, small and large shades for those with heat and light sensitivity, safe havens and small hideaways for those who want to escape, hand hold-on equipment that can be used with a closed fist for those who have limited grip, and spinning and full-body vestibular play features. In addition, consideration has been given to stimulating cognitive, social, psychological and physical senses while in the act of playing on a playground [34]. This playground accommodates a variety of bodily movements that stimulate the mind and body in much the same way as the activity of gardening.
Freedom Park is located in one of South Africa’s capital cities Pretoria. Situated on the top of a hill overlooking the city of Salvokop, the park was mandated by President Nelson Mandela to communicate a narrative of South Africa’s journey to freedom following the end of the apartheid. It is a part of the rebuild seeking to address social fragmentation between races and significant disparities in access to education, health care and employment [35]. Freedom Park is a therapeutic landscape in the form of an urban park that tells a narrative of South Africa’s journey to freedom and celebrates the 3.6 billion years of physical change in environment as well as those who fought for its freedom [36].
Freedom Park addresses the physical, mental, spiritual, societal and environmental elements of the landscapes of South Africa and embodies them into one space for all. The park supports South Africa’s newfound identity, attempts to create new social networks, and supports the once fractured society. It acknowledges the holistic approach of traditional African culture focusing on the collective and bringing community interests to the forefront of any decisions [37]. One African principle that was not lost with colonialism was ‘ubuntu’, meaning that ‘I am what I am because of who we all are’, which follows on from the Zulu saying ‘umuntu ngumuntu ngabantu’, which means ‘a person is a person through other persons’ [37]. This principle values people first and foremost with a view of the collective whole [38].
One of the most vital features of the park is its engagement to a sense of place. The development of a sense of place is a social and cultural process that depends upon the user’s response and cannot be derived from location alone [39]. Creating a sense of place is affirmed in Freedom Park by the inclusion of the historical narrative and the use of traditional practices. When entering through the //Hapo external space the users make their way through traditional and native medicinal plants. The journey educates the user about traditional practices and sparks conversation (Figure 4). Sense of place is not only an embedded relationship with the natural environment but directly links to the people within the place [39]. The inclusion of the eleven languages around the park aids in establishing place identity. For example, the //Hapo is from the Khoisan language, S’Khumbuto (the memorial) is Swati, Uitspanplek (A picnic area on the northern side of the hill) is an Afrikaans word, and Isivivane is a Zulu word meaning ‘to throw your stone upon the pile’ [36].
Use of traditional materials.
//Hapo is the first point of arrival to the park. This space is an interactive exhibition telling the story of South Africa over the course of 3.6 billion years. The name //Hapo has been drawn from the phrase ‘//hapo ge//hapo tama/haohasib dis tamas ka i bo’, which means ‘a dream is not a dream until it is shared by the entire community’. Within //Hapo there are three external spaces. The first space is the Garden of Indigenous Knowledge/the Healing Garden. In this garden, water channels lead visitors into a quiet and contemplative space where they are immersed in medicinal plants and gain knowledge of Indigenous healing methods. The second space is Sentihaga, the children’s area. The landscape has been terraced with a series of cascading walls. Children and others are able to play with water features and plant material. Totems, an amphitheatre and small passageways are features of the garden to spark imagination. The third space is called the Boulders. They are metamorphosed layers of rock composed in a circular formation and surrounded by savannah vegetation to tell the story of South Africa’s creation. Indigenous vegetation surrounds //Hapo blending the building into the landscape and preserving the natural terrain of the hillside (Figure 5) [36].
Layers of rock surrounded by the savannah vegetation.
Exiting the //Hapo, visitors continue on a contemplative journey up the Salvokop hill along a pathway named the Vhuwaelo. Along the Vhuwaelo there are a series of small gardens that you can weave in and out of, exploring the small private spaces comprised mainly of natural materials and plants. Dramatic views overlook the city of Pretoria and the Union Buildings. At the final moment before you descend down the hill is a space named the Mveledzo. It is made from heavy stones and concrete, providing a final resting spot. Then the visitor descends the hill to arrive at the S’khumbuto, a Swati word for remembering or memorial. The memorial is for those who fought for freedom and showed great leadership. Water has been used throughout the memorial because of its importance to African culture and its relation to healing and purification [36].
The Jiyan Healing Garden is a treatment facility and therapeutic garden that was established by the Jiyan Foundation for Human Rights in Chamchamal, Iraq in 2016. The Jiyan Foundation began its work in 2005 by building rehabilitation centres throughout Kurdistan and Iraq for those who were survivors of torture. The healing garden is an animal-assisted trauma therapy centre for those who suffered at the hands of Saddam Hussein’s regime and, more recently ISIS. Many children in Iraq suffer from problems associated with this trauma, including behavioural and speech disorders.
A crumbling public infrastructure, including the water and sanitation network, results from years of political unrest. The Jiyan Foundation for Human rights wanted to create a space that was self-sustaining and supported the surrounding environment. The team of architects worked in collaboration with BORDA (Bremen Overseas Research and Development Association) to create a decentralised wastewater system for the garden [40]. This was deemed necessary as the Kurdistan region continually suffers from a rainfall deficit and low groundwater levels. The decentralised wastewater treatment system taps into the sewage pipes that run under the facility and is able to clean 100 cubic meters of dirty water each day, enough water to provide the entire garden with water. The water system also processes animal and human waste, turning it into biogas used for heating the therapy rooms in the winter [41].
ZRS, the architects of the treatment facility and healing garden, wanted to create a space that represented trust, identity and well-being. The facility is an example of traditional and sustainable architecture. The buildings are constructed from local clay material that has been historically used in the area (Figure 6). The walls are built from the air-dried brick blended with the thin layer of earth-straw mix. The roof is also constructed from the thin earth straw mix. The earth materials have climate cooling properties that concrete and glass cannot provide. The earth keeps the interior space cool during the hot summers and then keeps the interior dry and warm during the wet and sharp winter months [42].
Illustration of the building’s layout and materials used.
The treatment facility is situated in a recreated traditional village environment typical to that in Chamchamal. In total, there are 11 individual dwellings that provide therapy rooms and quiet spaces that users can retreat to. A courtyard and shade device connect the dwellings together and allow access to the central healing garden and the animal pens. The garden and buildings create a unique space to heal and the garden is full and flourishing compared to the barren terrain of Chamchamal. Those at the facility participate in group-based garden therapy, which gives them a support network and a new way to overcome their ordeal [42]. The treatment facility also allows them to participate in group activities in the garden and direct therapeutic work in the huts. The technique they tend to use with the children is ‘mud therapy’. The kids are encouraged to play outside in the garden and in the mud. They are prompted to get dirty and interact with the many animals before coming back inside for a discussion when they feel safe and comfortable and are often more willing to open up (Figure 7) [40].
Outdoor spaces and access to interact with animals.
A distinguishing feature of this therapeutic landscape is the animal-assisted therapy. Those who have been subject to trauma caused by acts of war, torture, violence, or displacement have strong feelings of vulnerability. They are often automatically and subconsciously drawn to the animals. They will try to get close to the animals to feel safe and comfortable. It is also said that the practice of petting, brushing, walking and caring for the animals helps give people something else to focus on, increases self-esteem and reduces feelings of anxiety, grief and isolation. The animals introduced to the Jiyan Healing Garden are a mixture of local animals that many would find in the area as well as exotic animals. Those who use the facility have been subject to generations of pent up trauma and psychological abuse and most are having to adjust to a new life away from their home and loved ones.
The Jiyan Healing Garden adopts place-making strategies and familiarisation through structured individual and communal activities making this space an internationally award winning ‘therapeutic landscape’. The gardens provide relief and help to those who are suffering trauma from torture and acts of war and it gives the community access to adequate green space [40]. Green space that is inclusive and contains structured activities is crucial for creating stronger and resilient communities. This is the grounding essence of a therapeutic landscape.
Jardín Etnobotánico de Oaxaca is deemed one of the world’s most original public botanic gardens, it is an ethnobotanical garden on the grounds of the San Domingo monastery in Oaxaca Mexico. Mexico is one of the most biologically rich countries globally, and out of the 31 states in Mexico, Oaxaca is the most biodiverse. Oaxaca has a unique botanical history as it contains evidence of plant domestication of squash and corn in the Americas dating back to the beginning of the new world. The ethnobotanical garden has been designed to reflect and celebrate this unique diversity. Each section of the garden displays a different ecology. The northeast section of the garden is dedicated to the tropical forest. Species that have been included in this section are balsa, ceiba and huaie. The east section of the garden reflects the wet regions of Oaxaca, including species of cacao, vanilla and achiote. The west of the garden is dedicated to the dry lands and includes plant varieties; cacti and agaves [43]. A planter bed planted with squash has been raised above the rest of the garden and faces towards Guilá Naquitz [43].
The garden tells a strong narrative of the natural history of Mexico, as well as exploring the cultural and artistic traditions of Oaxaca. During the site excavation, structures more than 400 years old were discovered and incorporated into the final design. A number of other artists, scientists, anthropologists and horticulturalists collaborated on the design of the planting, hardscape and water systems [43]. The use of materials and hardscaping is unique to the garden and emphasises the narrative of Oaxaca’s history (Figure 8). A distinct feature of the garden is the green-hued pathway that mimics the formation of a step-fret zigzag. This pattern is common in many pieces of pre-Columbian carving and art. Another distinct feature of the garden is a large water fountain that seeps a distinct red water. The fountain is made from the wood of the Montezuma cypress tree and the water has been dyed red from ground up cochineal coating the wood [43].
Use of softscape and hardscape materials typical to Oaxaca.
The designers and director of the garden choose to include minimal signage around the garden to allow for a more seamless aesthetic. Visitors who want to get a richer experience of the garden and learn about the specific varieties of plant species are encouraged to take a 2-hour tour. During this tour, they are taken through the medicinal and ceremonial plants, including mesquite, copal used in incense, alebriies for carving, and agave plants traditionally used to make mezcal. Visitors are also taken through a section of the garden that is dedicated solely to traditional food crops. The crops include hierba de conejo, corn, beans, chepil (the herb used in tamal de chepil), jicama, amaranth, tomatoes, and chia. Many of these plants were domesticated in Oaxaca. Although, there are around 1000 different varieties of plants in the garden, they are all wild except for the traditional food crops (Figure 9) [44].
Horticultural practices at the site.
What makes this space a successful therapeutic environment is the strong sense of place that is created by place attachment and narratives. There are many repetitive and empowering cultural and historical motifs that feature in the garden and speak to Oaxaca’s history as one of the more important sites of archaeological history for the Americas, showing the first signs of plant domestication [43]. In the 1970s, seeds of squash, bottle gourd, beans, agave, and chilli peppers were all excavated and included in the ethnobotanical garden design [44]. Visitors to the garden and locals can learn about the ancient history of Oaxaca and the rest of the Americas to understand the role the area played in the development of the new world, creating a strong sense of place identity. But what is also successful about this place is that it began as a passion project from the many locals in the community who wanted to see the preservation of art, culture and the environment. This developed into the current ethnobotanical garden that allows the community to explore the relationship between plants and people and work in harmony with the Cultural Centre. Local designers, artists, scientists, horticulturists, and anthropologists all worked together on the design, construction and infrastructure within the garden. As such, this ‘community’ garden provides unique opportunities to participate in communal activity and interaction.
Successful therapeutic landscapes address the social and cultural contexts of their location as well as respond to the environmental, mental and physical needs of each user. In defining therapeutic environments as reliant on a series of encounters, networks, and associations, Duff [16] classified these enabling resources into three categories: social, affective, and material. Social resources are grounded in relationships but are also directly linked to place, since they are a product of it and simultaneously enable everyday experiences. Affective resources are the fusion of individual or collective feelings that define or restrict orientations or actions. Material resources characterise the way in which relationships are established through the materiality of place and how they impact our access to goods, services, and information. Therapeutic landscapes can strengthen and improve the overall well-being of an individual, a community or even a population. In the case studies, a variety of processes were used to foster therapeutic environments, bringing together the relational, affective, emotional and cognitive skills that create and maintain social networks and promote meaningful experiences, closely weaving together land, culture and health.
Landscapes are experienced in different ways by different people. Different cultural orientations may also lead to different experiences of the same space; however, this does not negate its therapeutic qualities. Similarly, the experience of therapeutic landscapes will vary based on previous experiences or attachments. In the literature, sense of place is discussed as being related to the inclusivity of the design and the intention of the user, but it can also refer to the historical connection with the space, which can enrich the ‘place identity’. Placemaking enables the restorative and healing abilities of therapeutic landscapes, aiding those seeking the social inclusion or home comfort and attachment that is often formed through activities and the communal associations made [39]. The spaces that were the most successful in creating a holistic healing landscape for the community, were those environments that were welcoming and established a strong sense of place for all users. Hereby, the sense of place in a therapeutic landscape can result from place identity and place attachment and is often felt by a user when they have an emotional or historical connection to that place.
Two case studies, in particular, illustrate how the land grounds the therapeutic nature of the place. The Kopupaka Reserve in Aoteroa-New Zealand guides visitors along constructed boardwalks. The surrounding waterways provide an abundance of life with views over the wetlands and freshwater streams to the varied birdlife and biologically-diverse horticulture. Open spaces for communal activities are contrasted with private places for emotional retreat, providing a human experience that engages with all the senses through sight, sound and smell. With the attention shift from intimate perspectives to distance views, the approach also changes from a very singular and internal healing process to a communal and inclusive one. The design is permeable and flexible, allowing the materials to flex with the movement of the land and using materiality to will enable the ecology to flow.
Freedom Park in South Africa also uses the land to bring people together. One of the strongest features of this park is its engagement with the sense of place. Bringing together formerly alienated groups in a neutral landscape that offers both distant views over a cityscape and intimate pocket spaces, it is concerned with the physical, mental, spiritual, societal and environmental landscapes of South Africa, embodying them into one space for all. Emotions typically run high when the historical injustices of apartheid are situated in a specific place. The park is designed to seamlessly disappear into its natural context as the materiality of the built environment emulates and draws inspiration from the surrounding nature.
Therapeutic landscapes can provide an opportunity to embed cultural and traditional practices that do not often get conveyed in everyday contexts. For example, the Jardín Etnobotánico de Oaxaca (Mexico) began as a passion project for many locals in the community who wanted to see the preservation of art, culture and the environment. The garden tells a story about the cultural and artistic traditions of Oaxaca as well as its place in the natural history of Mexico. There are many repetitive and empowering cultural and historical motifs that feature in the garden and speak to Oaxaca’s history. From a social perspective, it brings together artists, horticulturalists, scientists and anthropologists as well as the community at large to reflect the purpose of the garden as an exploration of the relationship between plants and people. The use of materials and hardscaping is also unique to the garden and emphasises the specific narrative of Oaxaca’s history. In this project, the health of individuals reflects the strength of the community and collective triumphs are celebrated over the personal gains of the individual.
Another important example of a successful therapeutic environment that celebrates cultural values and includes Indigenous and traditional materials and practices within the design of the landscape is the Kopupaka Reserve (New Zealand). Importance was given to creating a place identity and understanding of how the land was used pre-colonisation. The New Zealand case study adopted a series of principles, Te Aranga framework, to ensure a cultural approach was taken to design that encouraged designers to engage with local Māori tribes in all aspects of the design and construction processes and to ensure that plants and materials had been chosen correctly. Cultural values hereby affect and maintain physical, emotional, mental and spiritual health and well-being. Our findings align with those of Andrews [17], whereby a successful therapeutic landscape has been shaped by the influence of a belief system/culture and emotionally engages with human experience. If these are embedded within the design, the environment will inherently respond to the needs of each individual user in a holistic sense and provide the foundation for a more affluent, healthier lifestyle. For many, connection through place or land includes not just the individual but the entire community of beings, living and non-living, putting the need for connection at the forefront.
The literature review highlighted some clear themes relating to health that are thread throughout the discussion of therapeutic landscapes and what a successful holistic healing space should provide. Therapeutic environments and healing environments need to be designed to the needs of the user; which includes the needs of the marginalised. Two landscapes that are specifically designed for unique human experience are the Jiyan Healing Garden (Iraq) and Lions Park (Australia).
In the Jiyan Healing Garden, the healing garden is designed for victims of trauma and to address the social tensions that had widened the gap between the places of emotional retreat and healing from those of everyday sociability. Here the healing garden serves as an emotional retreat that facilitates an ‘extraordinary’ healing experience. For this reason, it takes a unique approach and involves access to animal therapy and pays attention to the specific needs of the user. In addition, it offers the chance for patients to work on the upkeep of a garden actively, activities they may have done at home [23]. Participation at this level creates a sense of ownership and sense of place in the facility, improving the productivity of healing and rehabilitation. Wellness and health of a community do not rely solely on the physical gains from gardening but also the mental gains. Feelings of loneliness and isolation can be mitigated by involvement in communal gardening as well as the practice of plant propagation and cultivation [34]. Concerning the material, a diverse range of spaces and activities are essential to the inclusivity of a space. For this garden, the choice of plants was vital, which targeted the user and their preferred activities [23]. While the garden’s main intention is to provide relief and help those suffering trauma from torture and acts of war, it also gives the community access to adequate green space. Green spaces that are inclusive and contain structured activities are crucial for creating more robust and resilient communities. This is the grounding essence of a therapeutic landscape.
Similarly, the Lions Park (Queensland, Australia) has been designed for participation and socialisation on a much smaller scale. With its design focus on intergenerational socialisation and inclusion for those with disabilities, interactive areas provide for various body movements that include vestibular and proprioception and sound, sight, smell, and touch. Social inclusion is achieved through the creation of spaces that meet the needs and desires of all potential users. There are also spaces of refuge that can be used to hide away, for relaxation or contemplation. Playgrounds provide various bodily movements that stimulate the mind and body, similar to the activity of gardening. In particular, play equipment was included within the design of the playground to ensure that users of all abilities were included. Wheelchair-friendly paths, shelters for those who are light-sensitive, tactile panels, visually stimulating signs and planting combinations all combine to create an inclusive and restoratively productive environment.
Our understanding of what makes up a therapeutic landscape is evolving. Social issues including; quality of life, access to health care, social inclusion and supportive environments were all addressed in most literature, but overall, we found a lack of engagement with the important cultural context of the therapeutic landscapes and in particular, the inclusion of Indigenous practices. Our research finds that Indigenous methods can provide a holistic approach to health and well-being in our communities and a finer grained understanding of a therapeutic environment.
Our case studies varied in scale from large and expansive natural landscapes to small manmade interventions, but all shared social inclusion as a recurrent theme and all acknowledged aspects of land, culture and health. The successful therapeutic environments were tied to the inclusivity of the design and the intention of the users, but also the historical connection to enrich the place identity. Most of these spaces have come about as projects as a response to passion and request from the local community or as a response to social or cultural demands. This has resulted in the inclusion of the community’s needs in the designed spaces and their physical input in the landscape.
The concept of therapeutic landscapes has evolved with research and theory to reflect society’s current values. Most recently, this has shifted with the desire to have healthy and strong communities. A stronger sense of place is considered to create stronger communities and improved community-wide health and well-being. The success of a community cannot be separated from the success of its place, including the natural settings, the local culture and wider surroundings. In this way weaving land, culture and health is essential to the concept of the therapeutic environment.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Women are diagnosed with PTSD approximately twice as often as men. In this review, we outline the evidence of gender differences related to PTSD, and the factors of resilience and susceptibility differ between men and women.",book:{id:"5472",slug:"gender-differences-in-different-contexts",title:"Gender Differences in Different Contexts",fullTitle:"Gender Differences in Different Contexts"},signatures:"Jingchu Hu, Biao Feng, Yonghui Zhu, Wenqing Wang, Jiawei Xie\nand Xifu Zheng",authors:[{id:"190985",title:"Dr.",name:"Xifu",middleName:null,surname:"Zheng",slug:"xifu-zheng",fullName:"Xifu Zheng"},{id:"194981",title:"BSc.",name:"Yonghui",middleName:null,surname:"Zhu",slug:"yonghui-zhu",fullName:"Yonghui Zhu"},{id:"194982",title:"MSc.",name:"Wenqing",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"wenqing-wang",fullName:"Wenqing Wang"},{id:"194985",title:"Dr.",name:"Jingchu",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"jingchu-hu",fullName:"Jingchu Hu"},{id:"194986",title:"MSc.",name:"Biao",middleName:null,surname:"Feng",slug:"biao-feng",fullName:"Biao Feng"},{id:"194987",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Jiawei",middleName:null,surname:"Xie",slug:"jiawei-xie",fullName:"Jiawei Xie"}]},{id:"52472",doi:"10.5772/65410",title:"Gender and Health",slug:"gender-and-health",totalDownloads:3400,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"Research has found differences between women and men in some health indicators. Women’s life expectancy is higher than men’s, but research on differences in morbidity has proved less consistent than on the differences in mortality. These differences vary in terms of the type of health indicator used, the life cycle period analyzed, and even the country where research is conducted. Generally, men have more life-threatening chronic diseases at younger ages, including coronary heart disease, as well as more externalizing mental health problems and substance use disorders. Women present higher rates of chronic debilitating conditions such as arthritis, frequent or severe headaches, gallbladder conditions, and also more internalizing mental problems such as affective and anxiety disorders. Results of research on the differences between women and men in self-rated health have also highlighted the complexity of gender differences in health. Although several studies have shown that women have poorer self-rated health than men, this is not the case in all countries. Also, differences in self-rated health vary depending on other psychosocial and demographic variables. The present study reviews the main differences in women’s and men’s health as well as the most relevant factors that may account for them.",book:{id:"5472",slug:"gender-differences-in-different-contexts",title:"Gender Differences in Different Contexts",fullTitle:"Gender Differences in Different Contexts"},signatures:"María Pilar Matud",authors:[{id:"189729",title:"Prof.",name:"M. Pilar",middleName:null,surname:"Matud",slug:"m.-pilar-matud",fullName:"M. Pilar Matud"}]},{id:"52503",doi:"10.5772/65457",title:"Gender and Leadership",slug:"gender-and-leadership",totalDownloads:4073,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"The topic of leadership has been addressed and applied for millennia. Yet, it is only within the past 80 years that leadership has been a topic of serious discussion. It is important to understand variables relevant to effective leadership. Gender is one such variable that must be examined with regard to optimizing leadership effectiveness. The topic of gender and leadership deserves serious and thoughtful consideration and discussion because of professional, political, cultural, and personal realities of the twenty‐first century. Women and men have been, are, and should be leaders. Gender must be considered to determine how each leader can reach maximum potential and effectiveness. The FourCe‐PITO conceptual framework of leadership is designed to help guide leadership development and education. The present chapter uses this conceptual framework of leadership to discuss how consideration of gender may affect and optimize leadership development and effectiveness. 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I am giving examples from my developmental psychology research where the split-sample analysis by gender showed amazing and often unexpected effects.",book:{id:"5472",slug:"gender-differences-in-different-contexts",title:"Gender Differences in Different Contexts",fullTitle:"Gender Differences in Different Contexts"},signatures:"Chris Lange-Küttner",authors:[{id:"190245",title:"Prof.",name:"Chris",middleName:null,surname:"Lange-Küttner",slug:"chris-lange-kuttner",fullName:"Chris Lange-Küttner"}]},{id:"53721",doi:"10.5772/66093",title:"Professional Women's Experience of Autonomy and Independence in Sindh-Pakistan",slug:"professional-women-s-experience-of-autonomy-and-independence-in-sindh-pakistan",totalDownloads:1624,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"This chapter summarises the part of findings of my doctoral studies at the University of Sussex, Brighton, UK. In this case study, there are elements of both qualitative and quantitative approaches; the former is the principal approach to this research while the latter works as complementary. Participants of the research were divided into two categories: academic and non‐academic. Forty semi‐structured interviews (20 from each category) and 100 survey questionnaire (50 from each category) were collected. This research argues that existing concepts of ‘autonomy’ and ‘independence’ may not be useful indices/indicators for measuring the social status or position of women in Sindhi society, due to variations in understanding or the meanings attributed to these concepts across the globe. Findings argue that these professional women perceived concepts of ‘autonomy’, ‘independence’ and ‘individuality’ categorically different than those of Westernised understandings. This research asserts that Sindhi society, similarly to that of Tamil society, emphasises social groups rather than individuals. Hence, ‘collective identities’ are the essence of Sindhi society; however, individuals find their autonomy, independence and individuality in the context of ‘others’, which means to be more responsible for group's interests.",book:{id:"5472",slug:"gender-differences-in-different-contexts",title:"Gender Differences in Different Contexts",fullTitle:"Gender Differences in Different Contexts"},signatures:"Mukesh Kumar Khatwani",authors:[{id:"196384",title:"Dr.",name:"Mukesh",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Khatwani",slug:"mukesh-khatwani",fullName:"Mukesh Khatwani"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"52503",title:"Gender and Leadership",slug:"gender-and-leadership",totalDownloads:4073,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"The topic of leadership has been addressed and applied for millennia. Yet, it is only within the past 80 years that leadership has been a topic of serious discussion. It is important to understand variables relevant to effective leadership. 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In this review, we outline the evidence of gender differences related to PTSD, and the factors of resilience and susceptibility differ between men and women.",book:{id:"5472",slug:"gender-differences-in-different-contexts",title:"Gender Differences in Different Contexts",fullTitle:"Gender Differences in Different Contexts"},signatures:"Jingchu Hu, Biao Feng, Yonghui Zhu, Wenqing Wang, Jiawei Xie\nand Xifu Zheng",authors:[{id:"190985",title:"Dr.",name:"Xifu",middleName:null,surname:"Zheng",slug:"xifu-zheng",fullName:"Xifu Zheng"},{id:"194981",title:"BSc.",name:"Yonghui",middleName:null,surname:"Zhu",slug:"yonghui-zhu",fullName:"Yonghui Zhu"},{id:"194982",title:"MSc.",name:"Wenqing",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"wenqing-wang",fullName:"Wenqing Wang"},{id:"194985",title:"Dr.",name:"Jingchu",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"jingchu-hu",fullName:"Jingchu Hu"},{id:"194986",title:"MSc.",name:"Biao",middleName:null,surname:"Feng",slug:"biao-feng",fullName:"Biao Feng"},{id:"194987",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Jiawei",middleName:null,surname:"Xie",slug:"jiawei-xie",fullName:"Jiawei Xie"}]},{id:"52472",title:"Gender and Health",slug:"gender-and-health",totalDownloads:3400,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"Research has found differences between women and men in some health indicators. Women’s life expectancy is higher than men’s, but research on differences in morbidity has proved less consistent than on the differences in mortality. These differences vary in terms of the type of health indicator used, the life cycle period analyzed, and even the country where research is conducted. Generally, men have more life-threatening chronic diseases at younger ages, including coronary heart disease, as well as more externalizing mental health problems and substance use disorders. Women present higher rates of chronic debilitating conditions such as arthritis, frequent or severe headaches, gallbladder conditions, and also more internalizing mental problems such as affective and anxiety disorders. Results of research on the differences between women and men in self-rated health have also highlighted the complexity of gender differences in health. Although several studies have shown that women have poorer self-rated health than men, this is not the case in all countries. Also, differences in self-rated health vary depending on other psychosocial and demographic variables. The present study reviews the main differences in women’s and men’s health as well as the most relevant factors that may account for them.",book:{id:"5472",slug:"gender-differences-in-different-contexts",title:"Gender Differences in Different Contexts",fullTitle:"Gender Differences in Different Contexts"},signatures:"María Pilar Matud",authors:[{id:"189729",title:"Prof.",name:"M. Pilar",middleName:null,surname:"Matud",slug:"m.-pilar-matud",fullName:"M. Pilar Matud"}]},{id:"53212",title:"Broken Dreams—Balancing Self and Family Well-Being: The Experiences of Women Immigrants to Hamilton, ON",slug:"broken-dreams-balancing-self-and-family-well-being-the-experiences-of-women-immigrants-to-hamilton-o",totalDownloads:1484,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"This chapter presents the preliminary analysis of a study conducted in Hamilton, ON. It explores the intersection of women’s immigration, integration and mental health. Their perceptions of what is needed from them in relation to the various challenges/changes that moving to a new country entails is a particular focus of this research. To begin with, the term “women immigrant” (WI) is used, rather than immigrant women as commonly used—as the participants were women long before they became immigrants. 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She is now a lecturer at the University of Witwatersrand, South Africa, and a principal researcher at the Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office (HE2RO), South Africa. Dr. Moolla holds a Ph.D. in Psychology with her research being focused on mental health and resilience. In her professional work capacity, her research has further expanded into the fields of early childhood development, mental health, the HIV and TB care cascades, as well as COVID. She is also a UNESCO-trained International Bioethics Facilitator.",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"342152",title:"Dr.",name:"Santo",middleName:null,surname:"Grace Umesh",slug:"santo-grace-umesh",fullName:"Santo Grace Umesh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/342152/images/16311_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"333647",title:"Dr.",name:"Shreya",middleName:null,surname:"Kishore",slug:"shreya-kishore",fullName:"Shreya Kishore",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333647/images/14701_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Shreya Kishore completed her Bachelor in Dental Surgery in Chettinad Dental College and Research Institute, Chennai, and her Master of Dental Surgery (Orthodontics) in Saveetha Dental College, Chennai. She is also Invisalign certified. She’s working as a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Orthodontics, SRM Dental College since November 2019. She is actively involved in teaching orthodontics to the undergraduates and the postgraduates. Her clinical research topics include new orthodontic brackets, fixed appliances and TADs. She’s published 4 articles in well renowned indexed journals and has a published patency of her own. Her private practice is currently limited to orthodontics and works as a consultant in various clinics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"323731",title:"Prof.",name:"Deepak M.",middleName:"Macchindra",surname:"Vikhe",slug:"deepak-m.-vikhe",fullName:"Deepak M. Vikhe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/323731/images/13613_n.jpg",biography:"Dr Deepak M.Vikhe .\n\n\t\n\tDr Deepak M.Vikhe , completed his Masters & PhD in Prosthodontics from Rural Dental College, Loni securing third rank in the Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University. He was awarded Dr.G.C.DAS Memorial Award for Research on Implants at 39th IPS conference Dubai (U A E).He has two patents under his name. He has received Dr.Saraswati medal award for best research for implant study in 2017.He has received Fully funded scholarship to Spain ,university of Santiago de Compostela. He has completed fellowship in Implantlogy from Noble Biocare. \nHe has attended various conferences and CDE programmes and has national publications to his credit. His field of interest is in Implant supported prosthesis. Presently he is working as a associate professor in the Dept of Prosthodontics, Rural Dental College, Loni and maintains a successful private practice specialising in Implantology at Rahata.\n\nEmail: drdeepak_mvikhe@yahoo.com..................",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204110",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed A.",middleName:null,surname:"Madfa",slug:"ahmed-a.-madfa",fullName:"Ahmed A. Madfa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204110/images/system/204110.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madfa is currently Associate Professor of Endodontics at Thamar University and a visiting lecturer at Sana'a University and University of Sciences and Technology. He has more than 6 years of experience in teaching. His research interests include root canal morphology, functionally graded concept, dental biomaterials, epidemiology and dental education, biomimetic restoration, finite element analysis and endodontic regeneration. Dr. Madfa has numerous international publications, full articles, two patents, a book and a book chapter. Furthermore, he won 14 international scientific awards. Furthermore, he is involved in many academic activities ranging from editorial board member, reviewer for many international journals and postgraduate students' supervisor. Besides, I deliver many courses and training workshops at various scientific events. Dr. Madfa also regularly attends international conferences and holds administrative positions (Deputy Dean of the Faculty for Students’ & Academic Affairs and Deputy Head of Research Unit).",institutionString:"Thamar University",institution:null},{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif is working at the Faculty of dentistry, University for October university for modern sciences and arts (MSA). Her areas of expertise include: periodontology, dental laserology, oral implantology, periodontal plastic surgeries, oral mesotherapy, nutrition, dental pharmacology. She is an editor and reviewer in numerous international journals.",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null},{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null},{id:"178412",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guhan",middleName:null,surname:"Dergin",slug:"guhan-dergin",fullName:"Guhan Dergin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178412/images/6954_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gühan Dergin was born in 1973 in Izmit. He graduated from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1999. He completed his specialty of OMFS surgery in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry and obtained his PhD degree in 2006. In 2005, he was invited as a visiting doctor in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the University of North Carolina, USA, where he went on a scholarship. Dr. Dergin still continues his academic career as an associate professor in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry. He has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178414",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Emes",slug:"yusuf-emes",fullName:"Yusuf Emes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178414/images/6953_n.jpg",biography:"Born in Istanbul in 1974, Dr. Emes graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry in 1997 and completed his PhD degree in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in 2005. He has papers published in international and national scientific journals, including research articles on implantology, oroantral fistulas, odontogenic cysts, and temporomandibular disorders. Dr. Emes is currently working as a full-time academic staff in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"192229",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ana Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"De Carvalho Felippini",slug:"ana-luiza-de-carvalho-felippini",fullName:"Ana Luiza De Carvalho Felippini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192229/images/system/192229.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"University of São Paulo",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"256851",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:null,surname:"Gülşen",slug:"ayse-gulsen",fullName:"Ayşe Gülşen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256851/images/9696_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ayşe Gülşen graduated in 1990 from Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ankara and did a postgraduate program at University of Gazi. \nShe worked as an observer and research assistant in Craniofacial Surgery Departments in New York, Providence Hospital in Michigan and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. \nShe works as Craniofacial Orthodontist in Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi, Ankara Turkey since 2004.",institutionString:"Univeristy of Gazi",institution:null},{id:"255366",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosun",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"tosun-tosun",fullName:"Tosun Tosun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255366/images/7347_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Turkey in 1989;\nVisitor Assistant at the University of Padua, Italy and Branemark Osseointegration Center of Treviso, Italy between 1993-94;\nPhD thesis on oral implantology in University of Istanbul and was awarded the academic title “Dr.med.dent.”, 1997;\nHe was awarded the academic title “Doç.Dr.” (Associated Professor) in 2003;\nProficiency in Botulinum Toxin Applications, Reading-UK in 2009;\nMastership, RWTH Certificate in Laser Therapy in Dentistry, AALZ-Aachen University, Germany 2009-11;\nMaster of Science (MSc) in Laser Dentistry, University of Genoa, Italy 2013-14.\n\nDr.Tosun worked as Research Assistant in the Department of Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul between 1990-2002. \nHe worked part-time as Consultant surgeon in Harvard Medical International Hospitals and John Hopkins Medicine, Istanbul between years 2007-09.\u2028He was contract Professor in the Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DI.S.C.), Medical School, University of Genova, Italy between years 2011-16. \nSince 2015 he is visiting Professor at Medical School, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. \nCurrently he is Associated Prof.Dr. at the Dental School, Oral Surgery Dept., Istanbul Aydin University and since 2003 he works in his own private clinic in Istanbul, Turkey.\u2028\nDr.Tosun is reviewer in journal ‘Laser in Medical Sciences’, reviewer in journal ‘Folia Medica\\', a Fellow of the International Team for Implantology, Clinical Lecturer of DGZI German Association of Oral Implantology, Expert Lecturer of Laser&Health Academy, Country Representative of World Federation for Laser Dentistry, member of European Federation of Periodontology, member of Academy of Laser Dentistry. Dr.Tosun presents papers in international and national congresses and has scientific publications in international and national journals. He speaks english, spanish, italian and french.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"256417",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Sadry",slug:"sanaz-sadry",fullName:"Sanaz Sadry",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256417/images/8106_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272237",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",middleName:"Kiymet",surname:"Karataban",slug:"pinar-karataban",fullName:"Pinar Karataban",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272237/images/8911_n.png",biography:"Assist.Prof.Dr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban, DDS PhD \n\nDr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban was born in Istanbul in 1975. After her graduation from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1998 she started her PhD in Paediatric Dentistry focused on children with special needs; mainly children with Cerebral Palsy. She finished her pHD thesis entitled \\'Investigation of occlusion via cast analysis and evaluation of dental caries prevalance, periodontal status and muscle dysfunctions in children with cerebral palsy” in 2008. She got her Assist. Proffessor degree in Istanbul Aydın University Paediatric Dentistry Department in 2015-2018. ın 2019 she started her new career in Bahcesehir University, Istanbul as Head of Department of Pediatric Dentistry. In 2020 she was accepted to BAU International University, Batumi as Professor of Pediatric Dentistry. She’s a lecturer in the same university meanwhile working part-time in private practice in Ege Dental Studio (https://www.egedisklinigi.com/) a multidisciplinary dental clinic in Istanbul. Her main interests are paleodontology, ancient and contemporary dentistry, oral microbiology, cerebral palsy and special care dentistry. She has national and international publications, scientific reports and is a member of IAPO (International Association for Paleodontology), IADH (International Association of Disability and Oral Health) and EAPD (European Association of Pediatric Dentistry).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"202198",title:"Dr.",name:"Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Aybar",slug:"buket-aybar",fullName:"Buket Aybar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202198/images/6955_n.jpg",biography:"Buket Aybar, DDS, PhD, was born in 1971. She graduated from Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, in 1992 and completed her PhD degree on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Istanbul University in 1997.\nDr. Aybar is currently a full-time professor in Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. She has teaching responsibilities in graduate and postgraduate programs. Her clinical practice includes mainly dentoalveolar surgery.\nHer topics of interest are biomaterials science and cell culture studies. 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After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1986, she attended the Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. \nIn 1993 she attended the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics for her PhD education. After finishing the PhD education, she worked as orthodontist in Ankara Dental Hospital under the Turkish Government, Ministry of Health and in a special Orthodontic Clinic till 2011. Between 2011 and 2016, Dr. Deniz Uzuner worked as a specialist in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University in Ankara/Turkey. In 2016, she was appointed associate professor. Dr. Deniz Uzuner has authored 23 Journal Papers, 3 Book Chapters and has had 39 oral/poster presentations. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society. 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