Selected studies based on the thermal conductivity of graphite composites.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6966",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Lipid Peroxidation Research",title:"Lipid Peroxidation Research",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Lipid peroxidation is the major molecular mechanism that induces oxidative damage to cell structures and is also involved in the toxicity process that leads to cell death.Lipid peroxidation is a chain reaction initiated by the hydrogen abstraction or addition of an oxygen radical, resulting in the oxidative damage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). PUFAs are more sensitive than saturated fatty acids because of the presence of a double bond adjacent to a methylene group that makes the methylene C-H bond weaker and therefore the hydrogen is more susceptible to abstraction. This leaves an unpaired electron on the carbon, forming a carbon-centered radical, which is stabilized by a molecular rearrangement of the double bonds to form a conjugated diene, which then combines with oxygen to form a peroxy-radical.In pathological situations the reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are generated at higher than normal rates, and as a consequence, lipid peroxidation occurs with deficiency of endogenous antioxidants as alpha-tocopherol deficiency or reduced glutathione. In addition to containing high concentrations of PUFAs and transition metals, biological membranes of cells and organelles are constantly being subjected to various types of damage.This book presents systematic and comprehensive reviews on free radicals and their involvement in lipid peroxidation with special emphasis on their important role in different diseases.",isbn:"978-1-83968-548-4",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-547-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-549-1",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73713",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"lipid-peroxidation-research",numberOfPages:128,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"f1f45176e765ecb65a1c6d1496e75b5b",bookSignature:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6966.jpg",numberOfDownloads:6964,numberOfWosCitations:5,numberOfCrossrefCitations:5,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:17,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:27,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 10th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"August 28th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"October 27th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"January 15th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"March 16th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"224662",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmoud Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Mansour",slug:"mahmoud-ahmed-mansour",fullName:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/224662/images/system/224662.jpg",biography:"Mahmoud Mansour Ph.D. is a professor of Biochemistry at the Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, College of Pharmacy King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Saudi Arabia. His specialization includes molecular biology, biochemical pharmacology, pharmacogenetics, and biochemistry. His research fields are biochemical pharmacological studies in cancers (especially hepatic cancer), antioxidants, oxidative stress, proteasome (and its role in the treatment of hepatic cancer), experimental gastroenterology, clinical gastroenterology, and diabetes. He has published more than 60 papers in peer-reviewed journals. He received the State Encouragement award from the Scientific Research Academy in 1998. Fourteen of his students were appointed as full university professors in Egypt and Saudi Arabia.",institutionString:"King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"380",title:"Molecular Biology",slug:"biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology-biochemistry-molecular-biology"}],chapters:[{id:"69951",title:"Introductory Chapter: Free Radicals and Lipid Peroxidation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90057",slug:"introductory-chapter-free-radicals-and-lipid-peroxidation",totalDownloads:672,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69951",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69951",authors:[{id:"224662",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmoud Ahmed",surname:"Mansour",slug:"mahmoud-ahmed-mansour",fullName:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour"}],corrections:null},{id:"63733",title:"Role of Lipid Peroxidation Process in Neurodegenerative Disorders",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81188",slug:"role-of-lipid-peroxidation-process-in-neurodegenerative-disorders",totalDownloads:1036,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Lipid peroxidation is one of the primary events of the cell injury process. In pathophysiological condition, it is undergoing the initiation of organ damage. Various free radicals are playing a key role in this lipid peroxidation process. Free radical associated organ damage involves the three major phases, that is, initiation, propagation and termination. The primary source of various free radical formations is mediated through the pathophysiological function of mitochondria. Lipid peroxidation is contributed to the multiple neurodegenerative disorders. Thus, the various endogenous cellular anti-oxidant systems are regulated lipid peroxidation process and control the neurodegenerative action. Some of the molecules are targeted to attenuate the lipid peroxidation and their mediators for the prevention of neurodegeneration.",signatures:"Arunachalam Muthuraman, Narahari Rishitha, Nallupillai Paramakrishnan, Bhaskaran Mahendran and Muthusamy Ramesh",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63733",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63733",authors:[{id:"192481",title:"Dr.",name:"Arunachalam",surname:"Muthuraman",slug:"arunachalam-muthuraman",fullName:"Arunachalam Muthuraman"},{id:"267631",title:"Ms.",name:"Narahari",surname:"Rishitha",slug:"narahari-rishitha",fullName:"Narahari Rishitha"},{id:"267632",title:"Dr.",name:"Nallupillai",surname:"Paramakrishnan",slug:"nallupillai-paramakrishnan",fullName:"Nallupillai Paramakrishnan"},{id:"267633",title:"Mr.",name:"Bhaskaran",surname:"Mahendran",slug:"bhaskaran-mahendran",fullName:"Bhaskaran Mahendran"},{id:"267635",title:"Dr.",name:"Muthusamy",surname:"Ramesh",slug:"muthusamy-ramesh",fullName:"Muthusamy Ramesh"}],corrections:null},{id:"63958",title:"Lipid Peroxidation in Meat and Meat Products",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81533",slug:"lipid-peroxidation-in-meat-and-meat-products",totalDownloads:1155,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:11,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The meat and meat products present a considerable amount of lipid in their composition. The lipid composition of these foods is diversified. Thus, depending on the type of meat, which can be rich in unsaturated fatty acid, there is an increase in the disposition for lipid oxidation. Oxidation reactions not only reduce the shelf life and nutritional value of food products but also can generate harmful compounds. Thus, having in view that many types of new technologies are applied to these foods, the proposal of this chapter of how these new methodologies have affected the lipid peroxidation of these foods. Moreover, the aim is to evaluate what impacts on the chemical characteristics of these foods.",signatures:"Ana Lúcia F. Pereira and Virgínia Kelly G. Abreu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63958",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63958",authors:[{id:"257739",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Lúcia Fernandes",surname:"Pereira",slug:"ana-lucia-fernandes-pereira",fullName:"Ana Lúcia Fernandes Pereira"},{id:"273455",title:"Prof.",name:"Virgínia Kelly",surname:"Gonçalves Abreu",slug:"virginia-kelly-goncalves-abreu",fullName:"Virgínia Kelly Gonçalves Abreu"}],corrections:null},{id:"67162",title:"Antioxidants from Nigerian Medicinal Plants: What Are the Evidence?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84454",slug:"antioxidants-from-nigerian-medicinal-plants-what-are-the-evidence-",totalDownloads:1358,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The search for natural antioxidants from plants would continue to be a dominant research interest for many years. This is because of the increasing understanding on the role of oxidative stress in damaging cell structures such as DNA, due to over production of free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in human systems, which are linked to inflammation, cancer and diabetes. However, phenolic compounds especially from phytochemicals or vegetable foods play important roles in reducing the risk of these diseases and reinforces the importance of natural antioxidants in human health. These antioxidant molecules neutralize or quench the ROS by either hydrogen atom transfer or single electron transfer mechanisms. Thus, the capacity to scavenge ROS and free radicals or inhibits lipid peroxidation is measured quantitatively as the strength of antioxidant activity. Several chemical and biochemical protocols have been used in the evaluation of plant extracts as antioxidants. Overwhelming literature reports have indicated varying degrees of antioxidant efficacies of extracts from Nigerian medicinal plants in comparison to synthetic antioxidants. These efficacies were analyzed to provide insight into the strength of antioxidant activity. This chapter reviewed 250 Nigerian medicinal plants in search of evidence for effective antioxidants.",signatures:"Abubakar Babando Aliyu, Jonathan Ilemona Achika, Joseph Adesina Adewuyi, Patience Gangas, Hamisu Ibrahim and Adebayo Ojo Oyewale",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67162",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67162",authors:[{id:"273741",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Abubakar Babando",surname:"Aliyu",slug:"abubakar-babando-aliyu",fullName:"Abubakar Babando Aliyu"},{id:"291439",title:"Dr.",name:"Jonathan Ilemona",surname:"Achika",slug:"jonathan-ilemona-achika",fullName:"Jonathan Ilemona Achika"},{id:"291440",title:"Mr.",name:"Joseph Adesina",surname:"Adewuyi",slug:"joseph-adesina-adewuyi",fullName:"Joseph Adesina Adewuyi"},{id:"291441",title:"Ms.",name:"Patience",surname:"Gangas",slug:"patience-gangas",fullName:"Patience Gangas"},{id:"291442",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamisu",surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"hamisu-ibrahim",fullName:"Hamisu Ibrahim"},{id:"291443",title:"Prof.",name:"Adebayo Ojo",surname:"Oyewale",slug:"adebayo-ojo-oyewale",fullName:"Adebayo Ojo Oyewale"}],corrections:null},{id:"66739",title:"Royal Jelly and Human Interferon-Alpha (HuIFN-αN3) Affect Proliferation, Glutathione Level, and Lipid Peroxidation in Human Colorectal Adenocarcinoma Cells In Vitro",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85777",slug:"royal-jelly-and-human-interferon-alpha-huifn-n3-affect-proliferation-glutathione-level-and-lipid-per",totalDownloads:833,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The purpose was to investigate the influence of RJ-F(M), 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid and HuIFN-αN3 on the proliferation of CaCo-2 cells and ascertain their effects on intracellular glutathione level and lipid peroxidation. The antiproliferative (AP) activity of RJ-F (M) (0.1 g/10 mL PBS), HuIFN-αN3 (1000 IU mL−1), 10-HDA (100.0 μmol L−1) and their combinations, in the ratios 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1 on CaCo-2 cells were measured. Single RJ-F (M) had a low AP activity: 2.0 (0.5 mg mL−1). HuIFN-αN3 had an AP activity of 2.5 (208.33 IU mL−1), while 10-HDA had an AP activity of 1.5 (37.5 μmol mL−1). AP activity of 3.8 was obtained when RJ-F(M) and HuIFN-αN3 were in the ratio 2:1. In it, the level of GSH was 24.9 ± 2.4 nmol g−3 of proteins (vs. 70.2 ± 3.2 nmol g−3 in the control), and level of MDA was 72.3 ± 3.1 nmol g−3 (vs. 23.6 ± 9.1 nmol g−3 in the control). 10-HDA, together with HuIFN-αN3, is responsible for the inhibition of CaCo-2 cell proliferation in vitro. RJ-F (M) and HuIFN-αN3 applied at 2:1 decreased level of GSH and increased lipid peroxidation via MDA in CaCo-2 cells. Future studies are needed whether these GSH- and MDA-related activities of RJ-F (M), HuIFN-αN3, 10-HDA, and their combinations may decrease the tumorigenicity index and tumorigenic potential of tumor cells in vitro",signatures:"Bratko Filipič, Lidija Gradišnik, Klemen Rihar, Adriana Pereyra, Damir Đermić and Hrvoje Mazija",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66739",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66739",authors:[{id:"254007",title:"Dr.",name:"Bratko",surname:"Filipič",slug:"bratko-filipic",fullName:"Bratko Filipič"},{id:"255988",title:"Mrs.",name:"Lidija",surname:"Gradisnik",slug:"lidija-gradisnik",fullName:"Lidija Gradisnik"},{id:"255989",title:"Dr.",name:"Klemen",surname:"Rihar",slug:"klemen-rihar",fullName:"Klemen Rihar"},{id:"255990",title:"Dr.",name:"Adriana",surname:"Pereyra",slug:"adriana-pereyra",fullName:"Adriana Pereyra"},{id:"255992",title:"Prof.",name:"Hrvoje",surname:"Mazija",slug:"hrvoje-mazija",fullName:"Hrvoje Mazija"},{id:"255993",title:"Dr.",name:"Damir",surname:"Đermić",slug:"damir-djermic",fullName:"Damir Đermić"}],corrections:null},{id:"65211",title:"Statins Alone or in Combination with Ezetimibe or PCSK9 Inhibitors in Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Protection",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82520",slug:"statins-alone-or-in-combination-with-ezetimibe-or-pcsk9-inhibitors-in-atherosclerotic-cardiovascular",totalDownloads:1315,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Statins have proved to be very effective in reducing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk, with no apparent threshold at which low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) lowering is not associated with a reduced risk. Yet, several meta-analyses of statin trials show significant on-treatment residual risk of major cardiovascular (CV) events. This finding points to the unmet needs, in terms of LDL-C targets and ASCVD protection, of statin-treated patients, raising the question of statin combination therapy. Ezetimibe is a cholesterol absorption inhibitor, with the potency to decrease LDL-C for about 10–18%, apolipoprotein B (apoB) for 11–16%, while, in combination therapy with statins, leads to an additional LDL-C lowering of 25%, with a total LDL-C lowering of 34–61%. It is also estimated that 10–20% of patients on statin treatment cannot tolerate them. As a result, adequate doses to achieve treatment target, or as recommended for the patient-specific risk profile, cannot be prescribed. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) Inhibitors are monoclonal antibodies that inhibit the binding of PCSK9 to LDL-C receptors. Besides a very potent lipid-lowering effect, PCSK9 inhibitors have added ASCVD risk reduction benefit due to a very aggressive LDL-C lowering action, especially beneficial in patients who are intolerant to statins.",signatures:"Marija Vavlukis and Ana Vavlukis",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65211",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65211",authors:[{id:"221486",title:"Prof.",name:"Marija",surname:"Vavlukis",slug:"marija-vavlukis",fullName:"Marija Vavlukis"},{id:"264541",title:"MSc.",name:"Ana",surname:"Vavlukis",slug:"ana-vavlukis",fullName:"Ana Vavlukis"}],corrections:null},{id:"70331",title:"Designating Vulnerability of Atherosclerotic Plaques",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90664",slug:"designating-vulnerability-of-atherosclerotic-plaques",totalDownloads:599,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Microcalcification is an indication of vulnerability of plaques in humans. With conventional imaging modalities, screening of micrometer-sized structures in vivo with high spatial resolution has not been achieved. The goal of this study is to evaluate the potentials of micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy (TRFS), scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM), and photo-acoustic microscopy (PAM) in the determination of atherosclerotic plaques with microcalcifications and, therefore, the prospect of constructing a modality on a catheter system. The discrimination of microcalcifications within the fibrocalcific plaques and, therefore, the effectivity of these imaging techniques are discussed. The potential of quantum dots (QDs) in biological imaging is also elucidated since they attract great attention as contrast and therapeutic agents, owing unique properties including good light stability, low toxicity, strong fluorescence intensity, and changing emission wavelength with QD size, ranging from 10 to 100 Å in radius.",signatures:"Bukem Tanoren Bilen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70331",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70331",authors:[{id:"298850",title:"Dr.",name:"Bukem",surname:"Bilen",slug:"bukem-bilen",fullName:"Bukem Bilen"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9731",title:"Oxidoreductase",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"852e6f862c85fc3adecdbaf822e64e6e",slug:"oxidoreductase",bookSignature:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9731.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"224662",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmoud Ahmed",surname:"Mansour",slug:"mahmoud-ahmed-mansour",fullName:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3203",title:"Oxidative Stress and Chronic Degenerative Diseases",subtitle:"A Role for Antioxidants",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7014dbaa632114f7220802475ccd0402",slug:"oxidative-stress-and-chronic-degenerative-diseases-a-role-for-antioxidants",bookSignature:"José A. 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Khalid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6897.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"137240",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",surname:"Khalid",slug:"mohammed-khalid",fullName:"Mohammed Khalid"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6486",title:"Glutathione in Health and Disease",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"23fb1f2e0cea5cf004d57bc8c0d46ce4",slug:"glutathione-in-health-and-disease",bookSignature:"Pinar Erkekoglu and Belma Kocer-Gumusel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6486.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",surname:"Erkekoğlu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoğlu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8622",title:"Peptide Synthesis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"de9fa48c5248dbfb581825b8c74f5623",slug:"peptide-synthesis",bookSignature:"Jaya T. 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This is owing to their unique properties such as lightweight, durability and low production cost. Polymers have substituted natural materials (e.g. steel and glass) in most of their former uses [1, 2, 3]. Besides these unique features, their success in certain applications is hindered by their poor electrical, thermal and mechanical properties. The incorporation of different fillers has been subject to researchers and scientists as a suitable solution to overcome these limitations. However, the resulting composite properties were found to be directly dependent on several aspects such as matrix-type, filler-type, interaction between the filler and polymer as well as the distribution of the filler within the polymeric matrix [4].
Research has escalated on the use of conductive fillers to improve not only the electrical and thermal conductivities but also the overall physical properties of the resulting composite product. Different conductive fillers such as metal powder, carbon black, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and natural graphite were employed as reinforcing fillers of various polymeric materials [5, 6]. Amongst all these fillers, graphite garnered in much interest owing to its unique properties such as abundant availability, low cost and easy functionalization [7].
The polymer/graphite composites exhibited a high thermal conductivity and an electrical conductivity at a fairly low concentration. Polymer/graphite composites have been used in many applications including structural, aerospace and sporting goods. Most recently, researchers have focused their attention on the development of polymer/graphite composites for applications whereby thermal conductivity is needed [8, 9]. It is documented [7] in the study that the significance of thermal conductivity and/or thermal diffusivity in polymer composites is related to the need for considerable levels of thermal conductivity in circuit boards and heat exchangers. According to the studies [10], conductive composites are frequently used in wide applications such as heating elements, temperature-dependent sensors, self-limiting electrical heaters, switching devices, antistatic materials for electromagnetic interferences and shielding of electronic devices. This chapter reviews recent development on the thermal conductivity of polymer/graphite composites.
Graphite is a carbon-based layered material whose structure is composed of successive layers of graphene sheets (carbon) and received much interest owing to its exceptional thermal, mechanical and electrical properties [5, 11, 12]. It is thermodynamically stable and soft with the successive layers being parallel to the base plane. The layers are bonded together by van der Waals forces. Graphite consists of carbons that are hexagonally bound to each other by covalent bonds with an interatomic separation of 0.142 nm and an interlayer separation of 0.335 nm. It is sp2-hybridized with three of four valence electrons of hexagonally attached carbons that are linked to the valence electrons of the neighbouring carbon by σ-bonding. Therefore, the fourth electron resonates freely within the graphene layer but it is no longer interacting with a specific carbon atom. Van der Waals forces acting between adjacent graphene layers result from the delocalization of π-electrons. Thus, the interatomic interaction within the single graphene layer is stronger, that is, 75 times when compared to the interaction between the adjacent layers [11]. Hence, there has been much graphite modification that takes place in between the layers in order to improve its dispersion in different polymeric materials. Graphite can be classified into two types: natural and synthetic graphite as shown in Figure 1.
Schematic representation of graphite classification.
Naturally occurring abundant graphite is classified into three categories depending on the geological environment, that is, amorphous, flake and highly crystalline [11]. Amorphous graphite has a content of graphite ranging from 25 to 85% depending on the geological conditions. It is usually derived from mesomorphic environment such as shale, slate and coal. Amorphous graphite is regarded as the less pure form of graphite with lack of considerable ordering and presence of microcrystalline structure. It has been applied in different applications where graphite is often utilized; however, its utilization depends on the degree of purity. Flake graphite is formed in either metamorphic or igneous geologic environments. It is obtained through froth floatation which results in 80–90% graphite. Flake graphite is less abundant as compared to amorphous graphite and has good electrical properties. It has been employed in various applications of graphite such as secondary steel manufacture, lubricants, pencils, powder metallurgy and coatings. Despite being found almost all over the world, crystalline (Vein/lump) graphite is commercially mined in Sri Lanka. It originates from crude oil deposits that through time, temperature and pressure were converted to graphite. As reflected by its name, it has a higher degree of crystallinity due to its direct deposition from a high-temperature fluid phase and its purity is more than 90%. Thus, it has good electrical and thermal conductivity. Vein graphite enjoyed its success in different applications such as batteries, lubricants, grinding wheels and powder metallurgy.
Synthetic graphite is produced by treating carbonaceous precursors such as coal, petroleum and synthetic or natural organic chemicals in inert atmosphere to temperatures above 2400°C as well as thermal treatment of nongraphitic carbons, graphitization or chemical vapour deposition (CVD) from hydrocarbons under temperatures of 1883°C [11]. High temperatures are often employed to facilitate solid-state phase transition effect in order to produce graphite crystals. The production method is the primary factor that influences the resulting graphite properties. Synthetic graphite can also be categorized into two, that is, electro-graphite and artificial graphite. Electro-graphite is a pure carbon-shaped graphite produced from coal tar pitch and calcined petroleum pitch in the electric furnace, while artificial graphite results from the thermal treatment of calcined petroleum pitch at 2800°C. In general, the synthetic graphite has a low density, a high electrical resistance and porosity. Synthetic graphite is employed in different applications such as energy storage, carbon brushes and aerospace. Further modifications are often not required for its application in various fields. To avoid confusion, graphite will be used in this document without discriminate, whether it is synthetic or natural-based.
Modification of graphite has been subject of research in order to afford interaction with large polymer molecules and to achieve a better graphite dispersion [5, 11]. Many efforts have been done to overcome the absence of functional groups on the surface of graphite (or graphene sheets) and space between the sheets. There are three classic forms of modified graphite, that is, graphite-intercalated compounds (GICs), graphene oxide (graphite oxide (GO)) and expanded graphite (EG).
Schematic presentation of the preparation of expanded graphite (EG).
In order to broaden the applications of polymers, the incorporation of a suitable filler with required functionality is the most cost-effective and reliable method [17]. Some of the polymers fall short when it comes to electrical, thermal and mechanical as compared to ceramics and steel. However, the unique properties of polymers such as lightweight and mouldability into different shapes make them suitable candidates for various applications. Amongst other fillers, graphite features unique properties such as a high thermal and electrical conductivity, a low coefficient of thermal expansion, an exceptional thermal resistance, a high thermal shock resistance, improved stiffness and an increased strength. It is abundantly available and easily functionalized to afford various applications. The thermal conductivity of the graphite and/or its composites is of significant importance considering the demands as thermal conductance in heat exchangers, circuit boards, machinery, electronic appliances and many other applications as explained in Section 1.
Beside the modification of graphite, the major contributor to the distribution of graphite in the polymeric matrix relies on the selected preparation method. Classic preparation methods for graphite/polymer composites are
Different types of composites arising from and interaction between the host polymer and graphite layers obtained from different preparation methods.
In situ polymerization involves the polymerization of monomer (or/and oligomer) in the presence of the filler [6, 21, 24, 25, 26]. This method is one of the most effective processes to facilitate the dispersion of the filler in the polymeric material. Moreover, it enhances strong interaction between the composite component; hence, the mechanical properties of the resulting composite are superior to the composite prepared by either solution casting or melt intercalation [25]. This technique, however, is associated with some limitations such as polymer and filler selection and limited to laboratory scale. Moreover, it is environmentally unfriendly process which makes it not feasible for composite preparation.
In solution casting, the polymer is dissolved in suitable solvents and then the filler is added into the polymer solution [22, 27]. In order to improve the dispersion of the fillers, the sonication step is usually adopted [27, 28]. Some polymers are, however, not soluble in most available solvents which then limit the choice of a polymer for this technique. This process is not environmentally friendly due to the fact that the solvent has to be evaporated from the system which can be harmful except if the solvent is water. For industrial production, this technique will be expensive with regard to the recovery of the solvent used. Nevertheless, the mechanical properties of the resulting composites are superior to melt intercalation due to the sufficient time given for the filler to interact with each other as well as the polymeric matrix. A comparison between solution casting as well as solution casting followed by melt pressing was conducted by Bai et al. [22]. It was reported that solution-casted samples had high ability to form the percolated filler network as compared to solution casting followed by melt pressing. The percolation network is essential for the conduction paths within the composite material. However, the appropriate solvent can be chosen to avoid the formation of micro-voids within the composite [29]. The solution casting followed by hot pressing serves as a good procedure to eradicate the voids within the composite material [29].
Melt intercalation is the most favourable process with regard to industrial and environmental perspectives [23, 30, 31]. Polymer and filler are mixed together in the melt-compounding technique which leads to exposure to high shear and heat. The mixture is heated to a temperature above the melting temperature of the polymer for certain period to allow homogeneity. Classic compounding techniques include a single-screw extruder, a twin-screw extruder and an internal mixer. All these techniques can be utilized alone or in combination to afford better dispersion of the fillers. Injection moulding and/or melt pressing are usually used to mould the composite for characterization. In general, the percolation threshold is little bit higher than the other processing techniques, that is, solution casting and in situ polymerization [30]. Interestingly, the balance between the mechanical properties and other properties such as electrical conductivity can be achieved through this method which is of significance towards the commercialization of the resulting composite products. Its limitations involve the choice of polymer/filler, limited filler distribution and thermal degradation of the host polymer [23]. The properties of the polymer such as molecular weight, viscosity and chain length play a major role on the properties of the resulting composite product, hence influencing conclusions reached by different authors [11].
The combination of solution casting followed by melt intercalation/pressing has also been reported [28, 32, 33]. The main was to ensure the interaction between the fillers in order to promote the conductance path network within the host matrix. On the other hand, electrospun graphite composites were also reported in the study [34]. Despite the advantages associated with these techniques,
Numerous researchers studied the thermal conductivity of polymer composites with regard to their importance to reach appreciable levels of thermal conductance in circuit boards, heat exchangers, appliances and machinery as summarized in Table 1 [7, 17, 39]. Amongst all thermal conductive fillers, graphite merits special interest not only due to its high thermal conductivity, that is, 25–470 W m−1 K−1, but high thermal stability, exceptional chemical resistance and mechanical properties [40]. A comparative study of the thermal conductivity between graphite and other conductive fillers (
System | Maximum particle content | Preparation method | Thermal conductivity (W m−1 K−1) | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|---|
LDPE/graphite | 10 vol.% | Melt mixing | 6.5 | [39] |
HDPE/graphite | 7% | Melt mixing | 1.59 | [40] |
LDPE/low-temperature expandable graphite | 50 wt% | Melt mixing followed by pan milling and dilution with neat LDPE | 5.04 | [51] |
LDPE/untreated low-temperature expandable graphite | 50 wt% | Melt mixing | 7.02 | [51] |
LDPE/low-temperature expandable graphite (LTEG) | 37 vol% (60 wt%) | Melt mixing | 11.24 | [36] |
Ethylene vinyl acetate/natural graphite | 7.5 | Melt mixing | ~0.29 | [52] |
Ethylene vinyl acetate/expanded graphite (EG) | 7.5 | Melt mixing | ~0.31 | [52] |
Ethylene vinyl acetate/expanded graphite (EG) | 4 phr | Solution casting followed by melt pressing | 0.87 | [33] |
Ethylene vinyl acetate/natural graphite (NG) | 4 phr | Solution casting followed by melt pressing | 0.48 | [33] |
Epoxy resin/graphite | 44.3 wt% | Oven curing | 1.68 | [37] |
Epoxy resin/graphite | 4.5 wt% | Oven curing | 1.0 | [38] |
Epoxy resin/graphite | 2 wt% | Oven curing | 1.0 | [50] |
Selected studies based on the thermal conductivity of graphite composites.
Mu and Feng [41] prepared graphite/silicone rubber composites using solution-casting and melt-mixing processing techniques. They reported that the thermal conductivity increased with an increase in graphite content; however, solution-casted composites had a high conductivity as compared to melt-mixed ones. The authors reported that the thermal conductivity of solution-casted composites reached a value of 0.32 W m−1 K−1 at 9 per hundred rubber (phr) of graphite, whereas for melt-mixed it was only 0.24 W m−1 K−1, which is the conductivity level similar to solution-casted composite at 4 phr. This was attributed to the conducting path networks created by contact between the graphite layers at a fairly low content in the case of solution casting compared to the reduction of surface-to-volume ratio in the case of melt mixing as shown in Figure 4. The latter resulted in a higher content of graphite required so that they can abut or contact in order to form the conducting paths. A comparison between two commercial graphite (EG-10, synthetic graphite, SGL Carbon, UK, and KS-15, synthetic graphite, Lonza, Switzerland) in two different polymeric matrices (high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and polystyrene (PS)) was conducted by Krupa and Chodák [7]. They reported a nonlinear increase of thermal conductivity with an increase in graphite content regardless of matrix and graphite type. It was, however, reported that the graphite KS displayed higher thermal conductivities than the thermal conductivities of EG-filled material especially for PS composites at a higher graphite content. The graphite KS had smaller particles with a narrow particle size distribution as well as a higher specific surface than graphite EG which corroborate the fact that the size of the particles did not influence the thermal conductivity, however, the contact between the graphite particles even if they are agglomerated. In another study, it was reported that the crystallinity of the polymer also plays a major role on the thermal conductivity of the resulting composite product [44]. It was reported that high-density polyethylene (HDPE)-based composites displayed high thermal conductivities over the whole graphite composition as compared to less crystalline low-density polyethylene (LDPE). Similarly, Deng et al. investigated the effect of chain structure on the thermal conductivity of expanded graphite/polymer composites [45]. Expanded graphite (EG) was blended with three different polymers, that is, polyphenylene sulphide (PPS), syndiotactic polystyrene (sPS) and amorphous polystyrene (aPS). The thermal conductivities of the neat aPS, sPS and PPS samples were reported as 0.18, 0.23 and 0.24, respectively. This was ascribed to the crystallinity of polymers. Similar result of observation was reported elsewhere in the study [46, 47]. The EG/PPS composites showed the highest thermal conductivity throughout the whole range in comparison to the two counterpart composites (Figure 5). The observed behaviour was attributed to the difference in polymer matrices with varied chain structures which may result in different crystallizations and interactions of composites.
Schematic presentation of the proposed mechanism for thermal conductive paths for (a) solution-casted and (b) melt-mixed samples.
The thermal conductivity of EG/polymer composites as a function of EG volume contents (the error bar is marked). The inset shows the thermal conductivity at a low content [
Sefadi et al. [48] studied the influence of graphite treatment with sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) in water on the thermal conductivity. Moreover, the authors exposed the samples to 50-KGy electron beam irradiation to improve the interaction between graphite and ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), as host matrix. They reported an increase in thermal conductivity with an increase in filler content due to high conductivity of graphite, regardless of the treatment. However, the thermal conductivity of the irradiated samples was slightly lower than unirradiated samples. This was attributed to the restriction of the polymer chains
There has been an ever-increasing interest in incorporating additional conductive filler into a graphite composite product to overcome the limitation of these materials [22, 31, 53, 54, 55]. It can be argued that the maximum thermal conductivity value achieved in graphite composites is 11.24 W m−1 K−1 (see Table 1). It is envisaged that the incorporation of the second filler can further enhance the thermal conductivity of the resulting composite products [31, 53, 56]. Lebedev et al. [53] reported that the inclusion of 1 wt% of carbon nanotubes (CNT) into polylactic acid (PLA)/natural graphite composites improved thermal conductivity by more than 40% of magnitude. The thermal conductivity was increased from 0.93 W m−1 K−1 for neat polymer to 2.73 W m−1 K−1 after the addition of 30 wt% graphite, whereas after the inclusion of 1 wt% CNT, the thermal conductivity value reached 3.8 W m−1 K−1. This is ascribed to the additional CNT bridges which closely adjoin the surface of graphite. A similar study using HDPE as the polymeric matrix was recent conducted by Che et al. [31]. The authors reported that the thermal conductivity further increased with the addition of CNT compared to that with EG composites. In another study, it was demonstrated that a small content of a second filler, that is, below 2 wt%, has no significant influence on the thermal conductivity when compared to EG composites due to the fillers being wrapped in between the graphite layers [57]. A maximum increase of 38.5% compared to single filler-based composite was achieved at 5 wt% of the second filler. Self-hybrid composites of EG by crushing EG using a high-speed crusher to obtain different particle sizes were recently studied by Kim et al. [54]. The composites were prepared by mixing the crushed EG and raw EG with polycarbonate (PC) using melt extrusion. Hybrid composites (10 wt% crushed EG and raw EG) displayed a higher thermal conductivity by 12 and 20.7% compared to 20 wt% raw EG and crushed EG composites. The thermal conductivity value reached 2.62 W m−1 K−1 compared to 2.34 and 2.17 W m−1 K−1 for raw-EG and crushed EG-based composites due to synergistic effect. Various thermal conductive particles rather than carbon-based ones can also be used to enhance the thermal conductivity. Kostagiannakopoulou et al. [58] also reported that the thermal conductivity of the epoxy system increased significantly by increasing the filler content. However, the inclusion of the second filler, that is, multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) did improve the thermal conductivity at a higher graphite content (5, 10 and 15%). The highest enhancement percentage was 48 at 15% of graphite. The highest increase of ~176 was achieved in the case of 15% wt of the filler. A combination of graphite and aluminium nitride (AIN) was reported by Yuan et al. [59] and the thermal conductivity reached a value of 2.77 W m−1 K−1 that was 14.6 times that of neat polymeric matrix by combining only 50 wt% AIN and 6 wt% graphite.
The design of composites from graphite is inexpensive and available in abundance. This has initiated new ideas in the field of science for the development of a wide range of novel functional materials. Generally, the addition of graphite improved the thermal conductivity of the host polymer matrix irrespective of filler functionalization, the type of polymer and the method of preparation. Various processing techniques such as solvent casting melt blending and pan milling and masterbatch melt mixing have been used for the preparation of graphite composites. The type of mixing method seemed to have had an effect on the resultant thermal conductivity of the graphite/polymer composites. For instance, solution-casted composites had a high thermal conductivity as compared to melt-mixed system. It is understood that during solution casting, the EG particles will have a sufficient surface-to-volume ratio; as a result, they can contact easily and form conducting path networks at low EG contents. However, for melt mixing, one is of the idea that the EG particles’ shape is changed during the melt-mixing process, resulting in a decrease of surface-to-volume ratio. Therefore, only a higher content of EG can contact and form conductive paths. Furthermore, the type of polymer had an influence on the thermal conductivity of the polymer/graphite composites, with the crystalline polymers having a higher thermal in the composites. It was further observed that the type of treatment on the graphite or its polymer composites also played a significant role in the improvement or non-improvement of the thermal conductivity of the polymer graphite composites. For example, the silane-treated graphite composites showed a higher thermal conductivity than the non-silane-treated graphite composites. In some cases, the treatment of the graphite with UV/O3 did not have an influence on thermal conductivity of the resulting composite materials. Lately, the incorporation of the second filler with graphite can further enhance the thermal conductivity of the resulting composite products and widen the application of graphite composites.
This is a brief overview of the main steps involved in publishing with IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books. Once you submit your proposal you will be appointed a Author Service Manager who will be your single point of contact and lead you through all the described steps below.
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\\n\\nPlease complete the publishing proposal form. The completed form should serve as an overview of your future Compacts, Monograph or Edited Book. Once submitted, your publishing proposal will be sent for evaluation, and a notice of acceptance or rejection will be sent within 10 to 30 working days from the date of submission.
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\n\nPlease complete the publishing proposal form. The completed form should serve as an overview of your future Compacts, Monograph or Edited Book. Once submitted, your publishing proposal will be sent for evaluation, and a notice of acceptance or rejection will be sent within 10 to 30 working days from the date of submission.
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Among these heavy metals, a few have direct or indirect impact on the human body. Some of these heavy metals such as copper, cobalt, iron, nickel, magnesium, molybdenum, chromium, selenium, manganese and zinc have functional roles which are essential for various diverse physiological and biochemical activities in the body. However, some of these heavy metals in high doses can be harmful to the body while others such as cadmium, mercury, lead, chromium, silver, and arsenic in minute quantities have delirious effects in the body causing acute and chronic toxicities in humans. The focus of this chapter is to describe the various mechanism of intoxication of some selected heavy metals in humans along with their health effects. Therefore it aims to highlight on biochemical mechanisms of heavy metal intoxication which involves binding to proteins and enzymes, altering their activity and causing damage. 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Unachukwu",authors:[{id:"241837",title:"Mr.",name:"Godwill Azeh",middleName:null,surname:"Engwa",slug:"godwill-azeh-engwa",fullName:"Godwill Azeh Engwa"},{id:"274194",title:"BSc.",name:"Paschaline Ferdinand",middleName:null,surname:"Okeke",slug:"paschaline-ferdinand-okeke",fullName:"Paschaline Ferdinand Okeke"},{id:"286975",title:"Dr.",name:"Friday",middleName:null,surname:"Nweke Nwalo",slug:"friday-nweke-nwalo",fullName:"Friday Nweke Nwalo"},{id:"286976",title:"Dr.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Unachukwu",slug:"marian-unachukwu",fullName:"Marian Unachukwu"}]},{id:"42016",doi:"10.5772/55187",title:"Why are Early Life Stages of Aquatic Organisms more Sensitive to Toxicants than Adults?",slug:"why-are-early-life-stages-of-aquatic-organisms-more-sensitive-to-toxicants-than-adults-",totalDownloads:3482,totalCrossrefCites:37,totalDimensionsCites:102,abstract:null,book:{id:"3408",slug:"new-insights-into-toxicity-and-drug-testing",title:"New Insights into Toxicity and Drug Testing",fullTitle:"New Insights into Toxicity and Drug Testing"},signatures:"Azad Mohammed",authors:[{id:"147061",title:"Dr.",name:"Azad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammed",slug:"azad-mohammed",fullName:"Azad Mohammed"}]},{id:"42020",doi:"10.5772/54493",title:"Screening of Herbal Medicines for Potential Toxicities",slug:"screening-of-herbal-medicines-for-potential-toxicities",totalDownloads:7865,totalCrossrefCites:28,totalDimensionsCites:69,abstract:null,book:{id:"3408",slug:"new-insights-into-toxicity-and-drug-testing",title:"New Insights into Toxicity and Drug Testing",fullTitle:"New Insights into Toxicity and Drug Testing"},signatures:"Obidike Ifeoma and Salawu Oluwakanyinsola",authors:[{id:"142730",title:"Dr.",name:"Ifeoma",middleName:null,surname:"Ezenyi",slug:"ifeoma-ezenyi",fullName:"Ifeoma Ezenyi"}]},{id:"41968",doi:"10.5772/54463",title:"The Kidney Vero-E6 Cell Line: A Suitable Model to Study the Toxicity of Microcystins",slug:"the-kidney-vero-e6-cell-line-a-suitable-model-to-study-the-toxicity-of-microcystins",totalDownloads:3670,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:19,abstract:null,book:{id:"3408",slug:"new-insights-into-toxicity-and-drug-testing",title:"New Insights into Toxicity and Drug Testing",fullTitle:"New Insights into Toxicity and Drug Testing"},signatures:"Carina Menezes, Elisabete Valério and Elsa Dias",authors:[{id:"86640",title:"Dr",name:"Elsa",middleName:null,surname:"Dias",slug:"elsa-dias",fullName:"Elsa Dias"},{id:"160227",title:"MSc.",name:"Carina",middleName:null,surname:"Menezes",slug:"carina-menezes",fullName:"Carina Menezes"},{id:"160228",title:"Dr.",name:"Elisabete",middleName:null,surname:"Valério",slug:"elisabete-valerio",fullName:"Elisabete Valério"}]},{id:"58235",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72539",title:"Role of Cytotoxicity Experiments in Pharmaceutical Development",slug:"role-of-cytotoxicity-experiments-in-pharmaceutical-development",totalDownloads:1883,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:17,abstract:"Through the twentieth century, the road from synthetizing a new drug molecule to become an actual product got longer than ever before. Cytotoxicity assays are a quick way to assess a certain chemical compound’s effects on a given human cell line. The most well-known techniques are the MTT- and the LDH-assays. These tests are cheap, easy to execute, but not very precise and dependent on various environmental factors and also, they show no detail about the time-dependency of the toxic effect. Cytotoxicity experiments are a crucial part of a modern pharmaceutical development process. They are a cheap and safe way to get vital information about a new molecule’s biological attributes focusing on its basic tolerability. These studies not only save human lives and test animals, but they save the time and resources to be spared on a test molecule which is a complete failure having no in vitro safety.",book:{id:"6380",slug:"cytotoxicity",title:"Cytotoxicity",fullTitle:"Cytotoxicity"},signatures:"Ildikó Bácskay, Dániel Nemes, Ferenc Fenyvesi, Judit Váradi, Gábor\nVasvári, Pálma Fehér, Miklós Vecsernyés and Zoltán Ujhelyi",authors:[{id:"215449",title:"Dr.",name:"Ildikó",middleName:null,surname:"Bácskay",slug:"ildiko-bacskay",fullName:"Ildikó Bácskay"},{id:"215453",title:"Dr.",name:"Dániel",middleName:null,surname:"Nemes",slug:"daniel-nemes",fullName:"Dániel Nemes"},{id:"215454",title:"Dr.",name:"Zoltán",middleName:null,surname:"Ujhelyi",slug:"zoltan-ujhelyi",fullName:"Zoltán Ujhelyi"},{id:"215456",title:"Dr.",name:"Ferenc",middleName:null,surname:"Fenyvesi",slug:"ferenc-fenyvesi",fullName:"Ferenc Fenyvesi"},{id:"215457",title:"Dr.",name:"Judit",middleName:null,surname:"Váradi",slug:"judit-varadi",fullName:"Judit Váradi"},{id:"215458",title:"Dr.",name:"Gábor",middleName:null,surname:"Vasvári",slug:"gabor-vasvari",fullName:"Gábor Vasvári"},{id:"215459",title:"Dr.",name:"Pálma",middleName:null,surname:"Fehér",slug:"palma-feher",fullName:"Pálma Fehér"},{id:"215460",title:"Dr.",name:"Miklós",middleName:null,surname:"Vecsernyés",slug:"miklos-vecsernyes",fullName:"Miklós Vecsernyés"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"64762",title:"Mechanism and Health Effects of Heavy Metal Toxicity in Humans",slug:"mechanism-and-health-effects-of-heavy-metal-toxicity-in-humans",totalDownloads:10237,totalCrossrefCites:100,totalDimensionsCites:229,abstract:"Several heavy metals are found naturally in the earth crust and are exploited for various industrial and economic purposes. Among these heavy metals, a few have direct or indirect impact on the human body. Some of these heavy metals such as copper, cobalt, iron, nickel, magnesium, molybdenum, chromium, selenium, manganese and zinc have functional roles which are essential for various diverse physiological and biochemical activities in the body. However, some of these heavy metals in high doses can be harmful to the body while others such as cadmium, mercury, lead, chromium, silver, and arsenic in minute quantities have delirious effects in the body causing acute and chronic toxicities in humans. The focus of this chapter is to describe the various mechanism of intoxication of some selected heavy metals in humans along with their health effects. Therefore it aims to highlight on biochemical mechanisms of heavy metal intoxication which involves binding to proteins and enzymes, altering their activity and causing damage. More so, the mechanism by which heavy metals cause neurotoxicity, generate free radical which promotes oxidative stress damaging lipids, proteins and DNA molecules and how these free radicals propagate carcinogenesis are discussed. Alongside these mechanisms, the noxious health effects of these heavy metals are discussed.",book:{id:"7111",slug:"poisoning-in-the-modern-world-new-tricks-for-an-old-dog-",title:"Poisoning in the Modern World",fullTitle:"Poisoning in the Modern World - New Tricks for an Old Dog?"},signatures:"Godwill Azeh Engwa, Paschaline Udoka Ferdinand, Friday Nweke Nwalo and Marian N. Unachukwu",authors:[{id:"241837",title:"Mr.",name:"Godwill Azeh",middleName:null,surname:"Engwa",slug:"godwill-azeh-engwa",fullName:"Godwill Azeh Engwa"},{id:"274194",title:"BSc.",name:"Paschaline Ferdinand",middleName:null,surname:"Okeke",slug:"paschaline-ferdinand-okeke",fullName:"Paschaline Ferdinand Okeke"},{id:"286975",title:"Dr.",name:"Friday",middleName:null,surname:"Nweke Nwalo",slug:"friday-nweke-nwalo",fullName:"Friday Nweke Nwalo"},{id:"286976",title:"Dr.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Unachukwu",slug:"marian-unachukwu",fullName:"Marian Unachukwu"}]},{id:"71742",title:"Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology",slug:"forensic-chemistry-and-toxicology",totalDownloads:800,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The current chapter deals with forensic chemistry & toxicology which is completely based on the introduction and classification of poisons and their impacts on the body and the factors affecting them and detection and examination of poisons. The purpose of this chapter is to discuss their mode of action and function once they reached in the human body. The impacts of poisons are severe and even cause death if not treated properly.",book:{id:"7847",slug:"medical-toxicology",title:"Medical Toxicology",fullTitle:"Medical Toxicology"},signatures:"Amarnath Mishra",authors:[{id:"259941",title:"Dr.",name:"Amarnath",middleName:null,surname:"Mishra",slug:"amarnath-mishra",fullName:"Amarnath Mishra"}]},{id:"71771",title:"The Clinical Importance of Herb-Drug Interactions and Toxicological Risks of Plants and Herbal Products",slug:"the-clinical-importance-of-herb-drug-interactions-and-toxicological-risks-of-plants-and-herbal-produ",totalDownloads:1435,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Approximately 70% of the world’s population has been using medicinal herbs as a complementary or alternative medicine that has grown tremendously in both developed and developing countries over the past 20 years (World Health Organization Drugs Strategy 2002–2005). This increase in consumer demand for medicinal plants continues, although scientific data are rare to create safety and efficacy profiles. Its popularity is also related to easy availability, cost-effectiveness leading to better purchasing power, and various factors that perceive that they are generally safe. Herbs are often administered simultaneously with therapeutic drugs for the treatment of major ailments, and herb-drug interactions (HDIs) increase their potential. The main routes proposed for HDIs include cytochrome P450 (CYP450)-mediated inhibition or induction and transport and flow proteins. In our review, we highlighted herbal medicines used for the treatment of various diseases with pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic analysis and case reports together with their adverse effects and herb-drug interactions. Therefore, this review can be used as a quick reference database for physicians and healthcare professionals involved in therapy, aiming to maximize clinical outcomes by reducing the negative and toxic effects of plants along with avoiding herb-drug interactions.",book:{id:"7847",slug:"medical-toxicology",title:"Medical Toxicology",fullTitle:"Medical Toxicology"},signatures:"Cigdem Kahraman, Zekiye Ceren Arituluk and Iffet Irem Tatli Cankaya",authors:[{id:"319337",title:"Dr.",name:"Irem Tatli",middleName:null,surname:"Cankaya",slug:"irem-tatli-cankaya",fullName:"Irem Tatli Cankaya"},{id:"319339",title:"Dr.",name:"Zekiye Ceren",middleName:null,surname:"Arituluk",slug:"zekiye-ceren-arituluk",fullName:"Zekiye Ceren Arituluk"},{id:"319340",title:"Dr.",name:"Cigdem",middleName:null,surname:"Kahraman",slug:"cigdem-kahraman",fullName:"Cigdem Kahraman"}]},{id:"65306",title:"Nephrotoxic Effects of Drugs",slug:"nephrotoxic-effects-of-drugs",totalDownloads:1612,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Drug-induced nephrotoxicity is a renal dysfunction that occurs as a result of exposure to nephrotoxic drugs. It is a common problem in certain clinical situations such as underlying renal dysfunction, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and sepsis. Drugs can cause mild to moderate nephrotoxic problems such as intrarenal obstruction, interstitial nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, acid-base and fluid-electrolyte disturbances, alteration in intraglomerular hemodynamics, inflammatory changes in renal tubular cells, tubulointerstitial disease, and renal scarring leading to acute or chronic kidney injury. Therefore, early detection of adverse effects of drugs as well as the clinical history of the patient, basic renal functions, drug-related risk factors, and nephrotoxic drug combinations must be well known in order to prevent drug-induced nephrotoxicity and progression to end-stage renal disease.",book:{id:"7111",slug:"poisoning-in-the-modern-world-new-tricks-for-an-old-dog-",title:"Poisoning in the Modern World",fullTitle:"Poisoning in the Modern World - New Tricks for an Old Dog?"},signatures:"Azade Sari",authors:[{id:"271267",title:"Dr.",name:"Azade",middleName:null,surname:"Sari",slug:"azade-sari",fullName:"Azade Sari"}]},{id:"42020",title:"Screening of Herbal Medicines for Potential Toxicities",slug:"screening-of-herbal-medicines-for-potential-toxicities",totalDownloads:7862,totalCrossrefCites:28,totalDimensionsCites:69,abstract:null,book:{id:"3408",slug:"new-insights-into-toxicity-and-drug-testing",title:"New Insights into Toxicity and Drug Testing",fullTitle:"New Insights into Toxicity and Drug Testing"},signatures:"Obidike Ifeoma and Salawu Oluwakanyinsola",authors:[{id:"142730",title:"Dr.",name:"Ifeoma",middleName:null,surname:"Ezenyi",slug:"ifeoma-ezenyi",fullName:"Ifeoma Ezenyi"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1208",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:133,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188",scope:"This series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in various Infectious Diseases (as per the most recent Baltimore classification). Topics will include general overviews of infections, immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, etiology, and current clinical recommendations for managing infectious diseases. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This book series will focus on various aspects and properties of infectious diseases whose deep understanding is essential for safeguarding the human race from losing resources and economies due to pathogens.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 25th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:13,editor:{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/3.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!1,annualVolume:null,editor:null,editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11400,editor:{id:"174134",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuping",middleName:null,surname:"Ran",slug:"yuping-ran",fullName:"Yuping Ran",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9d6QAC/Profile_Picture_1630330675373",biography:"Dr. Yuping Ran, Professor, Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. Completed the Course Medical Mycology, the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Netherlands (2006). International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) Fellow, and International Emerging Infectious Diseases (IEID) Fellow, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA. Diploma of Dermatological Scientist, Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Ph.D. of Juntendo University, Japan. Bachelor’s and Master’s degree, Medicine, West China University of Medical Sciences. Chair of Sichuan Medical Association Dermatology Committee. General Secretary of The 19th Annual Meeting of Chinese Society of Dermatology and the Asia Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (2013). In charge of the Annual Medical Mycology Course over 20-years authorized by National Continue Medical Education Committee of China. Member of the board of directors of the Asia-Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (APSMM). Associate editor of Mycopathologia. Vice-chief of the editorial board of Chinses Journal of Mycology, China. Board Member and Chair of Mycology Group of Chinese Society of Dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11401,editor:{id:"67907",title:"Dr.",name:"Amidou",middleName:null,surname:"Samie",slug:"amidou-samie",fullName:"Amidou Samie",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/67907/images/system/67907.jpg",biography:"Dr. Amidou Samie is an Associate Professor of Microbiology at the University of Venda, in South Africa, where he graduated for his PhD in May 2008. He joined the Department of Microbiology the same year and has been giving lectures on topics covering parasitology, immunology, molecular biology and industrial microbiology. He is currently a rated researcher by the National Research Foundation of South Africa at category C2. He has published widely in the field of infectious diseases and has overseen several MSc’s and PhDs. His research activities mostly cover topics on infectious diseases from epidemiology to control. His particular interest lies in the study of intestinal protozoan parasites and opportunistic infections among HIV patients as well as the potential impact of childhood diarrhoea on growth and child development. He also conducts research on water-borne diseases and water quality and is involved in the evaluation of point-of-use water treatment technologies using silver and copper nanoparticles in collaboration with the University of Virginia, USA. He also studies the use of medicinal plants for the control of infectious diseases as well as antimicrobial drug resistance.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Venda",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11402,editor:{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:58,paginationItems:[{id:"81961",title:"Antioxidants as an Adjuncts to Periodontal Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105016",signatures:"Sura Dakhil Jassim and Ali Abbas Abdulkareem",slug:"antioxidants-as-an-adjuncts-to-periodontal-therapy",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Trauma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11567.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"82357",title:"Caries Management Aided by Fluorescence-Based Devices",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105567",signatures:"Atena Galuscan, Daniela Jumanca and Aurora Doris Fratila",slug:"caries-management-aided-by-fluorescence-based-devices",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Caries - The Selection of Restoration Methods and Restorative Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11565.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"81894",title:"Diet and Nutrition and Their Relationship with Early Childhood Dental Caries",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105123",signatures:"Luanna Gonçalves Ferreira, Giuliana de Campos Chaves Lamarque and Francisco Wanderley Garcia Paula-Silva",slug:"diet-and-nutrition-and-their-relationship-with-early-childhood-dental-caries",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Caries - The Selection of Restoration Methods and Restorative Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11565.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"81595",title:"Prosthetic Concepts in Dental Implantology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104725",signatures:"Ivica Pelivan",slug:"prosthetic-concepts-in-dental-implantology",totalDownloads:27,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:8,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"6668",title:"Dental Caries",subtitle:"Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6668.jpg",slug:"dental-caries-diagnosis-prevention-and-management",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan",hash:"b0f7667770a391f772726c3013c1b9ba",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Dental Caries - Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7139",title:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7139.jpg",slug:"current-approaches-in-orthodontics",publishedDate:"April 10th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Belma Işık Aslan and Fatma Deniz Uzuner",hash:"2c77384eeb748cf05a898d65b9dcb48a",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",editors:[{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"7572",title:"Trauma in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7572.jpg",slug:"trauma-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"July 3rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Serdar Gözler",hash:"7cb94732cfb315f8d1e70ebf500eb8a9",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Trauma in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. 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Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"11570",title:"Influenza - New Approaches",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11570.jpg",hash:"157b379b9d7a4bf5e2cc7a742f155a44",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 10th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"139889",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyyed Shamsadin",surname:"Athari",slug:"seyyed-shamsadin-athari",fullName:"Seyyed Shamsadin Athari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11569",title:"Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infections - New Findings, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11569.jpg",hash:"069d6142ecb0d46d14920102d48c0e9d",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 31st 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"189561",title:"Dr.",name:"Mihaela Laura",surname:"Vica",slug:"mihaela-laura-vica",fullName:"Mihaela Laura Vica"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11568",title:"Staphylococcal Infections - Recent Advances and Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11568.jpg",hash:"92c881664d1921c7f2d0fee34b78cd08",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"July 8th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"59719",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime",surname:"Bustos-Martínez",slug:"jaime-bustos-martinez",fullName:"Jaime Bustos-Martínez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:10,paginationItems:[{id:"82380",title:"Evolution of Parasitism and Pathogenic Adaptations in Certain Medically Important Fungi",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105206",signatures:"Gokul Shankar Sabesan, Ranjit Singh AJA, Ranjith Mehenderkar and Basanta Kumar Mohanty",slug:"evolution-of-parasitism-and-pathogenic-adaptations-in-certain-medically-important-fungi",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11400.jpg",subseries:{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82367",title:"Spatial Variation and Factors Associated with Unsuppressed HIV Viral Load among Women in an HIV Hyperendemic Area of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105547",signatures:"Adenike O. 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He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:null},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"338856",title:"Mrs.",name:"Nur Alvira",middleName:null,surname:"Pascawati",slug:"nur-alvira-pascawati",fullName:"Nur Alvira Pascawati",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Respati Yogyakarta",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"441116",title:"Dr.",name:"Jovanka M.",middleName:null,surname:"Voyich",slug:"jovanka-m.-voyich",fullName:"Jovanka M. Voyich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Montana State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"330412",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Farhab",slug:"muhammad-farhab",fullName:"Muhammad Farhab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"349495",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Ijaz",slug:"muhammad-ijaz",fullName:"Muhammad Ijaz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"95",type:"subseries",title:"Urban Planning and Environmental Management",keywords:"Circular economy, Contingency planning and response to disasters, Ecosystem services, Integrated urban water management, Nature-based solutions, Sustainable urban development, Urban green spaces",scope:"