Temperature of the cold and hot arm (real temperature).
\\n\\n
Dr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\\n\\nSeeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\\n\\nOver these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\\n\\nWe are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\\n\\nThank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\\n\\nNow with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\\n\\nRead, share and download for free: https://www.intechopen.com/books
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Preparation of Space Experiments edited by international leading expert Dr. Vladimir Pletser, Director of Space Training Operations at Blue Abyss is the 5,000th Open Access book published by IntechOpen and our milestone publication!
\n\n"This book presents some of the current trends in space microgravity research. The eleven chapters introduce various facets of space research in physical sciences, human physiology and technology developed using the microgravity environment not only to improve our fundamental understanding in these domains but also to adapt this new knowledge for application on earth." says the editor. Listen what else Dr. Pletser has to say...
\n\n\n\nDr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\n\nSeeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\n\nOver these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\n\nWe are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\n\nThank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\n\nNow with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\n\nRead, share and download for free: https://www.intechopen.com/books
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-maintains-position-as-the-world-s-largest-oa-book-publisher-20201218",title:"IntechOpen Maintains Position as the World’s Largest OA Book Publisher"},{slug:"all-intechopen-books-available-on-perlego-20201215",title:"All IntechOpen Books Available on Perlego"},{slug:"oiv-awards-recognizes-intechopen-s-editors-20201127",title:"OIV Awards Recognizes IntechOpen's Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-crossref-s-initiative-for-open-abstracts-i4oa-to-boost-the-discovery-of-research-20201005",title:"IntechOpen joins Crossref's Initiative for Open Abstracts (I4OA) to Boost the Discovery of Research"},{slug:"intechopen-hits-milestone-5-000-open-access-books-published-20200908",title:"IntechOpen hits milestone: 5,000 Open Access books published!"},{slug:"intechopen-books-hosted-on-the-mathworks-book-program-20200819",title:"IntechOpen Books Hosted on the MathWorks Book Program"},{slug:"intechopen-s-chapter-awarded-the-guenther-von-pannewitz-preis-2020-20200715",title:"IntechOpen's Chapter Awarded the Günther-von-Pannewitz-Preis 2020"},{slug:"suf-and-intechopen-announce-collaboration-20200331",title:"SUF and IntechOpen Announce Collaboration"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"393",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Adaptive Filtering Applications",title:"Adaptive Filtering Applications",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Adaptive filtering is useful in any application where the signals or the modeled system vary over time. The configuration of the system and, in particular, the position where the adaptive processor is placed generate different areas or application fields such as: prediction, system identification and modeling, equalization, cancellation of interference, etc. which are very important in many disciplines such as control systems, communications, signal processing, acoustics, voice, sound and image, etc. The book consists of noise and echo cancellation, medical applications, communications systems and others hardly joined by their heterogeneity. Each application is a case study with rigor that shows weakness/strength of the method used, assesses its suitability and suggests new forms and areas of use. The problems are becoming increasingly complex and applications must be adapted to solve them. The adaptive filters have proven to be useful in these environments of multiple input/output, variant-time behaviors, and long and complex transfer functions effectively, but fundamentally they still have to evolve. This book is a demonstration of this and a small illustration of everything that is to come.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-306-4",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6016-8",doi:"10.5772/912",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"adaptive-filtering-applications",numberOfPages:412,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,hash:"fcca6dde43a408a5cc07096108c37ece",bookSignature:"Lino Garcia",publishedDate:"July 5th 2011",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/393.jpg",numberOfDownloads:64679,numberOfWosCitations:34,numberOfCrossrefCitations:15,numberOfDimensionsCitations:53,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:102,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 7th 2010",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 4th 2010",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 9th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 10th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 24th 2011",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"682",title:"Dr.",name:"Lino",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia Morales",slug:"lino-garcia-morales",fullName:"Lino Garcia Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/682/images/1688_n.jpg",biography:"Lino García Morales has graduated in Automatic Control Engineering at Polytechnic Institute “José A. Echeverría”. He has received a master’s degree in Systems and Communications Networks at Technical University of Madrid, PhD. in Communications Technologies and Systems at UPM, PhD. in Contemporary Artistic Practices and Art Theory at European University of Madrid. He has been professor at the Superior Institute of Art (ISA), Comillas Pontifical University (UPCO), Menéndez Pelayo International University (UIMP), Senior Lecturer of Higher Technical School (ESP) at UEM, Coordinator of Electronica and Digital Art Degree and Director of Master in Architectonic and Environmental Acoustic at UEM. At the moment he is professor at UPM. 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In addition, this device is significant for detection of dangerous gas such as CO2, H2 and ammonia. In addition, gas sensors are widely used for the evaluation of the main products of the combustion. Since this instrument is a main element in the various applications, considerable researches and studies have been performed to develop new techniques for the detection of the various gases. Indeed, the present gas sensor is highly expensive and spacious and these disadvantages of the current sensors have motivated the researchers to develop a simple and cheap method for the gas detection [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6].
\nVarious methods and techniques are applied for the gas sensors [7, 8, 9, 10]. However, current sensors could not perform in the micro scale. Recently, scientists and researchers have investigated molecular force which is produced by the temperature difference on the solid body in high Knudsen numbers. Since this force occurs in high Knudsen numbers, it is known as Knudsen force.
\nKnudsen number (Eq. (1)) is mainly defined as the ratio of the mean free path of gas (\n
In Eq. (1), the term of mean free path of gas (\n
Actually, thermal stresses are produced by the non-uniformity of the temperature within rarefied gases and create bulk fluid flows that could employ forces on solid body [17, 18]. Ketsdever et al. [17] presented broad literature reviews to reveal the origin of the Knudsen thermal force. They widely considered the technical remark of source of the Knudsen thermal force and active factor on the rate of induced forced. According to their findings, operative factors such as pressure of domain and gas component as well as the thermal gradient magnitude play significant role on the value of the exerted force. These characteristics enable researchers to apply this for the measurement of gas type.
\nOne of the effective methods to apply the Knudsen force is to reduce the size of the model and construct micro device [19]. Micro Knudsen gauge and microscale radiometric actuator are the main conventional devices that implement this technique for industrialized applications. Numerous studies have been directed to inspect and evaluate the key features of Knudsen force in these instruments [18]. Strongrich et al. [19] performed experimental work and numerical studies to calculate Knudsen force on a non-uniformly heated beam. They highly focused on this molecular force and finally offer their new micro gas sensor as Micro In-plane Knudsen Radiometric Actuator (MIKRA) as shown in \nFigure 1\n. This sensor could be used either detection of gas types or measurement of gauge pressure [20, 21]. One of the significant aspects of this micro gas sensor is the micro size of this device that enables it to work in the various operating condition. Since this device is highly significant, considerable works have been performed to evaluate this micro gas sensor [11, 12, 13]. In our these papers, the main characteristics of this sensor are investigated and the precision of measured Knudsen force for different gas mixtures, for instance, hydrogen, methane/helium, methane/SO2, carbon dioxide, ammonia, and inert gas. These researches are conducted to reveal the performance and capability of this micro gas sensor in diverse operating conditions [14, 15, 16, 17, 18]. These works have tried to disclose the influence of temperature difference of cold and hot arm, the gap size, and pressure of domain on the value of the exerted force on the cold side.
\nMicro In-plane Knudsen Radiometric Actuator (MIKRA) [21].
The physics of the Knudsen force in the Knudsen gage are widely investigated by the researchers and scholars. Passian et al. [22, 23, 24] as pioneer research group initiated to reveal the main characteristic of the Knudsen force at the microscale. They mainly studied on a micro cantilever which includes two surfaces with dissimilar temperatures separated by a gap in rarefied domain. Theoretical and experimental studies have been conducted via a U-shaped silicon microcantilever to disclose the main parameters. The impact of thermal difference on the Knudsen forces in the transitional regime is examined by Lereu et al. [25]. The measurement of these forces at ordinary environment on test configurations made by surface micromachining of polysilicon are done by Sista and Bhattacharya [26]. Kaajakari and Lal [27] studied Knudsen forces produced within molecular flow regime to examine surface micromachined hinged structure assembly. Furthermore, negative thermophoretic force is studied by different scholars [28] and the influence of valuable factors on radiometric force is disclosed [29, 30].
\nIn order to simulate the model, DSMC approach is a reliable technique for evaluation of the exerted Knudsen force in the rarefied domain. This method is highly popular and conventional for the simulation of the problems with low-pressure condition. Hence, numerous scholars and scientists [31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40] applied this for the simulation of scientific and engineering problems.
\nRecognition of the force value in the low-pressure domain is the primary challenge in this field. Indeed, scholars have performed various studies to obtain the reliable and comprehensive correlation which offers the main value of Knudsen force in various operating and geometrical conditions [41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46]. Following the above description and containing the historical perspective, the broadly established modern appreciative is such that the major force related to vane rotation is the force generated close to the edges of the vane, in a zone with the dimensions of a mean free path according to Einstein. At very low pressures, the mean free path is great and the entire area of the vane is involved in force generation. As the pressure rises and flow enters the transition regime, the mean free path shrinks and the effective force-producing area of the vane is reduced. At some pressure (where the free path is on the order of the vane thickness according to Einstein), a maximum is gotten and force generation thereafter initiates to weaken as thermal creep and then convective currents initiate to lead the flow. A brief visual summary of the expected force output of a Nichols radiometer vane in free-space is shown in \nFigure 2\n, where comparisons are made for several of the dominant theories of the previous century. Here, FM denotes free molecular, B&L denotes Brüche and Littwin experimental measurements and “Einstein” denotes his correlation.
\nNichols radiometer: force prediction.
For a Crookes type radiometer, Scandurra et al. [46] have offered a first expression for radiometric force that includes both pressure and shear components. For the normal force per unit area (pressure difference) on a thin vane, they offered
\nwhere \n
where τ is the vane thickness. One of the key assumptions of that work is constant pressure in the gas surrounding the heated vane.
\nFor a Crookes radiometer, practically, all earlier analytical estimates of the radiometric force, with the exception of the Brüche and Littwin bell-shaped correlation, were implicitly or explicitly assuming a collision-dominated flow, where the radiometer vane area is much larger than the gas mean free path. This is essentially a slip flow regime, where the impacts of the free molecular, area-related forces are relatively small. This explains that the proposed expressions depend on the perimeter of the radiometer vane, and not on its area. While this is a reasonable approach for many cases, where the velocity distribution function is close to equilibrium and the pressures at the centers of two sides of the radiometer are equilibrated, it is not obvious that such an approach is applicable to the regime where the flow is far from equilibrium, and both the area and the edge contribute to the radiometric forces.
\nThe authors of Ref. [47] used an assumption similar to Einstein’s, and calculated force with n = 1. They found that the radiometric force computed with this simple empirical expression gives surprisingly close agreement with experimental results, as shown in \nFigure 3\n. The assumption of n = 1 works very well, even though, the pressure imbalance occurs over a region of 10 mean free paths. The agreement is fairly good in the free molecular and nearly free molecular flows (pressures below or about 0.1 Pa, or Knudsen numbers above 0.5 that are characterized by a nearly linear increase in the radiometric force, and the area-related radiometric forces are dominant). Then, even though the empirical expression stems from the free molecular formula, the agreement is also quite reasonable in the transitional flow where the collisions start to reduce the radiometric force, and both area- and edge-related radiometric forces are important (Knudsen numbers between 0.5 and 0.05, where the maximum radiometric force is observed).
\nCrookes radiometer: force prediction and comparison with experimental data.
The recognition of the main effective term on this type of sensor is highly significant for the evaluation and performance analysis of this device. According to previous works, three main flow patterns are recognized in this model. As shown in \nFigure 4\n, the Molecular force Known as thermal stress is the main effective factor that produce the Knudsen force within the gap of two arms. The direction of this force is from hot to cold side. The second dominant term in this model is known as thermal creeping. This flow pattern is produce shear force on the top of cold arm and the direction of this flow is from cold to hot side. The least important flow pattern is thermal edge flow which occurs in the vicinity of the sharp edge with high temperature. In the following, comprehensive details of each factor will be explained.
\nFlow feature and main stream inside the MIKRA [10].
In the following, the governing equations and the main technical approach for the simulation of this micro gas sensor is presented. In addition, the boundary condition of this model according to the real working condition is defined. Then, the results of various codes are compared to evaluate the performance of each methods. In the next step, the main flow feature inside the model is studied to define the impact of main parameters. Moreover, the effect of the pressure and temperature difference of the hot and cold arm is determined. Finally, the performance of this sensor in detection of gas mixture will be explained.
\nIn order to simulate the flow inside the rarified gas, Navier-Stokes equations are not valid and consequently, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approaches is applicable. In fact, the continuity is not governed in low-pressure free molecular regime to near-continuum. Therefore, high order equation of Boltzmann equation should be solved to obtain the flow pattern in molecular regime. In followings, Boltzmann equation is presented.
\nwhere n,\nc, and f are number density, molecular velocity, and velocity distribution function, respectively. In addition, \n
Since solving the Boltzmann equation is hard, researchers try to find approaches that present similar results to that of Boltzmann equations. DSMC technique of Bird [48], as a particle method based on kinetic theory, is a reliable approach for simulation of rarefied gases. There are some software packages such as OpenFOAM and SPARTA in which DSMC method is developed for the simulation of the engineering problems. OpenFOAM is open-source code is proficient and flexible software for simulation of complex models [49].
\nIn order to perform the DSMC simulations, some assumptions are made. For modeling of the collision, the variable hard sphere (VHS) collision model is used. Collision pairs are chosen based on the no time counter (NTC) method, in which the computational time is proportional to the number of simulator particles [36].
\nIn this type of the sensor, the gap (distance between the heater and shuttle arms) is recognized as the characteristic length (L) and it is 20 μm. In this model, it is recommended to initiate 20 particles in each cell to minimize the statistical scatter.
\n\n\nFigure 5\n illustrates the generated grid and the boundary condition applied on the model. The size of the domain is \n
The boundary condition and grid of the present model [12].
The free domain condition is applied on the top of domain while the side of the domain is symmetry. Constant temperature is applied to the hot and cold arms. The pressure of the domain varied from 0.465 to 11.2 Torr, meaning the Knudsen number varied from 4.64 to 0.19, respectively. The bottom of the domain is at constant temperature (T = 298 K). The simulations are performed for single gas of nitrogen. In this research, two types of the temperature condition (real and constant temperature) are applied on the cold and hot arm. In constant type, it is assumed that the temperature of hot and cold arm is fixed with variation of pressure and effect of four constant temperature differences (310–300, 330–300, 350–300 and 400–300 K) is investigated. In the real temperature type, the temperature of the cold and hot arm varies with the pressure of the domain. In order to valid our results, the temperature variation of the cold and hot arm is obtained from experimental data of Strongrich et al. [21] and presented in \nTable 1\n.
\nPressure | \nKn | \nHot arm | \nCold arm | \n
---|---|---|---|
(Pa) | \n— | \n(K) | \n(K) | \n
62 | \n4.48 | \n353 | \n303 | \n
155 | \n1.8 | \n350 | \n303 | \n
387 | \n0.72 | \n347 | \n303 | \n
966 | \n0.29 | \n325 | \n302 | \n
1500 | \n0.18 | \n315 | \n300 | \n
Temperature of the cold and hot arm (real temperature).
In order to evaluate the precision and correctness of the numerical results, it is highly significant to compare simulation with experimental data. As mentioned in the previous section, the results of the SPARTA and DSMC are compared with experimental data (\nFigure 6\n). The comparison of results of simulations with that of experimental data of Strongrich et al. [21] for various pressure conditions shows that applied assumptions and procedures is logic and reasonable. In addition, obtained results of the SPARTA-DSMC code [21] also confirm the correctness of our results. The evaluation displays a worthy agreement of our work with other techniques.
\nComparison of the obtained results (dsmcfoam) with experimental and numerical of Strongrich et al. [21].
In order to realize the main mechanism of this new gas sensor, the flow feature and temperature distribution inside the micro gas sensor are illustrated in \nFigure 7\nwhen the real temperature is applied on the arms. As shown in the figures, the main characteristics of the flow feature significantly varies with change of the temperature. Since the main difference of flow structure inside the model is related to the temperature distribution, this study also considers the temperature distributions as well as flow pattern.
\nFlow pattern and temperature distribution inside the MIKRA for different pressure conditions with real arm temperature [11].
In low pressure (P = 62 Pa), one big circulation as well as a few small ones are noticed. As the pressure of the domain increases, three main circulations are observed in which two of them is on the top of the hot arm. The main circulation fully covered the whole domain. It is significant to note that the temperature diffusion strengthen as the pressure of the domain is raised. In high pressure (P = 966 Pa), the temperature of the hot arm is not high enough and the number of the particles considerably increases. Due to these reasons, the diffusion of the temperature inside the domain highly declines. Therefore, the temperature gradient as the main source of the circulation reduces.
\nAs mentioned in the previous section, the effect of the temperature is significant in the performance of this type of micro gas sensor. In order to recognize the main effect of the temperature, constant temperature is applied for all pressure to investigate the effect of pressure (or number of particles) in the performance of the system. \nFigure 4\n compares the temperature contour along with streamline patterns for various operating pressures when the temperature of the hot and cold arm is fixed 350 and 300 K for all pressure domains, respectively. In this figure, hot arms are colored according to the temperature of particles in the vicinity of arms, while the temperature of the hot solid arm is 350 K. This coloring method improves the perceptibility of the temperature difference in various pressures.
\nAs shown in \nFigure 8\n, the temperature diffusion to particles that exist in the vicinity of the hot arm increases by raising the pressure of the domain. Indeed, the number of the particles increases when the pressure is raised. Therefore, the particles interaction to hot surface increases in high pressure. The evaluation of the flow feature inside the micro gas sensor will reveal significant results. The main circulation inside domain occurs due to thermal creeping. As the pressure increases inside the model, the main circulation moves to the right side on the top of the gap. Contours clearly show that the strength of the circulation intensifies by growing the pressure till 387 Pa. Then, the circulation weakens inside the domain.
\nFlow pattern and temperature distribution inside the MIKRA for different pressure conditions (Thot = 350, Tcold = 300) [10].
The temperature gradient alters meaningfully from the high pressure (P = 966 Pa) situation to rigorously rarefied (P = 62 Pa) case where noticeable kinks in the contour lines are perceived. These kinks are originated at the sharp angles on the top of the arms. Dissimilar to the high-pressure conditions wherein intermolecular collisions promptly smooth out those kinks in the gap of the arms, the absence of adequate intermolecular collisions in the rarefied situations lets these kinks to diffuse much additional away from the hot arms as displayed in \nFigure 7\n. Therefore, the temperature of hot arm simply enters inside the domain and the noticeable temperature gradient observed in the vicinity of hot arm. In the next sections, it will be clarified how this temperature gradient influences on the induced flow field.
\nIn order to recognize the main impact of the temperature in our problem, \nFigure 9\n illustrates the flow structure and temperature distribution inside the micro gas sensor in various temperature differences of 10, 30, 50, and 100 K at pressure of 387 Pa. Our findings reveal that the strength of the main circulation intensifies as the temperature difference of the hot and cold arm increases. It was predicted that this would occurs as the temperature gradient inside the model increases. One of important findings of this contour is the temperature penetration. In fact, temperature difference plays significant role on the particles direction. \nFigure 10\n shows the temperature distribution in the vicinity of the arms. The figure displays that the temperature gradient is intensive on the edges of the hot arm. In order to distinguish the induced flow pattern nearby of the edge, it is supposed that molecules within a mean free path away from this area arrive at the surface without experiencing any intermolecular collision. As is shown in \nFigure 6\n, the temperature molecules coming from points B and C is high, while those from point A have low temperatures. Since the diffuse condition is applied as a function of the wall, the tangential velocity of the molecules after collision with the wall is related to the wall temperature. Hence, the tangential velocity of the cold molecules (A) highly increases while hot molecules (B and C) do not experience any change in their velocity. Therefore, the direction of cold molecules after collision is more dominant and they induce a vortex (blue lines) in the edge of the hot arm. Since the temperature of the cold arm is not varied, this flow is not observed on top of the cold arm.
\nFlow pattern and temperature distribution inside the MIKRA for different temperature differences (P = 387 Pa) [11].
Schematic illustration of the flow feature in the vicinity of the arms [11].
\n\nFigure 11\n plots the variation of the net force on the cold arm for various temperature differences of 10, 30, 50, and 100 K. Obtained results clearly demonstrate that main inflation occurs in the maximum Knudsen force.
\nVariation of the thermal Knudsen force in various temperature differences [11].
In order to evaluate the primary factors on this micro gas sensor, the effect of force on the both sides of the cold arm is investigated. Since the exerted force should be normalized, Eq. (3) is applied to compare the change of the force as the ratio to exerted force when temperature difference is 10 K.
\n\n\nFigure 12\n illustrates the variation of the FR for various pressures of domain when the temperature of the hot arm is 30, 50, and 100 K. Comparison of the Knudsen force on both sides of the cold arm clearly reveals that FR declines on right side as the pressure of the domain is increased. This shows that the effect of molecular thermal force within gap is limited due to high interactions of molecules. On the other side, the Knudsen force on the left side of the increases with rising of the pressure of domain. This confirms that the influence of the thermal creeping on the left side is strengthened. Obtained results also indicate that the rate of FR augments with rising of the temperature difference of the hot and cold arm.
\nVariation of the exerted force on hot and cold side [11].
In order to determine the main characteristics of the each term, the pressure of the domain is normalized by the average pressure of domain as follows:
\nSince the gap size is crucial in the main characteristics of our problem, the impact of gap size on the normalized pressure and flow structure are depicted in \nFigure 13a\n and \nb\n, respectively. As the gap size increases in our model, the thermal creeping effect declines due to high gap of the hot and cold arm. Meanwhile, the number of small circulations increases inside the model.
\nComparison of (a) normalized pressure (b) flow pattern and temperature distribution in various gap sizes [12].
\n\nFigure 14\n illustrates the variation of the Knudsen thermal force on the cold arm. Our findings show that increasing the gap size declines the value of the exerted Knudsen force on the model. The variation of the Knudsen force on cold arm presents significant note about the value of the Knudsen number. Since the gap size is known as the specific length (l) in our model, change of this size significantly influence on the value and pressure of the maximum Knudsen force. In low gap size (10 μm), the maximum Knudsen force occurs at 600 Pa while it declines as the gap size is increased to 50 μm. The main impact of gap size on the Knudsen force could be noticed in the pressure distribution. As shown in \nFigure 13a\n, the pressure gradient hardly reach to the cold arm. This confirms that the pressure gradient is considerably significant on the exerted force.
\nComparison of applied Knudsen force on the cold arm for various gap sizes [12].
In this study, a DSMC technique is used to investigate rarefied gas inside the low-pressure micro gas sensor. This research has dedicated on the impact of pressure in the flow structure and force generation mechanism. In order to simulate the defined model, Boltzmann equations as governing equations of the present problem are introduced and DSMC method as accessible and robust approach is then offered. The two main key factors are flow patterns and temperature distribution. In this work, these main parameters are compared in various pressures with different temperature of hot and cold arm. Moreover, inclusive physical details on the appliance of Knudsen force production as well as flow structure inside the micro gas actuator are offered. Our findings display that the performance of micro gas sensor highly relies on the temperature difference between hot and cold arms, and the maximum force occurs in specific pressure value for all different temperature difference. On the other side, the effect of gap size is considerable different. Obtained results show that the maximum force occurs in lower pressure as the size of gap is increased. It is also observed that the value of Knudsen force significantly declines when the gap size rises. According to our findings, application of the Knudsen force for the measurement of the gas pressure is a reliable technique and this micro gas actuator could be develop for possible detection of the gas component.
\nThere is no conflict of interest in this paper.
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\n\n2. STATEMENTS OF CONCERN
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\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"105746",title:"Dr.",name:"A.W.M.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Koopman-van Gemert",slug:"a.w.m.m.-koopman-van-gemert",fullName:"A.W.M.M. Koopman-van Gemert",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/105746/images/5803_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Anna Wilhelmina Margaretha Maria Koopman-van Gemert MD, PhD, became anaesthesiologist-intensivist from the Radboud University Nijmegen (the Netherlands) in 1987. She worked for a couple of years also as a blood bank director in Nijmegen and introduced in the Netherlands the Cell Saver and blood transfusion alternatives. She performed research in perioperative autotransfusion and obtained the degree of PhD in 1993 publishing Peri-operative autotransfusion by means of a blood cell separator.\nBlood transfusion had her special interest being the president of the Haemovigilance Chamber TRIP and performing several tasks in local and national blood bank and anticoagulant-blood transfusion guidelines committees. Currently, she is working as an associate professor and up till recently was the dean at the Albert Schweitzer Hospital Dordrecht. She performed (inter)national tasks as vice-president of the Concilium Anaesthesia and related committees. \nShe performed research in several fields, with over 100 publications in (inter)national journals and numerous papers on scientific conferences. \nShe received several awards and is a member of Honour of the Dutch Society of Anaesthesia.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Albert Schweitzer Hospital",country:{name:"Gabon"}}},{id:"83089",title:"Prof.",name:"Aaron",middleName:null,surname:"Ojule",slug:"aaron-ojule",fullName:"Aaron Ojule",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Port Harcourt",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"295748",title:"Mr.",name:"Abayomi",middleName:null,surname:"Modupe",slug:"abayomi-modupe",fullName:"Abayomi Modupe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/no_image.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Landmark University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"94191",title:"Prof.",name:"Abbas",middleName:null,surname:"Moustafa",slug:"abbas-moustafa",fullName:"Abbas Moustafa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94191/images/96_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Moustafa got his doctoral degree in earthquake engineering and structural safety from Indian Institute of Science in 2002. He is currently an associate professor at Department of Civil Engineering, Minia University, Egypt and the chairman of Department of Civil Engineering, High Institute of Engineering and Technology, Giza, Egypt. He is also a consultant engineer and head of structural group at Hamza Associates, Giza, Egypt. Dr. Moustafa was a senior research associate at Vanderbilt University and a JSPS fellow at Kyoto and Nagasaki Universities. He has more than 40 research papers published in international journals and conferences. He acts as an editorial board member and a reviewer for several regional and international journals. His research interest includes earthquake engineering, seismic design, nonlinear dynamics, random vibration, structural reliability, structural health monitoring and uncertainty modeling.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Minia University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"84562",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbyssinia",middleName:null,surname:"Mushunje",slug:"abbyssinia-mushunje",fullName:"Abbyssinia Mushunje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Fort Hare",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"202206",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Abd Elmoniem",middleName:"Ahmed",surname:"Elzain",slug:"abd-elmoniem-elzain",fullName:"Abd Elmoniem Elzain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kassala University",country:{name:"Sudan"}}},{id:"98127",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdallah",middleName:null,surname:"Handoura",slug:"abdallah-handoura",fullName:"Abdallah Handoura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"École Supérieure des Télécommunications",country:{name:"Morocco"}}},{id:"91404",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdecharif",middleName:null,surname:"Boumaza",slug:"abdecharif-boumaza",fullName:"Abdecharif Boumaza",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Abbès Laghrour University of Khenchela",country:{name:"Algeria"}}},{id:"105795",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdel Ghani",middleName:null,surname:"Aissaoui",slug:"abdel-ghani-aissaoui",fullName:"Abdel Ghani Aissaoui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/105795/images/system/105795.jpeg",biography:"Abdel Ghani AISSAOUI is a Full Professor of electrical engineering at University of Bechar (ALGERIA). He was born in 1969 in Naama, Algeria. He received his BS degree in 1993, the MS degree in 1997, the PhD degree in 2007 from the Electrical Engineering Institute of Djilali Liabes University of Sidi Bel Abbes (ALGERIA). He is an active member of IRECOM (Interaction Réseaux Electriques - COnvertisseurs Machines) Laboratory and IEEE senior member. He is an editor member for many international journals (IJET, RSE, MER, IJECE, etc.), he serves as a reviewer in international journals (IJAC, ECPS, COMPEL, etc.). He serves as member in technical committee (TPC) and reviewer in international conferences (CHUSER 2011, SHUSER 2012, PECON 2012, SAI 2013, SCSE2013, SDM2014, SEB2014, PEMC2014, PEAM2014, SEB (2014, 2015), ICRERA (2015, 2016, 2017, 2018,-2019), etc.). His current research interest includes power electronics, control of electrical machines, artificial intelligence and Renewable energies.",institutionString:"University of Béchar",institution:{name:"University of Béchar",country:{name:"Algeria"}}},{id:"99749",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdel Hafid",middleName:null,surname:"Essadki",slug:"abdel-hafid-essadki",fullName:"Abdel Hafid Essadki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"École Nationale Supérieure de Technologie",country:{name:"Algeria"}}},{id:"101208",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdel Karim",middleName:"Mohamad",surname:"El Hemaly",slug:"abdel-karim-el-hemaly",fullName:"Abdel Karim El Hemaly",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/101208/images/733_n.jpg",biography:"OBGYN.net Editorial Advisor Urogynecology.\nAbdel Karim M. A. El-Hemaly, MRCOG, FRCS � Egypt.\n \nAbdel Karim M. A. El-Hemaly\nProfessor OB/GYN & Urogynecology\nFaculty of medicine, Al-Azhar University \nPersonal Information: \nMarried with two children\nWife: Professor Laila A. Moussa MD.\nSons: Mohamad A. M. El-Hemaly Jr. MD. Died March 25-2007\nMostafa A. M. El-Hemaly, Computer Scientist working at Microsoft Seatle, USA. \nQualifications: \n1.\tM.B.-Bch Cairo Univ. June 1963. \n2.\tDiploma Ob./Gyn. Cairo Univ. April 1966. \n3.\tDiploma Surgery Cairo Univ. Oct. 1966. \n4.\tMRCOG London Feb. 1975. \n5.\tF.R.C.S. Glasgow June 1976. \n6.\tPopulation Study Johns Hopkins 1981. \n7.\tGyn. Oncology Johns Hopkins 1983. \n8.\tAdvanced Laparoscopic Surgery, with Prof. Paulson, Alexandria, Virginia USA 1993. \nSocieties & Associations: \n1.\t Member of the Royal College of Ob./Gyn. London. \n2.\tFellow of the Royal College of Surgeons Glasgow UK. \n3.\tMember of the advisory board on urogyn. FIGO. \n4.\tMember of the New York Academy of Sciences. \n5.\tMember of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. \n6.\tFeatured in �Who is Who in the World� from the 16th edition to the 20th edition. \n7.\tFeatured in �Who is Who in Science and Engineering� in the 7th edition. \n8.\tMember of the Egyptian Fertility & Sterility Society. \n9.\tMember of the Egyptian Society of Ob./Gyn. \n10.\tMember of the Egyptian Society of Urogyn. \n\nScientific Publications & Communications:\n1- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Asim Kurjak, Ahmad G. Serour, Laila A. S. Mousa, Amr M. Zaied, Khalid Z. El Sheikha. \nImaging the Internal Urethral Sphincter and the Vagina in Normal Women and Women Suffering from Stress Urinary Incontinence and Vaginal Prolapse. Gynaecologia Et Perinatologia, Vol18, No 4; 169-286 October-December 2009.\n2- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Laila A. S. Mousa Ibrahim M. Kandil, Fatma S. El Sokkary, Ahmad G. Serour, Hossam Hussein.\nFecal Incontinence, A Novel Concept: The Role of the internal Anal sphincter (IAS) in defecation and fecal incontinence. Gynaecologia Et Perinatologia, Vol19, No 2; 79-85 April -June 2010.\n3- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Laila A. S. Mousa Ibrahim M. Kandil, Fatma S. El Sokkary, Ahmad G. Serour, Hossam Hussein.\nSurgical Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence, Fecal Incontinence and Vaginal Prolapse By A Novel Operation \n"Urethro-Ano-Vaginoplasty"\n Gynaecologia Et Perinatologia, Vol19, No 3; 129-188 July-September 2010.\n4- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Laila A. S. Mousa and Mohamad A.K.M.El Hemaly.\nUrethro-vaginoplasty, an innovated operation for the treatment of: Stress Urinary Incontinence (SUI), Detursor Overactivity (DO), Mixed Urinary Incontinence and Anterior Vaginal Wall Descent. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/ urethro-vaginoplasty_01\n\n5- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, Mohamed M. Radwan.\n Urethro-raphy a new technique for surgical management of Stress Urinary Incontinence.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/\nnew-tech-urethro\n\n6- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, Mohamad A. Rizk, Nabil Abdel Maksoud H., Mohamad M. Radwan, Khalid Z. El Shieka, Mohamad A. K. M. El Hemaly, and Ahmad T. El Saban.\nUrethro-raphy The New Operation for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence, SUI, detrusor instability, DI, and mixed-type of urinary incontinence; short and long term results. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=urogyn/articles/\nurethroraphy-09280\n\n7-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, and Bahaa E. El Mohamady. Menopause, and Voiding troubles. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly03/el-hemaly03-ss\n\n8-El Hemaly AKMA, Mousa L.A. Micturition and Urinary\tContinence. Int J Gynecol Obstet 1996; 42: 291-2. \n\n9-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly.\n Urinary incontinence in gynecology, a review article.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/abs-urinary_incotinence_gyn_ehemaly \n\n10-El Hemaly AKMA. Nocturnal Enuresis: Pathogenesis and Treatment. \nInt Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 1998;9: 129-31.\n \n11-El Hemaly AKMA, Mousa L.A.E. Stress Urinary Incontinence, a New Concept. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1996; 68: 129-35. \n\n12- El Hemaly AKMA, Kandil I. M. Stress Urinary Incontinence SUI facts and fiction. Is SUI a puzzle?! http://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly/el-hemaly-ss\n\n13-Abdel Karim El Hemaly, Nabil Abdel Maksoud, Laila A. Mousa, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Asem Anwar, M.A.K El Hemaly and Bahaa E. El Mohamady. \nEvidence based Facts on the Pathogenesis and Management of SUI. http://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly02/el-hemaly02-ss\n\n14- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Mohamad A. Rizk and Mohamad A.K.M.El Hemaly.\n Urethro-plasty, a Novel Operation based on a New Concept, for the Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence, S.U.I., Detrusor Instability, D.I., and Mixed-type of Urinary Incontinence.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/urethro-plasty_01\n\n15-Ibrahim M. Kandil, Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Mohamad M. Radwan: Ultrasonic Assessment of the Internal Urethral Sphincter in Stress Urinary Incontinence. The Internet Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2003. Volume 2 Number 1. \n\n\n16-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly. Nocturnal Enureses: A Novel Concept on its pathogenesis and Treatment.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogynecolgy/?page=articles/nocturnal_enuresis\n\n17- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly. Nocturnal Enureses: An Update on the pathogenesis and Treatment.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogynecology/?page=/ENHLIDH/PUBD/FEATURES/\nPresentations/ Nocturnal_Enuresis/nocturnal_enuresis\n\n18-Maternal Mortality in Egypt, a cry for help and attention. The Second International Conference of the African Society of Organization & Gestosis, 1998, 3rd Annual International Conference of Ob/Gyn Department � Sohag Faculty of Medicine University. Feb. 11-13. Luxor, Egypt. \n19-Postmenopausal Osteprosis. The 2nd annual conference of Health Insurance Organization on Family Planning and its role in primary health care. Zagaziz, Egypt, February 26-27, 1997, Center of Complementary Services for Maternity and childhood care. \n20-Laparoscopic Assisted vaginal hysterectomy. 10th International Annual Congress Modern Trends in Reproductive Techniques 23-24 March 1995. Alexandria, Egypt. \n21-Immunological Studies in Pre-eclamptic Toxaemia. Proceedings of 10th Annual Ain Shams Medical Congress. Cairo, Egypt, March 6-10, 1987. \n22-Socio-demographic factorse affecting acceptability of the long-acting contraceptive injections in a rural Egyptian community. Journal of Biosocial Science 29:305, 1987. \n23-Plasma fibronectin levels hypertension during pregnancy. The Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 13:1, 17-21, Jan. 1987. \n24-Effect of smoking on pregnancy. Journal of Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 12:3, 111-121, Sept 1986. \n25-Socio-demographic aspects of nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 12:3, 35-42, Sept. 1986. \n26-Effect of intrapartum oxygen inhalation on maternofetal blood gases and pH. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 12:3, 57-64, Sept. 1986. \n27-The effect of severe pre-eclampsia on serum transaminases. The Egypt. J. Med. Sci. 7(2): 479-485, 1986. \n28-A study of placental immunoreceptors in pre-eclampsia. The Egypt. J. Med. Sci. 7(2): 211-216, 1986. \n29-Serum human placental lactogen (hpl) in normal, toxaemic and diabetic pregnant women, during pregnancy and its relation to the outcome of pregnancy. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 12:2, 11-23, May 1986. \n30-Pregnancy specific B1 Glycoprotein and free estriol in the serum of normal, toxaemic and diabetic pregnant women during pregnancy and after delivery. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 12:1, 63-70, Jan. 1986. Also was accepted and presented at Xith World Congress of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Berlin (West), September 15-20, 1985. \n31-Pregnancy and labor in women over the age of forty years. Accepted and presented at Al-Azhar International Medical Conference, Cairo 28-31 Dec. 1985. \n32-Effect of Copper T intra-uterine device on cervico-vaginal flora. Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet. 23:2, 153-156, April 1985. \n33-Factors affecting the occurrence of post-Caesarean section febrile morbidity. Population Sciences, 6, 139-149, 1985. \n34-Pre-eclamptic toxaemia and its relation to H.L.A. system. Population Sciences, 6, 131-139, 1985. \n35-The menstrual pattern and occurrence of pregnancy one year after discontinuation of Depo-medroxy progesterone acetate as a postpartum contraceptive. Population Sciences, 6, 105-111, 1985. \n36-The menstrual pattern and side effects of Depo-medroxy progesterone acetate as postpartum contraceptive. Population Sciences, 6, 97-105, 1985. \n37-Actinomyces in the vaginas of women with and without intrauterine contraceptive devices. Population Sciences, 6, 77-85, 1985. \n38-Comparative efficacy of ibuprofen and etamsylate in the treatment of I.U.D. menorrhagia. Population Sciences, 6, 63-77, 1985. \n39-Changes in cervical mucus copper and zinc in women using I.U.D.�s. Population Sciences, 6, 35-41, 1985. \n40-Histochemical study of the endometrium of infertile women. Egypt. J. Histol. 8(1) 63-66, 1985. \n41-Genital flora in pre- and post-menopausal women. Egypt. J. Med. Sci. 4(2), 165-172, 1983. \n42-Evaluation of the vaginal rugae and thickness in 8 different groups. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 9:2, 101-114, May 1983. \n43-The effect of menopausal status and conjugated oestrogen therapy on serum cholesterol, triglycerides and electrophoretic lipoprotein patterns. Al-Azhar Medical Journal, 12:2, 113-119, April 1983. \n44-Laparoscopic ventrosuspension: A New Technique. Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet., 20, 129-31, 1982. \n45-The laparoscope: A useful diagnostic tool in general surgery. Al-Azhar Medical Journal, 11:4, 397-401, Oct. 1982. \n46-The value of the laparoscope in the diagnosis of polycystic ovary. Al-Azhar Medical Journal, 11:2, 153-159, April 1982. \n47-An anaesthetic approach to the management of eclampsia. Ain Shams Medical Journal, accepted for publication 1981. \n48-Laparoscopy on patients with previous lower abdominal surgery. Fertility management edited by E. Osman and M. Wahba 1981. \n49-Heart diseases with pregnancy. Population Sciences, 11, 121-130, 1981. \n50-A study of the biosocial factors affecting perinatal mortality in an Egyptian maternity hospital. Population Sciences, 6, 71-90, 1981. \n51-Pregnancy Wastage. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 11:3, 57-67, Sept. 1980. \n52-Analysis of maternal deaths in Egyptian maternity hospitals. Population Sciences, 1, 59-65, 1979. \nArticles published on OBGYN.net: \n1- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Laila A. S. Mousa and Mohamad A.K.M.El Hemaly.\nUrethro-vaginoplasty, an innovated operation for the treatment of: Stress Urinary Incontinence (SUI), Detursor Overactivity (DO), Mixed Urinary Incontinence and Anterior Vaginal Wall Descent. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/ urethro-vaginoplasty_01\n\n2- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, Mohamed M. Radwan.\n Urethro-raphy a new technique for surgical management of Stress Urinary Incontinence.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/\nnew-tech-urethro\n\n3- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, Mohamad A. Rizk, Nabil Abdel Maksoud H., Mohamad M. Radwan, Khalid Z. El Shieka, Mohamad A. K. M. El Hemaly, and Ahmad T. El Saban.\nUrethro-raphy The New Operation for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence, SUI, detrusor instability, DI, and mixed-type of urinary incontinence; short and long term results. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=urogyn/articles/\nurethroraphy-09280\n\n4-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, and Bahaa E. El Mohamady. Menopause, and Voiding troubles. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly03/el-hemaly03-ss\n\n5-El Hemaly AKMA, Mousa L.A. Micturition and Urinary\tContinence. Int J Gynecol Obstet 1996; 42: 291-2. \n\n6-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly.\n Urinary incontinence in gynecology, a review article.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/abs-urinary_incotinence_gyn_ehemaly \n\n7-El Hemaly AKMA. Nocturnal Enuresis: Pathogenesis and Treatment. \nInt Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 1998;9: 129-31.\n \n8-El Hemaly AKMA, Mousa L.A.E. Stress Urinary Incontinence, a New Concept. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1996; 68: 129-35. \n\n9- El Hemaly AKMA, Kandil I. M. Stress Urinary Incontinence SUI facts and fiction. Is SUI a puzzle?! http://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly/el-hemaly-ss\n\n10-Abdel Karim El Hemaly, Nabil Abdel Maksoud, Laila A. Mousa, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Asem Anwar, M.A.K El Hemaly and Bahaa E. El Mohamady. \nEvidence based Facts on the Pathogenesis and Management of SUI. http://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly02/el-hemaly02-ss\n\n11- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Mohamad A. Rizk and Mohamad A.K.M.El Hemaly.\n Urethro-plasty, a Novel Operation based on a New Concept, for the Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence, S.U.I., Detrusor Instability, D.I., and Mixed-type of Urinary Incontinence.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/urethro-plasty_01\n\n12-Ibrahim M. Kandil, Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Mohamad M. Radwan: Ultrasonic Assessment of the Internal Urethral Sphincter in Stress Urinary Incontinence. The Internet Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2003. Volume 2 Number 1. \n\n13-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly. Nocturnal Enureses: A Novel Concept on its pathogenesis and Treatment.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogynecolgy/?page=articles/nocturnal_enuresis\n\n14- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly. 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