\\n\\n
These books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\\n\\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\\n\\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched formed a partnership to support researchers working in engineering sciences by enabling an easier approach to publishing Open Access content. Using the Knowledge Unlatched crowdfunding model to raise the publishing costs through libraries around the world, Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) was not required from the authors.
\n\nInitially, the partnership supported engineering research, but it soon grew to include physical and life sciences, attracting more researchers to the advantages of Open Access publishing.
\n\n\n\nThese books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\n\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\n\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5305",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Fermentation Processes",title:"Fermentation Processes",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Fermentation is a theme widely useful for food, feed and biofuel production. Indeed each of these areas, food industry, animal nutrition and energy production, has considerable presence in the global market. Fermentation process also has relevant applications on medical and pharmaceutical areas, such as antibiotics production. The present book, Fermentation Processes, reflects that wide value of fermentation in related areas. It holds a total of 14 chapters over diverse areas of fermentation research.",isbn:"978-953-51-2928-8",printIsbn:"978-953-51-2927-1",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5467-9",doi:"10.5772/61924",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"fermentation-processes",numberOfPages:312,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"ade563b4042ed9674f6413b4ac8883f3",bookSignature:"Angela Faustino Jozala",publishedDate:"February 8th 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5305.jpg",numberOfDownloads:42342,numberOfWosCitations:98,numberOfCrossrefCitations:67,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:2,numberOfDimensionsCitations:157,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:5,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:322,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 18th 2015",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 9th 2015",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"March 28th 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"June 26th 2016",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 26th 2016",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"174371",title:"Dr.",name:"Angela",middleName:"Faustino",surname:"Jozala",slug:"angela-jozala",fullName:"Angela Jozala",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/174371/images/5142_n.png",biography:"Professor at Universidade de Sorocaba. PhD in Fermentation Technology and Master of sciences in Food Technology, both at the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences at USP. Has experience in industrial biotechnology and pharmaceutical microbiology, highlighting the production process and purification (up and dowstream) of biomolecules and biopolymers of different applications in the areas of food, medicine and pharmaceutics.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"328",title:"Food Technology",slug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences-bromatology-food-technology"}],chapters:[{id:"52326",title:"Importance of the Fermentation to Produce High-Quality Silage",doi:"10.5772/64887",slug:"importance-of-the-fermentation-to-produce-high-quality-silage",totalDownloads:2620,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The objective of this chapter was to discuss the importance of the fermentation processes for silage making and how it affects the final quality of the silage. The preservation of the forage crops as silage is based on a fermentation process that lows the pH and preserves the nutritive value of the fresh crop. The main principle is the production of lactic acid by the lactic acid bacteria from the metabolism of the water-soluble carbohydrates in the fresh crop. However, different fermentations may occur into the silo environment and it depends on the availability of substrate, the microbial populations, the moisture content, and the buffering capacity of the crop at the ensiling. The fermentation is quite important in the ensiling process because it affects the nutritional quality of the silage and the animal performance. If the fermentation does not occur as recommended and the undesirable fermentations will take place, which will result in a total spoiled feed that is potentially risky for animals and human’s health. Well-fermented silage can be used in diets for ruminant animals without any risk for their health and without compromise the productive performance.",signatures:"Thiago Carvalho da Silva, Leandro Diego da Silva, Edson Mauro Santos, Juliana Silva Oliveira and Alexandre Fernandes Perazzo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52326",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52326",authors:[{id:"139631",title:"Dr.",name:"Edson Mauro",surname:"Santos",slug:"edson-mauro-santos",fullName:"Edson Mauro Santos"},{id:"144240",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",surname:"Da Silva",slug:"thiago-da-silva",fullName:"Thiago Da Silva"},{id:"180036",title:"Dr.",name:"Juliana",surname:"Oliveira",slug:"juliana-oliveira",fullName:"Juliana Oliveira"},{id:"183849",title:"MSc.",name:"Leandro",surname:"Da Silva",slug:"leandro-da-silva",fullName:"Leandro Da Silva"}],corrections:null},{id:"51634",title:"Fermentation and Redox Potential",doi:"10.5772/64640",slug:"fermentation-and-redox-potential",totalDownloads:3621,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:14,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Redox potential, known as oxidation–reduction or oxidoreduction potential (ORP), not only indicates the reduction and oxidation capacity of the environment but also reflects the metabolic activity of microorganisms. Redox potential can be monitored online and controlled in time for more efficient fermentation operation. This chapter reviews the enzymes that modulate intracellular redox potential, the genetically engineered strains that harbor specific redox potential–regulated genes, the approaches that were used to manipulate and control redox potential toward the production of desired metabolites, the role of redox potential in metabolic pathway, and the impact of redox potential on microbial physiology and metabolism. The application of redox potential–controlled ethanol fermentation and the development of three redox potential–controlled fermentation processes are illustrated. In the end, the future perspective of redox potential control is provided.",signatures:"Chen-Guang Liu, Jin-Cheng Qin and Yen-Han Lin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51634",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51634",authors:[{id:"183019",title:"Prof.",name:"Yen-Han",surname:"Lin",slug:"yen-han-lin",fullName:"Yen-Han Lin"},{id:"183927",title:"Dr.",name:"Chen-Guang",surname:"Liu",slug:"chen-guang-liu",fullName:"Chen-Guang Liu"}],corrections:null},{id:"52176",title:"Solid-State Fermentation in a Bag Bioreactor: Effect of Corn Cob Mixed with Phytopathogen Biomass on Spore and Cellulase Production by Trichoderma asperellum",doi:"10.5772/64643",slug:"solid-state-fermentation-in-a-bag-bioreactor-effect-of-corn-cob-mixed-with-phytopathogen-biomass-on-",totalDownloads:2141,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:13,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The solid-state fermentation (SSF) is the best option to produce spores of biological control agents (BCA), because the spores have a long shelf life, compared with the obtained in liquid cultures. The spore production under SSF conditions using polyethylene bioreactors (bag-type) is a new topic. Only little information mainly about bioreactors design and adequate conditions to spore production is available. The main aim of this study was to use the corn cob as substrate in SSF and produce spores of the fungi BCA Trichoderma asperellum in a polyethylene bioreactor. In the process was added biomass of the phytopathogenic fungi Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Phytophthora capsici as inducers of hydrolase enzymes (endoglucanases, exoglucanases and chitinases). It is possible to obtain high levels of spores, cellulases and chitinases using a polyethylene bioreactor under SSF conditions by T. asperellum and corn cob as substrate. Under the SSF conditions evaluated, the biomass of C. gloeosporioides has an inducer effect just on the spore production. However, P. capsici have effect on all response variables evaluated. The spore production was twice when used P. capsici as inducer. The most influential factor under SSF was the moisture. Levels of 66 and 50% of this factor increase the yield in all response variables evaluated (sporulation, cellulases and chitinases), C. gloeosporioides and P. capsici, respectively.",signatures:"Reynaldo De la Cruz-Quiroz, Sevastianos Roussos, Daniel\nHernandez-Castillo, Raúl Rodríguez-Herrera, Lluvia Itzel López-\nLópez, Francisco Castillo and Cristóbal Noé Aguilar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52176",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52176",authors:[{id:"67240",title:"Prof.",name:"Cristobal",surname:"Aguilar",slug:"cristobal-aguilar",fullName:"Cristobal Aguilar"},{id:"76348",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Daniel",surname:"Hernandez Castillo",slug:"francisco-daniel-hernandez-castillo",fullName:"Francisco Daniel Hernandez Castillo"},{id:"183439",title:"Dr.",name:"Raul",surname:"Rodriguez-Herrera",slug:"raul-rodriguez-herrera",fullName:"Raul Rodriguez-Herrera"},{id:"187438",title:"Dr.",name:"Reynaldo",surname:"De La Cruz-Quiroz",slug:"reynaldo-de-la-cruz-quiroz",fullName:"Reynaldo De La Cruz-Quiroz"},{id:"187439",title:"Dr.",name:"Sevastianos",surname:"Roussos",slug:"sevastianos-roussos",fullName:"Sevastianos Roussos"},{id:"187440",title:"Dr.",name:"Lluvia I",surname:"López-López",slug:"lluvia-i-lopez-lopez",fullName:"Lluvia I López-López"},{id:"187441",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",surname:"Castillo",slug:"francisco-castillo",fullName:"Francisco Castillo"}],corrections:null},{id:"51477",title:"Characterization of the Solid-State and Liquid Fermentation for the Production of Laccases of Pleurotus ostreatus",doi:"10.5772/64239",slug:"characterization-of-the-solid-state-and-liquid-fermentation-for-the-production-of-laccases-of-pleuro",totalDownloads:2440,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, the activity and isoenzymes number of laccases of Pleurotus ostreatus grown in solid-state and liquid fermentations are reported. An atypical behavior of this fungus with relation on enzyme production was observed, since the major laccase activity levels were observed in liquid fermentation, whereas the solid-state fermentation has been recognized as better system for enzyme production.",signatures:"Gerardo Díaz-Godínez, Maura Téllez-Téllez, Carmen Sánchez and\nRubén Díaz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51477",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51477",authors:[{id:"177005",title:"Dr.",name:"Gerardo",surname:"Diaz-Godinez",slug:"gerardo-diaz-godinez",fullName:"Gerardo Diaz-Godinez"},{id:"177433",title:"Dr.",name:"Maura",surname:"Tellez-Tellez",slug:"maura-tellez-tellez",fullName:"Maura Tellez-Tellez"},{id:"183876",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmen",surname:"Sanchez",slug:"carmen-sanchez",fullName:"Carmen Sanchez"},{id:"183877",title:"Dr.",name:"Ruben",surname:"Diaz",slug:"ruben-diaz",fullName:"Ruben Diaz"}],corrections:null},{id:"51384",title:"Factors Affecting Rumen Fermentation Using Batch Culture Technique",doi:"10.5772/64207",slug:"factors-affecting-rumen-fermentation-using-batch-culture-technique",totalDownloads:2149,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The method of batch culture has been widely applied to evaluate feed value and screen feed additives. The advantages of using this in vitro technique as compared to in vivo methods are many, including low cost, simplicity, requirement of small quantities of feed or additives and the ability to screen large numbers of samples under similar experimental conditions. However, the number of factors associated with the batch culture could alter fermentation outcomes. This chapter discusses the potential impact of series factors on in vitro fermentation and the considerations on improving application of batch culture in ruminant nutrition. The factors that are discussed include inoculum source, gas-recording methods, substrate particle size, substrate delivery method, ratio of rumen inoculum to buffer in mixture of media and addition of soluble carbohydrate in media. Some recent important results obtained using batch culture technique have been highlighted and discussed. Any particular batch system being accepted as the ‘standard’ procedure seems difficult. However, before any protocol can be adopted, sufficient data need to be developed to reduce the variation and improve the consistence of the measurements.",signatures:"WenZhu Yang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51384",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51384",authors:[{id:"183481",title:"Dr.",name:"WenZhu",surname:"Yang",slug:"wenzhu-yang",fullName:"WenZhu Yang"}],corrections:null},{id:"52695",title:"Kinetic Modeling of 1‐G Ethanol Fermentations",doi:"10.5772/65460",slug:"kinetic-modeling-of-1-g-ethanol-fermentations",totalDownloads:2575,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:9,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The most recent rise in demand for bioethanol, due mainly to economic and environmental issues, has required highly productive and efficient processes. In this sense, mathematical models play an important role in the design, optimization, and control of bioreactors for ethanol production. Such bioreactors are generally modeled by a set of first‐order ordinary differential equations, which are derived from mass and energy balances over bioreactors. Complementary equations have also been included to describe fermentation kinetics, based on Monod equation with additional terms accounting for inhibition effects linked to the substrate, products, and biomass. In this chapter, a reasonable number of unstructured kinetic models of 1‐G ethanol fermentations have been compiled and reviewed. Segregated models, as regards the physiological state of the biomass (cell viability), have also been reviewed, and it was found that some of the analyzed kinetic models are also applied to the modeling of second‐generation ethanol production processes.",signatures:"Samuel C. Oliveira, Dile P. Stremel, Eduardo C. Dechechi and Félix M.\nPereira",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52695",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52695",authors:[{id:"183063",title:"Dr.",name:"Samuel",surname:"Oliveira",slug:"samuel-oliveira",fullName:"Samuel Oliveira"}],corrections:null},{id:"51623",title:"Microbial Population Optimization for Control and Improvement of Dark Hydrogen Fermentation",doi:"10.5772/64208",slug:"microbial-population-optimization-for-control-and-improvement-of-dark-hydrogen-fermentation",totalDownloads:1824,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Dark hydrogen fermentation (DHF) is a process that can achieve two simultaneous objectives: the production of bioenergy and reduction of pollution. Complex microbiological communities containing efficient producers of hydrogen usually carry out the process. Ordinarily, control and operation strategies optimized the process by chemical and physical factors that usually provide only short‐term solutions and adverse effects on microbial properties. Microbial population optimization methods are designed to overcome these problems using knowledge on microbiological aspects, especially regarding optimizing microbial community structure and property. Optimizing microbial community structure and property should be an explicit aim for the (i) design and operation of reactors for DHF process, (ii) creating conditions that select for the stable and productive growth of desired microbes, and (iii) preventing or limiting growth of organisms that would be reducing hydrogen yields. Microbial population optimization could be managed by biostimulization by adding nutrient species specific for their community, bioaugmentation by adding dominant species or efficient hydrogen‐producing bacteria into the system, and online process control for maintaining their community.",signatures:"Sompong O‐Thong",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51623",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51623",authors:[{id:"182533",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sompong",surname:"O-Thong",slug:"sompong-o-thong",fullName:"Sompong O-Thong"}],corrections:null},{id:"52219",title:"Biosensors in Fermentation Applications",doi:"10.5772/65077",slug:"biosensors-in-fermentation-applications",totalDownloads:2080,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Biosensing technology offers new analytic routes to the use and study of fermentations, taking advantage of the high selectivity and sensitivity of the bioactive elements it exploits. Various biosensors had been commercially available today; they provide fermentation processes with convenient, accurate, and cost-effective ways of monitoring for key biochemical parameters. In this chapter, the basic ideas and principles of biosensors, especially applications of the most popular biosensors related to fermentations were highlighted.",signatures:"Jianguo Shi, Derong Feng and Yiwei Li",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52219",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52219",authors:[{id:"187445",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Yiwei",surname:"Li",slug:"yiwei-li",fullName:"Yiwei Li"},{id:"194244",title:"Dr.",name:"Jianguo",surname:"Shi",slug:"jianguo-shi",fullName:"Jianguo Shi"}],corrections:null},{id:"51487",title:"Biogas - Turning Waste into Clean Energy",doi:"10.5772/64262",slug:"biogas-turning-waste-into-clean-energy",totalDownloads:2235,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:10,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Expertise in biogas production using anaerobic digestion (AD) can offer many benefits in addition to being an alternative source of energy. This process involves plant digesters and provides an alternative destination for biomass that would eventually go unutilized and deposited in a trash heap. The application of the appropriate plant digester technology can generate energy, and the gas produced can be used for many purposes, such as water and space heating, lighting, and grain drying. In this context, agro residues are one of the most abundant energy sources available world wide. Nevertheless, the bioconversion of organic matter to biogas is a complex process of AD that involves many reactions among several microorganisms living in a stable community. Microorganisms from many diverse genera of obligate anaerobes and facultative anaerobes constitute these steps, and four groups are recognized to be the most frequent in biogas production plants. These groups, in order of substrate hydrolysis, are hydrolytic, acidogenic, and acetogenic bacteria, followed by the core group, the methanogenic archaea. All together, they compose the operation of a systematized activity with synergistic effects that ensure the stability of the process.",signatures:"Otávio Bravim da Silva, Lucas Silva Carvalho, Gabriela Carneiro de\nAlmeida, Juliana Davies de Oliveira, Talita Souza Carmo and Nádia\nSkorupa Parachin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51487",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51487",authors:[{id:"182512",title:"Prof.",name:"Nádia",surname:"Parachin",slug:"nadia-parachin",fullName:"Nádia Parachin"}],corrections:null},{id:"51512",title:"Production Processes for Monoclonal Antibodies",doi:"10.5772/64263",slug:"production-processes-for-monoclonal-antibodies",totalDownloads:9253,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:11,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Antibodies are glycoprotein structures with immune activity. They are able to identify or induce a neutralizing immune response when they identify foreign bodies such as bacteria, viruses, or tumor cells. Immunoglobulins are produced and secreted by B lymphocytes in response to the presence of antigens. The first monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have emerged from a survey of hybridomas, and nowadays mAbs are produced mostly from cultivations of these cells. Additionally, there are studies and patents using a range of cells and microorganisms engineered for the production of mAbs at commercial scale. For some years, new methodologies have advanced with new production processes, allowing scale-up production and market introduction. Large-scale production has revolutionized the market for monoclonal antibodies by boosting its production and becoming a more practical method of production. Production techniques have only had a sizable breakthrough due to molecular techniques. Various systems of production are used, including animal cells, microorganisms, plants, and mammary glands. All of these require the technological development of production process such as a stirrer, a wave bioreactor, and roller bottles.",signatures:"Lucas Silva Carvalho, Otávio Bravim da Silva, Gabriela Carneiro de\nAlmeida, Juliana Davies de Oliveira, Nadia Skorupa Parachin and\nTalita Souza Carmo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51512",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51512",authors:[{id:"182512",title:"Prof.",name:"Nádia",surname:"Parachin",slug:"nadia-parachin",fullName:"Nádia Parachin"},{id:"183188",title:"Prof.",name:"Talita",surname:"Carmo",slug:"talita-carmo",fullName:"Talita Carmo"},{id:"187912",title:"MSc.",name:"Lucas",surname:"Silva Carvalho",slug:"lucas-silva-carvalho",fullName:"Lucas Silva Carvalho"},{id:"187913",title:"MSc.",name:"Otávio",surname:"Bravim Da Silva",slug:"otavio-bravim-da-silva",fullName:"Otávio Bravim Da Silva"},{id:"187914",title:"BSc.",name:"Gabriela",surname:"Carneiro De Almeida",slug:"gabriela-carneiro-de-almeida",fullName:"Gabriela Carneiro De Almeida"},{id:"187916",title:"Dr.",name:"Juliana",surname:"Davies Oliveira",slug:"juliana-davies-oliveira",fullName:"Juliana Davies Oliveira"}],corrections:null},{id:"51664",title:"Production of Lipopeptides by Fermentation Processes: Endophytic Bacteria, Fermentation Strategies and Easy Methods for Bacterial Selection",doi:"10.5772/64236",slug:"production-of-lipopeptides-by-fermentation-processes-endophytic-bacteria-fermentation-strategies-and",totalDownloads:3447,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:22,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Lipopeptides constitute an important class of microbial secondary metabolites. Some lipopeptides have potent therapeutic activities such as antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antitumor and immunomodulator. Surfactin, iturin, fengycin, lichenysin and bacillomycin D from Bacillus species, daptomycin from Streptomyces roseosporus and rhamnolipids from Pseudomonas aeruginosa are among the most studied lipopeptides. These molecules are good candidates to replace those antibiotics and antifungals with no effect on pathogenic microorganisms. Microbial lipopeptides are produced via fermentation processes by bacteria, yeast and actinomycetes either on water miscible and immiscible substrates. However, the major bottlenecks in lipopeptide production are yield increase and cost reduction. Improving the bioindustrial production processes relies on many issues such as selecting hyperproducing strains and the appropriate extraction techniques; purification and identification by Polymerase Chain Reaction(PCR), High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry(HPLC-MS), Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight-Mass Spectrometry(MALDI-TOF-MS); the use of cheap raw materials and the optimization of medium-culture conditions. The purpose of this chapter is to orient the reader on the key elements in this field, including the selection of analytical strategies to get a good microbial strain as well as to show some examples of liquid and solid-state low-cost fermentation processes. Last, we introduce endophytic bacteria as lipopeptide-producer candidates.",signatures:"Esteban Beltran-Gracia, Gloria Macedo-Raygoza, Juan Villafaña-\nRojas, America Martinez-Rodriguez, Yur Yenova Chavez-Castrillon,\nFroylan M. Espinosa-Escalante, Paolo Di Mascio, Tetsuya Ogura and\nMiguel J. Beltran-Garcia",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51664",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51664",authors:[{id:"183720",title:"Prof.",name:"Miguel J.",surname:"Beltran-Garcia",slug:"miguel-j.-beltran-garcia",fullName:"Miguel J. Beltran-Garcia"},{id:"183818",title:"Mr.",name:"Esteban",surname:"Beltran-Gracia",slug:"esteban-beltran-gracia",fullName:"Esteban Beltran-Gracia"},{id:"183819",title:"MSc.",name:"Gloria",surname:"Macedo-Raygoza",slug:"gloria-macedo-raygoza",fullName:"Gloria Macedo-Raygoza"},{id:"183820",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",surname:"Villafaña-Rojas",slug:"juan-villafana-rojas",fullName:"Juan Villafaña-Rojas"},{id:"183821",title:"BSc.",name:"America",surname:"Martinez-Rodriguez",slug:"america-martinez-rodriguez",fullName:"America Martinez-Rodriguez"},{id:"183822",title:"Dr.",name:"Tetsuya",surname:"Ogura",slug:"tetsuya-ogura",fullName:"Tetsuya Ogura"},{id:"183823",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",surname:"Di Mascio",slug:"paolo-di-mascio",fullName:"Paolo Di Mascio"},{id:"187724",title:"Ms.",name:"Yur Yenova",surname:"Chavez-Castrillon",slug:"yur-yenova-chavez-castrillon",fullName:"Yur Yenova Chavez-Castrillon"},{id:"187725",title:"Dr.",name:"Froylan M.",surname:"Espinosa-Escalante",slug:"froylan-m.-espinosa-escalante",fullName:"Froylan M. Espinosa-Escalante"}],corrections:null},{id:"52650",title:"Lactic Acid Bacteria and Fermentation of Cereals and Pseudocereals",doi:"10.5772/65459",slug:"lactic-acid-bacteria-and-fermentation-of-cereals-and-pseudocereals",totalDownloads:2875,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:20,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The usage of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in food as starters in fermentation technologies has a long tradition. Although the theorized idea of host‐friendly bacteria found in yoghurt has been formulated only over a century ago, both groups are widely used nowadays. Lactic acid bacteria alone or with special adjunct probiotic strains are inevitable for the preparation of various specific fermented and probiotic foods. Moreover, because of their growth and metabolism, the final products are preserved for a certain time. Growth dynamics of probiotic LAB and Fresco DVS 1010 in milk‐ and water‐based maize mashes with sucrose or flavours (chocolate, caramel and vanilla) were evaluated in this study. Although milk is typical growth medium for the LAB growth, observed strains showed sufficient growth in each of prepared mashes as well as they were able to maintain their content above 106 CFU ml-1 during storage period (6°C/21 d). Designed flavoured mashes were acceptable from the microbiological point of view, but according to the sensory evaluation they were provided with an attractive overall acceptability and are adequate alternative for celiac patients, people suffering from milk protein allergies or lactose intolerance.",signatures:"Denisa Liptáková, Zuzana Matejčeková and Ľubomír Valík",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52650",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52650",authors:[{id:"139980",title:"Prof.",name:"Ľubomír",surname:"Valík",slug:"lubomir-valik",fullName:"Ľubomír Valík"},{id:"187207",title:"Dr.",name:"Denisa",surname:"Liptáková",slug:"denisa-liptakova",fullName:"Denisa Liptáková"},{id:"187208",title:"MSc.",name:"Zuzana",surname:"Matejčeková",slug:"zuzana-matejcekova",fullName:"Zuzana Matejčeková"}],corrections:null},{id:"51476",title:"Solid-State Culture for Lignocellulases Production",doi:"10.5772/64237",slug:"solid-state-culture-for-lignocellulases-production",totalDownloads:1662,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Aspergillus sp. and Trametes versicolor solid-state monocultures produced high titers of xylanases and laccases activities (4617 ± 38 and 2759 ± 30 U/gsubstrate, respectively). Fungal biomass was quantified by estimating the ergosterol content of the mycelium, and by a simple material balance the corresponding residual substrate was obtained. Fungal growth and substrate consumption rates showed different behavior for these monocultures (μ = 0.03 and 0.11 h−1; rs = − 0.04 and − 0.0006 gsubstrate/h, respectively). In this case, xylanases production was directly linked to the growth, while laccases were produced during both growth and maintenance phases. Besides xylanases (42% of total Aspergillus enzyme), high titers of cellulases (15%), amylases (34%), and invertases (9%), as well as lignin and manganese peroxidases (10 and 24% of the total Trametes enzyme), were produced on the corresponding monocultures. When both fungi were used in a coculture mode, xylanases and laccases production decreased (around 85 and 70%), and the proportion of the hydrolases and oxidases changed. This suggested the need for most careful coculture design, in order to produce both enzymatic activities simultaneously even though the enzymatic extracts obtained by mono- or cocultures can be applied in several bioprocesses.",signatures:"Ulises Durán Hinojosa, Leticia Soto Vázquez, Isabel de la Luz\nMembrillo Venegas, Mayola García Rivero, Gabriela Zafra Jiménez,\nSergio Esteban Vigueras Carmona and María Aurora Martínez\nTrujillo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51476",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51476",authors:[{id:"183816",title:"Dr.",name:"María Aurora",surname:"Martínez Trujillo",slug:"maria-aurora-martinez-trujillo",fullName:"María Aurora Martínez Trujillo"},{id:"187300",title:"Dr.",name:"Ulises",surname:"Durán Hinojosa",slug:"ulises-duran-hinojosa",fullName:"Ulises Durán Hinojosa"},{id:"187301",title:"MSc.",name:"Leticia",surname:"Soto Vázquez",slug:"leticia-soto-vazquez",fullName:"Leticia Soto Vázquez"},{id:"187302",title:"Dr.",name:"Isabel De La Luz",surname:"Membrillo Venegas",slug:"isabel-de-la-luz-membrillo-venegas",fullName:"Isabel De La Luz Membrillo Venegas"},{id:"187303",title:"Dr.",name:"Mayola",surname:"García Rivero",slug:"mayola-garcia-rivero",fullName:"Mayola García Rivero"},{id:"187304",title:"MSc.",name:"Gabriela",surname:"Zafra Jiménez",slug:"gabriela-zafra-jimenez",fullName:"Gabriela Zafra Jiménez"},{id:"187305",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergio Esteban",surname:"Vigueras Carmona",slug:"sergio-esteban-vigueras-carmona",fullName:"Sergio Esteban Vigueras Carmona"}],corrections:null},{id:"51769",title:"Anaerobic Digestion: I. A Common Process Ensuring Energy Flow and the Circulation of Matter in Ecosystems. II. A Tool for the Production of Gaseous Biofuels",doi:"10.5772/64645",slug:"anaerobic-digestion-i-a-common-process-ensuring-energy-flow-and-the-circulation-of-matter-in-ecosyst",totalDownloads:3421,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:29,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Anaerobic digestion, a process that ultimately generates methane and carbon dioxide, is common in natural anoxic ecosystems where concentrations of electron acceptors such as nitrate, the oxidized forms of metals and sulphate are low. It also occurs in landfill sites and wastewater treatment plants. The general scheme of anaerobic digestion is well known and comprises four major steps: (i) hydrolysis of complex organic polymers to monomers; (ii) acidogenesis that results in the formation of hydrogen and carbon dioxide as well as non-gaseous fermentation products that are further oxidized to hydrogen, carbon dioxide and acetate in (iii) acetogenesis based on syntrophic metabolism and (iv) methanogenesis. Approaches to the analysis of methane-yielding microbial communities and data acquisition are described. There is currently great interest in the development of new technologies for the production of biogas (primarily methane) from anaerobic digestion as a source of renewable energy. This includes the modernization of landfill sites and wastewater treatment plants and the construction of biogas plants. Moreover, research effort is being devoted to the idea of separating hydrolysis and acidogenesis from acetogenesis and methanogenesis under controlled conditions to favour biohydrogen and biomethane production, respectively. These two stages occur under different conditions and are carried out in separate bioreactors.",signatures:"Anna Sikora, Anna Detman, Aleksandra Chojnacka and Mieczysław\nK. Błaszczyk",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51769",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51769",authors:[{id:"146985",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",surname:"Sikora",slug:"anna-sikora",fullName:"Anna Sikora"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. 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\r\n\tThe number of people is rising steadily and the human impact on the environment is approaching its critical level, requiring ultimate effort to reduce the footprint on the surrounding environment. To make justified and timely decisions for sustainable existence, reliable and detailed information about environmental parameters is inevitable.
\r\n\tWe need such information of the environmental indicators day and night, from the crowded cities and the most remote locations. Therefore the study, development, and application of automated sensing systems have been booming during the last decades and the progress in this field is really fast.
\r\n\tThe current book intends to provide the reader with the most recent trends in the development of sensing technologies for environmental control and monitoring, application of these novel technologies for the detection and monitoring of different environmental indicators, but also identification of hazardous chemical compounds and pathogens, and to introduce various aspects of using the online sensing data for decision-making in different fields of social life.
\r\n\t
In the last years, cyberattacks are a constant threat to organizations. The companies and public offices have taken some cybersecurity precautions to strengthen security within the information technology field. The cybersecurity (CS) industry increases every year both the employment chances and the requirements at staff working in this field and at education. Despite the improvement of cybersecurity techniques, criminals have developed sophisticated ways to disrupt systems and steal data particularly in organizations. The need to prepare people and organizations for cyberattacks is very important. According to Cisco’s 2017 Annual Cybersecurity Report (https://engage2demand.cisco.com/en-us-annual-cybersecurity-report-2017), more than one-third of the organizations that experienced a cyber breach in 2016 reported a loss of customers, business opportunities, and revenue.
In January 2013, cybersecurity strategy has been prepared by the European Commission to take precautions against the cyberattacks, which are performed, continuously to companies, public offices, and other strategically important offices.
The
There is no more literature about communication in case of a cyberattack being a recent and difficult topic. The authors presented besides their opinions the practical experience of consultants in the field of cybersecurity. The scope of the chapter is to help organizations and employees particularly CSPs to develop communication plans and to integrate them in their CS plans. Discussions with organizations within projects showed this necessity. The results will be integrated in curriculum of cybersecurity from VET and HE students who prepare CS field in the countries of partners of the project cybersecurity described shortly in this chapter. The topic of communication in CS is missing in the existing curriculum. The chapter is organized as follows:
In Part II of this chapter, some notions of CS and CS strategy are presented as well as the problems, which organizations have when cyberattacks came, and the role of CSPs.
In Part III, issues for planning a CS communication strategy are given, based on the experience of practical experts in this domain.
Part IV is dedicated to the methods for an efficient communication and its integration into CS strategy of the company. The scope is not to develop theoretical methods but to give practical help to the organizations in case of cyberattack and students who prepare in CS.
An example of the current European project Cyber Security about CS with partners from education and industry from seven European countries is given in Part V. The project aims to develop measures to improve the training of future CSPs and CS knowledge of organizations in developing suitable CS strategies including communication as an important part.
The scope of this chapter is on the one hand to discuss with academics who work in the field of communication and CS and with students to find new scientific methods in this relative new domain based on some practical experience; on the other hand, the authors would like to help organizations and employees particularly CSPs to develop communication plans and to integrate them in their CS plans. The authors have experience in cloud computing and work in project about CS. It is planned that research and project results will be integrated in curriculum of cybersecurity from VET and HE students.
Information security (IS) and cybersecurity (CS) are very closely related terms and are used sometimes interchangeably. Richard Kissel gave the following definitions (https://www.quora.com/Whats-the-difference-between-cyber-security-and-information-security): Information security—IS is the protection of information and information systems from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, or destruction in order to provide confidentiality, integrity, and availability. It is a broader field that is concerned with information and the protection of information whether be it physical or computerized [1].
Cybersecurity—CS is defined as the ability to protect or defend the use of cyberspace from cyberattacks. It deals with protection of cyberspace and use of it against any sort of crime. Confusion about terms is because most of the information today is saved electronically and most of the cyberattacks are executed to disclose confidential information, harm the integrity of it, or deny access to authorized users [2, 3, 4].
The information threats that do not involve cyberspace come under information security but
Referring to the design of a cybersecurity process and strategy, first it is important to correctly identify the goods and the resources, which must be protected, so that the scope of the security necessary for an efficient protection is precisely determined. This requires a global approach of security that must be multidisciplinary and comprehensive.
The elaboration of a cybersecurity strategy is necessary first due to the society’s dependence on cyberspace, so that that security, resilience, and trust in information and communication field represent a problem of national interest. Secondly, economic role and possibilities of information and communication technologies and the intention to maximize benefits and exploit their opportunities are great [5].
Cybernetic attacks, especially committed against critical information infrastructure, could represent a threat to the national security and so cybersecurity strategies are related to security and national defense strategies. A cybersecurity strategy is necessary for the protection of confidentiality, integrity, and availability of data and information systems, to enhance security, resilience, authenticity, and trust in the field of information and communication technology [6, 7].
Almost in all countries, not only cybersecurity (CS) techniques have improved in organizations, but also criminals improved their ways to disrupt systems and steal data of persons and particularly in organizations. The need that organizations and employees are prepared for cyberattacks is very important.
In order to avoid decisions that could negatively affect organization reputation, a comprehensive and strategic crisis communications plan is necessary [8].
A communication plan requires a collective work, with the right roadmap and tasks not too daunting. One way recommended by Josh Merkin is to inspire from an old journalism trick and use the 5Ws: who, what, when, where, and why (http://www.odwyerpr.com/story/public/9215/2017-08-09/communications-plan-for-cybersecurity-breaches.html).
The second important aspect is in case of a cyberattack; immediate decisions with potentially significant impacts will need to be made. So, activities outlined in the plan should be implemented quickly.
Within the planning process, it is important to determine who the key decision-makers are, how will they work when the time comes, and who is taking specific tasks.
In the third aspects, stakeholders including employees, clients, and possibly media, professional associations, law enforcement, and even government entities should be contacted.
Questions should be answered, i.e., if the attack was the result of an employee or software error, how much data was compromised and by whom? Some such scenarios could be written in advance, and it is beneficial to have all the key decision-makers involved in the development process (http://www.odwyerpr.com/story/public/9215/2017-08-09/communications-plan-for-cybersecurity-breaches.html).
One particular role has the CSPs so it is expected that CSPs contribute to the development and application of a Telic communication plan for a worst-case scenario.
Multiple communication methods and channels can be affected in case of a cyberattack like own phone and voice mail system if they are VOIP-based, company phone system, company website (if it is hosted in-house), connections with customers, employees, the public, and the media
In case that the core network is compromised, every computer becomes a stand-alone machine with no access to company record. Employee contact information, vendor lists, or other key phone lists could be unreachable.
Besides a communication/response plan, some issues in connection with the IT infrastructure shall be regarded; affirm Nick Hawkins from EMEA.
Who needs to be included in an IT response plan?
IT security responsible: should fix the issues and if the organization does not have a security team, employees must be assigned to be responsible for a response plan in case of a crisis.
Incident team to coordinate the response, i.e., who should be contacted to define an escalation point.
Legal counsel is necessary, i.e., if customer credit card details are stolen.
Who are the stakeholders?
Many stakeholders should be considered:
C-Level executives
Media relation department for messaging and informing customers about the incident and the press
Customer services to prepare for incoming enquiries
Employees to be kept up to date throughout the process to be prepared for calls from customers and the press
Customers to be informed in real time about data breach
In case of a cyberattack, the cooperative work and communication between the departments are very important in order to make sure that all security measures are aplite. The IT department should communicate with the chief information security officer (CISO)—who is a senior-level executive with duties including developing the company’s information security architecture to best protect its systems and assets. In the following there are some true stories presented by Brad Berney (http://blog.securitymetrics.com/2015/03/internal-communication-for-it-security.html).
The head of the customer has to speak with the director of development when a customer found a security bug in their website (true story).
In case of an attack, the head has to action if the department is affected by lack of interdependent communication and customers whose data was stolen by a hacker due to such communication debacle.
In the following, some aspects will be presented to avoid communication problems within an organization. The first one refers to:
“It is possible that the poor communication culture from other companies gets thrown in the mix when employees are hired on from the outside. If an IT department hires three new employees from three very different technology companies, each will have a different expectation of how their team should operate” said Brad Berney (http://blog.securitymetrics.com/2015/03/internal-communication-for-it-security.html).
It is possible that industry branches in companies with the similar industry profile used different terms to describe it, and so some tension could appear.
Bad communication could determine loosing of skill employees than being demotivated.
Right communication involves also internal meeting where the employees can talk to each other about the cybersecurity problems. Sometimes, in the internal meeting, other goals have a priority, or the CSPs have no idea which is the right strategy.
Demotivated employees doing bad communication are at risk to leave the company. Brad Berney shows some such problems in a demotivating environment: “Nobody even cares about security around here (…) nobody even likes me in this company (…) nobody even asked me for that security report last month.” (http://blog.securitymetrics.com/2015/03/internal-communication-for-it-security.html).
Brad Berney discussed with some unhappy CSPs and other employees and the firm that salary does not always play a role to motivate them for work, but they consider company culture and team communication as keys to success and happiness. A better and sure work environment is a good point to be happy.
Missing communication and company’s diminishing security, particularly cybersecurity, are important factors often.
Berney told that on an audit he conducted, a company supervisor and he were confused why logs from the IDS/IPS are not being checked. When he asked, the IT employee simply stated “The alerts from the IDS were noisy, so I turned them off.”
In the following we present some methods to improve communication in CS:
“Don’t let employee training fall to the side of data security” said David Page, Security Analyst, QSA (https://de.search.com/web?q=microsoft+onlineportal&qo=serpSearchBox&qsrc=1).
Cybersecurity does not refer only to locks, firewalls, and the latest technology to protect employee’s sensitive data but also their vulnerability.
Employees make mistake and hackers take advantage to access to data. Many cyberattacks and destroying of data happen because of unintentional employee actions which make organization business vulnerable i.e., by clicking a phishing email that downloads malware and gives sensitive information to someone or using non-protective passwords.
One common problem is that a cybersecurity strategy and security policies in an organization are requiring the employees who are not aware of them, i.e., to be informed about contained policy about on what to do if a cyberattack is supposed. In this case the employees could make an error or waste time in reporting it to the right people, potentially causing more damage for the organization [9].
Another problem is
Social engineering refers to the techniques used to exploit human vulnerability to bypass security systems to gather information. Social engineering attacks imply interaction with other individuals, indicating also psychological and ethical aspects. About social engineering (SE), there are many differing opinions [11, 12].
Social engineering:
Is known as human hacking
Refers to the use of human error or weakness to gain access to any system despite the layers of defensive security controls that have been implemented via software or hardware
Is the art of tricking employees and consumers into disclosing their credentials and then using them to gain access to networks or accounts
The problem with social engineering is that it targets employees specifically. If employees are not trained to recognize social engineering tactics, they could be vulnerable to a data breach. A moral of urgency should be trained in employees within CS strategies.
It is important to train employees on basic CS best practices, because problems like email phishing scans and social engineering can affect each employee in the organization. Employees with access to sensitive data should learn how to protect it.
Some topics for training could be:
(https://de.search.com/web?q=microsoft+onlineportal&qo=serpSearchBox&qsrc=1)
Technology use
Password management
Data handling procedures
Incident response plans
Data security best practices
Social engineering techniques
Regarding communication and meetings, it is not enough to hold yearly meetings because employees have to be aware to prioritize cybersecurity aspects in their daily activities. Some tips given by David Page are as follows:
(https://de.search.com/web?q=microsoft+onlineportal&qo=serpSearchBox&qsrc=1)
Set monthly training meetings: focus each month on a different aspect of cybersecurity, such as passwords, social engineering, e-mail phishing, etc.
Give frequent reminders: these could be sent out in an email or newsletter that includes tips for employees.
Train employees on new policies ASAP: also, newly hired employees should be trained on policies as quickly as possible.
Make training materials easily available: intranet sites are a great way to provide access to training and policy information
Create incentives: reward employees for being proactive.
Through an active communication, all employees should understand that they have an important role in keeping business’s data secure. Training of employees should be a top priority in each CS strategy.
Communication, also within CS, is a complex problem, and not each step can be defined before, but some aspects could be considered:
Department directors and CEOs should recognize a poor internal communication about CS.
Define training with some topics like:
The problem itself
How the problem is damaging company, employees, and customers
Clearly define process how communication should happen
What to do if feelings have been hurt
How complaints can be brought up
Hold interdepartmental “need” meetings focused on discussing what each department needs from the other, including timelines, milestones, and goals.
Address hurt feelings—Everyone has their own view on how certain issues should be handled.
Tell employees why—Sometimes employees just want to know “why” of things. Why are we buying this product? Why did not we buy the product I researched and suggested? Why did not we implement this solution? Why? When employees do not get answers to their “why’s,” they decide to make matters into their own hands. And, that’s when security and process problems start. Remember, employees have the keys to the kingdom. You rarely hold anything other than the check book. Answer those employee questions as quickly and succinctly as possible.
Start fun communication exercises.
The
Many CSPs believe that their organizations’ security controls do not provide adequate protection against advanced cyberattacks, according to more than 5000 IT professionals from 15 countries including the USA. They affirm that executives do not put effective security controls in place and do not evaluate a data breach with financial loss. This is also the conclusion of a study conducted, also by the Ponemon Institute (https://www.ponemon.org/data-security), that the majority of CSPs professionals fail to communicate security risks effectively to upper management.
These reports show that along with managing and developing response plans against emerging security threats, cybersecurity professionals also need to inform upper management about the seriousness of security threats and convincing them to allocate adequate resources to protect against data breaches.
According to a study sponsored by HP Enterprise Security Products (http://www8.hp.com/us/en/hp-news/press-release.html?id=1571359), 30% of the cost of a data breach was due to business disruption or lost productivity. The study found that companies that invest in adequate resources develop communication plans, define a high-level security leader, and employ CSPs who have costs lower than companies that have not implemented these practices.
Some ideas are how the communication between CSPs and executives can be seen in the 2014 Websense-Ponemon report (https://de.search.com/web?q=microsoftonlineportal+login&qo=serpSearchBox&qsrc=1). The report found several key reasons why communication between executives and CSPs is so ineffective.
Security discussions occur at a low level and are rarely brought to executive’s attention. Sometimes, CSPs warnings are too technical in nature and do not translate the threats into easy-to-understand language. Criticisms of existing practices are often filtered out before being presented to management.
Some helpful aspects:
Ensure that cross-functional teams can communicate effectively and that awareness of these risks spread. People in engineering, sales, and marketing departments also need to be aware of security risks.
CSPs must turn technical details of security risks into information that can be easily understood by upper management.
CSPs should address these issues directly with the CEO and executive team broughing directly their attention and not be filtered out by intermediate players.
As more data moves into the cloud and across other devices, companies face a greater risk of losing sensitive information to attackers or unauthorized users. According to Lobley (https://www.linkedin.com/in/colinlobley/), too many businesses fail to set quantitative parameters for risk (risk appetite) instead, to align the language.
In a real-world example, Lobley worked with a client outside the tech sector. When he asked frontline staff how the business was impacted from an incident that caused the IT system to go offline for 2 hours, the response was simply “not a lot.” Upon talking to management, however, it soon became apparent that the company had exposed itself to significant risk.
An IT-oriented communication platform can be used for the following:
Employee information: pushing information to employees about the company status and messaging
Conference bridges: using Toll-free conference bridges for employee, vendor, senior management, board of directors, and other key stakeholder phone calls
Stakeholder groups: using predefined groups that had been created for key stakeholders to push information via phone, text, or email
Cloud computing “is a model for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction” (NIST definition). Cloud computing enables companies to use resources as a utility rather than having to build and maintain computing infrastructures in-house [13, 14, 15].
Most organizations trust on internal email to communicate in the event of a crisis, even though a cyberattack might impact the email network. In doing so, organizations are exacerbating the problem and potentially providing hackers with critical company information.
By having a system that operates entirely independent of an internal communications network, organizations can ensure that the bilateral lines of communication between management and staff remain open—even in the event of a cyberattack or IT outage that may compromise an internal network or a rush of calls which may overload a telecommunication network.
The benefits of selecting to use a cloud-based platform in the event of crisis are twofold. Firstly, they allow for location-mapping functions to be easily installed on employee’s smartphones, meaning that business’ can receive regular alerts and updates on their employee’s last known locations. This wealth of data is then readily accessible should a crisis develops, ensuring that management is not only able to locate all of their staff but are also able to coordinate a more effective response, prioritizing and deploying resources to help those employees who are deemed to be at risk. Without this location-mapping function, businesses are being forced to rely solely on traditional routes of communication to find out if their staff are in.
Organizations with crisis management plans that include using a cloud-based location-mapping device are instantly able to know that Employee A is out of the impact zone and safe, while Employee B is at the epicenter of the crisis and likely to be in danger, making communication with them the top priority.
The second advantage to implementing secure, cloud-based communication platforms into a business’ emergency communications plan is that it enables users to quickly and reliably send secure messages to all members of staff, individual employees, and specific target groups of people. These crisis notifications are sent out through multiple contact paths which include SMS messaging, emails, VOIP calls, voice-to-text alerts, app notifications, and many more. In fact, with cloud-based software installed on an employee’s smartphone, there are more than 100 different contact paths that management can use to communicate and send secure messages to their workforce, wherever they may be in the world. This is a crucial area where cloud-based platforms have an advantage over other forms of crisis communication tools; unlike the SMS blasters of the past, emergency notifications are not only sent out across all available channels and contact paths but also continue to be sent out until the recipient acknowledges them.
The European project Cyber Security (www.cybersecurityplus.org) with partners from education, research, and industry/business supports the European Cybersecurity Strategy.
The seven partner countries of the project are preoccupied to develop a strong strategy which is the sum of all national and international measures taken to protect the availability of information and communications technology and the integrity, authenticity, and confidentiality of data in cyberspace [16].
One difficult aspect is the preparation of future CSPs. Referring to cybersecurity education particularly in VET, the project partner countries like Germany do not have any body responsible for educational and professional training programs for raising awareness with the general public, promoting CS courses and communication in CS. There are no CS courses in vocational schools; this is a gap in the present, nor is a cybersecurity discipline included in the curricula of professional courses. So, one of the objectives of Erasmus + project Cybersecurity is to disseminate cybersecurity issues in formal and nonformal education and organizations, and fostering the development and skills of teachers, trainers, and CSPs will contribute to create a CS culture and communication strategies in organizations.
Through short research in European practices and education, development of a curriculum in cybersecurity education including communication strategies; organizing seminars and conferences in VET, HE, and other organizations; and development and distribution of a book about cybersecurity, including a chapter about communication the project will contribute in improving knowledge and skills of people in avoiding cyberattacks. The cooperation with the industry assures a practical character of the project outcomes [16, 17].
A workshop with academics, students, and representatives of the organization having the main topics (communication within cyberattacks) will be held this year in Gelsenkirchen, Germany.
A platform for communication and training will be also developed, and cloud computing will be used for a pilot environment.
The CS environment is rapidly changing. Cyberattacks are on the rise by using advanced technological means and are interesting because businesses use more technology. There are needs for rapid shifts in business strategies to adapt to other changes due to CS risks which change in scope and potential impact quickly. Organizations need to have the tools prepared to be able to communicate and recover quickly in the event of a crisis. The severity of a cyberattack and its impact depends on these factors.
Consequently, particularly CSPs must be prepared to communicate effectively in this challenging environment, using the best communication means and data for the right audience at the right time. The consequences of ineffective communication, resulting in misunderstanding security risks, can be catastrophic. Having a plan and understanding the business objectives, the stakeholders, their needs, and the risks themselves will help the CSPs to provide a clear, relevant message. It is important to ensure that communication is addressed to the right stakeholder group and then to verify that it has been understood.
The severity of a cyberattack and its impact depends on these factors. Critical communication platforms, a communication culture, corresponding training support in case of a breach to limit downtime and damage are important issues for further research of the authors. Students could learn how to develop an efficient, well-practiced incident response plan which can minimize cyberattacks damages.
The paper describes objectives and outputs of the European Erasmus+ project Cybersecurity.
This paper discusses the implications of climate change in Indonesia and discusses the challenges to and opportunities for climate change mitigation and adaptation within Indonesia.
It is widely known that one of the reasons for climate change is global warming which is marked by an increase in air temperature. Climate change is associated with increased atmospheric temperature caused by the “Green House Effect” which occurs due to the increase in green house gases (GHG) in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of the gases that causes global warming. According to the IPCC [1], the average temperature of the earth’s surface over the past century has increased by 1.30 F. The presence of CO2 is related to the condition of forests in an area. The trees that make up forests of various types and growth rates, known as forest structure and composition, have a role in storing CO2. Forests are dominated by vegetation that has chlorophyll which functions in the photosynthesis process by requiring light energy, water and CO2 to form carbohydrates. Thus the forest will absorb carbon from the air and accumulate in the plant body in the form of stems, branches, twigs, leaves, flowers, fruit and roots and soil. In general, this process is known as Carbon Sequestration [2, 3]. Thus the forest can function as a carbon sink. Therefore, well-well-maintained forests can increase carbon sequestration or reduce the amount of carbon in the atmosphere. In addition, by expanding the forest area, of course, its ability to absorb carbon will be higher. The development of various ecosystems over millions of years has resulted in certain patterns of carbon flow in global ecosystems. However, human (anthropogenic) activities in the use of fossil fuels, conversion of forest land and others have resulted in changes in the exchange of carbon in the atmosphere, land and marine ecosystems. As a result of these activities, there was an increase in the concentration of CO2 into the atmosphere by 28% from the CO2 concentration that occurred more than 150 years ago.
Indonesia’s swamplands, which are around 33 million ha, 20.6 million ha of which are peatlands. Most of the peatlands are spread across three major islands, namely Sumatra (35%), Kalimantan (32%), Papua (30%), Sulawesi (3%), and the rest (3%) is spread over a narrow area [4]. The role of peatland is important because it has a high carbon sequestration and is a natural resource that has a hydrorological function. The existing peatlands need to be protected from fire. Because if a fire occurs in the peat forest, it will cause large CO2 emissions and the resulting smoke will disrupt airlines and cause shortness of breath, etc. Peatlands play a major role in the development of agriculture, oil palm plantations or industrial plantations. For this reason, peatlands are managed with the principle of sustainable peatland management so that they can minimize environmental damage. Apart from peatlands, there are also mangrove forests that are found on the coast of the Indonesian archipelago which have a high carbon content known as blue carbon.
Peatlands planted with oil palm and acacia function as a carbon sequester through the photosynthetic process and carbon is stored as plant biomass. The carbon tethering process through the photosynthesis process is able to offset the loss of carbon stocks in the soil which are oxidized to CO2 gas emissions. However, if the expansion of oil palm plantations is excessive to the point where many natural forests are converted, it will have a negative impact on the biodiversity of the peatlands. The existing mangrove forests have also suffered a lot of damage because the area is used for the construction of ponds, excessive mangrove wood extraction and the large number of mangrove forests that have turned into settlements in coastal areas. The area of mangrove forests in Indonesia reaches 3.49 million ha but 52% or 1.82 million ha is in a damaged condition [5].
Carbon emissions from forest land including peat and mangrove forests generally fluctuate depending on many factors including climate, soil and hydrology. Environmental factors that greatly influence the amount of carbon emissions, especially from peatlands, are temperature, soil moisture and electrical conductivity (EC) [6]. These three factors fluctuate greatly from day to day depending on climatic and hydrological factors, resulting in high fluctuations in carbon emissions [7, 8]. High carbon content in natural and plantation forests is usually found in forests where the potential for wood or wood volume unit (m3/ha) is also very high. Therefore, if an area is only used for seasonal plant development, of course the carbon content is low. The lowest carbon content is when forest land has been converted into urban areas with the development of housing, markets, offices, development of road networks and infrastructure. Even with the construction of urban areas with various tall buildings, it has triggered the emergence of a heat island. One of the safety valves so that forest areas can maintain carbon content is the application of the agroforestry system. This system is a cultivation in an area with a mixture of perennials and seasonal plants.
In an effort to increase the prosperity of a country, a lot of forest is transferred to other uses such as the development of oil palm plantations, agricultural land, livestock grazing and urban expansion etc. In fact, many agricultural lands have changed their function into settlements. If this happens, the forest area will continue to decrease again because after the agricultural land has turned into residential land, the forest land is converted again for agricultural expansion, this happens continuously. In other words, deforestation and forest degradation have triggered climate change.
If viewed from the CO2 flux, there will also be changes in the basic CO2 flux from forest land, plantation land, agriculture and urban areas. It is certain and inevitable that the forest area will decrease and be used for non-forestry development. One of the reasons is the increase in population which is difficult to control every year. Thus, changing a forest area to non-forest will have an impact on the lack of carbon sequestration as shown in Figure 1.
The lower carbon sequestration of forest to non-forest areas. (a) Forests: very high carbon sequestration, (b) Agroforestry: high carbon sequestration, (c) Agricultural crops: low carbon sequestration, (d) Cities with infrastructure: very low carbon sequestration.
The conversion of forest land to non-forest land actually occurs as a result of economic motivation. For example, more forest land will be converted into oil palm plantations if the results of oil palm management turn out to be more profitable from an economic perspective. Therefore, forest management must endeavor to be able to generate more tangible benefits from non-forest uses.
Indonesian oil palm plantations have grown rapidly in large parts of Indonesia. Sumatra and Kalimantan are two large islands which are the main centers of oil palm plantations in Indonesia. About 90% of oil palm plantations in Indonesia are located on these two oil palm islands, and the two islands produce 95% of Indonesia’s crude palm oil (CPO) production. In the period 1990–2015, there was a revolution in the exploitation of oil palm plantations in Indonesia, which was marked by the rapid growth and development of smallholder plantations, namely 24% per year during 1990–2015. During this period, the forest land changed into oil palm plantations. This marks the end of the logging era and the drastic reduction of the plywood industry. The Ministry of Forestry has revoked many HPH licenses and an increasing number of plywood industries have closed due to a shortage of log raw materials. So in addition to the development of oil palm plantations, it is also planting industrial tree plantations which encourage the construction of pulp and paper mills. The area of Indonesian oil palm plantations in 2015 reached 11.3 million ha [9]. In 2017 it has reached 16 million ha. The largest proportion of oil palm plantations is smallholder plantations 53%, large private plantations 42%, and state plantations 5%. The rapid development of the palm oil industry has attracted the attention of the world community, particularly the world’s major vegetable oil producers. In 2019 the area of oil palm plantations has reached 14.6 million ha [10]. Indonesia has become the world’s largest palm oil producing country since 2006. Indonesia managed to surpass Malaysia in 2016 where Indonesia’s CPO production share has reached 53.4% of the world’s total CPO. Meanwhile, Malaysia only has a share of 32%. Likewise in the global vegetable oil market, palm oil has also managed to outperform soybean oil since 2004. In 2004, total CPO production reached 33.6 million tons, while soybean oil was 32.4 million tons. In 2016, the share of world CPO production reached 40% of the world’s main vegetable products, while soybean oil had a 33.18% share [11].
Indonesia with its enormous reserves of oil palm plantations needs to ensure that these resources contribute to its national energy plan. Therefore the central government has compiled a Biodiesel Mandate which is among the most ambitious in the world. By 2016, liquid fuels must contain at least 20 percent of biofuels (and by 2025, 30 percent). A subsidy program has also been established to account for the substantial difference in production costs between biofuels and conventional diesel. One can feel considerable optimism because this funding is based on taxes on Crude Palm Oil (CPO) exports rather than on national budget expenditures which are negotiated annually [12]. With the mandate of biodiesel, in an effort to achieve national energy independence, expansion of oil palm plantations is something that cannot be avoided.
The rapidly increasing share of palm oil in the world vegetable oil market has influenced the dynamics of competition between vegetable oils and has even led to a negative / black campaign against palm oil. In addition, the sustainability aspect of oil palm plantations is under the spotlight. The development of oil palm plantations in Indonesia is perceived as unsustainable and is accused of being the main cause of deforestation and loss of wildlife habitat. The rapid clearing of forest land into oil palm plantations has led to the perception that Indonesia has carried out deforestation on a large scale. Actually this action was taken by the Government of Indonesia in carrying out national development in order to improve the welfare of its people. So there are stages for a country to deforest for the welfare of its people. When viewed from the development history of a number of major countries in the world, both the United States and Europe have deforested their countries. Therefore, it is unfair if the issue of deforestation is used to suppress the growth of Indonesian oil palm plantations.
So far there have been many accusations stating that 67% of oil palm plantations are obtained from forest conversion [13]. Gunarso et al. [14] tried to examine the truth of forest conversion in Indonesia for oil palm plantations. This is done by using data from disturbed and undisturbed forest land cover classes according to the carbon stock sequence published by the Forestry Planning Agency in 2011. Carbon stock of natural/production forests, either undisturbed forest or disturbed forest, contains carbon stocks higher than carbon. Oil palm plantation stock. Thus, if there is conversion of production forest to oil palm plantations, there will be a decrease in land carbon stock or deforestation. Meanwhile, timber plantation, agricultural land (mixed tree crops, dry cultivation land) and shrubs/ abandoned land (schrub) contain lower carbon stocks than oil palm plantations. Thus, the conversion of scrub agricultural land/abandoned land, including industrial plantation forest land, into oil palm plantations is categorized as an increase in land carbon stock or reforestation. This study turns out to provide conclusions that are different from the allegations by Koh and Wilcove [13]. The Indonesian oil palm plantations planted until 2010, namely 8.1 million ha, turned out to be 5.5 million ha of which came from the conversion of agricultural land and abandoned land (reforestation). While the rest, namely 2.5 million ha, comes from conversion of production forests (deforestation). Because the area of deforestation for oil palm plantations is much less than the area of reforestation for oil palm plantations, in net terms, the expansion of Indonesian oil palm plantations to reach 10.4 million ha in 2013 is a form of reforestation and not deforestation. This means that the expansion of Indonesian oil palm plantations to 10.4 million ha in 2013 on a net basis is to increase land carbon stock or reforestation [15]. However, the conversion of forest land which was converted into oil palm plantations in 2019 has reached 14.6 million ha, so that deforestation cannot be avoided. This is what causes a huge source of CO2 emissions that actually triggers climate change.
The remaining forest area in Indonesia in 2019 is 94.1 million ha or 50.1% of the total land area [16] These forests play an important role in climate change mitigation and adaptation, so various strategies are needed and identification of opportunities to strengthen the results for both. a logical step. Therefore, the existence of the REDD+ Program will be very useful to support various steps that will help reduce the vulnerability of forest communities to the impacts of climate change. Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degaradation (REDD+) is an effort to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, the role of conservation, sustainable forest management and increasing forest carbon stocks using a national approach and sub-national implementation. In its implementation, mitigation-adaptation synergy is needed which aims to find ways to take advantage of the synergy between REDD+ and climate change adaptation. Thus there is certainty that REDD+ will have impacts that go beyond mitigation and are sustainable in a climate that changes over time [17].
Indonesia still dominantly uses fossil energy sources that are not environmentally friendly and contribute to the increase in GHG which has been scientifically proven to change climate patterns with the emergence of global warming. Climate change will affect the duration of the dry and rainy seasons. This will certainly affect the yields in the agricultural-plantation sector and also the results of fishing in the sea. Therefore, people whose income depends on these two livelihoods will definitely be affected directly. To overcome this, it is necessary to implement climate change mitigation and adaptation programs. Here there are funding opportunities to carry out climate change mitigation and adaptation sourced from (1) public funds through the State Budget (APBN), (2) funds from abroad in the form of grants or loans (3) Funds from the private sector through Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Green Bond [18].
The selection of the types of adaptation that can be carried out in various regions is basically a follow-up to the National Action Plan - Climate Change Adaptation (RAN-API). Understanding the impacts of climate change varies depending on location or region. In this condition, an assessment of the impacts and vulnerability of climate change specific to the economic sector in a location or region is required as a first step in selecting climate change adaptation options. Furthermore, an evaluation of adaptation options is carried out considering that the implementation of climate change adaptation requires additional costs [19]. One of the important elements needed in conducting a climate change impact and vulnerability assessment is climate information. This climate information plays a vital role in identifying the impact of global climate change on climate conditions in a region. The trend of climatic elements such as rainfall and air temperature observations is the earliest stage to see the effects of climate change in an area. Climate information is needed to (1) undergo impact models, for example: crop simulation models to assess the impact of climate variability in a region on the agricultural sector, (2) validate climate model outputs for projecting future climate conditions, compiling climate change scenarios. The uncertainty of future climate change is often approached by using more than one climate model or emission scenario. To understand the capabilities of climate models, validation of climate model outputs for the current period (control) is carried out using observational climate information. Compiling climate change scenarios also requires observational climate information, for example by changing (adjusting) observational climate information with differences between future climate projections and control periods [20].
Indonesia is the fourth largest country with GHG emissions in the world but does not make climate change a national priority agenda. At the international level, Indonesia has ratified the PARIS Agreement and has committed to reduce GHG emissions without conditions by 29% under a business as usual scenario in 2030 and up to 41% with international assistance. The government has established a policy framework such as RAN GRK SINCE 2011 and RAN API in 2014. These policies must be broken down to sub-national levels in the form of RAD GRK and RAD API. However, in practice, the policy framework and implementation often do not go hand in hand because local governments do not fully implement the policies set by the central government [21]. Addressing this challenge requires a strong synergy between the central government and local governments.
For indigenous community activists, fighting for community rights to support the implementation of REDD+ is very important. This is because the role of indigenous peoples is very real in protecting the forest and its environment. Those with local wisdom have the knowledge to protect and protect their territory with customary laws, customary institutions and tenure systems that are different from the Western system. In general, they apply communal ownership and do not understand property rights [22]. Tenure issues cannot be eliminated in forestry management in Indonesia. This is due to overlapping control of forest areas because there are claims of state blasphemy over customary forests which are controlled by customary law communities. State forest claims provide room for the State’s unilateral control over the forest through the various companies it owns or granting permits on it with the authority of the regional government. This has resulted in legislation and policies that are not clearly formulated, uncoordinated granting of permits and denial of recognition of indigenous peoples and other local forest users [23]. Indigenous peoples have a special role in REDD+, especially from the policy context, namely their participatory role. They have long lived in the forest and are able to care for and protect the forest for their survival from generation to generation. In addition, their cultural and spiritual relationship with the land and forest where they live is very deep [24]. Actually, the existence of this tenurial conflict has been eliminated somewhat by the implementation of the Social Forestry Program. In general, indigenous peoples have been given access to be able to carry out activities and manage in State forests. Tenure conflicts do not only occur on land already owned by companies that have forest concession permits but also in forest areas that have implemented the REDD+ program. So this is a challenge that must be resolved in the future.
Before REDD+ is fully implemented, a Demonstration Activity (DA) is carried out in the early stages. The implementation of DA is based on international guidelines from COP’s decision in the form of International Guidance for DA. The aim is to find out progress, evaluate the implementation of activities and lessons learned related to DA REDD+. In the implementation of DA REDD+, various activities carried out refer to the methodology issued by the IPCC but the mechanisms mostly follow the schemes issued by the Voluntary Standard such as VCS, CCBS and Plan Vivo. The implementation of REDD+ provides benefits and provides opportunities because it is in accordance with the principles of forest sustainability and provides benefits to the community and biodiversity preservation. The current conditions for DA REDD+ are various, many lessons learned have ended and are also results-based with varying progress which still needs further guidance [25]. A crucial implementation stage is the implementation of the Measuring, Reporting and Verifying (MRV) System. Developing country governments at the COP 16 meeting in Cancun 2010 were encouraged to carry out various mitigation activities, including: reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, conserving forest carbon stocks, sustainable forest management, and increasing carbon stocks (FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1/C/Par. 70). In connection with these activities, a suitable and transparent measurement and reporting system needs to be established (FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1/C/Par.71). Specifically for activities funded by international or domestic sources, verification must be carried out based on the conventions / guidelines that will be developed (FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1/C/Par.71; FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add 1/B/Par. 61 and 62). During its development, the Monitoring, Reporting and Verification system was changed to Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV) at the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA) 36 in Bonn, 2012. MRV system is the basic and main requirement of implementing the REDD+ program using the principles incentives that are assessed based on performance or pay for performance [26].
MRV activities include measuring and reporting the effectiveness of GHG reduction or absorption quantitatively using methods and procedures that are reliable, transparent and accountable. MRV is part of a monitoring system where measurement methods and results are conveyed using standard and consistent scientific principles. These activities will serve as the basis for payment for the performance of reducing emissions. Each MRV activity must be in line with the reporting principles of the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), which must be transparent, accurate, consistent, complete, comparable and have minimal uncertainty. The MRV system implementer is an independent body but still coordinates with the REDD+ Agency as a governing council. The UN-REDD Program has recommended a set of key considerations for the development of a national MRV system. As a system, MRV can be applied to several scales, namely national, sub-national (province, district) and projects. The MRV system can also be reported to certain agencies and verified or validated by certain agencies or associations related to carbon. The use of MRV at the local and national levels is highly recommended. At the international level, reporting to the UNFCCC is a must or a requirement. Because the MRV system reporting must be based on scientific principles, this is a challenge for scientists and foresters in implementing the MRV system [27]. This is very important because the MRV principle is applied to collect data on each type of forest, forest cover and the amount of carbon content contained therein. Forest conditions in Indonesia are very diverse and categorized as mega-biodiversity. Of course, there will be many difficulties in implementing MRV. The challenge that is often faced is the calculation of the biomass present in each forest type. Ideally, biomass calculations are carried out by developing an allometric equation for each tree species which is very expensive. If this is done per tree type in each forest type, it certainly requires a large biomass measurement fund. The REDD+ program is known for leakage, additionality and uncertainity. In REDD+ activities, forest land which is designated as the location for REDD+ implementation according to the stipulated time period must be able to prevent leakage from occurring[28]. Here it is necessary to take intensive care for the location of the implementation of REDDD + so that there is no leakage originating from the work area and the surrounding area. Thus, year after year additionality must be guaranteed. Given the prevalence of forest conversion to non-forest, unresolved tenurial conflicts and illegal logging, etc., it will definitely be difficult to avoid uncertainty.
Global warming has caused climate change around the world. The impact of climate change is very large which affects the joints of life from an economic, ecological, and social perspective. The main cause is deforestation and forest degradation which releases CO2 emissions into the atmosphere. Thus, if deforestation and forest degradation cannot be controlled, the earth’s temperature will get warmer. The warming of the earth’s temperature is also triggered by the use of fossil energy which is not environmentally friendly. Nowadays there is awareness from each country to start replacing fossil energy with biofuels that are more environmentally friendly. Indonesia has planned the production of biofuels to be independent of national energy that is environmentally friendly. One of them is by converting forest land for expansion of oil palm plantations and of course it will cause deforestation. So on the one hand developing environmentally friendly energy but on the other hand, sacrificing the area of the forest so that it becomes a contributor to CO2 emissions that trigger climate change. Therefore, it requires a strong determination from the Government to be able to find the best way that can benefit both of them in controlling climate change. In every program that is executed, there are always opportunities and challenges that must be faced. One of them is the implementation of climate change mitigation and adaptation programs, such as opportunities for implementing the REDD+ program, financing climate change management, and the availability of climate information. There are also challenges faced, such as the lack of synergy in the policy framework and implementation of climate change control, recognition of indigenous peoples’ rights, and uncertainty in the implementation of the REDD+ program.
"Open access contributes to scientific excellence and integrity. It opens up research results to wider analysis. It allows research results to be reused for new discoveries. And it enables the multi-disciplinary research that is needed to solve global 21st century problems. Open access connects science with society. It allows the public to engage with research. To go behind the headlines. And look at the scientific evidence. And it enables policy makers to draw on innovative solutions to societal challenges".
\n\nCarlos Moedas, the European Commissioner for Research Science and Innovation at the STM Annual Frankfurt Conference, October 2016.
",metaTitle:"About Open Access",metaDescription:"Open access contributes to scientific excellence and integrity. It opens up research results to wider analysis. It allows research results to be reused for new discoveries. And it enables the multi-disciplinary research that is needed to solve global 21st century problems. Open access connects science with society. It allows the public to engage with research. To go behind the headlines. And look at the scientific evidence. And it enables policy makers to draw on innovative solutions to societal challenges.\n\nCarlos Moedas, the European Commissioner for Research Science and Innovation at the STM Annual Frankfurt Conference, October 2016.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"about-open-access",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"The Open Access publishing movement started in the early 2000s when academic leaders from around the world participated in the formation of the Budapest Initiative. They developed recommendations for an Open Access publishing process, “which has worked for the past decade to provide the public with unrestricted, free access to scholarly research—much of which is publicly funded. Making the research publicly available to everyone—free of charge and without most copyright and licensing restrictions—will accelerate scientific research efforts and allow authors to reach a larger number of readers” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\\n\\nIntechOpen’s co-founders, both scientists themselves, created the company while undertaking research in robotics at Vienna University. Their goal was to spread research freely “for scientists, by scientists’ to the rest of the world via the Open Access publishing model. The company soon became a signatory of the Budapest Initiative, which currently has more than 1000 supporting organizations worldwide, ranging from universities to funders.
\\n\\nAt IntechOpen today, we are still as committed to working with organizations and people who care about scientific discovery, to putting the academic needs of the scientific community first, and to providing an Open Access environment where scientists can maximize their contribution to scientific advancement. By opening up access to the world’s scientific research articles and book chapters, we aim to facilitate greater opportunity for collaboration, scientific discovery and progress. We subscribe wholeheartedly to the Open Access definition:
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\\n\\nOAI-PMH
\\n\\nAs a firm believer in the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the Open Access Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH Version 2.0). Read more
\\n\\nLicense
\\n\\nBook chapters published in edited volumes are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (CC BY 3.0). IntechOpen upholds a very flexible Copyright Policy. There is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their work. All Monographs/Compacts are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). Read more
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\\n\\nAll scientific works are Peer Reviewed prior to publishing. Read more
\\n\\nOA Publishing Fees
\\n\\nThe Open Access publishing model employed by IntechOpen eliminates subscription charges and pay-per-view fees, enabling readers to access research at no cost. In order to sustain operations and keep our publications freely accessible we levy an Open Access Publishing Fee for manuscripts, which helps us cover the costs of editorial work and the production of books. Read more
\\n\\nDigital Archiving Policy
\\n\\nIntechOpen is committed to ensuring the long-term preservation and the availability of all scholarly research we publish. We employ a variety of means to enable us to deliver on our commitments to the scientific community. Apart from preservation by the Croatian National Library (for publications prior to April 18, 2018) and the British Library (for publications after April 18, 2018), our entire catalogue is preserved in the CLOCKSS archive.
\\n\\nOpen Science is transparent and accessible knowledge that is shared and developed through collaborative networks.
\\n\\nOpen Science is about increased rigour, accountability, and reproducibility for research. It is based on the principles of inclusion, fairness, equity, and sharing, and ultimately seeks to change the way research is done, who is involved and how it is valued. It aims to make research more open to participation, review/refutation, improvement and (re)use for the world to benefit.
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The Open Access publishing movement started in the early 2000s when academic leaders from around the world participated in the formation of the Budapest Initiative. They developed recommendations for an Open Access publishing process, “which has worked for the past decade to provide the public with unrestricted, free access to scholarly research—much of which is publicly funded. Making the research publicly available to everyone—free of charge and without most copyright and licensing restrictions—will accelerate scientific research efforts and allow authors to reach a larger number of readers” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\n\nIntechOpen’s co-founders, both scientists themselves, created the company while undertaking research in robotics at Vienna University. Their goal was to spread research freely “for scientists, by scientists’ to the rest of the world via the Open Access publishing model. The company soon became a signatory of the Budapest Initiative, which currently has more than 1000 supporting organizations worldwide, ranging from universities to funders.
\n\nAt IntechOpen today, we are still as committed to working with organizations and people who care about scientific discovery, to putting the academic needs of the scientific community first, and to providing an Open Access environment where scientists can maximize their contribution to scientific advancement. By opening up access to the world’s scientific research articles and book chapters, we aim to facilitate greater opportunity for collaboration, scientific discovery and progress. We subscribe wholeheartedly to the Open Access definition:
\n\n“By “open access” to [peer-reviewed research literature], we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\n\nOAI-PMH
\n\nAs a firm believer in the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the Open Access Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH Version 2.0). Read more
\n\nLicense
\n\nBook chapters published in edited volumes are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (CC BY 3.0). IntechOpen upholds a very flexible Copyright Policy. There is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their work. All Monographs/Compacts are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). Read more
\n\nPeer Review Policies
\n\nAll scientific works are Peer Reviewed prior to publishing. Read more
\n\nOA Publishing Fees
\n\nThe Open Access publishing model employed by IntechOpen eliminates subscription charges and pay-per-view fees, enabling readers to access research at no cost. In order to sustain operations and keep our publications freely accessible we levy an Open Access Publishing Fee for manuscripts, which helps us cover the costs of editorial work and the production of books. Read more
\n\nDigital Archiving Policy
\n\nIntechOpen is committed to ensuring the long-term preservation and the availability of all scholarly research we publish. We employ a variety of means to enable us to deliver on our commitments to the scientific community. Apart from preservation by the Croatian National Library (for publications prior to April 18, 2018) and the British Library (for publications after April 18, 2018), our entire catalogue is preserved in the CLOCKSS archive.
\n\nOpen Science is transparent and accessible knowledge that is shared and developed through collaborative networks.
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\n\nOpen Science refers to doing traditional science with more transparency involved at various stages, for example by openly sharing code and data. It implies a growing set of practices - within different disciplines - aiming at:
\n\nWe aim at improving the quality and availability of scholarly communication by promoting and practicing:
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After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. 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Metabolomics has several applications in health and disease including precision/personalized medicine, single cell, epidemiologic population studies, metabolic phenotyping, and metabolome-wide association studies (MWAS), precision metabolomics, and in combination with other omics disciplines as integrative omics, biotechnology, and bioengineering. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based metabolomics/lipidomics provides a useful approach for both identification of disease-related metabolites in biofluids or tissue and also encompasses classification and/or characterization of disease or treatment-associated molecular patterns generated from metabolites. Here, in this review, we provide a brief overview of the current status of promising MS-based metabolomics strategies and their emerging roles, as well as possible challenges.",book:{id:"8400",slug:"molecular-medicine",title:"Molecular Medicine",fullTitle:"Molecular Medicine"},signatures:"Sinem Nalbantoglu",authors:[{id:"147712",title:"Dr.",name:"Sinem",middleName:null,surname:"Nalbantoglu",slug:"sinem-nalbantoglu",fullName:"Sinem Nalbantoglu"}]},{id:"33119",doi:"10.5772/38349",title:"Additive Manufacturing Solutions for Improved Medical Implants",slug:"additive-manufacturing-solutions-for-improved-implants",totalDownloads:8066,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:21,abstract:null,book:{id:"1899",slug:"biomedicine",title:"Biomedicine",fullTitle:"Biomedicine"},signatures:"Vojislav Petrovic, Juan Vicente Haro, Jose Ramón Blasco and Luis Portolés",authors:[{id:"116774",title:"Dr.",name:"Vojislav",middleName:null,surname:"Petrovic",slug:"vojislav-petrovic",fullName:"Vojislav Petrovic"},{id:"116777",title:"MSc.",name:"Juan",middleName:"Vicente",surname:"Haro González",slug:"juan-haro-gonzalez",fullName:"Juan Haro González"},{id:"116778",title:"BSc.",name:"José Ramón",middleName:null,surname:"Blasco Puchades",slug:"jose-ramon-blasco-puchades",fullName:"José Ramón Blasco Puchades"},{id:"116779",title:"BSc.",name:"Luís",middleName:null,surname:"Portolés Griñán",slug:"luis-portoles-grinan",fullName:"Luís Portolés Griñán"}]},{id:"33113",doi:"10.5772/33951",title:"Encapsulation and Surface Engineering of Pancreatic Islets: Advances and Challenges",slug:"encapsulation-and-surface-engineering-of-pancreatic-islets-advances-and-challenges-",totalDownloads:3519,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:null,book:{id:"1899",slug:"biomedicine",title:"Biomedicine",fullTitle:"Biomedicine"},signatures:"Veronika Kozlovskaya, Oleksandra Zavgorodnya and Eugenia Kharlampieva",authors:[{id:"97932",title:"Prof.",name:"Eugenia",middleName:null,surname:"Kharlampieva",slug:"eugenia-kharlampieva",fullName:"Eugenia Kharlampieva"},{id:"101333",title:"Dr.",name:"Veronika",middleName:null,surname:"Kozlovskaya",slug:"veronika-kozlovskaya",fullName:"Veronika Kozlovskaya"},{id:"135852",title:"MSc.",name:"Oleksandra",middleName:null,surname:"Zavgorodnya",slug:"oleksandra-zavgorodnya",fullName:"Oleksandra Zavgorodnya"}]},{id:"33114",doi:"10.5772/38852",title:"In-Situ Forming Biomimetic Hydrogels for Tissue Regeneration",slug:"in-situ-forming-biomimetic-hydrogels-for-tissue-regeneration",totalDownloads:4087,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:null,book:{id:"1899",slug:"biomedicine",title:"Biomedicine",fullTitle:"Biomedicine"},signatures:"Rong Jin",authors:[{id:"120160",title:"Dr.",name:"Rong",middleName:null,surname:"Jin",slug:"rong-jin",fullName:"Rong Jin"}]},{id:"61418",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77154",title:"Effect of Infra-Low Frequency Neurofeedback on Infra-Slow EEG Fluctuations",slug:"effect-of-infra-low-frequency-neurofeedback-on-infra-slow-eeg-fluctuations",totalDownloads:2148,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Infra-low frequency neurofeedback (ILF NF) has been proposed as an alternative or complementary treatment method. Previous studies have reported a good effect of ILF training on the subjective perception of positive psychological changes after training. Here we study whether the objective physiological parameters reflecting the brain function also change under the influence of ILF NF. Eight participants 21–50 years of age with no history of neurological or psychiatric diseases, but reporting about some physiological or psychological complaints, performed 20 sessions of infra-low frequency neurofeedback training. EEG in visual Go/NoGo test was recorded before the course of Neurofeedback and after its completion. The spectral power of slow EEG oscillations in the post-training recording was compared with the pretraining baseline. Along with remission of the clinical complaints, significant increase of spectral power in 0–0.5 Hz frequency band was observed in all eight participants in the post-training EEG patterns compared to the pretraining EEG, which may be linked to the improvement in the metabolic balance in the brain tissue and increasing efficiency of compensatory mechanisms in the stress regulation systems.",book:{id:"6632",slug:"biofeedback",title:"Biofeedback",fullTitle:"Biofeedback"},signatures:"Vera A. Grin-Yatsenko, Valery A. Ponomarev, Olga Kara, Bernhard\nWandernoth, Mark Gregory, Valentina A. 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Metabolomics has several applications in health and disease including precision/personalized medicine, single cell, epidemiologic population studies, metabolic phenotyping, and metabolome-wide association studies (MWAS), precision metabolomics, and in combination with other omics disciplines as integrative omics, biotechnology, and bioengineering. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based metabolomics/lipidomics provides a useful approach for both identification of disease-related metabolites in biofluids or tissue and also encompasses classification and/or characterization of disease or treatment-associated molecular patterns generated from metabolites. Here, in this review, we provide a brief overview of the current status of promising MS-based metabolomics strategies and their emerging roles, as well as possible challenges.",book:{id:"8400",slug:"molecular-medicine",title:"Molecular Medicine",fullTitle:"Molecular Medicine"},signatures:"Sinem Nalbantoglu",authors:[{id:"147712",title:"Dr.",name:"Sinem",middleName:null,surname:"Nalbantoglu",slug:"sinem-nalbantoglu",fullName:"Sinem Nalbantoglu"}]},{id:"62128",title:"Body Mass Index and Colorectal Cancer",slug:"body-mass-index-and-colorectal-cancer",totalDownloads:1186,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers in the world. Obesity is an established risk factor for colorectal carcinogenesis. Many epidemiological and experimental studies support this link and tumor-promoting effects of obesity. Body mass index (BMI) is a marker of general obesity. Obesity is also a global health problem and is defined by World Health Organization as BMI > 30 kg/m2. In this chapter, we give a general review about the mechanisms of obesity on colorectal carcinogenesis and the effects of obesity on clinical outcomes such as disease-free survival (DFS), progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS), in adjuvant setting and metastatic disease, respectively.",book:{id:"7159",slug:"body-mass-index-and-health",title:"Body-mass Index and Health",fullTitle:"Body-mass Index and Health"},signatures:"Nuri Faruk Aykan, Mehmet Artac and Tahsin Özatli",authors:[{id:"94089",title:"Prof.",name:"Nuri Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aykan",slug:"nuri-faruk-aykan",fullName:"Nuri Faruk Aykan"},{id:"257212",title:"Prof.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Artaç",slug:"mehmet-artac",fullName:"Mehmet Artaç"},{id:"257213",title:"Dr.",name:"Tahsin",middleName:null,surname:"Özatlı",slug:"tahsin-ozatli",fullName:"Tahsin Özatlı"}]},{id:"65402",title:"Pharmacogenetics and Cancer Treatment: Progress and Prospects",slug:"pharmacogenetics-and-cancer-treatment-progress-and-prospects",totalDownloads:1621,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"The response of cancer patients to chemotherapy follows a very heterogeneous pattern. Pharmacogenetics is the study of inherited differences in interindividual drug disposition and effects, with the goal of selecting the optimal drug therapy and dosage for each patient. Pharmacogenetics for cancer treatment is very significant, as cancer therapies exhibit severe systemic toxicity and unpredictable efficacy. There is presence of genetic polymorphisms in the genes which code for the metabolic enzymes and cellular targets for the majority of chemotherapy agents, but to predict the outcome of chemotherapy in patients is not currently possible for most treatments. A greater understanding of the genetic determinants of drug response can revolutionize the use of many medications. By identifying the patients at risk for severe toxicity, or those likely to benefit from a particular treatment, individualized cancer therapy can be achieved for most cancer patients. The prediction of cancer treatment outcome based on gene polymorphisms is becoming possible for many classes of chemotherapy agents, and the most clinically significant examples of chemotherapy agents are discussed in the chapter. However, further studies are needed in well characterized and larger cancer populations with proper validation of pharmacogenetic markers in experimental settings before application in clinical routine diagnostics.",book:{id:"8400",slug:"molecular-medicine",title:"Molecular Medicine",fullTitle:"Molecular Medicine"},signatures:"Munindra Ruwali",authors:[{id:"245866",title:"Dr.",name:"Munindra",middleName:null,surname:"Ruwali",slug:"munindra-ruwali",fullName:"Munindra Ruwali"}]},{id:"62138",title:"Body Mass Index (BMI) and Anthropometric Measurement of the Developing Fetus",slug:"body-mass-index-bmi-and-anthropometric-measurement-of-the-developing-fetus",totalDownloads:1058,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Medical and scientific study of the measurements and size of the human body is known as anthropometry. In anthropometry, body mass index (BMI) is one of the best indirect methods for the estimation of body fat and mass. Other methods of indirect methods include weight, stature, and abdominal circumference. Direct methods include total body water, total body counting, and criterion methods include body density. Other factors like the size and weight of the mother also influence the size and mass of the body. An earlier work was conducted by K.L. Mukherjee on the systemic anthropometric measurements of the aborted human fetus. The following chapter will deal with the importance of parental and fetal BMI and its influence on the development of the fetus at varying stages of development and their relationship with anthropometric measurements.",book:{id:"7159",slug:"body-mass-index-and-health",title:"Body-mass Index and Health",fullTitle:"Body-mass Index and Health"},signatures:"Niranjan Bhattacharya and Priyodarshi Sengupta",authors:[{id:"245970",title:"Prof.",name:"Niranjan",middleName:null,surname:"Bhattacharya",slug:"niranjan-bhattacharya",fullName:"Niranjan Bhattacharya"},{id:"252992",title:"Mr.",name:"Priyodarshi",middleName:null,surname:"Sengupta",slug:"priyodarshi-sengupta",fullName:"Priyodarshi Sengupta"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"169",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 29th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:32,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:36,paginationItems:[{id:"82195",title:"Endoplasmic Reticulum: A Hub in Lipid Homeostasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105450",signatures:"Raúl Ventura and María Isabel Hernández-Alvarez",slug:"endoplasmic-reticulum-a-hub-in-lipid-homeostasis",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82409",title:"Purinergic Signaling in Covid-19 Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105008",signatures:"Hailian Shen",slug:"purinergic-signaling-in-covid-19-disease",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82374",title:"The Potential of the Purinergic System as a Therapeutic Target of Natural Compounds in Cutaneous Melanoma",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105457",signatures:"Gilnei Bruno da Silva, Daiane Manica, Marcelo Moreno and Margarete Dulce Bagatini",slug:"the-potential-of-the-purinergic-system-as-a-therapeutic-target-of-natural-compounds-in-cutaneous-mel",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82103",title:"The Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Its Regulation in the Progression of Neurological and Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105543",signatures:"Mary Dover, Michael Kishek, Miranda Eddins, Naneeta Desar, Ketema Paul and Milan Fiala",slug:"the-role-of-endoplasmic-reticulum-stress-and-its-regulation-in-the-progression-of-neurological-and-i",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:32,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7006",title:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7006.jpg",slug:"biochemistry-and-health-benefits-of-fatty-acids",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",hash:"c93a00abd68b5eba67e5e719f67fd20b",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. Waisundara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194281/images/system/194281.jpg",biography:"Dr. Viduranga Waisundara obtained her Ph.D. in Food Science\nand Technology from the Department of Chemistry, National\nUniversity of Singapore, in 2010. She was a lecturer at Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore from July 2009 to March 2013.\nShe relocated to her motherland of Sri Lanka and spearheaded the Functional Food Product Development Project at the\nNational Institute of Fundamental Studies from April 2013 to\nOctober 2016. She was a senior lecturer on a temporary basis at the Department of\nFood Technology, Faculty of Technology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. She is\ncurrently Deputy Principal of the Australian College of Business and Technology –\nKandy Campus, Sri Lanka. She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI)",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. 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In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:null},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"338856",title:"Mrs.",name:"Nur Alvira",middleName:null,surname:"Pascawati",slug:"nur-alvira-pascawati",fullName:"Nur Alvira Pascawati",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Respati Yogyakarta",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"441116",title:"Dr.",name:"Jovanka M.",middleName:null,surname:"Voyich",slug:"jovanka-m.-voyich",fullName:"Jovanka M. Voyich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Montana State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"330412",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Farhab",slug:"muhammad-farhab",fullName:"Muhammad Farhab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"349495",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Ijaz",slug:"muhammad-ijaz",fullName:"Muhammad Ijaz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"12",type:"subseries",title:"Human Physiology",keywords:"Anatomy, Cells, Organs, Systems, Homeostasis, Functions",scope:"Human physiology is the scientific exploration of the various functions (physical, biochemical, and mechanical properties) of humans, their organs, and their constituent cells. The endocrine and nervous systems play important roles in maintaining homeostasis in the human body. Integration, which is the biological basis of physiology, is achieved through communication between the many overlapping functions of the human body's systems, which takes place through electrical and chemical means. Much of the basis of our knowledge of human physiology has been provided by animal experiments. Because of the close relationship between structure and function, studies in human physiology and anatomy seek to understand the mechanisms that help the human body function. The series on human physiology deals with the various mechanisms of interaction between the various organs, nerves, and cells in the human body.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/12.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11408,editor:{id:"195829",title:"Prof.",name:"Kunihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Sakuma",slug:"kunihiro-sakuma",fullName:"Kunihiro Sakuma",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195829/images/system/195829.jpg",biography:"Professor Kunihiro Sakuma, Ph.D., currently works in the Institute for Liberal Arts at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. He is a physiologist working in the field of skeletal muscle. He was awarded his sports science diploma in 1995 by the University of Tsukuba and began his scientific work at the Department of Physiology, Aichi Human Service Center, focusing on the molecular mechanism of congenital muscular dystrophy and normal muscle regeneration. His interest later turned to the molecular mechanism and attenuating strategy of sarcopenia (age-related muscle atrophy). His opinion is to attenuate sarcopenia by improving autophagic defects using nutrient- and pharmaceutical-based treatments.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tokyo Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:{id:"331519",title:"Dr.",name:"Kotomi",middleName:null,surname:"Sakai",slug:"kotomi-sakai",fullName:"Kotomi Sakai",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000031QtFXQA0/Profile_Picture_1637053227318",biography:"Senior researcher Kotomi Sakai, Ph.D., MPH, works at the Research Organization of Science and Technology in Ritsumeikan University. She is a researcher in the geriatric rehabilitation and public health field. She received Ph.D. from Nihon University and MPH from St.Luke’s International University. Her main research interest is sarcopenia in older adults, especially its association with nutritional status. Additionally, to understand how to maintain and improve physical function in older adults, to conduct studies about the mechanism of sarcopenia and determine when possible interventions are needed.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ritsumeikan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorThree:null,series:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261"},editorialBoard:[{id:"213786",title:"Dr.",name:"Henrique P.",middleName:null,surname:"Neiva",slug:"henrique-p.-neiva",fullName:"Henrique P. 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