\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"3092",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Anopheles mosquitoes - New insights into malaria vectors",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Anopheles mosquitoes are highly important insects due to their involvement in the transmission of human malaria and its devastating consequences in endemic countries worldwide. In 2010 alone, malaria was responsible for an estimated 660,000 deaths. As the study of Anopheles species and populations is a key element for reaching the goal of malaria elimination, an enormous amount of information has accumulated over the past century, and together in recent decades with the advent of novel technologies the acquisition of new knowledge has accelerated even further. The originality of this book is to offer the latest compilation on various research, new concepts, paradigms and innovative approaches for the control of anophelines using state-of-the-art methodologies and analysis. The 24 chapters, written by internationally recognized experts from 5 continents, cover the rich landscape for the understanding of Anopheles mosquitoes and the development of more effective weapons to control the vector of malaria.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-1188-7",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4244-7",doi:"10.5772/3392",price:169,priceEur:185,priceUsd:219,slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",numberOfPages:830,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!0,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",publishedDate:"July 24th 2013",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",numberOfDownloads:91726,numberOfWosCitations:545,numberOfCrossrefCitations:333,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:32,numberOfDimensionsCitations:778,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:41,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:1656,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 7th 2012",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 28th 2012",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 1st 2012",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 30th 2012",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 27th 2013",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,8,9,10",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",middleName:null,surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/50017/images/3936_n.png",biography:"Sylvie Manguin is a Full Research Professor at the Institute of Research for Development (IRD), based at the University of Montpellier, France. She is a leading medical entomologist and academician researcher whose main interest concerns mosquitoes and vector-borne diseases such as malaria and dengue. She has developed studies on Anopheles mosquitoes from three continents (Asia, Africa, Americas) including molecular species identification, population genetics, phylogenetic, vectorial capacities, spatial surveillance, midgut microbiota biodiversity, salivary immunological markers and vector control approaches. She is the author of 90 indexed publications, six book chapters, three books including “Anopheles mosquitoes: New insights into malaria vectors” for which she is the Editor (InTech Open Access) and “Biodiversity of malaria in the World” (John Libbey Ed.), respectively published in 2013 and 2008. She is also the Secretary General of the International Federation of Tropical Medicine (IFTM) http://www.iftm-hp.org/board.html, member of the Editorial Boards of the Malaria Journal and Acta Tropica and she serves as reviewer in several international institutions and more than 20 scientific journals.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Institut de Recherche pour le Développement",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1046",title:"Infectious Diseases",slug:"infectious-diseases"}],chapters:[{id:"41407",title:"The Phylogeny and Classification of Anopheles",doi:"10.5772/54695",slug:"the-phylogeny-and-classification-of-anopheles",totalDownloads:4902,totalCrossrefCites:33,totalDimensionsCites:72,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Ralph E. 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Thus α-thalassemia is characterized by deficient synthesis of α globin, and β-thalassemia is characterized by reduced or absent production of β globin. The resulting syndromes range from asymptomatic to severe microcytic anemias. Recognition of these disorders is important for the obstetrician to provide appropriate care for patients with thalassemia syndrome. Genetic counseling, prenatal diagnosis, and newborn screening are all issues of importance in these inherited disorders. This book intends to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of thalassemia syndromes regarding types, methods for diagnosis, and early detection and screening for different types of thalassemia syndromes for better management and satisfactory outcome. We hope that the reader will get more knowledge and experience about this very important topic of thalassemia syndromes.
\r\n\t
Cancer is a major public health problem worldwide. It ranks as a leading cause of death along with cardiovascular disease (CVD). Cancer is the leading cause of death in 57 countries (including China), while CVD is the leading cause in 70 countries (including Brazil and India) [1]. In 23 other countries, it ranks either third or fourth. The GLOBOCAN 2020 report showed that there was approximately 19.3 million new cases and 10 million cancer deaths in 2020, thus making cancer the new challenge of the 21st century [2]. This increase in the number of cancer cases implies an increase in cancer-associated complications and morbidities. One such complication is malnutrition.
Cancer-related malnutrition is a broad term that encompasses complex poorly understood processes that are associated with specific types of cancers and their treatment protocols. Specific cancers such as oesophageal and pancreatic cancer are a high risk for malnutrition. Factors such as cancer-related symptoms (e.g. anorexia, early satiety, fatigue), treatment complications (eg, mucositis, nausea, taste changes), and psychologic distress all play a role and/or are risk factors in the development of malnutrition. Malnutrition is a common problem among cancer patients with high negative consequences. In cancer, it is associated with poor prognosis, reduced survival, increased therapy toxicity, reduced tolerance and compliance to treatments, and diminished response to antineoplastic drugs. Surveys done in the past showed a prevalence rate of between 25 and 70% with about 10–20% linked to malnutrition and not the malignancy itself. Malnutrition in cancer patients is distinctly different from malnutrition as a result of starvation, as the former arises from a combination of anorexia and metabolic dysregulation, caused by the tumour itself or by its treatment. Malnutrition when left untreated can progress to cachexia. Cachexia is defined as “a multifactorial syndrome characterized by an ongoing loss of skeletal muscle mass (with or without loss of fat mass) that cannot be fully reversed by conventional nutritional support and leads to progressive functional impairment” [3]. The pathophysiology of cachexia has an underlying variable combination of reduced food intake and abnormal metabolism leading to a negative protein and energy balance. Cachexia is frequent in chronic diseases, and in cancer, it may account for about 20% of cancer deaths [4]. A diagnosis of cachexia is made in patients when the total body weight loss is >5% in the past six months (in the absence of starvation) or weight loss >2% in patients with body mass index (BMI) of <20 kg/m2 [5]. Currently, cachexia is classified into three stages of clinical relevance, namely pre-cachexia, cachexia, and refractory cachexia [3]. Blum et al. defined pre-cachexia as weight loss >1 kg but <5% of usual body weight/6 months, but with an increased C- reactive protein (CRP) level and appetite loss, while refractory cachexia was weight loss >15% in the last 6 months + BMI < 23 kg/m2 or weight loss >20% in the last 6 months + BMI <27 kg/m2 [6]. If untreated, cancer cachexia would lead to a progressive functional loss, poor quality of life, chemotherapy-related toxicity, diminished response to antineoplastic treatments, and poor survival. At the refractory cachexia stage, the cancer is usually refractory to chemotherapy.
The relationship between malnutrition and the systemic inflammatory process is not a new one. Systemic inflammation is closely associated with weight loss and malnutrition in cancer [7, 8, 9]. Systemic inflammation has been fingered in the genesis and progression of malnutrition. It is known to affect important metabolic and neuroendocrine pathways as well as cause elevated energy expenditure at rest, decreased lean mass and reduced physical performance [10, 11]. Furthermore, cytokines especially tumour necrosis factor (TNF) alpha, interleukin (IL) 1 and IL-6 have been fingered in the induction of muscle wasting providing evidence for a link between malnutrition and inflammation. As aforementioned, systemic inflammation is thus a harbinger not only for malnutrition but for various comorbidities in cancer patients. Identification of cancer patients at risk of malnutrition is highly recommended. The PreMiO study highlighted the prevalence of malnutrition at the first visit by cancer patients [12]. The European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN) in its latest pre-operative nutritional care assessment highlighted the degree of systemic inflammation among other things for individuals at nutritional risk [13]. Soeters et al. reinforced the urgency of including an assessment of inflammatory activity in the diagnosis of malnutrition [14]. Recent studies have shown that inflammatory models can be used to predict prognosis, as well as cancer-related malnutrition [15]. High level of systemic inflammatory factors which can facilitate tumour cell proliferation and metastasis are also known to be induced by malnutrition [16]. Thus, malnutrition can enhance a systemic inflammatory response. Control of inflammation in cancer can help modify poor nutritional status resulting in better response to therapy and improved survival. The early recognition of systemic inflammatory response should therefore be an integral part of nutritional management in cancer patients to improve short and long term outcomes.
Malnutrition is a universal condition in cancer patients with grave clinical implications such as impaired quality of life, poor performance status, weight loss and cachexia. Studies from different countries across Europe shows a high prevalence of cancer-related malnutrition ranging from 25 to 70% based on nutritional assessments [17, 18, 19]. However, this differs across cancer types and stages of the disease [12, 20]. In the often-cited landmark study by Dewys et al., cancer type and treatment play a role in cancer-related malnutrition [21]. Tumour stage and age have also been noted as risk factors in malnutrition [22, 23]. In an epidemiological observation study, Pressoir et al. observed that pre-existing obesity (BMI⩾30), and Performance status ⩾2 were associated with increased risk of malnutrition among cancer patients in 17 French Comprehensive Cancer Centres [19]. The Prevalence of Malnutrition in Oncology (PreMiO), a cross-sectional, observational study involving almost 2000 patients in 22 sites in Italy, revealed that 51.1% of treatment-naïve patients at their first visit to a medical oncology centre were already affected by a nutritional impairment, including risk for malnutrition (43%) and overt malnutrition (9%). Poor appetite was present in over 40% of cancer patients, with variable severity scores depending on the tumour type and stage of the disease, and ascribed mainly to early satiety, taste changes, and nausea [24].
The picture is not very different in developing countries. Pastore et al. in Brazil reported only 13.7% of lung and gastrointestinal cancer patients in a study were well-nourished [8]. Opanga et al. in Kenya reported that 33.8% of participants required critical nutrition care, 34. 8% symptoms management, 14.2% constant nutrition education and pharmacological intervention [25]. Ntekim et al. at Ibadan, Nigeria used nutritional screening assessment tools and reported a prevalence of 60% [26]. Children with cancer are also known to develop some form of malnutrition [27], however, the frequency may vary according to the type of cancer [28], and region [29, 30]. Brinksma, et al. reported the prevalence of malnutrition at diagnosis for developed countries, through a systematic review which included patients with different types of childhood cancer, aged from 0 to 18 years of age for acute leukaemias, the prevalence was 10%, 20–50% for neuroblastoma, and those classified as “other malignancies” was 0–30% [31]. This prevalence is lower than what is obtained in developing countries [28, 29, 30]. Villanueva et al. reported a prevalence of almost 50% [32]. Lemos et al. in Brazil reported that the prevalence of malnutrition is higher among paediatric patients with malignancies than in the general population though the difference was not significant [33]. These facts high- light the need for nutritional assessment in cancer patients regardless of age or region. Cancer patients should be assessed at several points during their management to identify aetiology and candidates that require nutritional support.
Cancer-related malnutrition can have profound negative effects on cancer patients’ wellbeing and therapeutic outcomes. It usually results from local effects of a tumour, the host response to the tumour and anticancer therapies. Cancer cachexia which is a severe form of malnutrition is characterised by progressive weight loss, anorexia, asthenia, and anaemia. Cachexia is a poor prognostic sign, and is associated with reduced food intake and increased energy expenditure [34]. Cachexia also expresses itself as nutritional imbalances in a number of ways in cancer patients which include glucose intolerance and insulin resistance, loss of adipose tissue and lipolysis with increased fat oxidation rates [35], decreased lipogenesis, impaired lipid deposition and adipogenesis [36]. A decrease in protein synthesis and increase in protein degradation does occur in cancer cachexia [37] which is a key feature of skeletal muscle atrophy. Other features such as altered hormone levels [38], elevated cytokines [39, 40], increased insulin resistance [38], elevated synthesis of acute-phase proteins [34] and altered nutrient utilisation can be attributed to inflammatory mediators as well a host of other factors. Inflammatory markers have been implicated in all metabolic derangements in cancer-related malnutrition, and a better understanding of these markers with either the host or the tumour is necessary for better management of malnutrition and its complications.
Inflammation has been shown to play a major role in cancer development, progression and outcome and has been termed the seventh hallmark of cancer [41]. The observation of leukocytes within tumours by Rudolf Virchow in the 19th century gave a clue of a possible link between inflammation and cancer. This link is due to chronic inflammation which is mediated by pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules, and inflammatory enzymes with the promotion of all stages of tumorigenesis. Inflammation is the body’s physiological response to tissue damage as a result of any pathological insult to the body’s homeostasis. The body’s inflammatory response can either be a resolution to the insult, or persistence of the insult in the form of chronic inflammation. Chronic inflammation can cause cellular changes and influence innate and adaptive immunity towards tumour growth. When this happens, an imbalance of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators can lead to cell mutation and injury creating an environment that is conducive to the development of cancer. This scenario holds for the onset of cancer but is important for the progression of the disease. Such progression is characterised by clinical signs and symptoms including nutritional impact symptoms and co-morbid metabolic abnormalities. This invariably leads to weight loss, chronic anaemia, wasting syndrome, fatigue with loss of quality of life. These symptoms are very prominent in cancer-related malnutrition. While multiple mechanisms can be associated with these symptoms, however, they are interrelated and the unifying factor is inflammation.
Inflammation is associated with tumorigenesis at every stage of its development including survival and metastasis [42]. On the other hand chronic inflammation is known to facilitate treatment resistance and this form of acquired resistance is a result of the production of cytokines, chemokines and growth factors by the tumour micro-environment rendering chemotherapy ineffective [43]. Besides, inflammatory responses can be induced by anti-cancer therapies [44, 45]. chronic inflammation is also known to worsen chemotoxicity [46]. A better understanding of the relationship between chronic inflammation and cancer can lead to the development of new strategies in the management of cancers as well as some of the complications such as malnutrition and chemotoxicity that arise during treatments.
A large number of cancer patients are known to show a form of cachexia syndrome which is characterised by anorexia, loss of adipose tissue and skeletal muscle mass. Most of these symptoms have been linked to inflammation. The Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) requires the combination of at least one phenotypic and one etiologic criterion is to establish the diagnosis of malnutrition. The phenotypic criteria include non-volitional weight loss, low body mass index, reduced muscle mass. In addition to this, etiologic criteria include reduced food intake or assimilation and disease burden/inflammatory condition [47].
Inflammation is so intertwined with the pathogenesis of malnutrition that the ESPEN recommended dividing malnutrition into disease-related malnutrition with and without inflammation [48]. For Disease-related malnutrition with inflammation, it is defined as underlying diseases causing inflammation with a consecutive lack of food intake or as uptake with a negative nutrient balance [49]. Inflammation is reported to have several metabolic effects. Cytokines such as IL-6, and TNF-
Anaemia is a common problem in cancer patients. Anaemia prevalence is remarkably high and varies widely among cancer patients. It is estimated from various studies that between 30–90% of cancer patients had anaemia [54]. Anaemia is considered an indicator of poor nutrition and poor health especially through the malabsorption or non-utilisation of iron, folate, cobalamin and other micronutrients needed for the production of red blood cells. The prevalence is determined by the definition of anaemia. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), normal Hb values are 12 g/dL in women, and 13 g/dL in men [55]. Maccio et al. reported a prevalence of 78.8% of anaemia in lung cancer patients [56]; Akinbami et al. reported a prevalence of 58% among breast cancer patients [57]. Anaemia is known to be associated with several co-morbidities including a decline in patients’ performance status (PS), cognitive function, and decreased survival [56, 58]. While anaemia in cancer generally is known to have various aetiopathology, cancer-related anaemia (CRA) is believed to arise as a consequence of chronic inflammation.
Cancer-related anaemia (CRA) refers to a condition occurring without bleeding, haemolysis, neoplastic bone marrow infiltration, kidney and/or hepatic failure [59], and principally results from the chronic inflammation associated with advanced-stage cancer and the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines by both immune and cancer cells. Unlike iron deficiency anaemia, CRA is typically normochromic (MCH >27 pg), normocytic (MCV between 80 and 100 fl), with a low reticulocyte count (<25,000/mL) and a low value of reticulocyte index (normal range between 1 and 2 which is a more accurate measure of the reticulocyte count corrected against the severity of anaemia based on haematocrit). In addition, it has normal/low serum iron concentrations (normal range 55–160 mg/dl for men and 40–155 mg/dl for women) and reduced total iron-binding capacity (transferrin saturation < 50%); ferritin values may be normal (30–500 ng/ml) or more often increased (>500 ng/mL), with increased iron storage [59]. The normal level of iron within the bone marrow reflects the body tacit handling of iron metabolism which is termed as “functional iron deficiency” which is also present in other types of anaemia associated with chronic inflammation. In addition, circulating levels of erythropoietin (EPO) is often not optimal for the level of anaemia thus presenting with also bone marrow hypoplasia. Adamson highlighted some of the pathogenetic mechanism of inflammation of chronic anaemia which includes: shortened erythrocyte survival in conjunction with increased erythrocyte destruction, suppressed erythropoiesis in bone marrow, effects of inflammation on erythropoietin production and alterations in iron metabolism that result in iron-restricted erythropoiesis induced by hepcidin increase [60]. According to Jain et al., the soluble transferrin receptor/log ferritin index can differentiate pure cases of anaemia of chronic disease from iron deficiency anaemia [61].
Like other types of anaemia in cancer, CRA has multifactorial pathophysiology with immune, nutritional and metabolic components affecting its severity. Many studies have demonstrated that inflammatory cytokines are a major contributor to the aetiopathogenesis of CRA. They achieve this through the derangement of various metabolic pathways including glucose metabolism, impairment of lipoprotein lipase, which controls the uptake of circulating triglycerides into adipocytes, and changing protein synthesis and degradation, with subsequent depletion in lean body mass [62]. In particular, proinflammatory cytokines like interleukin 1 and 6 released by cancer and activated immune cells in response to malignancy, may result in anaemia by inducing changes to iron balance, inhibition of erythropoiesis, impairment of EPO synthesis and activity, reduction of erythrocytes lifespan and changes of energy metabolism. IL-1 and TNF also induce the transcription factors GATA2 and nuclear factor-kB, both of which are negative regulators of the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF1) expression [63]. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) which are a major player in chronic inflammation are known to inhibit EPO synthesis by mimicking a false O2 signal in the renal peritubular interstitial cells. They equally inhibit erythroid precursor proliferation [64]. IL-6 regulates the synthesis of hepcidin, a 25 amino acid peptide made by the hepatocytes and involved in iron homeostasis by mediating the degradation of the iron export protein ferroportin 1, thereby inhibiting iron absorption from the small intestine and release of iron from macrophages.
The process of CRA is not an isolated one. It has been shown that malnutrition along with weight loss and reduced food intake is correlated with anaemia in patients with the chronic inflammatory disease [65]. CRA is therefore not a single condition, but associated with weight loss and remodelling of energy metabolism; thus CRA is a crossroad for both inflammation and nutritional status. Therefore management of CRA would involve not only anaemia but malnutrition as a whole.
Anorexia can be defined as a loss of appetite associated with chronic illness in cancer patients and is associated with weight loss [66]. It is common in cancer patients and frequently associated with early satiety and taste changes. It occurs in half of the newly diagnosed cancer patients and up to 70% of patients with advanced disease. Cancer-related anorexia is an important clinical co-morbidity in cancer patients, and it harms nutritional status in advanced cancer. There are many causes of anorexia. They are classified as either being due to central or peripheral mechanisms. Peripheral causes include (i) tumours causing dysphagia or directly impinging on gastrointestinal function; (ii) tumours producing substances that alter food intake, e.g. lactate, tryptophan, or parathormone-related peptide; (iii) tumours leading to alterations in nutrients resulting in anorexia, e.g. zinc; or (iv) tumours producing inflammation leading to cytokine release. Alterations in gastrointestinal function can alter visceral receptor function, leading to altered secretion of gastrointestinal peptides, e.g. peptide tyrosine (PYY), and alterations in stomach emptying can alter feedback of satiating hormones. Peripherally, chemotherapy can alter taste perception and cause nausea, vomiting, mucositis, abdominal cramping, bleeding, and ileus [67]. Depression, pain, or a variety of alterations in central neurotransmitters are some of the central causes. Some centrally acting chemotherapy can also induce anorexia. For example, tamoxifen used in breast cancer treatment can inhibit fatty acid synthase in the hypothalamus, leading to an accumulation of malonyl coenzyme A (CoA). Increased malonyl CoA is associated with anorexia in cancer [68, 69]. The resultant effect of cancer-related anorexia is reduced caloric intake and alteration in nutrient metabolism with consequent loss of fat and lean mass.
Several studies have focused on the mechanisms underlying the metabolic changes observed in cancer-related anorexia and weight loss and some cytokines have been implicated including TNFα, IL-1, and IL-6 [70]. These cytokines are known to mimic leptin signalling and suppress orexigenic ghrelin and neuropeptide Y (NPY) signalling inducing sustained anorexia and weight loss. These cytokines are elevated in many cancers [71] and their chronic administration can induce anorexia and wasting [72, 73]. Interleukin 1 is produced by lymphocytes and macrophages and is a potent anorexigenic cytokine that is at least 1000-fold more effective than leptin [74]. IL-1 is reported to reduce the size, duration, and frequency of meals but does not reduce the desire for food [75]. It achieves this by the stimulation of corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) production by the hypothalamus [76]. TNFα is produced by monocytes, tissue macrophages and some tumours, and directly on the CNS to produce its anorectic effects by crossing the blood-brain barrier. An inhibitor of TNFα increased food intake in anorectic tumour-bearing rats [77].
Interferon-γ when administered centrally is known to reduce food intake and duration. Administration of TNF-α to laboratory animals induces a state of cachexia, with anorexia and depletion of adipose tissue and lean body mass [78]. Interleukin-6 is secreted by T-cells and macrophages as well as microglia, astrocytes, and neurons and has a well-established association with the onset of cachexia in both rodent and human wasting conditions [79]. While there are many mediators of anorexia in different disease states, IL-6 has been shown to regulate food intake and metabolism [80], signalling through neural gp130 receptors and even in non-cancer-related cachexia, plasma IL-6 is associated with the incidence of anorexia [81, 82].
Decreased caloric intake alone does not account for the profound weight loss observed in cancer patients. Metabolic abnormalities with subsequent elevation in basal energy expenditure are also contributing factors. Weight loss in cancer though affects both fat and lean mass, the latter seems more affected. In a study of 50 cancer patients by Cohn et al., Weight-losing cancer patients appeared to have lost both fat and lean tissue, but the loss of lean body tissue, particularly skeletal muscle, was the more striking feature [83]. This pattern is in contrast to starvation, in which fat is lost and lean tissue is better preserved. TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6 have been shown to increase basal energy expenditure causing weight loss [84]. The muscle wasting that occurs in cancer is a result of a decrease in protein synthesis, an increase in protein degradation or a combination of both. These changes are attributed to the upregulation of inflammatory mediators, the activation of related transcription factors and signalling pathways, abnormalities in the expression of angiotensin II (Ang II), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and various receptors, proteins and kinases, and organelle dysfunction [85]. Muscle wasting thus occurs as a result of these processes.
There are several clinical, biochemical and physiological indicators to diagnose malnutrition in cancer patients. One commonly used clinical indicator of malnutrition is the percentage of weight loss in a certain period. Α weight loss of more than 5% in the previous month or more than 10% in the last 3–6 months is considered significant malnutrition. Other anthropometric measurements, such as body mass index (BMI), mid-arm circumference and mid-upper-arm muscle area can give information about the nutritional status and body composition of these patients. The ASPEN guidelines for diagnosing malnutrition, which looked at six characteristics that incorporate some of these clinical indices [86].
Biochemical markers which are sometimes indicative of inflammation are often used as markers of malnutrition. They include albumin, prealbumin, C-reactive protein, transferrin, total lymphocyte count etc. However, more recently, inflammation-based scores and ratios are being seen as more sensitive markers than the traditional ones [87, 88]. Other nutritional assessment tools use questionnaires incorporated with factors such as estimation of nutritional intake, laboratory parameters and calculation of unintentional weight loss. Such tools that have been used in cancer patients include the Prognostic Nutritional Index (PNI), the Nutritional Risk Screening 2002 (NRS 2002), the Controlling Nutritional Status (CONUT), Mini Nutrition Assessment (MNA), Malnutrition Screening Tool (MST), the Nutritional Risk Index (NRI) etc. [89]. In children with cancer, the Frisancho table is used to assess their nutritional status [29].
Albumin is a serum hepatic protein with a half-life of 14–20 days. Albumin is the major carrier for many substances in the body, and also help maintain the body oncotic pressure. It enhances immunity, aids DNA synthesis as well as acts as an antioxidant [90, 91]. Due to its relatively long half-life and hepatic synthesis, it is seen as a good marker of malnutrition. However, albumin is a negative acute-phase protein, and its serum levels are down-regulated in response to inflammatory conditions and drugs especially those that affect the liver. Albumin is widely used as a marker of nutrition as well as a prognostic indicator of survival in cancer patients (though it is more of a marker for inflammatory response). Frutenicht et al. reported that albumin was a predictor of mortality in gastrointestinal tumour patients [92]. Das et al. reported that albumin was significantly correlated with Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA) [93], thus hypoalbuminaemia is a marker of malnutrition. This was further affirmed by a study done on colorectal cancer patients where albumin was positively correlated with the MNA [94]. However, In a study of 74 cancer patients, Pastore et al. did not find significant variation between albumin and SGA [8]. In a recent study on 128 colorectal patients, at least two circulating cytokines (TNF-α and IL-10) affected the expression of serum albumin [95]. Albumin correlates with weight loss in cancer patients as well as with BMI. Albumin is equally incorporated into various indices such as the Glasgow prognostic score (GPS) and PNI. Albumin may not be the ideal marker for assessing malnutrition, but its incorporation into nutrition screening tools gives it a sense of validity.
CRP is the most common method used to assess the magnitude of systemic inflammatory response. Unlike albumin, it is a positive acute-phase protein. CRP is a prototype of short pentraxin present only in the pentameric form in plasma. It is synthesised by hepatocytes in response to trauma, inflammation and tissue damage. The synthesis of CRP is under the transcriptional control of cytokines and transcription factors. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is the main inducer of CRP gene. CRP is associated with the development, progression and outcome of cancer [96]. In addition, some studies have found a positive association between altered CRP levels and weight loss in patients with cancer [97]. In a large international cohort of advanced cancer patients, Laird et al. reported that C-reactive protein was significantly associated with cognitive, physical, emotional and social functions as well as anorexia, pain and fatigue [98]. Yu et al. also observed a significant association between CRP and PG-SGA among patients with malignant tumours [99]. However, some other studies did not see any association between CRP and nutritional status [88, 92]. In a study done by Read et al., patients with advanced colorectal cancer were initially found to have a positive correlation between SGA and CRP. However, when two outliers were excluded, the association did not remain significant [100]. This observation may be a result of the effect of non-nutritional factors like cardiovascular disease and infections. CRP is positively correlated with weight loss, and negatively correlated with PNI. Like albumin, CRP is incorporated into some nutritional screening tools which give it some validity.
Traditional inflammatory markers like CRP and albumin have been shown to have some limitations in malnutrition diagnosis based on their low specificity. It has been muted that inflammation-based scores that combine CRP and albumin, such as the CRP/Albumin ratio (CAR), may have more significant prognostic value than each of these markers singly in malnutrition. These inflammation-based scores which include inflammatory ratios and indices, and haematological ratios have been reported to be associated with cancer progression and outcomes [101, 102].
The Glasgow prognostic score or modified Glasgow prognostic score indices which combine serum CRP and albumin levels have also been viewed as a prognostic indicator in many cancers. There have been more than 60 studies (>30,000 patients) that have examined and validated the use of the GPS or the modified GPS (mGPS) in a variety of cancer scenarios [103]. Silva et al. demonstrated the clinical utility of modified GPS in a palliative care setting and its association with SGA [104]. SGA was also strongly correlated with the Glasgow prognostic score in oesophageal cancer patients [105]. GPS currently serves an important significance as a nutritional marker in cancer.
The concept of the CRP/albumin ratio (CAR) was first proposed by Ranzani and demonstrated its value for the mortality of septic patients [106]. CAR unlike GPS is a continuous variable and is believed to have a wider clinical application than GPS. A high level of CAR is linked to survival in cancer patients [102, 107]. De Lima reported that CAR was significantly associated with weight loss and SGA in patients with gastrointestinal tumours [108]. A high preoperative CAR and low PNI strongly correlated with poor survival in pancreatic cancer [109]. In oral cancer patients, Park et al. showed that CAR was significantly associated with both PNI and mGPS, and was also a better marker for survival than the other markers [110]. Another related novel marker, CRP/Prealbumin ratio is seen as a prospective inflammatory nutritional prognostic tool in cancer [111], likewise the albumin/CRP ratio [8, 88].
Haematological test i.e. complete blood count is one of the most common, simple and accessible tests in cancer evaluation. As cellular markers of inflammation, they provide prognostic and treatment information about the cancer patient. It is now established that the presence of a pre-operative systemic inflammatory response is predictive of disease progression and poorer outcome, regardless of tumour stage, in patients with various cancers [112, 113]. Inflammation based scoring systems such as the modified Glasgow Prognostic Score (mGPS) and the Neutrophil-Lymphocyte ratio (NLR) have prognostic value in different solid tumours [112]. However, concerning the NLR, multiple thresholds have been used to define high and low NLR values and some have suggested that its prognostic value is mainly derived from the neutrophil count and that the lymphocyte count makes little contribution [114]. Platelets are known to shield tumour cells from shear forces and assault of NK cells, recruit myeloid cells by secretion of chemokines and mediate an arrest of the tumour cell platelet embolus at the vascular wall [115, 116], which indirectly makes the Platelet- lymphocyte ratio (PLR) a prognostic marker in cancer. Studies have revealed that combinations of these parameters could accurately predict the prognosis of a patient than a single index. Like with other inflammatory markers, haematological ratios are associated with malnutrition. Many studies have reported the relationship between NLR and nutritional status. In a recently published work, Siqueira et al. demonstrated the relationship between NLR and nutritional risk in some cancer patients [117]. Sato et al. equally reported a significant inverse relationship of prealbumin with NLR [118]. NLR was associated with SGA especially in severely malnourished cancer patients [119] as well as with percentage weight loss [92].
PLR is another haematological ratio and inflammation marker that has been reported to be associated with many conditions including cancers. Elevated PLR is associated with increased all-cause mortality in different conditions [120], is a prognostic marker in many cancers [121] and is also associated with nutritional status [122]. As a marker of nutrition, PLR was significantly correlated with PNI and BMI in pancreatic cancer patients [87]; along with NLR was significantly associated with PNI in hepatocellular carcinoma [123]. PLR is also associated with haemoglobin and post-op complications in colorectal cancer patients affecting morbidity rates [124]. Sarcopenia, characterised by a decline of skeletal muscle plus low muscle strength and/or physical performance was reported to be associated with NLR and PLR in both renal cell carcinoma and gastric cancer patients [125, 126]. In addition PLR significantly correlated with both BMI and haemoglobin [125]; while in the gastric cancer patients, both PLR and NLR were significantly associated with NRS, albumin, haemoglobin, and cancer stage [126]. NLR and PLR are also reported to be significantly associated with performance status in cancer [115]. The main shortcomings of the haematological ratios are the different cut off levels in various studies.
Some other haematological ratios and scores such as lymphocyte monocyte ratio (LMR), neutrophil platelet score (NPS) etc. have been reported to have some prognostic value in cancer [101]. The monocyte lymphocyte ratio (MLR) was reported to be significantly correlated to PNI and albumin [87] in pancreatic cancer making it a potential nutritional marker like NLR. Combination haematological indices such as the Combination of Platelet count and Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio (COP-NLR), combination of neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet lymphocyte ratio (PLR) (CNP), fibrinogen and NLR (F-NLR) etc. have been shown to have good prognostic value, and their association with nutritional indices should broaden the nutrition/inflammation arena further.
Cytokines are protein molecules released by lymphocytes, monocytes/macrophages and mediate as well as regulate immunity, inflammation and haematopoiesis. Cytokines are the major players in cancer-associated malnutrition, being involved in every aspect of the pathophysiology as earlier explained. They hold great promise as inflammatory markers in nutrition, however, they pose some challenges, particularly their short half-lives [127, 128]. They can be measured in serum or plasma samples; however, measurements from the different sample types cannot be used interchangeably [129].tissues or supernatant from cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) preparations can also be employed in their measurement. The effect of freezing and thawing can lead to its degradation affecting the measurement. There is an equal lack of standardisation of assays, and because cytokines affect multiple pathways, there is also a lack of specificity [130].
Despite its shortcomings, cytokines are still studied in nutrition research. IL-6 is incorporated into the newly validated CAchexia SCOre (CASCO) for staging cachexic cancer patients [131], although it is not included in the simplified MiniCASCO (MCASCO) [132]. IL-6 is also associated with weight loss, and also correlates with high Prognostic Inflammatory Nutritional Index [133, 134].
Other inflammatory markers for measuring malnutrition include prealbumin, haemoglobin, transferrin, and absolute lymphocyte count (ALC). Many of them are incorporated into nutritional indices either as ratios or as scores. Prealbumin, haemoglobin and ALC are incorporated into the CASCO score [133]. For ALC, levels are associated with various degrees of malnutrition. Levels >2000 cells/m3 (normal), 1200 to 2000 cells/m3 (mild depletion), 800 to 1199 cells/m3 (moderate depletion), and < 800 cells/m3 (severe depletion) [135]. Haemoglobin is part of the haemoglobin platelet ratio (HPR) which has been shown to have diagnostic value in colon cancer [136].
As it has been shown, inflammation plays a central role in cancer-related malnutrition which can lead to cachexia and eventually death. Malnutrition accounts for about 20% of all cancer deaths and is associated with reduced quality of life. Markers of inflammation play a prognostic role in cancer and are most times significantly associated with indices of malnutrition in cancer patients. Several studies have shown that inflammatory markers can be used as a screening test for malnutrition in cancer; though their specificity may be below as a result of other disease states. The inflammation-based scores are more sensitive than the single tests. These tests are cheap and easy to apply. However, their major shortcomings are different cut off levels.
The author declare no conflict of interests.
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\\n\\nCo-founded by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic: “We are passionate about the advancement of science. As Ph.D. researchers in Vienna, we found it difficult to access the scholarly research we needed. We created IntechOpen with the specific aim of putting the academic needs of the global research community before the business interests of publishers. Our Team is now a global one and includes highly-renowned scientists and publishers, as well as experts in disseminating your research.”
\\n\\nBut, one thing we have in common is -- we are all scientists at heart!
\\n\\nSara Uhac, COO
\\n\\nSara Uhac was appointed Managing Director of IntechOpen at the beginning of 2014. She directs and controls the company’s operations. Sara joined IntechOpen in 2010 as Head of Journal Publishing, a new strategically underdeveloped department at that time. After obtaining a Master's degree in Media Management, she completed her Ph.D. at the University of Lugano, Switzerland. She holds a BA in Financial Market Management from the Bocconi University in Milan, Italy, where she started her career in the American publishing house Condé Nast and further collaborated with the UK-based publishing company Time Out. Sara was awarded a professional degree in Publishing from Yale University (2012). She is a member of the professional branch association of "Publishers, Designers and Graphic Artists" at the Croatian Chamber of Commerce.
\\n\\nAdrian Assad De Marco
\\n\\nAdrian Assad De Marco joined the company as a Director in 2017. With his extensive experience in management, acquired while working for regional and global leaders, he took over direction and control of all the company's publishing processes. Adrian holds a degree in Economy and Management from the University of Zagreb, School of Economics, Croatia. A former sportsman, he continually strives to develop his skills through professional courses and specializations such as NLP (Neuro-linguistic programming).
\\n\\nDr Alex Lazinica
\\n\\nAlex Lazinica is co-founder and Board member of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his Ph.D. in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. There, he worked as a robotics researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group, as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and, most importantly, co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems, the world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career since it proved to be the pathway to the foundation of IntechOpen with its focus on addressing academic researchers’ needs. Alex personifies many of IntechOpen´s key values, including the commitment to developing mutual trust, openness, and a spirit of entrepreneurialism. Today, his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"Our business values are based on those any scientist applies to their research. We have created a culture of respect and collaboration within a relaxed, friendly and progressive atmosphere, while maintaining academic rigour.
\n\nCo-founded by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic: “We are passionate about the advancement of science. As Ph.D. researchers in Vienna, we found it difficult to access the scholarly research we needed. We created IntechOpen with the specific aim of putting the academic needs of the global research community before the business interests of publishers. Our Team is now a global one and includes highly-renowned scientists and publishers, as well as experts in disseminating your research.”
\n\nBut, one thing we have in common is -- we are all scientists at heart!
\n\nSara Uhac, COO
\n\nSara Uhac was appointed Managing Director of IntechOpen at the beginning of 2014. She directs and controls the company’s operations. Sara joined IntechOpen in 2010 as Head of Journal Publishing, a new strategically underdeveloped department at that time. After obtaining a Master's degree in Media Management, she completed her Ph.D. at the University of Lugano, Switzerland. She holds a BA in Financial Market Management from the Bocconi University in Milan, Italy, where she started her career in the American publishing house Condé Nast and further collaborated with the UK-based publishing company Time Out. Sara was awarded a professional degree in Publishing from Yale University (2012). She is a member of the professional branch association of "Publishers, Designers and Graphic Artists" at the Croatian Chamber of Commerce.
\n\nAdrian Assad De Marco
\n\nAdrian Assad De Marco joined the company as a Director in 2017. With his extensive experience in management, acquired while working for regional and global leaders, he took over direction and control of all the company's publishing processes. Adrian holds a degree in Economy and Management from the University of Zagreb, School of Economics, Croatia. A former sportsman, he continually strives to develop his skills through professional courses and specializations such as NLP (Neuro-linguistic programming).
\n\nDr Alex Lazinica
\n\nAlex Lazinica is co-founder and Board member of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his Ph.D. in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. There, he worked as a robotics researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group, as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and, most importantly, co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems, the world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career since it proved to be the pathway to the foundation of IntechOpen with its focus on addressing academic researchers’ needs. Alex personifies many of IntechOpen´s key values, including the commitment to developing mutual trust, openness, and a spirit of entrepreneurialism. Today, his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.
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It is a cofactor for enzymes involved in regulating photosynthesis, hormone biosynthesis, and regenerating other antioxidants; which also regulates cell division and growth, is involved in signal transduction, and has roles in several physiological processes, such as immune stimulation, synthesis of collagen, hormones, neurotransmitters, and iron absorption, has also roles in detoxifying the body of heavy metals. Severe deficiency of vitamin C causes scurvy, whereas limited vitamin C intake causes symptoms, such as increased susceptibility to infections, loosening of teeth, dryness of the mouth and eyes, loss of hair, dry itchy skin, fatigue, and insomnia. In contrast, vitamin C can also act as a prooxidant, especially in the presence of transition metals, such as iron and copper, starting different hazardous radical reactions. Vitamin C can both act as a strong, efficient, and cheap antioxidant agent and, at the same time, behave as a radical promoter. Further investigations are needed to illuminate the dual roles of vitamin C",book:{id:"5940",slug:"vitamin-c",title:"Vitamin C",fullTitle:"Vitamin C"},signatures:"Fadime Eryılmaz Pehlivan",authors:[{id:"200567",title:"Dr.",name:"Fadime",middleName:null,surname:"Eryılmaz Pehlivan",slug:"fadime-eryilmaz-pehlivan",fullName:"Fadime Eryılmaz Pehlivan"}]},{id:"56440",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70162",title:"Vitamin C: Sources, Functions, Sensing and Analysis",slug:"vitamin-c-sources-functions-sensing-and-analysis",totalDownloads:6438,totalCrossrefCites:15,totalDimensionsCites:28,abstract:"Vitamin C is a water-soluble compound found in living organisms. It is an essential nutrient for various metabolism in our body and also serves as a reagent for the preparation of many materials in the pharmaceutical and food industry. In this perspective, this chapter can develop interest and curiosity among all practicing scientists and technologists by expounding the details of its sources, chemistry, multifunctional properties and applications.",book:{id:"5940",slug:"vitamin-c",title:"Vitamin C",fullTitle:"Vitamin C"},signatures:"Sudha J. Devaki and Reshma Lali Raveendran",authors:[{id:"187911",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sudha",middleName:null,surname:"J Devaki",slug:"sudha-j-devaki",fullName:"Sudha J Devaki"},{id:"204937",title:"Mrs.",name:"Reshma",middleName:null,surname:"Laly Ravindran",slug:"reshma-laly-ravindran",fullName:"Reshma Laly Ravindran"}]},{id:"50921",doi:"10.5772/63712",title:"Menaquinones, Bacteria, and Foods: Vitamin K2 in the Diet",slug:"menaquinones-bacteria-and-foods-vitamin-k2-in-the-diet",totalDownloads:3328,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:21,abstract:"Vitamin K2 is a collection of isoprenologues that mostly originate from bacterial synthesis, also called menaquinones (MKs). Multiple bacterial species used as starter cultures for food fermentation are known to synthesize MK. Therefore, fermented food is the best source of vitamin K2. In the Western diet, dairy products are one of the best known and most commonly consumed group of fermented products.",book:{id:"5169",slug:"vitamin-k2-vital-for-health-and-wellbeing",title:"Vitamin K2",fullTitle:"Vitamin K2 - Vital for Health and Wellbeing"},signatures:"Barbara Walther and Magali Chollet",authors:[{id:"184784",title:"Dr.",name:"Barbara",middleName:null,surname:"Walther",slug:"barbara-walther",fullName:"Barbara Walther"},{id:"188194",title:"Mrs.",name:"Magali",middleName:null,surname:"Chollet",slug:"magali-chollet",fullName:"Magali Chollet"}]},{id:"66098",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84445",title:"Golden Rice: To Combat Vitamin A Deficiency for Public Health",slug:"golden-rice-to-combat-vitamin-a-deficiency-for-public-health",totalDownloads:3386,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:17,abstract:"Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) has been recognised as a significant public health problem continuously for more than 30 years, despite current interventions. The problem is particularly severe in populations where rice is the staple food and diversity of diet is limited, as white rice contains no micronutrients. Golden Rice is a public-sector product designed as an additional intervention for VAD. There will be no charge for the nutritional trait, which has been donated by its inventors for use in public-sector rice varieties to assist the resource poor, and no limitations on what small farmers can do with the crop—saving and replanting seed, selling seed and selling grain are all possible. Because Golden Rice had to be created by introducing two new genes—one from maize and the other from a very commonly ingested soil bacterium—it has taken a long time to get from the laboratory to the field. Now it has been formally registered as safe as food, feed, or in processed form by four industrialised counties, and applications are pending in developing countries. The data are summarised here, and criticisms addressed, for a public health professional audience: is it needed, will it work, is it safe and is it economic? Adoption of Golden Rice, the next step after in-country registration, requires strategic and tactical cooperation across professions, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and government departments often not used to working together. Public health professionals need to play a prominent role.",book:{id:"7978",slug:"vitamin-a",title:"Vitamin A",fullTitle:"Vitamin A"},signatures:"Adrian Dubock",authors:[{id:"273220",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Adrian",middleName:null,surname:"Dubock",slug:"adrian-dubock",fullName:"Adrian Dubock"}]},{id:"62836",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79350",title:"The Role of Thiamine in Plants and Current Perspectives in Crop Improvement",slug:"the-role-of-thiamine-in-plants-and-current-perspectives-in-crop-improvement",totalDownloads:1566,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"Current research is focusing on selecting potential genes that can alleviate stress and produce disease-tolerant crop variety. The novel paradigm is to investigate the potential of thiamine as a crop protection molecule in plants. Thiamine or vitamin B1 is important for primary metabolism for all living organisms. The active form, thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), is a cofactor for the enzymes involved in the synthesis of amino acids, tricarboxylic acid cycle and pentose phosphate pathway. Recently, thiamine is shown to have a role in the processes underlying protection of plants against biotic and abiotic stresses. The aim of this chapter is to review the role of thiamine in plant growth and disease protection and also to highlight that TPP and its intermediates are involved in management of stress. The perspectives on its potential for manipulating the biosynthesis pathway in crop improvement will also be discussed.",book:{id:"6709",slug:"b-group-vitamins-current-uses-and-perspectives",title:"B Group Vitamins",fullTitle:"B Group Vitamins - Current Uses and Perspectives"},signatures:"Atiqah Subki, Aisamuddin Ardi Zainal Abidin and Zetty Norhana\nBalia Yusof",authors:[{id:"240031",title:"Dr.",name:"Zetty-Norhana Balia",middleName:null,surname:"Yusof",slug:"zetty-norhana-balia-yusof",fullName:"Zetty-Norhana Balia Yusof"},{id:"261167",title:"Mr.",name:"Aisamuddin Ardi",middleName:null,surname:"Zainal Abidin",slug:"aisamuddin-ardi-zainal-abidin",fullName:"Aisamuddin Ardi Zainal Abidin"},{id:"261169",title:"Ms.",name:"Atiqah",middleName:null,surname:"Subki",slug:"atiqah-subki",fullName:"Atiqah Subki"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"56440",title:"Vitamin C: Sources, Functions, Sensing and Analysis",slug:"vitamin-c-sources-functions-sensing-and-analysis",totalDownloads:6429,totalCrossrefCites:15,totalDimensionsCites:28,abstract:"Vitamin C is a water-soluble compound found in living organisms. It is an essential nutrient for various metabolism in our body and also serves as a reagent for the preparation of many materials in the pharmaceutical and food industry. In this perspective, this chapter can develop interest and curiosity among all practicing scientists and technologists by expounding the details of its sources, chemistry, multifunctional properties and applications.",book:{id:"5940",slug:"vitamin-c",title:"Vitamin C",fullTitle:"Vitamin C"},signatures:"Sudha J. Devaki and Reshma Lali Raveendran",authors:[{id:"187911",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sudha",middleName:null,surname:"J Devaki",slug:"sudha-j-devaki",fullName:"Sudha J Devaki"},{id:"204937",title:"Mrs.",name:"Reshma",middleName:null,surname:"Laly Ravindran",slug:"reshma-laly-ravindran",fullName:"Reshma Laly Ravindran"}]},{id:"56013",title:"Vitamin C: An Antioxidant Agent",slug:"vitamin-c-an-antioxidant-agent",totalDownloads:7817,totalCrossrefCites:27,totalDimensionsCites:60,abstract:"Vitamin C or ascorbic acid (AsA) is a naturally occurring organic compound with antioxidant properties, found in both animals and plants. It functions as a redox buffer which can reduce, and thereby neutralize, reactive oxygen species. It is a cofactor for enzymes involved in regulating photosynthesis, hormone biosynthesis, and regenerating other antioxidants; which also regulates cell division and growth, is involved in signal transduction, and has roles in several physiological processes, such as immune stimulation, synthesis of collagen, hormones, neurotransmitters, and iron absorption, has also roles in detoxifying the body of heavy metals. Severe deficiency of vitamin C causes scurvy, whereas limited vitamin C intake causes symptoms, such as increased susceptibility to infections, loosening of teeth, dryness of the mouth and eyes, loss of hair, dry itchy skin, fatigue, and insomnia. In contrast, vitamin C can also act as a prooxidant, especially in the presence of transition metals, such as iron and copper, starting different hazardous radical reactions. Vitamin C can both act as a strong, efficient, and cheap antioxidant agent and, at the same time, behave as a radical promoter. Further investigations are needed to illuminate the dual roles of vitamin C",book:{id:"5940",slug:"vitamin-c",title:"Vitamin C",fullTitle:"Vitamin C"},signatures:"Fadime Eryılmaz Pehlivan",authors:[{id:"200567",title:"Dr.",name:"Fadime",middleName:null,surname:"Eryılmaz Pehlivan",slug:"fadime-eryilmaz-pehlivan",fullName:"Fadime Eryılmaz Pehlivan"}]},{id:"69402",title:"Vitamin D Deficiency and Diabetes Mellitus",slug:"vitamin-d-deficiency-and-diabetes-mellitus",totalDownloads:1604,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Vitamin D (VD) is a molecule that can be synthesized directly in the humans’ body or enter the organism with food in the form of inactive precursors. To exert its biological action, VD undergoes two-stage hydroxylation (at the 25th and 1st position) catalyzed by cytochromes P450, the presence of which has already been shown in almost all tissues of the human body. The product of hydroxylation is hormone-active form of vitamin D–1,25(OH)2D. 1,25(OH)2D binds to specific vitamin D receptor (VDR) and regulates the expression of genes involved in bone remodeling (classical function) and genes that control immune response, hormone secretion, cell proliferation, and differentiation (nonclassical functions). VD deficiency is prevalent around the globe and may be one of the key factors for diabetes development. The direct association between vitamin D deficiency and type 1 (T1D) and type 2 (T2D) diabetes has been proven. Detection of VDR in pancreas and adipose tissue, skeletal muscles, and immune cells allowed implying the antidiabetic role of vitamin D by enhancing insulin synthesis and exocytosis, increasing the expression of the insulin receptor, and modulating immune cells’ functions. This chapter summarizes data about relationship between VD insufficiency/deficiency and development of T1D and T2D, and their complications.",book:{id:"7038",slug:"vitamin-d-deficiency",title:"Vitamin D Deficiency",fullTitle:"Vitamin D Deficiency"},signatures:"Ihor Shymanskyi, Olha Lisakovska, Anna Mazanova and Mykola Veliky",authors:null},{id:"76108",title:"Vitamin D Metabolism",slug:"vitamin-d-metabolism",totalDownloads:498,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Vitamin D plays an important role in bone metabolism. Vitamin D is a group of biologically inactive, fat-soluble prohormones that exist in two major forms: ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) produced by plants in response to ultraviolet irradiation and cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) derived from animal tissues or 7-dehydrocholesterol in human skin by the action of ultraviolet rays present in sunlight. Vitamin D, which is biologically inactive, needs two-step hydroxylation for activation. All of these steps are of crucial for Vitamin D to show its effect properly. In this section, we will present vitamin D synthesis and its action steps in detail.",book:{id:"10631",slug:"vitamin-d",title:"Vitamin D",fullTitle:"Vitamin D"},signatures:"Sezer Acar and Behzat Özkan",authors:[{id:"29878",title:"Dr.",name:"Behzat",middleName:null,surname:"Özkan",slug:"behzat-ozkan",fullName:"Behzat Özkan"},{id:"348287",title:"Dr.",name:"Sezer",middleName:null,surname:"Acar",slug:"sezer-acar",fullName:"Sezer Acar"}]},{id:"50754",title:"Medicinal Chemistry of Vitamin K Derivatives and Metabolites",slug:"medicinal-chemistry-of-vitamin-k-derivatives-and-metabolites",totalDownloads:1917,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Vitamin K acts as a cofactor for γ‐glutamyl carboxylase. Recently, various biological activities of vitamin K have been reported. Anti‐proliferative activities of vitamin K, especially in vitamin K3, are well known. In addition, various physiological and pharmacological functions of vitamin K2, such as transcription modulators as nuclear steroid and xenobiotic receptor (SXR) ligands and anti‐inflammatory effects, have been revealed in the past decade. Characterization of vitamin K metabolites is also important for clinical application of vitamin K and its derivatives. In this chapter, recent progress on the medicinal chemistry of vitamin K derivatives and metabolites is discussed.",book:{id:"5169",slug:"vitamin-k2-vital-for-health-and-wellbeing",title:"Vitamin K2",fullTitle:"Vitamin K2 - Vital for Health and Wellbeing"},signatures:"Shinya Fujii and Hiroyuki Kagechika",authors:[{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika"},{id:"180529",title:"Dr.",name:"Shinya",middleName:null,surname:"Fujii",slug:"shinya-fujii",fullName:"Shinya Fujii"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"42",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:140,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. 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Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",slug:"slawomir-wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",biography:"Professor Sławomir Wilczyński, Head of the Chair of Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland. His research interests are focused on modern imaging methods used in medicine and pharmacy, including in particular hyperspectral imaging, dynamic thermovision analysis, high-resolution ultrasound, as well as other techniques such as EPR, NMR and hemispheric directional reflectance. Author of over 100 scientific works, patents and industrial designs. Expert of the Polish National Center for Research and Development, Member of the Investment Committee in the Bridge Alfa NCBiR program, expert of the Polish Ministry of Funds and Regional Policy, Polish Medical Research Agency. Editor-in-chief of the journal in the field of aesthetic medicine and dermatology - Aesthetica.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",slug:"adriano-andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",biography:"Dr. Adriano de Oliveira Andrade graduated in Electrical Engineering at the Federal University of Goiás (Brazil) in 1997. He received his MSc and PhD in Biomedical Engineering respectively from the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU, Brazil) in 2000 and from the University of Reading (UK) in 2005. He completed a one-year Post-Doctoral Fellowship awarded by the DFAIT (Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada) at the Institute of Biomedical Engineering of the University of New Brunswick (Canada) in 2010. Currently, he is Professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (UFU). He has authored and co-authored more than 200 peer-reviewed publications in Biomedical Engineering. He has been a researcher of The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq-Brazil) since 2009. He has served as an ad-hoc consultant for CNPq, CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), FINEP (Brazilian Innovation Agency), and other funding bodies on several occasions. He was the Secretary of the Brazilian Society of Biomedical Engineering (SBEB) from 2015 to 2016, President of SBEB (2017-2018) and Vice-President of SBEB (2019-2020). He was the head of the undergraduate program in Biomedical Engineering of the Federal University of Uberlândia (2015 - June/2019) and the head of the Centre for Innovation and Technology Assessment in Health (NIATS/UFU) since 2010. He is the head of the Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering (UFU, July/2019 - to date). He was the secretary of the Parkinson's Disease Association of Uberlândia (2018-2019). Dr. Andrade's primary area of research is focused towards getting information from the neuromuscular system to understand its strategies of organization, adaptation and controlling in the context of motor neuron diseases. 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He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. 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This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 3rd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},subseries:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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