Parameters for relaxation processes extracted from TSDC experimental results [29].
Parasitism is a relationship among species, in which one organism, the parasite, sustains on the host organism. Parasitic diseases can affect almost all living organisms. Parasites are dependent on the host organisms for their own survival. Not all parasites are harmful but some cause severe pathology to the host, such as
IFNs are the key soluble immune molecules belonging to the IFN family with specific structural and functional characteristics. They are divided into three main groups based on the structural details and functional contribution toward modulating the immune response during parasitic infections: IFN-I, II and III. The IFN-I family includes IFN-α and IFN-β. IFN-I signaling is mediated through a common cell surface receptor, (IFNAR). IFN-I production by a wide variety of cells mediates autocrine and paracrine signaling pathways upon viral infections. The IFN-II family represents IFN-γ. Its response is mediated by IFN-γ receptor (IFNGR). IFN-II plays a role in defense against intracellular pathogens by modulating diverse cellular functions. The third IFN-III family, or IFN-λ, comprises four different subtypes: IFN-λ1, λ2, λ3 and λ4. IFN-III is not well studied but has a role similar to IFN-I. The expression of IFN-λR receptor is mainly restricted to cells of epithelial origin [3].
Protozoan parasitic infections are among the most common life-threatening infectious diseases. They can enter into the human body generally by a bite from an insect vector or through fecal-oral route. Protozoan parasites are responsible for serious infections.
Chagas disease or American trypanosomiasis is caused by the parasite
Transmission of
Chagas disease has two phases of infection: an acute and a chronic phase. Acute form is mild. The parasite remains in the blood circulation for a long time (few weeks to months). Acute phase is followed by prolonged asymptomatic “chronic phase,” marked by very few or negligible parasite in blood. Chronic Chagas disease symptoms include dilated colon or esophagus and different heart rhythm abnormalities. Diagnosis of acute phase of infection is marked by the presence of parasite in peripheral blood circulation and can be observed by microscopic examination of stained blood smear. Diagnosis of chronic Chagas disease is generally made by testing blood for parasite-specific antibodies [4].
Chagas disease is associated with several immunological alterations due to change in the expression pattern of cytokines that play a fundamental role in regulating the functionality of almost all cell types.
IFN-I has an important role in inhibiting the parasite multiplication. Induction/production of IFN-I in response to
IFN-γ has a central role in Chagas disease cardiomyopathy. The disease is characterized by increased production of IFN-γ in the periphery [13]. Several cytokines, including IFN-γ, IL-1-α, IL-6 and TNF-α, modulate the expression of immune cells and contribute to the inflammatory process by recruiting the T cells into the inflammatory sites. Conversely, IL-4, TGF-β and IL-10 negatively regulate NO production and downregulate the intracellular control of
Type III IFNs serve as regulatory cytokines by reducing the damage caused by pro-inflammatory cytokines or by retaining the more potent IFN-I for times when immune responses are inadequate [21]. This subtype is poorly recognized and has not been studied in Chagas disease.
Circulation of T cells in response to parasitic infection is securely controlled as various cytokines and chemokines influence the disease outcome. It has been reported that in
Peripheral and thymic changes induced in host organism (mice and/or human) upon
Malaria is a deadly disease caused by
Malaria is generally transmitted through the bite of
Malaria can be fatal if not treated. Disease outcome is determined by the parasite species and host immunity. Complications may arise in the form of cerebral malaria (CM) wherein the parasite infects the brain and leads to serious damage including seizures and coma accompanied with breathing problems, organ failure and low blood sugar. Early detection and disease treatment are important to reduce the risk of disease severity. Staining-based microscopic parasite diagnosis methods or malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are widely used for preliminary diagnosis of the disease. RDTs detect specific antigen produced by malaria parasite in human blood using a dye-labeled capture antibodies providing an evidence of malaria infection [33].
Host immune response against
IFN-γ is the most widely studied in malaria and has a versatile effect on the host. It may exert a protective or destructive effect, depending on the stage of the infection or the species of
IFN-γ regulates various components of the host immune system such as defense against intracellular pathogens by antigen presentation, antimicrobial mechanism, leukocyte development and immune cell trafficking. The protective role of IFN-γ is evident from the
Type I and type II interferons [IFNs] are critical to govern the disease outcome; however, reports on the involvement of recently identified IFN-III humans during malaria infection are scarce [3].
Malarial infection results in increased levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α in human serum. Both these cytokines have been shown to be involved in double positive T-cell death [52, 53, 54]. However, neutralizing the effect of IFN-γ and TNF-α did not alter the apoptosis-inducing capacity of the serum [28]. Conversely, TNF-α neutralization helps in the reduction of DP T-cell count due to increased apoptosis, stating that TNF-α exerts a protective rather than a destructive role in malaria-induced thymic atrophy [28]. Studies done on BALB/c mice model show a high level of apoptosis and premature migration of thymocytes in mice upon
Peripheral and thymic changes induced in host organism (mice or human) upon
Female phlebotomine sandflies transmit the Leishmania parasite during blood meal. Disease transmission is dependent on the parasite or sandfly species, environmental conditions, host immunity and animal reservoir [62].
There are three main clinical forms of leishmaniasis: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) or kala-azar is characterized by hepatosplenomegaly, fever and anemia. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is the most common form of the disease, characterized by skin lesions on exposed body parts, scars on the body and societal stigma. Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL) manifestation involves mucous membranes of the nose, mouth and throat. Diagnosis is generally based on microscopic examinations of
There is a mixed Th1 and Th2 immune response during
IFN-II is considered the main player in cell-mediated immune responses against infections, but recently, IFN-I is also being reported to play a role in Leishmaniasis pathology outcome. Activated macrophages initiate the parasite elimination via the production of iNOS. Deficiency of this enzyme in mice promotes susceptibility to
Thymus is the least studied in context of
Peripheral and thymic changes induced in host organism (mice or human) upon
In conclusion, the role of IFN family in both immune-protective and immune-pathogenic processes in parasitic infections makes it a key set of molecules to be studied in depth (Figure 4). Modulatory effect of IFNs on T cells and downstream effector function of T cells along with their complex cross-network functionality in other circulating blood and tissue-resident immune cells warrant further understanding on their role in disease manifestation and outcome. IFNs as the modulators of thymic structure and function are an interesting dimension of the immune-regulatory capabilities of these soluble immune molecules in infectious diseases. IFNs work as double-edged sword to modulate immune effector mechanisms determined by parasite and host components. This family of important cytokines can be tailored to be used as immunomodulators and/or immunotherapeutic molecules.
Mechanistic of IFNs (IFN-I and IFN-γ) upon parasitic invasion in host organism. IFNs play a dual role in disease progression and/or protection, depending on the type and expression levels in relation to other secretory molecules and cytokines (Th1/Th2/Treg) and cause-effect cross talk between different IFN producers and effector immune cells.
Aklank Jain and Manju Jain would like to acknowledge Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India, for providing Research Seed Money Grant.
The charging and discharging of dielectric materials under space radiation environment are the main factors that cause anomalies in a spacecraft. Koons et al. counted the abnormal failures of the spacecraft, suggesting that 54.2% from the total 299 cases were caused by the charging and discharging of dielectric materials [1]. A spacecraft is inevitably exposed to space plasma, energetic particles radiation, extreme temperature, cosmic rays, etc. [2]. A situation has to be taken into consideration that partial accumulation of space charges and high electric field occur when energetic electrons penetrate through the aluminum shield and deposit in the surface or deep layer of insulating materials. When the maximum electric field of insulating material exceeds a certain threshold, electrostatic discharge (ESD) will occur. Consequently, it will lead to the deterioration of insulating materials and even the failure of the whole electronic equipment. With the rapid increasing interest on space exploration, several countries are making efforts to build a Space Solar Power Station (SSPS) with megawatts or even gigawatts [3]. The reliability of the spacecraft becomes a very important problem. Polyimide is widely used in spacecraft system because of its good insulating, mechanical and antiaging properties [4]. Therefore, the charging and discharging mechanism of polyimide under electron irradiation and high voltage is a research focus in the field of spacecraft reliability.
Surface dielectric charging and deep dielectric charging are two kinds of dielectric charging, which are divided by the incident electron energy range and discharge position [2]. Surface dielectric charging refers to the deposition of low-energy electrons (e.g., 1–50 keV) on the dielectric surface and the induction of surface potential, while the deep dielectric charging refers to the penetration of high-energy electrons (e.g., 0.1–10 MeV) from the dielectric surface, deposition within the insulating materials and establishment of internal electric field [5]. Modeling the dielectric charging based on secondary electron yield, surface potential decay processes and characteristic parameters is the research focus in surface dielectric charging [2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]. While for deep dielectric charging, the charge transport properties of insulating materials irradiated by energetic electrons are key issues, and several models have been proposed to investigate it [11, 12, 13, 14]. There are two types of typical models: the radiation-induced conductivity (RIC) model and the charge generation-recombination (GR) model. RIC model describes the transport processes of electrons in insulating materials under the irradiation of electron beam. It is a macroscopic model in which the parameters are given by the measurement of radiation-induced conductivity [14]. GR model describes the generation and recombination processes of electron-hole pairs in insulating materials. It is a microscopic model in which some specific parameters are difficult to be determined.
Charge behavior on the dielectric surface layer or the deep layer under electron irradiation has an important influence on discharging properties. As to DC surface flashover, it implies that the essence of surface flashover is the charge transport behavior across gas-solid interface under high electric field, which involves charge trapping and de-trapping properties in dielectric surface layer, secondary electron emission properties, impact ionization of gas molecules and electron multiplication properties in gaseous phase (or desorbed gas). The development process and formation of surface flashover is a coupling effect of the above factors. The vacuum surface flashover voltage of dielectric material irradiated by electrons is much lower than that in vacuum or gaseous atmosphere. At present, several theories have been postulated to explain the surface flashover phenomenon in vacuum, among which the theory of secondary electron emission avalanche (SEEA) is dominant [15]. The flashover of insulating material in vacuum under electron beam irradiation is also closely related to the field-emission electrons emitted from the cathode-dielectric-vacuum triple junction (CTJ) and secondary electrons (SE) [16]. A large number of experimental studies emphasize the effects of deposited charges in the dielectric surface layer, while few data can be obtained about the effect of kinetic electron from the electron beam on surface flashover [17]. On the aspect of dc electrical breakdown mechanism of polyimide, it has been proven that under the action of a high electric field, charges are injected into the insulating materials, and space charges are accumulated [18, 19, 20]. The electric field distortion appears inside the insulating materials caused by the accumulated space charges. When the maximum local electric field exceeds a threshold value, the electrical breakdown will occur [19, 21].
In this chapter, the charging and discharging phenomena of dielectric materials under electron irradiation environment were introduced. The electrical properties of polyimide were investigated. The surface and deep charging process and model of polyimide radiated by electrons were analyzed. Then, the experimental results of DC surface flashover during electron irradiation with different energies, fluxes and incident angles were investigated.
In the field of spacecraft charging and discharging, the potential of the spacecraft is relative to the zero potential of the space plasma. Although the density of space plasma is fluctuating, it is much faster than the change of the spacecraft potential on the time scale. The spacecraft potential is floating. The spacecraft operates in a harsh space environment, such as plasma, high-energy electrons, atomic oxygen, etc., and charging and discharging phenomena will occur in the surface or deep layer of the spacecraft [2]. Figure 1 depicts a schematic diagram of the spacecraft floating potential.
The schematic diagram of spacecraft floating potential in space plasma environment [
When the energy of the incident particles is low, the charge exchange process will appear between spacecraft and the surrounding environment. Environmental electrons or ions interacting with target atoms on the surface of the dielectric material will generate the secondary electrons and backscattered electrons. In addition, when the spacecraft is operating on the sunny side, photoelectrons are generated on the surface of the dielectric material. The combined effects of the above processes will cause charging and discharging phenomena on the surface of the dielectric materials. For different dielectric materials, due to their different secondary electron emission coefficients, backscattering coefficients and photoelectron coefficients, the surface charge exchange processes are different. Consequently, different surface potentials appear on the dielectric materials, which will cause unequal charge between the dielectric materials [2].
The deep dielectric charging refers to the process that high-energy electrons (MeV) penetrate through the dielectric surface and deposit within the insulating materials [22]. Incident electrons penetrate into insulating materials, and their energy will gradually transfer into target atoms, owing to the physical mechanism of elastic scattering or inelastic scattering. For high-resistivity polymer, the intrinsic conductivity is very low. High-energy electrons penetrate the surface and deposit inside the material. These charges are called deposited electrons. Under the radiation of the space electron spectrum, electrons of different energies have different penetration distances inside the material, resulting in the formation of deposited charge layers of different depths. The charge accumulation will cause distortion of the electric field, which is likely to cause internal electrical breakdown of the dielectric materials [23].
From 1980 to 2005, the statistics of 156 anomalies of orbiting spacecraft showed that 45% of spacecraft anomalies were caused by the failure of the power system of the spacecraft [24], among which the insulating materials and structure of solar array and its drive assembly are most likely to discharge. The spacecraft power system fails once the solar array or its drive assembly fails. Even worse, the spacecraft will be out of control. A Nigerian satellite launched by China in November 2008 completely failed due to the failure of solar array drive assembly [25]. Especially with the increase of spacecraft operating voltage and power requirements, the coupling effect of high operating voltage and space radiation environment will pose a greater threat to the insulation system of spacecraft.
As early as the 1920s, Mott-Smith and Langmuir began the initial theoretical exploration of the electrostatic charging of isolated bodies in space [2]. With the launch of the first artificial satellite in 1957, humankind entered the era of space, and the related issues of space dielectric charging have gradually attracted researchers’ attention. Before 1980, it was believed that the charging and discharging of the dielectric surface was the main cause of spacecraft anomalies, and related research focused on the surface charging phenomenon [26]. With the occurrence of abnormal spacecraft failures and the launch of CRRES satellite (Combined Release and Radiation Effects Satellite) in the 1990s, deep dielectric charging of the spacecraft came into focus and research on spacecraft charging entered a new era [27]. H.B. Garrett published two review papers in 1981 and 2000 [26, 27], which summarized the research progress of spacecraft surface charging before 1980 and research development of surface charging and deep charging between 1980 and 2000. Lai published a review paper in 2003 [28], which summarized the suppression methods of dielectric charging.
Since the twenty-first century, great achievements have been made in space environment exploration, basic theoretical research and ground simulation experiments. However, the charging and discharging of dielectric materials is still the main factor threatening the safe operation of spacecraft. Especially with the development of high-voltage and high-power spacecraft, the field of dielectric charging and discharging is facing new challenges.
The complex permittivity of polyimide with thickness of 100 μm was measured at room temperature using a broadband dielectric spectrometer (Concept 80, Novocontrol Technologies, Germany). The applied voltage was 1 Vrms and the frequency was from 10−2–105 Hz. Figure 2 depicts the real and imaginary parts of the relative complex permittivity, obtained from polyimide sample at room temperature, which is a function of frequency in semi-logarithmic coordinates [29]. Figure 2 shows that the real part of relative complex permittivity increases slightly as frequency decreases. In the frequency range of 10−2–105 Hz, the imaginary part is lower than 3.6 × 10−3. The small dielectric relaxation strength of the relaxation peak around 30 Hz reveals that the dipolar moment is very low. The dielectric loss,
The real and imaginary parts of relative complex permittivity,
Thermally stimulated depolarization current (TSDC, Concept 90, Novocontrol technologies, Germany) was carried out on a polyimide sample with a thickness of 100 μm to investigate its trap distribution characteristics. Figure 3 shows the results of TSDC experiments for polyimide [29]. Thermally stimulated relaxation processes can be observed in the temperature range of 10–170°C. One obvious relaxation peak is around 69°C, while another relaxation peak may be located near 135°C. The experimental results were analyzed using the classical TSDC theory to reveal the thermally stimulated processes and their activation energies [30].
TSDC experimental results of polyimide after being polarized at an applied voltage of 250 V at 180°C for 30 min. The classical TSDC theory was used to fit the experimental results. Symbols and solid curves represent experimental and fitting results, respectively [
The TSDC experimental results were fitted and four relaxation peak components could be obtained. As shown in Figure 3, it can be seen that the fitting results are in good agreement with the experiments. We can determine the peak temperature, activation energy and relaxation time for the four relaxation processes listed in Table 1. The activation energies of four peaks at 69, 87, 109 and 135.5° are 0.60, 0.65, 0.70 and 0.83 eV, respectively. As the temperature at the relaxation peak increases, the corresponding activation energy increases. The three peaks at 69, 87 and 109°C may correspond to shallow traps that assist carriers hopping process in polyimide, while the peak at 135.5°C may correspond to deep traps that can capture mobile carriers and accumulate space charges. The energy of deep traps is consistent with the results obtained from the Arrhenius relation between conductivity and temperature [4].
Peak temperature (°C) | |||
---|---|---|---|
69 | 0.60 | 2.63 × 10−4 | 7.50 × 10−7 |
87 | 0.65 | 2.01 × 10−4 | 4.23 × 10−7 |
109 | 0.70 | 1.80 × 10−4 | 3.23 × 10−7 |
135.5 | 0.83 | 1.60 × 10−4 | 3.09 × 10−8 |
Parameters for relaxation processes extracted from TSDC experimental results [29].
Surface potential decay was carried out on a polyimide sample under electron radiation to investigate its surface trap distribution characteristics. In this experiment, charging process takes a very short time, about 25 s, as the electron flux density was so high. We set that with a filament emission current of 10 μA and a radiation distance of 300 mm, and the charging process was completed within 30 s. After radiating for 30 s, we turned off the electron gun and then moved the probe over the sample to measure the surface potential. Figure 4(a) gives the surface potential decay curves of polyimide under electron radiation of different energy levels (3–11 keV) [31].
Surface potential decay curves (a) and surface trap distributions (b) of polyimide after irradiation by electron beam with different energies [
It can be seen that the initial surface potential gradually increases with the increase of electron energy. This indicates that the charging process and properties are different under electron radiation of different energy levels. Hence, the dielectric properties during the charging process can be investigated by analyzing the initial surface potential of the dielectric after the charging process.
The surface trap distribution of polyimide can be obtained from surface potential decay model, as shown in Figure 4(b) [31]. There are two types of traps, defined as shallow and deep traps, respectively. It can be seen that the trap charge density related to shallow traps is more than that of deep traps under the same electron energy radiation. The charges captured in relatively shallow traps can escape the trap center in a short interval, which is demonstrated by the rapid decay of surface potential. With the time increases, these de-trapped electrons will migrate to the grounded electrode under the effect of the internal electric field. By contrast, deeply trapped charges remain in the trap center for a longer period. The density of deep traps determines the steady surface potential, and the stabilization time depends on the energy level of the deep traps.
The surface trap distribution of polyimide presents different behavior under radiation from electrons of different energy levels. The shallow trap level increases slightly with the increase of electron energy, while the deep trap level remains unchanged about 0.94 eV. Under the radiation of different electron energy, the depth of the electron deposition layer and the range of electrons are different. The higher the electron energy, the deeper the deposition layer. These trapped charges need to overcome a much higher potential barrier to escape the trap center. Therefore, the shallow trap energy level increases with the gradual increase of the electron energy. In addition, the total trap charge density gradually increases with increasing electron energy. Due to the increased electron energy, the distance from the electron deposition layer to the dielectric surface is longer, and much more charges will be captured by the trap centers [31].
The surface potential experimental results of samples charged by negative corona discharging and positive corona discharging as a function of time are shown in Figure 5 [29]. Negative and positive charges are deposited on the surface of polyimide, and electric field is established inside the polyimide during the charging process. After charging, surface charges are injected into polyimide, and the migration of charges toward the grounded electrode in the bulk leads to the decay of surface potential. The decay rate of surface potential varies before and after the injected charge carriers flow out of the dielectric material, as shown in Figure 5 [29]. The time when the front charge carriers arrive at the grounded electrode is defined as transit time
Surface potentials of polyimide charged by negative corona discharging and positive corona discharging as a function of time at room temperature [
Here,
For studying the surface and volume charge transportation properties, the isothermal surface potential decay (ISPD) experiment on space-grade polyimide was carried out at various temperatures from 298 to 338 K. In high vacuum, the charge was accumulated on the surface of polyimide under low-energy electron irradiation. After irradiation, the charge was transferred to the grounding electrode on the surface through the volume. Through the three parameters of surface resistivity, volume ohmic resistivity and charge carrier mobility, the leakage rate of electron was determined. And the three parameters were revealed by a two-dimensional ISPD model established by using genetic algorithm (GA), as shown in Figure 6 [33].
Arrhenius plot of surface resistivity (a), volume ohmic resistivity (b), and charge carrier mobility (c) of polyimide. The linear fitting errors, R2, were respectively 0.959, 0.986 and 0.991 from (a) to (c) [
As shown in Figure 6, the carrier mobility increased with temperature, while the surface resistivity and volume ohmic resistivity of polyimide decreased with temperature. The surface resistivity, volume ohmic resistivity and carrier mobility were obtained. For example, at 298 K, they were 1.02 × 1019 Ω, 2.87 × 1017 Ω m and 1.49 × 10−19 m2/V s, respectively. The calculated errors were all not more than 0.9%, which showed that there was a good consistency between the experimental and simulated 2D ISPD results [33].
The influencing mechanism of sample thickness on electrical breakdown of polyimide is not very clear until now. The dc electrical breakdown fields of polyimide films with different thicknesses from 25 to 250 μm were measured using a computer-controlled voltage breakdown test device. The dc electrical breakdown experiments were carried out under 30°C using spherical copper electrodes with a diameter of 25 mm in transformer oil. The rate of dc voltage increase is 1 kVs−1. For each thickness of the sample, at least 15 times breakdown tests are performed. The average value of all data is taken as the breakdown electric field of the sample.
Figure 7 shows the experimental results of the dc electrical breakdown field of the polyimide film,
Experimental results of dc electrical breakdown field of polyimide at various thicknesses in linear coordinates (a) and in double logarithmic coordinates (b) [
The influence of sample thickness on polymer breakdown can be explained by electron avalanche breakdown, electromechanical breakdown, free volume breakdown and space charge modulated electrical breakdown [29,34]. In electron avalanche breakdown, the energy gain of electron can be obtained by free electron movement in the conduction band of dielectric material under the action of electric field [34]. When the energy exceeds the band gap energy, the electrons in the valence band may be excited to the conduction band, resulting in the chemical bond breaking. The avalanche effect is caused by further collision and ionization of the released electrons with other matrix atoms, which results in the doubling of local current and finally triggers the breakdown. The electric breakdown field decreases with the increase of sample thickness, which is due to the critical number of electrons produced in the whole sample thickness by collision ionization [29, 34]. The Stark-Garton model of mechanical and electrical breakdown has been widely used to predict the breakdown strength of thermoplastics, while the Young’s modulus and dielectric constant of temperature-sensitive polymers determine the mechanical and electrical breakdown strength [34]. Because the thickness of the sample determines the electrostatic compressive stress and the opposite elastic stress produced by the electrostatic attraction of the two electrodes, the electric breakdown field is a decreasing function of the sample thickness. In the theory of free volume breakdown, it is assumed that the electric breakdown field of polymer depends on the longest mean free path of electron. Electrons are accelerated in the free volume, and their average free path depends on the maximum length of the free volume. When enough energy is obtained by electrons in the free volume to overcome the potential barrier, the local current will be multiplied, so that the material is heated to a very high temperature and finally causes the phenomenon of electrical breakdown. From a statistical point of view, the longest free path is a function of sample size, so the electric breakdown strength is related to sample thickness.
The synergistic effect of surface electron movement and charge transport in dielectric surface layer should be taken into account when studying the charging process under low-energy electron radiation (1–50 keV). A schematic diagram of charge transport on polyimide surface and in its surface layer under low-energy electron radiation is shown in Figure 8. ‘Surface layer’ refers to the area inside the material that is about a few micrometers from the surface of the dielectric material.
Schematic diagram of charge transport on polyimide surface and in the surface layer under low-energy electron radiation [
The intrinsic conductivity of polyimide with high resistivity is very low, but its total conductivity will increase due to the radiation-induced conductivity (RIC). The incident electrons are mainly deposited in a dielectric surface layer of about a few microns [16], and they will migrate to the interior of polyimide. However, the charge in the surface layer will continue to be accumulated, because the charge conduction velocity is far lower than that of deposition [5].
The surface potential is very low in the initial stage of electron radiation, whose reverse effect on the incident electron energy is very weak. Rather than being released by the secondary electrons, the incident electrons will be deposited on the surface. On the one hand, the change of the distribution of the deposited electrons in the surface layer and the change of the charge transfer characteristics occur due to the change of the incident electron energy and density on the dielectric surface, and it will further affect the negative potential and the induced reverse electric field on the surface in turn. On the other hand, these deposited electrons will generate an internal electric field, whose intensity will gradually increase with the radiation duration. A reverse-acting force will be produced by this field on the moving electrons reaching the dielectric surface [16]. As a result, the incident trajectory and the kinetic energy of the incident electron can be changed by the reverse electric field, by which the secondary electron yield characteristics of dielectric surface will be greatly affected.
The charging process will be stable, if the incident electron current is equal to the sum of the conduction current in the surface layer and the secondary electron generation current on the surface. Therefore, the key to the study of the charging process is a thorough understanding of the charge transfer properties in the dielectric surface layers and kinetic electrons in the surface [31].
A reverse electric field will be formed in the process of electron radiation by the electrons accumulated in the polyimide surface layer, by which the trajectory of the incident electrons will be changed, and thus there will be a dynamic impact on the density and energy of the electrons reaching the polyimide surface. The characteristics of the subsequent incident electrons are different from those of the initial electrons. They will change with time, thus affecting the yield attributes of the surface secondary electrons. Figure 9(a) gives the energy and density of electrons reaching the polyimide surface over radiation time. Figure 9(b) shows the current density of secondary electrons emitted from polyimide surface and the surface conduction current against time [31].
Surface kinetic electron properties. (a) The energy and density of electrons reaching the polyimide surface over the radiation time and (b) secondary electron emission and charge conduction on polyimide surface over the radiation time [
Due to the repelling effect from the electric field forming in the surface layer, with the radiation time increasing, the energy and density of electrons reaching the polyimide surface gradually decrease, as shown in Figure 9(a) [31]. It can also be observed that, with radiation time increasing, the energy and density of electrons reaching the polyimide surface become a whole range of values from single values, resulting in a great impact on the dynamic processes of secondary electron movement and electron deposition, transport and accumulation behavior in the dielectric surface layer. Secondary electron yield coefficient gradually increases with the drop of the energy of kinetic electrons reaching the polyimide surface, and correspondingly the secondary electron yield current gradually increases, as shown by the red curve in Figure 9(b) [31]. In addition, the phenomenon that some of the incident electrons deposit in the surface layer after penetrating the dielectric surface will occur, especially at the initial stage. With different radiation time and material position, the distributions of deposited electrons are different. The change of charge conduction current density on the polyimide surface is shown by the blue curve in Figure 9(b) [31]. In the initial radiation stage, the charge conduction process can be overcome by most of the incident electrons under the radiation-induced conductivity, after they penetrate the dielectric surface. On the contrary, the production process of secondary electron is very weak. The secondary electron yield current increases with the energy of the kinetic electron to the surface of polyimide decreasing over radiation time. With the radiation time increasing, the conduction current density on the polyimide surface will gradually decrease, resulting in most of the incident electrons on the polyimide surface being released by the secondary electrons, and only a few electrons penetrating the surface. In the case of low-energy electron radiation, the influence of secondary electron generation process is more obvious than that of deposition electron transport process. The dynamic process of charge transport in the dielectric surface layer plays a leading role in the initial stage of radiation, so it cannot be ignored [31].
A non-uniform distribution of potential and electric field is caused by the different spatial distribution of charge in polyimide surface layer under low-energy electron radiation. By solving charge balance equation, current conduction equation and Poisson equation, the distribution of electric potential and electric field can be obtained. Figure 10(a) and (b) depicts the spatial and temporal distributions of the internal potential and electric field of polyimide under electron radiation. The electron energy is 10 keV and the flux density is 5 × 10−4 A/m2.
Charge transport properties in polyimide surface layer. Distributions of internal potential (a) and internal electric field (b) at various material positions and radiation times. Maximum potential and maximum electric field (c) and surface potential (d) as a function of radiation time [
Figure 10(a) shows that with the radiation time increasing, the surface potential increases gradually, and the maximum potential appears at about 25–30 s. Meanwhile, with the material depth increasing, the potential decreases. It can be seen in Figure 10(b) that the electric field intensity increases with the radiation time increasing, which is due to the electrons accumulating in the polyimide surface layer. The electric field tends to be stable when the radiation time is more than 25 s. It can be obtained that the electric field decreases gradually from the maximum electron range to the dielectric surface, on which the electric field is equal to zero, according to Poisson’s equation. The distribution of the maximum potential and the maximum electric field over the radiation time is depicted in Figure 10(c). It can also be seen from Figure 10(c) that the maximum surface potential increases with the radiation time increasing and tends to stabilize at 25–30 s. When the radiation time is 30 s, the stable potential reaches −8778 V. The corresponding experimental result that was measured by the non-contact surface potentiometer was −8424 V, which is slightly lower than the simulated value. Correspondingly, the maximum electric field is 1.78 × 108 V/m, which is very high, but does not cause damage to the material. Once electron radiation stops, the electric field value will drop sharply. Figure 10(d) shows the distribution of surface potential with over the radiation time under different incident electron energy levels [31].
Li et al. measured the DC surface flashover voltage of insulating material in vacuum under electrons irradiation by controlling the energy, emission flux and incident angle of the electron beam [16, 35]. Combining the common effects of deposited electrons and kinetic incident electrons, they proposed a physical model of surface flashover under electrons irradiation.
Figure 11(a)–(c) depicts the effect of electron energy, incident angle and electron flux on DC surface flashover voltage of polyimide during electron irradiation. The surface flashover voltage of polyimide irradiated by electron beam is determined not only by the deposited electrons in the surface layer of the dielectric but also by the kinetic incident electrons striking the dielectric surface [35].
DC surface flashover properties of polyimide under electron irradiation. Effects of electron energy (a), incident angle (b), and electron flux (c) on surface flashover voltage. (d) The surface flashover model for dielectric materials under electron irradiation [
During low-energy electron irradiation, for one thing, deposited electrons will reduce the electric field in the vicinity of CTJ; thus, the field-emission effect is suppressed, hindering the initiation of SEEA. For another, the surface potential established by deposited electrons is proportional to the electron energy. The secondary electrons will be repelled away from the polyimide surface, hindering the development process of SEEA. Both of these two effects will promote the surface flashover voltage.
However, during high-energy electron irradiation, the kinetic incident electrons will strike the polyimide surface to generate secondary electrons, which promotes the development of SEEA. If the impact points of kinetic incident electrons are close to the CTJ, they will be an alternative to field-emission electrons as the seed of SEEA. Thus, a high voltage to generate field-emission electrons and initiate the SEEA is no longer needed. A lower applied voltage can provide energy for secondary electron multiplication. In other words, the applied voltage for electron multiplication is much lower than that for the field-emission–initiated SEEA. For another, the electron beam bombardment will release the adsorbed gases on the irradiated area of polyimide surface. Considering the shielding effect of the cathode, when the applied voltage is the same value, the irradiated area of the case during high-energy electron beam irradiation is larger than that of the case during low-energy electron beam irradiation. When enough adsorbed gases are released, ionization may be caused by electron beam bombardment as well as secondary electrons that gain enough energy from the applied electric field. If the electron beam can approach the polyimide surface, the effects of deposited electrons will be suppressed by those kinetic incident electrons. The model of surface flashover under electrons irradiation is shown in Figure 11(d) [35].
Energetic electrons are difficult to conduct when they are deposited inside polyimide due to its low conductivity, resulting in deep charging of insulation. Under the condition of typical electron radiation environment in geosynchronous orbit (GEO), deep charging of polyimide normally does not cause discharge risk. However, during the energetic electron storm, the electron flux will increase by 2–3 orders of magnitude within a few days and last for 10 days or so. At this point, the incident electron flux will exceed the threshold of 0.1 pA/cm2, resulting in a great risk of ESD [5, 36].
FLUMIC model, proposed by Rodgers et al., based on spacecraft data of GOES/SEM and STRV-1b/REM was utilized in this paper to manifest the electron radiation environment in GEO [37, 38]. It is commonly agreed that FLUMIC model is suitable for charging risk assessment and spacecraft design due to its complete demonstration of seasonal and annual variations in energetic electron flux. Figure 12(a) depicts FLUMIC spectrum under typical and extreme space environment [36].
(a) The FLUMIC model value at GEO environment. (b) Four cases of the sample [
The penetration depth of energetic electrons in polyimide can be obtained from the Weber semi-empirical equation. The charge conduction process consists of inherent charge conductivity and radiation-induced conductivity. Charge transport process satisfies the current conduction equation, the charge continuity equation and Poisson’s equation [36].
Assume that electrons irradiate a plate polyimide from the upper side. HV is applied to one side of the sample, and the other side is suspended or grounded. Four cases of the sample are considered altogether, that is, (A) suspended-HV; (B) HV-suspended; (C) grounded-HV; and (D) HV-grounded, as shown in Figure 12(b) [36]. The condition before the hyphen indicates condition on the upper surface, and the latter indicates condition on the lower surface.
Here, the first case will be discussed: HV is 0 V, that is, and the electrode is grounded. Case A becomes suspended-grounded, case B becomes grounded-suspended, and cases C and D are merged into grounded-grounded. We take the condition with enhancement of 100 and radiation time of 5 days for an example.
In case A, the maximum electric field strength reached 5.00 × 107 V/m, appearing near the lower electrode. Most of the charge deposited near the radiated surface, though part of the charge mitigated toward the lower electrode driven by the electric field, as shown in Figure 13(a1)–(a3) [36]. In case B, the maximum electric field strength reached 4.39 × 107 V/m, appearing near the upper electrode. Vast charges are accumulated at the region near the radiated surface. As Figure 13(b1)–(b3) shows, compared with case A, the electric field in case B tends to move downward, inhibiting the migration of electrons from the field to the bulk of sample, which leads to deposition of the charges near the surface and formulate a local high-space charge area [36]. When both electrodes are grounded, it is clear that, similar to the results in case B, the electric field near the upper electrode is at a lower position vertically, restricting the transformation of the electrons to the bulk of the sample and electrons accumulated at the region near upper electrode. In addition, as Figure 13(c1)–(c3) shows, the electric field close to the downward electrode tends to move up vertically, fostering the electron migration downward [36].
Distribution of charge density, electric field and potential. (a) Suspended-grounded, (b) grounded-suspended, (c) grounded-grounded [
Furthermore, the impact of electron flux promotion on the charging of polyimide is addressed. Here, with four cases considered, we take the HV of 500 V and radiation time of 10 days for an example. It is shown in Figure 14(a) and (b) that case A has the highest total space charge density and maximum electric field, which are significantly higher than those in other three cases at the same enhancement [36]. With flux enhancement increases, total space charge density reaches the valley value under case D when enhancement is 1, while when enhancement increases to 100 and 1000, lowest charge density is seen in case B. Additionally, though charge density in cases B and D is varied, lines representing maximum electric field almost overlap. In case A, considering the voltage is applied to the lower electrode and electric field moves upward, accumulated electrons are attracted to the lower electrode; therefore, more electrons may be injected into the sample. On the contrary, in case B, the voltage is applied to upper electrode and electric field moves down; hence, vast charges are accumulated at the region near upper electrode, inhibiting further electron injection. In cases C and D, the electric field moves down and up at the region near upper and downward electrode, respectively. Based on the previous analysis, it can be determined that with an increase in flux enhancement, its impact on case A is more obvious than that in other cases.
(a) Influence of electron flux enhancement on total space charge density. (b) Influence of electron flux enhancement on maximum electric field. (c) Influence of operating voltage on total space charge density. (d) Influence of operating voltage on maximum electric field [
At last, the influence of operating voltage on the charging of polyimide is discussed. Take the enhancement of 1 and the radiation time of 10 days as an example; we discuss the influence of operating voltage on the charging of polyimide in the four cases. As can be seen fromFigure 14(c) and (d), the increase of operating voltage has a small influence on cases A and B, since the virtual electrode is at infinity in both cases A and B [36].
Charging and discharging problem of polyimide in harsh space environment has been a major limit to the development of high-voltage and high-power spacecraft. Electrical and charge transport properties have great influences on the surface and deep charging-discharging characteristics. The conclusions drawn are as follows:
The parameters obtained from the electrical experiments can be used in the simulation of charge transport process, such as permittivity, trap energy level, trap density, the activation energy and so on. The electrical breakdown field decreases with an increase in sample thickness in the form of an inverse power function. The elongation of free volume caused by the displacement of the molecular chain associated with the accumulation of space charges and the distortion of electric field may play important roles in the breakdown characteristics of polyimide.
In terms of the surface electron properties of polyimide under electron radiation, the electrons deposited in dielectric surface layer will form a reverse electric field, which has a great impact on the dynamic process of the secondary electron movement and the process of deposition, transport and accumulation of electrons in the dielectric surface layer. In terms of charge transport properties in polyimide surface layer, the electrons deposited in dielectric surface layer will migrate to the inside under the action of the RIC. The charge conduction velocity is much lower than that of deposition, so the charge will continuously accumulate in the surface layer, which will cause a reaction force on kinetic electrons flowing to the dielectric surface.
Negative surface charge accumulation can increase the flashover voltage, to some extent. Since kinetic incident electrons in the vicinity of the CTJ can initiate the surface flashover at a much lower voltage, the shield of the spacecraft is of great importance. If a trade-off must be made on the shielding layer, the region of CTJ should be ensured. Moreover, narrow and deep gap between the electrodes can shield the kinetic incident electrons with non-normal incidence and may promote the surface flashover voltage.
The use of the suspended-HV insulation should be limited to reduce the influence of electron flux enhancement when designing a spacecraft. To increase the operating voltage of a large spacecraft like SSPS in the future, the rapid increase of space charge density and maximum electric field in grounded-HV and HV-grounded cases should be further considered.
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) under Project with No. 51337008, the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) under Project with No. 2015CB251003, and NSFC under Projects with Nos. 11575140, 11275146, 51323012 and 51221005.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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The hydration processes of biopolymers have been extensively studied in the past 20 years with reference to a considerable variety of models and concepts. In all recent works, a distinction is made between intracellular water that maintains the ordinary liquid state (bulk water) and water ordered in extended hydrogen‐bonded lattices at the surface and structured in the internal grooves of macromolecules (hydration water) in dependence on the chemical properties of the macromolecule surface. FTIR spectroscopy has been implemented in this field both for the sensitivity in the conformational analysis of biological macromolecules and the reliability in the investigation of the water network. A perturbation technique such as dehydration‐rehydration treatment modifies the macromolecule structure and water distribution. It was applied to two structurally different proteins: lysozyme, a globular (α + β) protein and collagen, a fibrous protein characterized by the triple helix structure. Submitted to the treatment both of them display irreversible conformational changes.",book:{id:"5411",slug:"fourier-transforms-high-tech-application-and-current-trends",title:"Fourier Transforms",fullTitle:"Fourier Transforms - High-tech Application and Current Trends"},signatures:"Maria Grazia Bridelli",authors:[{id:"108760",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Grazia",middleName:null,surname:"Bridelli",slug:"maria-grazia-bridelli",fullName:"Maria Grazia Bridelli"}]},{id:"74096",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94521",title:"Time Frequency Analysis of Wavelet and Fourier Transform",slug:"time-frequency-analysis-of-wavelet-and-fourier-transform",totalDownloads:1178,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"Signal processing has long been dominated by the Fourier transform. However, there is an alternate transform that has gained popularity recently and that is the wavelet transform. The wavelet transform has a long history starting in 1910 when Alfred Haar created it as an alternative to the Fourier transform. In 1940 Norman Ricker created the first continuous wavelet and proposed the term wavelet. Work in the field has proceeded in fits and starts across many different disciplines, until the 1990’s when the discrete wavelet transform was developed by Ingrid Daubechies. While the Fourier transform creates a representation of the signal in the frequency domain, the wavelet transform creates a representation of the signal in both the time and frequency domain, thereby allowing efficient access of localized information about the signal.",book:{id:"10065",slug:"wavelet-theory",title:"Wavelet Theory",fullTitle:"Wavelet Theory"},signatures:"Karlton Wirsing",authors:[{id:"325178",title:"Dr.",name:"Karlton",middleName:null,surname:"Wirsing",slug:"karlton-wirsing",fullName:"Karlton Wirsing"}]},{id:"53388",doi:"10.5772/66107",title:"Fourier Transform Hyperspectral Imaging for Cultural Heritage",slug:"fourier-transform-hyperspectral-imaging-for-cultural-heritage",totalDownloads:1774,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Hyperspectral imaging is a technique of analysis that associates to each pixel of the image the spectral content of the radiation coming from the scene. This content can be helpful to recognize the chemical nature of the materials within the scene or to calculate their colours under particular conditions. Different solutions of hyperspectral imager have been realized with different spatial resolution, spectral resolution and range in the electromagnetic spectrum. In particular, improving the spectral resolution allows discriminating smaller features in the spectrum and the unambiguous detection of the absorption bands characteristic of superficial materials. Hyperspectral imagers based on interferometers have the advantage of having a spectral resolution that can be varied according to the needs by changing the optical path delay of the interferometer. A spectrum for each pixel is obtained with an algorithm based on the Fourier transform of the calibrated interferogram. We present the results of the application of a hyperspectral imager based on Fabry‐Perot interferometers to the field of cultural heritage. On different artworks, the hyperspectral imager has been used for pigment recognition, for colour rendering elaborations of the image with different light sources or standard illuminants and for calculating the chromatic coordinates useful for specific purposes.",book:{id:"5411",slug:"fourier-transforms-high-tech-application-and-current-trends",title:"Fourier Transforms",fullTitle:"Fourier Transforms - High-tech Application and Current Trends"},signatures:"Massimo Zucco, Marco Pisani and Tiziana Cavaleri",authors:[{id:"20909",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Q.",middleName:null,surname:"Pisani",slug:"marco-q.-pisani",fullName:"Marco Q. Pisani"},{id:"20910",title:"Dr.",name:"Massimo E.",middleName:null,surname:"Zucco",slug:"massimo-e.-zucco",fullName:"Massimo E. Zucco"},{id:"194761",title:"Dr.",name:"Tiziana",middleName:null,surname:"Cavaleri",slug:"tiziana-cavaleri",fullName:"Tiziana Cavaleri"}]},{id:"52810",doi:"10.5772/65776",title:"Study of Green Nanoparticles and Biocomplexes Based on Exopolysaccharide by Modern Fourier Transform Spectroscopy",slug:"study-of-green-nanoparticles-and-biocomplexes-based-on-exopolysaccharide-by-modern-fourier-transform",totalDownloads:2004,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"The intention of this chapter is to contribute in clarification of nanoparticle synthesis and biocomplexes based on exopolysaccharide, green synthetic method development, their physico‐chemical characterization by modern spectroscopy, as well as testing of their antimicrobial activity. Silver nanoparticles of polysaccharide type have scientific interest, but practical importance too, because of their application in pharmaceutical and cosmetic product development due to proven antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. On the other hand, the biocomplexes based on exopolysaccharides are important in treatment of biometal deficiency in human and veterinary medicine, as well as in metal ion transporting in organism. Despite a number of studies of this kind of complexes, the investigations of effect of their structure to pharmaco‐biological activity are still interesting. It is important that question of interaction between reducing and stabilizing agents with metal ions is still opened. In this respect, the presented chapter offers further progress in the examination of silver nanoparticles and cobalt biocomplex synthesis with dextran oligosaccharides and its derivatives (such as dextran sulfate and carboxymethyl dextran). The complex structure, spectroscopic characterization, and the spectra‐structure correlation have been analyzed by different Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic techniques combined with energy‐dispersive X‐ray (EDX), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and surface plasmon resonance UV‐Vis methods.",book:{id:"5411",slug:"fourier-transforms-high-tech-application-and-current-trends",title:"Fourier Transforms",fullTitle:"Fourier Transforms - High-tech Application and Current Trends"},signatures:"Goran S. Nikolić, Milorad D. Cakić, Slobodan Glišić, Dragan J.\nCvetković, Žarko J. Mitić and Dragana Z. Marković",authors:[{id:"23261",title:"Prof.",name:"Goran",middleName:"S.",surname:"Nikolic",slug:"goran-nikolic",fullName:"Goran Nikolic"},{id:"195519",title:"Dr.",name:"Milorad",middleName:null,surname:"Cakic",slug:"milorad-cakic",fullName:"Milorad Cakic"},{id:"195520",title:"MSc.",name:"Slobodan",middleName:null,surname:"Glišić",slug:"slobodan-glisic",fullName:"Slobodan Glišić"},{id:"195521",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"J.",surname:"Cvetkovic",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetkovic"},{id:"195522",title:"Dr.",name:"Žarko",middleName:null,surname:"Mitić",slug:"zarko-mitic",fullName:"Žarko Mitić"},{id:"195523",title:"MSc.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Marković-Nikolić",slug:"dragana-markovic-nikolic",fullName:"Dragana Marković-Nikolić"}]},{id:"53524",doi:"10.5772/66733",title:"Fourier Analysis for Harmonic Signals in Electrical Power Systems",slug:"fourier-analysis-for-harmonic-signals-in-electrical-power-systems",totalDownloads:4497,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"The harmonic content in electrical power systems is an increasingly worrying issue since the proliferation of nonlinear loads results in power quality problems as the harmonics is more apparent. In this paper, we analyze the behavior of the harmonics in the electrical power systems such as cables, transmission lines, capacitors, transformers, and rotating machines, the induction machine being the object of our study when it is excited to nonsinusoidal operating conditions in the stator winding. For this, a model is proposed for the harmonic analysis of the induction machine in steady‐state regimen applying the Fourier transform. The results of the proposed model are validated by experimental tests which gave good results for each case study concluding in a model proper for harmonic and nonharmonic analysis of the induction machine and for “harmonic” analysis in an electrical power system.",book:{id:"5411",slug:"fourier-transforms-high-tech-application-and-current-trends",title:"Fourier Transforms",fullTitle:"Fourier Transforms - High-tech Application and Current Trends"},signatures:"Emmanuel Hernández Mayoral, Miguel Angel Hernández López,\nEdwin Román Hernández, Hugo Jorge Cortina Marrero, José\nRafael Dorrego Portela and Victor Ivan Moreno Oliva",authors:[{id:"187793",title:"Dr.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Hernández",slug:"emmanuel-hernandez",fullName:"Emmanuel Hernández"},{id:"202757",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Hernández López",slug:"miguel-angel-hernandez-lopez",fullName:"Miguel Angel Hernández López"},{id:"202758",title:"Dr.",name:"Hugo Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Cortina Marrero",slug:"hugo-jorge-cortina-marrero",fullName:"Hugo Jorge Cortina Marrero"},{id:"202759",title:"Dr.",name:"Edwin Román",middleName:null,surname:"Hernández",slug:"edwin-roman-hernandez",fullName:"Edwin Román Hernández"},{id:"202760",title:"Dr.",name:"Victor Iván Moreno",middleName:null,surname:"Oliva",slug:"victor-ivan-moreno-oliva",fullName:"Victor Iván Moreno Oliva"},{id:"202761",title:"Dr.",name:"José Rafael Dorrego",middleName:null,surname:"Portela",slug:"jose-rafael-dorrego-portela",fullName:"José Rafael Dorrego Portela"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"74096",title:"Time Frequency Analysis of Wavelet and Fourier Transform",slug:"time-frequency-analysis-of-wavelet-and-fourier-transform",totalDownloads:1178,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"Signal processing has long been dominated by the Fourier transform. However, there is an alternate transform that has gained popularity recently and that is the wavelet transform. The wavelet transform has a long history starting in 1910 when Alfred Haar created it as an alternative to the Fourier transform. In 1940 Norman Ricker created the first continuous wavelet and proposed the term wavelet. Work in the field has proceeded in fits and starts across many different disciplines, until the 1990’s when the discrete wavelet transform was developed by Ingrid Daubechies. While the Fourier transform creates a representation of the signal in the frequency domain, the wavelet transform creates a representation of the signal in both the time and frequency domain, thereby allowing efficient access of localized information about the signal.",book:{id:"10065",slug:"wavelet-theory",title:"Wavelet Theory",fullTitle:"Wavelet Theory"},signatures:"Karlton Wirsing",authors:[{id:"325178",title:"Dr.",name:"Karlton",middleName:null,surname:"Wirsing",slug:"karlton-wirsing",fullName:"Karlton Wirsing"}]},{id:"74032",title:"Wavelets for EEG Analysis",slug:"wavelets-for-eeg-analysis",totalDownloads:1171,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"This chapter introduces the applications of wavelet for Electroencephalogram (EEG) signal analysis. First, the overview of EEG signal is discussed to the recording of raw EEG and widely used frequency bands in EEG studies. The chapter then progresses to discuss the common artefacts that contaminate EEG signal while recording. With a short overview of wavelet analysis techniques, namely; Continues Wavelet Transform (CWT), Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), and Wavelet Packet Decomposition (WPD), the chapter demonstrates the richness of CWT over conventional time-frequency analysis technique e.g. Short-Time Fourier Transform. Lastly, artefact removal algorithms based on Independent Component Analysis (ICA) and wavelet are discussed and a comparative analysis is demonstrated. The techniques covered in this chapter show that wavelet analysis is well-suited for EEG signals for describing time-localised event. Due to similar nature, wavelet analysis is also suitable for other biomedical signals such as Electrocardiogram and Electromyogram.",book:{id:"10065",slug:"wavelet-theory",title:"Wavelet Theory",fullTitle:"Wavelet Theory"},signatures:"Nikesh Bajaj",authors:[{id:"326400",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikesh",middleName:null,surname:"Bajaj",slug:"nikesh-bajaj",fullName:"Nikesh Bajaj"}]},{id:"53524",title:"Fourier Analysis for Harmonic Signals in Electrical Power Systems",slug:"fourier-analysis-for-harmonic-signals-in-electrical-power-systems",totalDownloads:4497,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"The harmonic content in electrical power systems is an increasingly worrying issue since the proliferation of nonlinear loads results in power quality problems as the harmonics is more apparent. In this paper, we analyze the behavior of the harmonics in the electrical power systems such as cables, transmission lines, capacitors, transformers, and rotating machines, the induction machine being the object of our study when it is excited to nonsinusoidal operating conditions in the stator winding. For this, a model is proposed for the harmonic analysis of the induction machine in steady‐state regimen applying the Fourier transform. The results of the proposed model are validated by experimental tests which gave good results for each case study concluding in a model proper for harmonic and nonharmonic analysis of the induction machine and for “harmonic” analysis in an electrical power system.",book:{id:"5411",slug:"fourier-transforms-high-tech-application-and-current-trends",title:"Fourier Transforms",fullTitle:"Fourier Transforms - High-tech Application and Current Trends"},signatures:"Emmanuel Hernández Mayoral, Miguel Angel Hernández López,\nEdwin Román Hernández, Hugo Jorge Cortina Marrero, José\nRafael Dorrego Portela and Victor Ivan Moreno Oliva",authors:[{id:"187793",title:"Dr.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Hernández",slug:"emmanuel-hernandez",fullName:"Emmanuel Hernández"},{id:"202757",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Hernández López",slug:"miguel-angel-hernandez-lopez",fullName:"Miguel Angel Hernández López"},{id:"202758",title:"Dr.",name:"Hugo Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Cortina Marrero",slug:"hugo-jorge-cortina-marrero",fullName:"Hugo Jorge Cortina Marrero"},{id:"202759",title:"Dr.",name:"Edwin Román",middleName:null,surname:"Hernández",slug:"edwin-roman-hernandez",fullName:"Edwin Román Hernández"},{id:"202760",title:"Dr.",name:"Victor Iván Moreno",middleName:null,surname:"Oliva",slug:"victor-ivan-moreno-oliva",fullName:"Victor Iván Moreno Oliva"},{id:"202761",title:"Dr.",name:"José Rafael Dorrego",middleName:null,surname:"Portela",slug:"jose-rafael-dorrego-portela",fullName:"José Rafael Dorrego Portela"}]},{id:"53366",title:"New Spectral Applications of the Fourier Transforms in Medicine, Biological and Biomedical Fields",slug:"new-spectral-applications-of-the-fourier-transforms-in-medicine-biological-and-biomedical-fields",totalDownloads:2342,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"This chapter reviews some recent spectral applications of the Fourier transform techniques as they are applied in spectroscopy. An overview about Fourier transform spectroscopy (FTS) used like a powerful and sensitive tool in medical, biological, and biomedical analysis is provided. The advanced spectroscopic techniques of FTS, such as Fourier transform visible spectroscopy (FTVS), Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR), Fourier transform infrared-photoacoustic spectroscopy (FTIR-PAS), Fourier transform infrared imaging spectroscopy (FTIR imaging), and their biomedical applications are described. A special attention has been paid to the description of the FTVS method of commercial quantum dots like an innovative and reliable technique used in the field of nanobiotechnology.",book:{id:"5411",slug:"fourier-transforms-high-tech-application-and-current-trends",title:"Fourier Transforms",fullTitle:"Fourier Transforms - High-tech Application and Current Trends"},signatures:"Anca Armăşelu",authors:[{id:"189080",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Armăşelu",slug:"anca-armaselu",fullName:"Anca Armăşelu"}]},{id:"53419",title:"Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy in the Study of Hydrated Biological Macromolecules",slug:"fourier-transform-infrared-spectroscopy-in-the-study-of-hydrated-biological-macromolecules",totalDownloads:2450,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:15,abstract:"The interaction between biological macromolecules (proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and other biomolecules in the cell) and environmental water is an important determining factor in their conformational properties, stability and function. The hydration processes of biopolymers have been extensively studied in the past 20 years with reference to a considerable variety of models and concepts. In all recent works, a distinction is made between intracellular water that maintains the ordinary liquid state (bulk water) and water ordered in extended hydrogen‐bonded lattices at the surface and structured in the internal grooves of macromolecules (hydration water) in dependence on the chemical properties of the macromolecule surface. FTIR spectroscopy has been implemented in this field both for the sensitivity in the conformational analysis of biological macromolecules and the reliability in the investigation of the water network. A perturbation technique such as dehydration‐rehydration treatment modifies the macromolecule structure and water distribution. It was applied to two structurally different proteins: lysozyme, a globular (α + β) protein and collagen, a fibrous protein characterized by the triple helix structure. Submitted to the treatment both of them display irreversible conformational changes.",book:{id:"5411",slug:"fourier-transforms-high-tech-application-and-current-trends",title:"Fourier Transforms",fullTitle:"Fourier Transforms - High-tech Application and Current Trends"},signatures:"Maria Grazia Bridelli",authors:[{id:"108760",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Grazia",middleName:null,surname:"Bridelli",slug:"maria-grazia-bridelli",fullName:"Maria Grazia Bridelli"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"974",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:99,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:288,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261",scope:"Modern physiology requires a comprehensive understanding of the integration of tissues and organs throughout the mammalian body, including the cooperation between structure and function at the cellular and molecular levels governed by gene and protein expression. While a daunting task, learning is facilitated by identifying common and effective signaling pathways mediated by a variety of factors employed by nature to preserve and sustain homeostatic life. \r\nAs a leading example, the cellular interaction between intracellular concentration of Ca+2 increases, and changes in plasma membrane potential is integral for coordinating blood flow, governing the exocytosis of neurotransmitters, and modulating gene expression and cell effector secretory functions. Furthermore, in this manner, understanding the systemic interaction between the cardiovascular and nervous systems has become more important than ever as human populations' life prolongation, aging and mechanisms of cellular oxidative signaling are utilised for sustaining life. \r\nAltogether, physiological research enables our identification of distinct and precise points of transition from health to the development of multimorbidity throughout the inevitable aging disorders (e.g., diabetes, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, heart failure, peptic ulcer, inflammatory bowel disease, age-related macular degeneration, cancer). With consideration of all organ systems (e.g., brain, heart, lung, gut, skeletal and smooth muscle, liver, pancreas, kidney, eye) and the interactions thereof, this Physiology Series will address the goals of resolving (1) Aging physiology and chronic disease progression (2) Examination of key cellular pathways as they relate to calcium, oxidative stress, and electrical signaling, and (3) how changes in plasma membrane produced by lipid peroxidation products can affect aging physiology, covering new research in the area of cell, human, plant and animal physiology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/10.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 14th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:11,editor:{id:"35854",title:"Prof.",name:"Tomasz",middleName:null,surname:"Brzozowski",slug:"tomasz-brzozowski",fullName:"Tomasz Brzozowski",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35854/images/system/35854.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Thomas Brzozowski works as a professor of Human Physiology and is currently Chairman at the Department of Physiology and is V-Dean of the Medical Faculty at Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland. His primary area of interest is physiology and pathophysiology of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, with the major focus on the mechanism of GI mucosal defense, protection, and ulcer healing. He was a postdoctoral NIH fellow at the University of California and the Gastroenterology VA Medical Center, Irvine, Long Beach, CA, USA, and at the Gastroenterology Clinics Erlangen-Nuremberg and Munster in Germany. He has published 290 original articles in some of the most prestigious scientific journals and seven book chapters on the pathophysiology of the GI tract, gastroprotection, ulcer healing, drug therapy of peptic ulcers, hormonal regulation of the gut, and inflammatory bowel disease.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jagiellonian University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11410,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11411,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11413,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11414,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{id:"81831",title:"Deep Network Model and Regression Analysis using OLS Method for Predicting Lung Vital Capacity",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104737",signatures:"Harun Sümbül",slug:"deep-network-model-and-regression-analysis-using-ols-method-for-predicting-lung-vital-capacity",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Decision Science - Recent Advances and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11604.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"11392",title:"Leadership in a Changing World",subtitle:"A Multidimensional Perspective",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11392.jpg",slug:"leadership-in-a-changing-world-a-multidimensional-perspective",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Bilal Khalid, Md. 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He has published research in Research Policy, Applied Economics, Review of Economic Philosophy, Strategic Change, International Journal of Logistics, Sustainability, Journal of Environmental Management, Journal of Global Information Management, Journal of Cleaner Production, M@N@GEMENT, and more. He is a member of CEDIMES Institut (France), Academy of International Business (AIB), Strategic Management Society (SMS), Academy of Management (AOM), Administrative Science Association of Canada (ASAC), and Canadian council of small business and entrepreneurship (CCSBE). He is currently the director of the Research Group on Contemporary Asia (GERAC) at Laval University. 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He is also a faculty member in the Molecular Oncology Program. He obtained his MSc and Ph.D. at Oregon State University and Texas Tech University, respectively. He pursued his postdoctoral studies at Rutgers University Medical School and the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIDDK), USA. His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNVJQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-07T13:23:04.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",middleName:"Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329795/images/15648_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mohd Aftab Siddiqui is currently working as Assistant Professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow for the last 6 years. He has completed his Doctor in Philosophy (Pharmacology) in 2020 from Integral University, Lucknow. He completed his Bachelor in Pharmacy in 2013 and Master in Pharmacy (Pharmacology) in 2015 from Integral University, Lucknow. He is the gold medalist in Bachelor and Master degree. He qualified GPAT -2013, GPAT -2014, and GPAT 2015. His area of research is Pharmacological screening of herbal drugs/ natural products in liver and cardiac diseases. He has guided many M. Pharm. research projects. He has many national and international publications.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:null},{id:"255360",title:"Dr.",name:"Usama",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"usama-ahmad",fullName:"Usama Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255360/images/system/255360.png",biography:"Dr. Usama Ahmad holds a specialization in Pharmaceutics from Amity University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Integral University. Currently, he’s working as an Assistant Professor of Pharmaceutics in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University. From 2013 to 2014 he worked on a research project funded by SERB-DST, Government of India. He has a rich publication record with more than 32 original articles published in reputed journals, 3 edited books, 5 book chapters, and a number of scientific articles published in ‘Ingredients South Asia Magazine’ and ‘QualPharma Magazine’. He is a member of the American Association for Cancer Research, International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, and the British Society for Nanomedicine. Dr. Ahmad’s research focus is on the development of nanoformulations to facilitate the delivery of drugs that aim to provide practical solutions to current healthcare problems.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"30568",title:"Prof.",name:"Madhu",middleName:null,surname:"Khullar",slug:"madhu-khullar",fullName:"Madhu Khullar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/30568/images/system/30568.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madhu Khullar is a Professor of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology at the Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India. She completed her Post Doctorate in hypertension research at the Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, USA in 1985. She is an editor and reviewer of several international journals, and a fellow and member of several cardiovascular research societies. Dr. Khullar has a keen research interest in genetics of hypertension, and is currently studying pharmacogenetics of hypertension.",institutionString:"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research",institution:{name:"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223233/images/system/223233.png",biography:"Xianquan Zhan received his MD and Ph.D. in Preventive Medicine at West China University of Medical Sciences. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics at the Central South University, China, and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), USA. He worked at UTHSC and the Cleveland Clinic in 2001–2012 and achieved the rank of associate professor at UTHSC. Currently, he is a full professor at Central South University and Shandong First Medical University, and an advisor to MS/PhD students and postdoctoral fellows. He is also a fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine and European Association for Predictive Preventive Personalized Medicine (EPMA), a national representative of EPMA, and a member of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) and the American Association for the Advancement of Sciences (AAAS). He is also the editor in chief of International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, an associate editor of EPMA Journal, Frontiers in Endocrinology, and BMC Medical Genomics, and a guest editor of Mass Spectrometry Reviews, Frontiers in Endocrinology, EPMA Journal, and Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. He has published more than 148 articles, 28 book chapters, 6 books, and 2 US patents in the field of clinical proteomics and biomarkers.",institutionString:"Shandong First Medical University",institution:{name:"Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"297507",title:"Dr.",name:"Charles",middleName:"Elias",surname:"Assmann",slug:"charles-assmann",fullName:"Charles Assmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/297507/images/system/297507.jpg",biography:"Charles Elias Assmann is a biologist from Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM, Brazil), who spent some time abroad at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU, Germany). He has Masters Degree in Biochemistry (UFSM), and is currently a PhD student at Biochemistry at the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of the UFSM. His areas of expertise include: Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Enzymology, Genetics and Toxicology. He is currently working on the following subjects: Aluminium toxicity, Neuroinflammation, Oxidative stress and Purinergic system. Since 2011 he has presented more than 80 abstracts in scientific proceedings of national and international meetings. Since 2014, he has published more than 20 peer reviewed papers (including 4 reviews, 3 in Portuguese) and 2 book chapters. He has also been a reviewer of international journals and ad hoc reviewer of scientific committees from Brazilian Universities.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"217850",title:"Dr.",name:"Margarete Dulce",middleName:null,surname:"Bagatini",slug:"margarete-dulce-bagatini",fullName:"Margarete Dulce Bagatini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217850/images/system/217850.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Margarete Dulce Bagatini is an associate professor at the Federal University of Fronteira Sul/Brazil. She has a degree in Pharmacy and a PhD in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry. She is a member of the UFFS Research Advisory Committee\nand a member of the Biovitta Research Institute. She is currently:\nthe leader of the research group: Biological and Clinical Studies\nin Human Pathologies, professor of postgraduate program in\nBiochemistry at UFSC and postgraduate program in Science and Food Technology at\nUFFS. She has experience in the area of pharmacy and clinical analysis, acting mainly\non the following topics: oxidative stress, the purinergic system and human pathologies, being a reviewer of several international journals and books.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"226275",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Metin",middleName:null,surname:"Budak",slug:"metin-budak",fullName:"Metin Budak",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226275/images/system/226275.jfif",biography:"Metin Budak, MSc, PhD is an Assistant Professor at Trakya University, Faculty of Medicine. He has been Head of the Molecular Research Lab at Prof. Mirko Tos Ear and Hearing Research Center since 2018. His specializations are biophysics, epigenetics, genetics, and methylation mechanisms. He has published around 25 peer-reviewed papers, 2 book chapters, and 28 abstracts. He is a member of the Clinical Research Ethics Committee and Quantification and Consideration Committee of Medicine Faculty. His research area is the role of methylation during gene transcription, chromatin packages DNA within the cell and DNA repair, replication, recombination, and gene transcription. His research focuses on how the cell overcomes chromatin structure and methylation to allow access to the underlying DNA and enable normal cellular function.",institutionString:"Trakya University",institution:{name:"Trakya University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",slug:"anca-pantea-stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",biography:"Anca Pantea Stoian is a specialist in diabetes, nutrition, and metabolic diseases as well as health food hygiene. She also has competency in general ultrasonography.\n\nShe is an associate professor in the Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania. She has been chief of the Hygiene Department, Faculty of Dentistry, at the same university since 2019. Her interests include micro and macrovascular complications in diabetes and new therapies. Her research activities focus on nutritional intervention in chronic pathology, as well as cardio-renal-metabolic risk assessment, and diabetes in cancer. She is currently engaged in developing new therapies and technological tools for screening, prevention, and patient education in diabetes. \n\nShe is a member of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes, Cardiometabolic Academy, CEDA, Romanian Society of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Romanian Diabetes Federation, and Association for Renal Metabolic and Nutrition studies. She has authored or co-authored 160 papers in national and international peer-reviewed journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"279792",title:"Dr.",name:"João",middleName:null,surname:"Cotas",slug:"joao-cotas",fullName:"João Cotas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/279792/images/system/279792.jpg",biography:"Graduate and master in Biology from the University of Coimbra.\n\nI am a research fellow at the Macroalgae Laboratory Unit, in the MARE-UC – Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre of the University of Coimbra. My principal function is the collection, extraction and purification of macroalgae compounds, chemical and bioactive characterization of the compounds and algae extracts and development of new methodologies in marine biotechnology area. \nI am associated in two projects: one consists on discovery of natural compounds for oncobiology. The other project is the about the natural compounds/products for agricultural area.\n\nPublications:\nCotas, J.; Figueirinha, A.; Pereira, L.; Batista, T. 2018. An analysis of the effects of salinity on Fucus ceranoides (Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae), in the Mondego River (Portugal). Journal of Oceanology and Limnology. in press. DOI: 10.1007/s00343-019-8111-3",institutionString:"Faculty of Sciences and Technology of University of Coimbra",institution:null},{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/279788/images/system/279788.jpg",biography:"Leonel Pereira has an undergraduate degree in Biology, a Ph.D. in Biology (specialty in Cell Biology), and a Habilitation degree in Biosciences (specialization in Biotechnology) from the Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Portugal, where he is currently a professor. In addition to teaching at this university, he is an integrated researcher at the Marine and Environmental Sciences Center (MARE), Portugal. His interests include marine biodiversity (algae), marine biotechnology (algae bioactive compounds), and marine ecology (environmental assessment). Since 2008, he has been the author and editor of the electronic publication MACOI – Portuguese Seaweeds Website (www.seaweeds.uc.pt). He is also a member of the editorial boards of several scientific journals. Dr. Pereira has edited or authored more than 20 books, 100 journal articles, and 45 book chapters. He has given more than 100 lectures and oral communications at various national and international scientific events. He is the coordinator of several national and international research projects. In 1998, he received the Francisco de Holanda Award (Honorable Mention) and, more recently, the Mar Rei D. Carlos award (18th edition). He is also a winner of the 2016 CHOICE Award for an outstanding academic title for his book Edible Seaweeds of the World. In 2020, Dr. Pereira received an Honorable Mention for the Impact of International Publications from the Web of Science",institutionString:"University of Coimbra",institution:{name:"University of Coimbra",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"61946",title:"Dr.",name:"Carol",middleName:null,surname:"Bernstein",slug:"carol-bernstein",fullName:"Carol Bernstein",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61946/images/system/61946.jpg",biography:"Carol Bernstein received her PhD in Genetics from the University of California (Davis). She was a faculty member at the University of Arizona College of Medicine for 43 years, retiring in 2011. Her research interests focus on DNA damage and its underlying role in sex, aging and in the early steps of initiation and progression to cancer. In her research, she had used organisms including bacteriophage T4, Neurospora crassa, Schizosaccharomyces pombe and mice, as well as human cells and tissues. She authored or co-authored more than 140 scientific publications, including articles in major peer reviewed journals, book chapters, invited reviews and one book.",institutionString:"University of Arizona",institution:{name:"University of Arizona",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"182258",title:"Dr.",name:"Ademar",middleName:"Pereira",surname:"Serra",slug:"ademar-serra",fullName:"Ademar Serra",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/182258/images/system/182258.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serra studied Agronomy on Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) (2005). He received master degree in Agronomy, Crop Science (Soil fertility and plant nutrition) (2007) by Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados (UFGD), and PhD in agronomy (Soil fertility and plant nutrition) (2011) from Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados / Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (UFGD/ESALQ-USP). Dr. Serra is currently working at Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA). His research focus is on mineral nutrition of plants, crop science and soil science. Dr. Serra\\'s current projects are soil organic matter, soil phosphorus fractions, compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND) and isometric log ratio (ilr) transformation in compositional data analysis.",institutionString:"Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation",institution:{name:"Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"39",type:"subseries",title:"Environmental Resilience and Management",keywords:"Anthropic effects, Overexploitation, Biodiversity loss, Degradation, Inadequate Management, SDGs adequate practices",scope:"\r\n\tThe environment is subject to severe anthropic effects. Among them are those associated with pollution, resource extraction and overexploitation, loss of biodiversity, soil degradation, disorderly land occupation and planning, and many others. These anthropic effects could potentially be caused by any inadequate management of the environment. However, ecosystems have a resilience that makes them react to disturbances which mitigate the negative effects. It is critical to understand how ecosystems, natural and anthropized, including urban environments, respond to actions that have a negative influence and how they are managed. It is also important to establish when the limits marked by the resilience and the breaking point are achieved and when no return is possible. The main focus for the chapters is to cover the subjects such as understanding how the environment resilience works, the mechanisms involved, and how to manage them in order to improve our interactions with the environment and promote the use of adequate management practices such as those outlined in the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/39.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11967,editor:{id:"137040",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Navarro-Pedreño",slug:"jose-navarro-pedreno",fullName:"Jose Navarro-Pedreño",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRAXrQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-03-09T15:50:19.jpg",biography:"Full professor at University Miguel Hernández of Elche, Spain, previously working at the University of Alicante, Autonomous University of Madrid and Polytechnic University of Valencia. Graduate in Sciences (Chemist), graduate in Geography and History (Geography), master in Water Management, Treatment, master in Fertilizers and Environment and master in Environmental Management; Ph.D. in Environmental Sciences. His research is focused on soil-water and waste-environment relations, mainly on soil-water and soil-waste interactions under different management and waste reuse. His work is reflected in more than 230 communications presented in national and international conferences and congresses, 29 invited lectures from universities, associations and government agencies. Prof. Navarro-Pedreño is also a director of the Ph.D. Program Environment and Sustainability (2012-present) and a member of several societies among which are the Spanish Society of Soil Science, International Union of Soil Sciences, European Society for Soil Conservation, DessertNet and the Spanish Royal Society of Chemistry.",institutionString:"Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Spain",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",issn:"2754-6713"},editorialBoard:[{id:"177015",title:"Prof.",name:"Elke Jurandy",middleName:null,surname:"Bran Nogueira Cardoso",slug:"elke-jurandy-bran-nogueira-cardoso",fullName:"Elke Jurandy Bran Nogueira Cardoso",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRGxzQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-03-25T08:32:33.jpg",institutionString:"Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil",institution:null},{id:"211260",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Ricart",slug:"sandra-ricart",fullName:"Sandra Ricart",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/211260/images/system/211260.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{id:"81644",title:"Perspective Chapter: Ethics of Using Placebo Controlled Trials for Covid-19 Vaccine Development in Vulnerable Populations",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104776",signatures:"Lesley Burgess, Jurie Jordaan and Matthew Wilson",slug:"perspective-chapter-ethics-of-using-placebo-controlled-trials-for-covid-19-vaccine-development-in-vu",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},testimonialsList:[{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[],lsSeriesList:[],hsSeriesList:[],sshSeriesList:[],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:null},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/31368",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"31368"},fullPath:"/profiles/31368",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()