Comparative characteristics of the average fatty acid composition of breast milk [11] and adapted milk powder.
\\n\\n
Dr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\\n\\nSeeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\\n\\nOver these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\\n\\nWe are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\\n\\nThank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\\n\\nNow with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\\n\\nRead, share and download for free: https://www.intechopen.com/books
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Preparation of Space Experiments edited by international leading expert Dr. Vladimir Pletser, Director of Space Training Operations at Blue Abyss is the 5,000th Open Access book published by IntechOpen and our milestone publication!
\n\n"This book presents some of the current trends in space microgravity research. The eleven chapters introduce various facets of space research in physical sciences, human physiology and technology developed using the microgravity environment not only to improve our fundamental understanding in these domains but also to adapt this new knowledge for application on earth." says the editor. Listen what else Dr. Pletser has to say...
\n\n\n\nDr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\n\nSeeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\n\nOver these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\n\nWe are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\n\nThank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\n\nNow with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\n\nRead, share and download for free: https://www.intechopen.com/books
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"2224",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"New Advances in Vehicular Technology and Automotive Engineering",title:"New Advances in Vehicular Technology and Automotive Engineering",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"An automobile was seen as a simple accessory of luxury in the early years of the past century. However, in the present days it's undeniable the amount of technology and human effort applied by the vehicular industry for developing high?quality vehicles, but still, cheap for the common person. In this context, this book tries not only to fill a gap by presenting new and updated subjects related to the vehicular technology and to the automotive engineering but also to provide guidelines for future research. This book is a result of many valuable contributions from worldwide experts of automotive's field. The amount and type of contributions were judiciously selected to cover as possible the widest range of research. The most recent and cutting?edge subjects can be found in this book, e.g., electronics, mechanics, materials, and manufacturing.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0698-2",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6225-4",doi:"10.5772/2617",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"new-advances-in-vehicular-technology-and-automotive-engineering",numberOfPages:412,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"45068cda46ca7e207945e152dcb5c60c",bookSignature:"Joao Paulo Carmo and Joao Eduardo Ribeiro",publishedDate:"August 1st 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2224.jpg",numberOfDownloads:75452,numberOfWosCitations:78,numberOfCrossrefCitations:73,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:7,numberOfDimensionsCitations:109,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:9,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:260,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 29th 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 20th 2011",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"March 25th 2012",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"June 23rd 2012",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 23rd 2012",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"144297",title:"Prof.",name:"Joao",middleName:"Paulo",surname:"Carmo",slug:"joao-carmo",fullName:"Joao Carmo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/144297/images/3370_n.jpg",biography:"João Paulo Carmo was born on 1970 at Maia, Portugal. He graduated in 1993 and received his MSc degree in 2002, both in Electrical Engineering from the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. In 2011 he also obtained the graduation recognition in Electrical Engineering from the Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil. In 2007, he obtained the PhD degree in Industrial Electronics from the University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal. His PhD thesis was on RF transceivers for integration in microsystems to be used in wireless sensors network applications.\nFrom 1999 to 2008 he was a Lecturer at Polytechnic Institute of Braganca. Since 2008, he is a Principal Rearcher at the University of Minho, where he is involved in the research on optical and microwave metamaterials, micro/nanofabrication technologies for mixed-mode/RF systems, solid state integrated sensors, microactuators, micro/nanodevices for wireless and biomedical applications, and milimetric-THz wave-systems.\nDoctor Carmo is also a Member of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society. Also, he performs regular reviewes on these publications: Optics & Laser Technology, Microelectronics Journal, Journal of Sensors and Actuators A, IEEE Sensors Journal, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Journal of Measurement Science and Technology, Journal of Physiological Measurement, among many more not listed. He is also a regular colaborator integrating the technical committes of the international conferences Eurosensors (anual European Conference on Sensors), Microelectromechanical Europe (MME), confTele (Conference on Telecommunications, a portuguese bianual conference), as well as of the Symposium on Microelectronics Technologies and Devices (SBMicro, a brazilian anual conference).\nAt last, but not least, he is author of the portuguese best-seller book published by the LIDEL editors (Lisbon) with the name \\Introdução às microtecnologias no silício\\.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"University of Minho",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"829",title:"Automobile Engineering",slug:"vehicle-engineering-automobile-engineering"}],chapters:[{id:"38165",title:"The Role of Nanotechnology in Automotive Industries",doi:"10.5772/49939",slug:"the-role-of-nanotechnology-in-automotive-industries",totalDownloads:6736,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:23,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Mohsen Mohseni, Bahram Ramezanzadeh, Hossein Yari and Mohsen Moazzami Gudarzi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/38165",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/38165",authors:[{id:"13348",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohsen",surname:"Mohseni",slug:"mohsen-mohseni",fullName:"Mohsen Mohseni"},{id:"156515",title:"Dr.",name:"Bahram",surname:"Ramezanzadeh",slug:"bahram-ramezanzadeh",fullName:"Bahram Ramezanzadeh"},{id:"156516",title:"Mr.",name:"Hossein",surname:"Yari",slug:"hossein-yari",fullName:"Hossein Yari"},{id:"156519",title:"Mr.",name:"Mohsen",surname:"Moazami",slug:"mohsen-moazami",fullName:"Mohsen Moazami"}],corrections:null},{id:"38162",title:"Nanocomposite Based Multifunctional Coatings",doi:"10.5772/48567",slug:"nanocomposite-based-multifunctional-coatings",totalDownloads:4162,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Horst Hintze-Bruening and Fabrice Leroux",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/38162",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/38162",authors:[{id:"145985",title:"Dr.",name:"Horst",surname:"Hintze-Bruening",slug:"horst-hintze-bruening",fullName:"Horst Hintze-Bruening"},{id:"147896",title:"Prof.",name:"Fabrice",surname:"Leroux",slug:"fabrice-leroux",fullName:"Fabrice Leroux"}],corrections:null},{id:"38157",title:"Lubricating Aspects of Automotive Fuels",doi:"10.5772/48552",slug:"lubricating-aspects-of-automotive-fuels",totalDownloads:4082,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Evripidis Lois and Panagiotis Arkoudeas",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/38157",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/38157",authors:[{id:"145732",title:"Prof.",name:"Evripidis",surname:"Lois",slug:"evripidis-lois",fullName:"Evripidis Lois"},{id:"148295",title:"Dr.",name:"Panagiotis",surname:"Arkoudeas",slug:"panagiotis-arkoudeas",fullName:"Panagiotis Arkoudeas"}],corrections:null},{id:"38161",title:"Biolubricants and Triboreactive Materials for Automotive Applications",doi:"10.5772/48670",slug:"biolubricants-and-triboreactive-materials-for-automotive-applications",totalDownloads:3373,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Amaya Igartua, Xana Fdez-Pérez, Iñaki Illarramendi, Rolf Luther, Jürgen Rausch and Mathias Woydt",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/38161",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/38161",authors:[{id:"58433",title:"Prof.",name:"Amaya",surname:"Igartua",slug:"amaya-igartua",fullName:"Amaya Igartua"},{id:"58434",title:"Ms.",name:"Xana",surname:"Fernandez",slug:"xana-fernandez",fullName:"Xana Fernandez"}],corrections:null},{id:"38159",title:"Batteries Charging Systems for Electric and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles",doi:"10.5772/45791",slug:"batteries-charging-systems-for-electric-and-plug-in-hybrid-electric-vehicles",totalDownloads:5474,totalCrossrefCites:21,totalDimensionsCites:27,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Vítor Monteiro, Henrique Gonçalves, João C. 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Valavanis",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"19",type:"chapter",title:"Integrating Behaviors for Mobile Robots: an Ethological Approach",slug:"integrating_behaviors_for_mobile_robots__an_ethological_approach",totalDownloads:3201,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jose Maria Canas Plaza and Vicente Matellan Olivera",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"20",type:"chapter",title:"Stabilization of Fuzzy Takagi - Sugeno Descriptor Models; Application to a Double Inverted Pendulum",slug:"stabilization_of_fuzzy_takagi_-_sugeno_descriptor_models__application_to_a_double_inverted_pendulum",totalDownloads:4092,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Thierry Marie Guerra, Sebastien Delprat and Salim Labiod",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"21",type:"chapter",title:"Adaptive Control of Nonlinear Dynamics Systems Based on RBF Network",slug:"adaptive_control_of_nonlinear_dynamics_systems_based_on_rbf_network",totalDownloads:3423,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ho Dac Loc, Nguyen Thi Phuong Ha and Luong Van Lang",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"22",type:"chapter",title:"Multi-Layered Learning System for Real Robot Behavior Acquisition",slug:"multi-layered_learning_system_for_real_robot_behavior_acquisition",totalDownloads:2692,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Yasutake Takahashi and Minoru Asada",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"23",type:"chapter",title:"The Design of a Pair of Identical Mobile Robots to Investigate Cooperative Behaviours",slug:"the_design_of_a_pair_of_identical_mobile_robots_to_investigate_co_-_operative_behaviours",totalDownloads:4336,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Dale Carnegie, Andrew Payne and Praneel Chand",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"24",type:"chapter",title:"Cooperative Hunting by Multiple Mobile Robots Based on Local Interaction",slug:"cooperative_hunting_by_multiple_mobile_robots_based_on_local_interaction",totalDownloads:2781,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Zhi-Qiang Cao, Min Tan, Saeid Nahavandi and Nong Gu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"25",type:"chapter",title:"Market-Driven Multi-Agent Collaboration in Robot Soccer Domain",slug:"market-driven_multi-agent_collaboration_in_robot_soccer_domain",totalDownloads:3343,totalCrossrefCites:9,signatures:"Hatice Kose, Kemal Kaplan, Cetin Mericli, Utku Tatlidede and Levent Akin",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"26",type:"chapter",title:"The SocRob Project: Soccer Robots or Society of Robots",slug:"the_socrob_project__soccer_robots_or_society_of_robots",totalDownloads:3236,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Pedro U. Lima and Luis M. M. Custodio",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"27",type:"chapter",title:"RoboCup is a Stage which Impulse the Research of Basic Technology in Robot",slug:"robocup_is_a_stage_which_impulse_the_research_of_basic_technology_in_robot",totalDownloads:3220,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Cheng Xian-yi and Xia De-shen",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"28",type:"chapter",title:"A Multi-Robot System Architecture for Trajectory Control of Groups of People",slug:"a_multi-robot_system_architecture_for_trajectory_control_of_groups_of_people",totalDownloads:2819,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Edgar A. Martinez-Garcia, Akihisa Ohya and Shinichi Yuta",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"29",type:"chapter",title:"Sharing and Trading in a Human-Robot System",slug:"sharing_and_trading_in_a_human-robot_system",totalDownloads:3044,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Kai Wei Ong, Gerald Seet and Siang Kok Sim",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"30",type:"chapter",title:"A Robotic System for Volcano Exploration",slug:"a_robotic_system_for_volcano_exploration",totalDownloads:5838,totalCrossrefCites:10,signatures:"Daniele Caltabiano and Giovanni Muscato",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"31",type:"chapter",title:"A Simulator for Helping in Design of a New Active Catheter Dedicated to Coloscopy",slug:"a_simulator_for_helping_in_design_of_a_new_active_catheter_dedicated_to_coloscopy",totalDownloads:2526,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Georges Dumont and Christofer Kuehl",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"32",type:"chapter",title:"Development of a Range of Robot and Automation Prototypes for Service Applications",slug:"development_of_a_range_of_robot_and_automation_prototypes_for_service_applications",totalDownloads:4651,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Bing Lam Luk, Alexandar Djordjevic, Shiu Kit Tso and King Pui Liu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"33",type:"chapter",title:"Legged Robotic Systems",slug:"legged_robotic_systems",totalDownloads:7080,totalCrossrefCites:41,signatures:"Giuseppe Carbone and Marco Ceccarelli",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"34",type:"chapter",title:"Humanoid Robot Motion in Unstructured Environment - Generation of Various Gait Patterns from a Single Nominal",slug:"humanoid_robot_motion_in_unstructured_environment_-_generation_of_various_gait_patterns_from_a_singl",totalDownloads:2865,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Miomir Vukobratovic, Dejan Andric and Branislav Borovac",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"35",type:"chapter",title:"Trajectory Planning of a Constrained Flexible Manipulator",slug:"trajectory_planning_of_a_constrained_flexible_manipulator",totalDownloads:2936,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Atef A. Ata and Habib Johar",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"36",type:"chapter",title:"Position / Force Hybrid Control of a Manipulator with a Flexible Tool Using Visual and Force Information",slug:"position___force_hybrid_control_of_a_manipulator_with_a_flexible_tool_using_visual_and_force_informa",totalDownloads:3730,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Jian Huang, Isao Todo and Tetsuro Yabuta",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"37",type:"chapter",title:"A Novel Parallel Engraving Machine Based on 6-PUS Mechanism and Related Technologies",slug:"a_novel_parallel_engraving_machine_based_on_6-pus_mechanism_and_related_technologies",totalDownloads:2795,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Kong Ling-fu and Zhang Shi-hui",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"38",type:"chapter",title:"Pose Estimating the Human Arm Using Kinematics and the Sequential Monte Carlo Framework",slug:"pose_estimating_the_human_arm_using_kinematics_and_the_sequential_monte_carlo_framework",totalDownloads:3123,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Thomas Moeslund",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"39",type:"chapter",title:"Cartesian Impedance Control of Flexible Joint Robots: A Decoupling Approach",slug:"cartesian_impedance_control_of_flexible_joint_robots__a_decoupling_approach",totalDownloads:4577,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Christian Ott, Alin Albu Schaffer, Andreas Kugi and Gerd Hirzinger",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"40",type:"chapter",title:"Collision-Free Path Planning in Robot Cells Using Virtual 3D Collision Sensors",slug:"collision-free_path_planning_in_robot_cells_using_virtual_3d_collision_sensors",totalDownloads:3355,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Tomislav Reichenbach and Zdenko Kovacic",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"41",type:"chapter",title:"Exploring Open-Ended Design Space of Mechatronic Systems",slug:"exploring_open-ended_design_space_of_mechatronic_systems",totalDownloads:3288,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Zhun Fan, Jiachuan Wang and Erik Goodman",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"42",type:"chapter",title:"Online Identification for the Automated Threaded Fastening Using GUI Format",slug:"online_identification_for_the_automated_threaded_fastening_using_gui_format",totalDownloads:3311,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Nicola Ivan Giannoccaro and Mongkorn Klingajay",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"43",type:"chapter",title:"Multilevel Intelligent Control of Mechatronical Technological Systems",slug:"multilevel_intelligent_control_of_mechatronical_technological_systems",totalDownloads:2674,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Tugengold Andrei Kirillovich, Ryzhkin Anatoliy Andreevich, Lukianov Evjeny Anatolievich and Wojciechowicz Boleslav",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"44",type:"chapter",title:"A Robot System for High Quality Belt Grinding and Polishing Processes",slug:"a_robot_system_for_high_quality_belt_grinding_and_polishing_processes",totalDownloads:5321,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Bernd Kuhlenkoetter and Xiang Zhang",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"45",type:"chapter",title:"Reconfigurable Mechatronic Robotic Plug-and-Play Controller",slug:"reconfigurable_mechatronic_robotic_plug-and-play_controller",totalDownloads:4275,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Johan Potgieter, Jonathan Zyzalo and Olaf Diegel",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5330",title:"Petri Net",subtitle:"Theory and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4ebb7d10fa68cbcab11de39a524f2581",slug:"petri_net_theory_and_applications",bookSignature:"Vedran Kordic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5330.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"708",title:"Petri Net Transformations",slug:"petri_net_transformations",signatures:"Hartmut Ehrig, Kathrin Hoffmann, Julia Padberg, Claudia Ermel, Ulrike Prange, Enrico Biermann and Tony Modica",authors:[null]},{id:"709",title:"Modelling and Analysis of Real-Time Systems with RTCP-Nets",slug:"modelling_and_analysis_of_real-time_systems_with_rtcp-nets",signatures:"Marcin Szpyrka",authors:[null]},{id:"710",title:"Petri Net Based Modelling of Communication in Systems on Chip",slug:"petri_net_based_modelling_of_communication_in_systems_on_chip",signatures:"Holger Blume, Thorsten von Sydow, Jochen Schleifer and Tobias G. Noll",authors:[null]},{id:"711",title:"An Inter-Working Petri Net Model between SIMPLE and IMPS for XDM Service",slug:"an_inter-working_petri_net_model_between_simple_and_imps_for_xdm_service",signatures:"Jianxin Liao, Yuting Zhang and Xiaomin Zhu",authors:[null]},{id:"712",title:"Modelling Systems by Hybrid Petri Nets: an Application to Supply Chains",slug:"modelling_systems_by_hybrid_petri_nets__an_application_to_supply_chains",signatures:"Mariagrazia Dotoli, Maria Pia Fanti, Alessandro Giua and Carla Seatzu",authors:[null]},{id:"713",title:"Modeling and Analysis of Hybrid Dynamic Systems Using Hybrid Petri Nets",slug:"modeling_and_analysis_of_hybrid_dynamic_systems_using_hybrid_petri_nets",signatures:"Latefa Ghomri and Hassane Alla",authors:[null]},{id:"714",title:"Use of Petri Nets for Modeling an Agent-Based Interactive System: Basic Principles and Case Study",slug:"use_of_petri_nets_for_modeling_an_agent-based_interactive_system__basic_principles_and_case_study",signatures:"Houcine Ezzedine and Christophe Kolski",authors:[null]},{id:"715",title:"On the Use of Queueing Petri Nets for Modeling and Performance Analysis of Distributed Systems",slug:"on_the_use_of_queueing_petri_nets_for_modeling_and_performance_analysis_of_distributed_systems",signatures:"Samuel Kounev and Alejandro Buchmann",authors:[null]},{id:"716",title:"Model Checking of Time Petri Nets",slug:"model_checking_of_time_petri_nets",signatures:"Hanifa Boucheneb and Rachid Hadjidj",authors:[null]},{id:"717",title:"A Linear Logic Based Approach to Timed Petri Nets",slug:"a_linear_logic_based_approach_to_timed_petri_nets",signatures:"Norihiro Kamide",authors:[null]},{id:"718",title:"From Time Petri Nets to Timed Automata",slug:"from_time_petri_nets_to_timed_automata",signatures:"Franck Cassez and Olivier H. Roux",authors:[null]},{id:"719",title:"Timed Hierarchical Object-Oriented Petri Net",slug:"timed_hierarchical_object-oriented_petri_net",signatures:"Hua Xu",authors:[null]},{id:"720",title:"Scheduling Analysis of FMS Using the Unfolding Time Petri Nets",slug:"scheduling_analysis_of_fms_using_the_unfolding_time_petri_nets",signatures:"Jong kun Lee and Ouajdi Korbaa",authors:[null]},{id:"721",title:"Error Recovery in Production Systems: A Petri Net Based Intelligent System Approach",slug:"error_recovery_in_production_systems__a_petri_net_based_intelligent_system_approach",signatures:"Nicholas G. Odrey",authors:[null]},{id:"722",title:"Estimation of Mean Response Time of MultiAgent Systems Using Petri Nets",slug:"estimation_of_mean_response_time_of_multi-agent_systems_using_petri_nets",signatures:"Tomasz Babczyński and Jan Magott",authors:[null]},{id:"723",title:"Diagnosis of Discrete Event Systems with Petri Nets",slug:"diagnosis_of_discrete_event_systems_with_petri_nets",signatures:"Dimitri Lefebvre",authors:[null]},{id:"724",title:"Augmented Marked Graphs and the Analysis of Shared Resource Systems",slug:"augmented_marked_graphs_and_the_analysis_of_shared_resource_systems",signatures:"King Sing Cheung",authors:[null]},{id:"725",title:"Incremental Integer Linear Programming Models for Petri Nets Reachability Problems",slug:"incremental_integer_linear_programming_models_for_petri_nets_reachability_problems",signatures:"Thomas Bourdeaud'huy, Said Hanafi and Pascal Yim",authors:[null]},{id:"726",title:"Using Transition Invariants for Reachability Analysis of Petri Nets",slug:"using_transition_invariants_for_reachability_analysis_of_petri_nets",signatures:"Alexander Kostin",authors:[null]},{id:"727",title:"Reliability Prediction and Sensitivity Analysis of Web Services Composition",slug:"reliability_prediction_and_sensitivity_analysis_of_web_services_composition",signatures:"Duhang Zhong, Zhichang Qi and Xishan Xu",authors:[null]},{id:"728",title:"Petri Nets for Component-Based Software Systems Development",slug:"petri_nets_for_component-based_software_systems_development",signatures:"Leandro Dias da Silva, Kyller Gorgonio, and Angelo Perkusich",authors:[null]},{id:"729",title:"Formalizing and Validating UML Architecture Description of Service-Oriented Applications",slug:"formalizing_and_validating_uml_architecture_description_of_service-oriented_applications",signatures:"Zhijiang Dong, Yujian Fu, Xudong He and Yue Fu",authors:[null]},{id:"730",title:"Music Description and Processing: An Approach Based on Petri Nets and XML",slug:"music_description_and_processing__an_approach_based_on_petri_nets_and_xml",signatures:"Adriano Barate",authors:[null]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5787",title:"Cutting Edge Robotics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f5caeb19605b2ebe7260f03131c26a24",slug:"cutting_edge_robotics",bookSignature:"Vedran Kordic, Aleksandar Lazinica and Munir Merdan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5787.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"81129",title:"Research of Fat Component Safety and Pre-Clinical Evaluation of Infant Adapted Dry Milk Mixtures Physiological Effect",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103069",slug:"research-of-fat-component-safety-and-pre-clinical-evaluation-of-infant-adapted-dry-milk-mixtures-phy",body:'The optimum food product for an infant in the first months of life is the breastmilk which corresponds to the characteristics of its digestive system and metabolism which ensures the adequate development of an infant’s body with a rational diet of a lactating woman. Lactotrophic nutrition (breastfeeding) is the postnatal equivalent of fetal hemotrophic nutrition. It has a unique biological and emotional impact on the health of both mother and baby. All nutrients in human milk are easily absorbed if their composition and ratio correspond to the functional capabilities of the gastrointestinal tract of an infant. After the birth of a child, the “mother-placenta-fetus” system transforms into its postnatal analog “mother-mammary gland-breast milk-infant” with the preservation of the genetic link formed during prenatal development. Thus breastfeeding being an important factor in the formation of health has a multifaceted effect on infants’ physical and mental development as well as the formation of their behavior and intellectual development [1, 2].
However, a significant proportion of women by means of various reasons are unable to provide their infant with natural feeding. In these cases, it is important to organize optimum artificial feeding which cannot replace breast milk. But with the proper approach may ensure the correct growth and development of the child [3]. The modern trend of bottle-feeding is connected with the use of specialized industrial baby food products, modern breast milk substitutes, so-called baby “mixtures”—adapted milk formulas. The main goal of its production is the maximal adaptation to the composition and properties of breast milk as well as taking into account the nature of the child’s digestion. Approximation of the composition provided by addition of the following components: carbohydrate, mineral, vitamin, protein, and fat [4]. The need for the fat component in an infant is a maximum—44–49% of the energy value of the diet [3]. A number of studies have shown that approximating the composition of mixtures fat components closer to the composition of breast milk can contribute to a more harmonious development of the child and reduce the risk of infection [5, 6], improving the psychoemotional and physical growth and development of children at the age of 4 months [6], improves cognitive development and also has a significant impact on the intellectual development [7, 8]. Therefore, it is extremely important that the child continues to receive the fat component of the optimal composition either with breast milk or with infant formula [9].
One of the expected results of the implementation of global strategies in the field of healthy nutrition is the reduction of alimentary-dependent diseases among children providing them with adequate nutrition from the first days of life. Due to the immaturity of protective mechanisms, physiological and metabolic characteristics of young children, increased hygienic requirements are imposed on the safety and quality of infant food [10].
In the scientific literature, studies of infant formula are widely presented. They are dedicated to their compliance with the requirements of regulatory documents in terms of the quantitative composition of the components of the mixture [11], toxicological safety [12, 13], weight gain of the child, tolerance of the mixture [14]. At the same time, there’re a limited number of studies dedicated to the change in the qualitative characteristics of the lipid fraction of infant formula during storage [15, 16]. However, thermal treatment of native raw materials at the stage of spray drying, a sufficiently long shelf life can provoke the oxidation of the fat component which is a potential source of danger to the body. This is due to the fact that during the oxidation process such undesirable oxidation products as glycidol ethers [17, 18, 19, 20], epoxides, secondary oxidation products insoluble in petroleum ether are formed which have teratogenic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic effects [21, 22].
Thus, the safety requirements for the fat component of adapted milk formulas, in our opinion, are not sufficiently presented in the legal requirements of the Russian Federation and the Customs Union.
The aim of this work was a pilot study of some indicators of the safety and quality of the fat component of adapted infant dry milk formulas from various manufacturers.
The research was carried out in two stages. At the first stage among the wide range of infant formulas available on the market, the popular in Russia adapted infant dry milk formulas “IS” (Denmark), “IM”, “IN”, “IL” (Russian Federation), “IX “(Germany) were selected as research objects. The shelf life of infant formula according to the manufacturers’ documentary standards is equal to 18 months. The packages purchased through retail chains were unsealed in the initial period of their shelf life—before 6 months of expiration. The study of physical and chemical indicators was carried out immediately after opening the package. Fat for analysis was isolated from dry milk mixtures by the extraction-weight method. In the extracted fat the fatty acid composition was determined by gas-liquid chromatography of fatty acid methyl esters. Methyl esters of fatty acids were prepared according to and the compliance with the average fatty acid composition of the studied mixtures to the composition of human milk was assessed.
The legal requirements of the Customs Union (TR CU 0211/2011, TR CU 033/2013) regulate only organoleptic indicators of the quality indicators of adapted infant dry milk mixtures. However, among the safety indicators of the fat component, it regulates only the determination of the peroxide value, which characterizes the accumulation of primary products of fat oxidation. The peroxide number of the fat component of the mixtures was determined by the iodometric method. Infant milk food for organoleptic analysis was prepared according to the recommendations indicated on the package with a hydromodule of 1–3. Organoleptic analysis was carried out by a descriptive method. All experiments were carried out in triplicate.
At the second stage,
Statistical data analysis was carried out using the licensed computer software package STATISTICA 10, StatSoft, Inc. (Series 0411-R) using the methods of biomedical statistics with the calculation of the mean and standard error of the mean. Checking the normality of the distribution of quantitative data was carried out using the Shapiro-Wilks test. For all indicators including behavioral studies, with normally distributed data intergroup comparisons were made using Student’s
Preliminary study of the ready-to-use samples of mixtures showed that almost all samples had an unsatisfactory taste and smell which is characteristic of the relatively oxidized fat components of mixtures. Therefore, for a more complete evaluation of the hydrolysis degree and oxidation of the fat component in the mixtures, the acid number of the released fat was determined by the titrimetric method, the anisidine number was determined by a method based on measuring the optical concentration of the analyzed solution after reaction with an acetic acid solution of paraanisidine. The measurement takes place in the presence of 350 nm waves. The content of secondary oxidation products insoluble in petroleum ether (CIPE) according to an increase in the intensity of the absorption band of ultraviolet radiation at a wavelength of 232 nm, which corresponds to the absorption of conjugated dienechromophores. The content of epoxides was determined according to reactions with concentrated phosphoric acid. All studies were carried out immediately after opening the cans with mixtures.
Determination of the acid number is important for determining the degree of fat hydrolysis. This indicator is of particular importance when analyzing mixtures containing coconut and palm kernel oils, since a soapy aftertaste occurs when the mixture contains appreciable amounts of free lauric acid. In addition, during intensive hydrolysis of fats, di- and monoglycerides accumulate, which, according to modern data, can be precursors of the dangerous toxicant 3-chloropropanediol (3-MCPD), which is detected in infant milk formulas at concentrations up to 1.0 mg/kg of fat extracted from the product.
The anisidine number correlates in a certain way with the accumulation of free aldehydes (hexenal, nonenal, 2,4-decadienal), which give the product foreign smells of fish, beans, etc.
The accumulation of thermostable secondary oxidation product mixture in the fat component is characteristic of the oxidation of fats during their heat treatment. The formation of highly polar compounds, insoluble in petroleum ether (CIPE), and epoxides were found in the study of deep-fried dough products as well as during the storage of confectionery products with a high-fat content—Kurabie cookies, shortbread cookies, Chak-chack, Creamy cake, and others. In a biological experiment on animals in our previous works, it was shown that fats containing more than 1% of CIPE with systematic consumption have a negative effect on the organs of the gastrointestinal tract, sharply reduce the level of erythrocytes and leukocytes in the blood, cause the accumulation of cholesterol and bilirubin [25]. The potential for such compounds to be formed in baby foods is a major concern.
Edible fats are an essential part of an infant’s diet. Reproduction of the fatty acid composition of breast milk in the creation of infant formula is a complex scientific, technological and medical problem.
According to the requirements of Article 4 of TR CU 021/2011, adapted infant milk powder should be as close in chemical composition to human milk as possible in order to meet the physiological needs of infants for the necessary substances and energy. The fatty acid composition of breast milk is characterized by a relatively high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), the concentration of which in mature human milk is 12−15 times higher than in cow’s milk (0.4−0.5 g/100 ml versus 0.009 g/100 ml). In the infant’s body, unsaturated fatty acids are either synthesized to a limited extent (monounsaturated) or not synthesized at all (PUFA) while these compounds perform the most important plastic and metabolic functions. Of the greatest importance for young children are representatives of the ω-3 and ω-6 PUFA families, of which the most significant are α-linolenic and linoleic acids. In breast milk, the ratio of PUFAs of the ω-6 and ω-3 families is optimum and ranges from 10:1 to 7:1. Under the influence of the enzyme delta-6 desaturase, these compounds are converted into long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids which play a leading role in the development of the central nervous system of infants, the visual analyzer, the immune system, and the regulation of metabolic processes and inflammatory reactions [26, 27]. Comparative characteristics of the average composition of the predominant fatty acids of adapted infant milk formulas and human milk are presented in Table 1.
The trivial name for a fatty acid, the number of carbon atoms in the chain, and the number of double bonds | Mass fraction of fatty acid in samples, % | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Breast milk | IS | IN | IM | IL | IX | |
Caprylic C8: 0 | 0.17 | 3.2 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.0 | 0.9 |
Capric C10: 0 | 1.66 | 2.5 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 0.8 |
Lauric C12: 0 | 5.8 | 17.9 | 13.0 | 12.7 | 11.9 | 9.3 |
Myristic C14: 0 | 8.6 | 6.6 | 5.4 | 5.3 | 5.2 | 3.6 |
Palmitic C16: 0 | 21.0 | 8.4 | 18.9 | 18.6 | 19.2 | 24.4 |
Palmitoleic C16: 1 | 3.4 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 |
Stearic C18: 0 | 8.0 | 2.8 | 3.1 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 3.3 |
Oleic C18: 1 | 36.5 | 39.3 | 38.0 | 38.3 | 38.7 | 38.1 |
Linoleic acid C18: 2 | 10.8 | 16.9 | 14.1 | 14.1 | 14.2 | 16.2 |
Linolenic C18: 3 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 2.4 | 2.7 | 2.6 | 2.2 |
Arachidic C20: 0 | 0.21 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 |
Gadoleic C20: 1 | 0.20 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.40 |
Behenic C22: 0 | 0.10 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.2 |
Mass fraction of fat, % | 4.4 | 3.6 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.6 |
Comparative characteristics of the average fatty acid composition of breast milk [11] and adapted milk powder.
The data presented in Table 1 indicate the presence of gadoleic acid C20: 1 and a sufficiently high amount of linolenic acid C18: 3 in the “IN”, “IM”, “IL” mixtures, which might contain non-erucid rapeseed oil. According to the analysis of the fatty acid composition, the “IN”, “IM”, “IL” mixtures may have almost identical recipes.
From the data presented it can be seen that the mixtures were selected, first of all, according to the content of oleic and palmitic acids. “IX” sample contains 15−20% of coconut oil, “IS” sample contains 35% of coconut oil, the rest contain 30% of coconut oil. On the contrary, the “IS” mixture contains about 20% of palm oil, the “IX” sample contains 40−45% of palm oil, the rest contain 35−40% of palm oil.
The highest content of polyunsaturated acids (linoleic and linolenic) is in the “IS” and “IX” mixtures, while the most favorable ratio ω6/ω3 = 11: 1, corresponding to the characteristics of breast milk, was found in the “IS” mixture.
Mass fraction of the fat component ranges from 24.1% (“IM”) to 27.7% (“IX”).
Based on the research results, the fatty acid composition of adapted infant dry milk formulas by various manufacturers corresponds to the information indicated on the labels of the tested products.
Table 1 shows that the proposed mixtures contain an excessive amount of lauric acid and linoleic acid, with a relatively lower mass fraction of stearic acid. None of the studied samples in terms of the average composition of fatty acids fully corresponds to breast milk.
Infant formula was prepared for sensory analysis according to the recommendations indicated on the package, with a hydro module of one to three. Dispersion of dry mixtures in water occurred with the same intensity. The results of sensory analysis are presented in Table 2.
Sample name | Taste | Odor | Consistency | Color |
---|---|---|---|---|
IS | Fishy aftertaste | Slightly fishy | Homogeneous, light, watery | Baked milk |
IN | Sweet-salty with a fishy aftertaste | Poorly expressed fishy | Homogeneous, light, non-watery | Creamy white |
IM | Slightly sweetish, creamy | Slight fishy smell | Homogeneous, light, non-watery | Creamy white |
IL | Sweet and salty, with a metallic aftertaste | Slight fishy smell | Homogeneous, light, slightly watery | Creamy white |
IX | Bean, with a cold synthetic flavor | Herbaceous | Homogeneous, light, non-watery | Light cream |
The results of the sensory analysis of mixture samples.
Baby food made from “IS”, “IN”, “IM”, and “IL” mixtures had a fishy smell of varying intensity; “IX” mixture was more herbaceous, leguminous. The sweet taste was most explicit in the “IN” infant formula and least of all in the “IM” infant formula. The consistency of food systems varied slightly with colors ranging from white to cream.
Generally, it should be noted the unsatisfactory results of sensory analysis of varying degrees of food compositions intensity. The composition of the “IX” mixture has the worst performance. Thus, a negative result of sensory analysis of the prepared infant formula indicates an unacceptable level of oxidation of the fat component and the need to change the shelf life of powdered infant formula. It has been proven that the weakening of antioxidant protection and uncontrolled enhancement of lipid oxidation is one of the important links in the pathogenesis of autonomic dysfunction, atopic dermatitis, dental pathology, diabetes mellitus, arthropathies, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract, etc. [28, 29, 30].
Physicochemical indicators of the safety of adapted infant dry milk formulas are presented in Table 3.
Sample name | Acid number, mg KOH/g | Peroxidenumber, meq/kg | Anisidinenumber, cu | Mass fraction of oxidation products insoluble in petroleum ether, % | Mass fraction of oxidation products insoluble in petroleum ether, % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
IS | 0.5 | 0.4 | 1.9 | 0.3 | 25.6 |
IN | 0.2 | 0.9 | 2.2 | 0.8 | 27.1 |
IM | 0.6 | 1.4 | 3.6 | 1.0 | 31.1 |
IL | 0.7 | 0.8 | 2.6 | 0.7 | 27.9 |
IX | 0.4 | 1.1 | 2.9 | 0.6 | 26.3 |
Physicochemical indicators of the safety of adapted infant dry milk formulas.
Organ | Group 1IS | Group 2IN | Group 3IM | Group 4IL | Group 5IX | Control Group |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liver | Hyperemia, focal granular dystrophy, beam structure is moderately expressed. | Vessels are filled with blood, diffuse granular degeneration of hepatocytes, edema of Dissespaces, the beam structure is poorly visible. | Beam structure is poorly visible, diffuse hydropic dystrophy in combination with granular dystrophy, edematous phenomena in the tissues. | Beam structure is absent, granular degeneration of hepatocytes, hyperemia, edema of organ tissue. | Focal hydropic dystrophy in combination with granular degeneration of hepatocytes, the beam structure is poorly visible, hyperemia and tissue edema. | Beam structure is preserved, vessels are desolate, granular degeneration of hepatocytes. |
Kidney | Focal hydropic dystrophy in combination with granular dystrophy. Granular dystrophy of the epithelium of the tubules, the accumulation of erythrocytes between them. | Focal hydropic dystrophy in combination with granular dystrophy of the tubular epithelium. Swellingofthevascularglomeruli. | Severe hydropic dystrophy in combination with granular dystrophy of the tubular epithelium, the vascular glomeruli are markedly enlarged. | Diffuse hydropic dystrophy in combination with granular dystrophy of the epithelium of the tubules, the vascular glomeruli are enlarged. | Focal hydropic dystrophy, a significant increase in vascular glomeruli with a decrease in the lumen of the Shumlyansky capsule. | Focal hydropic dystrophy in combination with granular dystrophy of the epithelium of the tubules, the vascular glomeruli are enlarged up to the complete disappearance of the lumen of the Shumlyansky capsule. |
Spleen | Thinning of the lymphoid tissue of the follicles. | Perivascular edema, moderate loss of lymphocytes in the follicles. | Some rarefaction of the lymphoid tissue of the follicles. | Decrease in the number and size of follicles with thinning of the lymphoid tissue. | Follicles are not expressed, lymphoid tissue is poorly visible. | Moderate perivascular edema and loss of lymphocytes in the follicles. |
Small intestine | Slight swelling of the organ wall. | Edema of the mucous membrane and deformation of the glands. | Edema of the organ wall and deformation of the glands. | Edema of the organ wall and deformation of the glands. | Moderate edema of the mucous membrane. | Edema of the organ wall and some deformation of the glands. |
Colon | Edema of the mucous membrane. | Severe edema of the mucous membrane and deformation of the glands. | Edema of the mucous membrane and deformation of the glands. | Edema and deformation of the glands. | Edem and deformation of the glands. | Edema of the mucous membrane and fragmentation of some glands. |
Histopathological changes in the internal organs of biomodels.
Analyzing the data in Table 3 we can conclude that the safety indicator standardized by TR CU 033/2013 “On the safety of milk and dairy products” known as the peroxide number is within the normal range for all samples (no more than 4 meq/kg).
The limit value of the acid number for adapted milk powder is not determined by the legal requirements of the Customs Union. According to TR CU 024/2011 “For fat and oil products” for refined oils and their fractions, mixtures of refined oils, the acid number is normalized to no more than 0.6 mg KOH/g. For three of the five studied dry milk mixtures, the acid number does not exceed this indicator. In the “IM” and “IL” samples, the content of free fatty acids in the fat component is respectively 0.6 and 0.7 mg KOH/g.
The permissible value of the anisidine number (that shows the concentration of secondary oxidation products, i.e., aldehydes) is also not regulated by the legal requirements for adapted infant dry milk formulas. In GOST 1129-2013 “Sunflower oil.” Specifications (as amended) this indicator is not more than 3 conventional units for Premium oils and Highest grade oils. In “IM” sample the anisidine number is 3.6 conventional units. The anisidine number shows the relative content of aldehydes. First of all, α- and β-unsaturated aldehydes which form yellow condensation products with reagents enter into the reaction with anisidine.
In addition, not only primary oxidation products are a risk factor but also oxidized fatty acids and their copolymerization products (CIPE), that is, secondary oxidation products. Therefore, in prototypes, this indicator was studied to identify a complete safety picture. The mass fraction of compounds insoluble in petroleum ether is regulated for waste frying fats according to SP 2.3.6.1079-01 at no more than 1%. This indicator has not yet been reflected when ensuring the safety of the fatty component of other food products, although there are a number of studies indicating the need for its regulation [31, 32]. In “IM” sample, immediately after opening, the mass fraction of CIPE was 1%. In biological studies on animals [33] it was noted that with the systematic consumption of fats containing more than 0.88% of CIPE, there are progressive negative pathological changes in the body (granular degeneration and hyperemia of the liver, desquamation processes in the intestinal wall, edema of the submucosal layer of the intestine, change in blood picture). Such changes indicate an increase in the number of eosinophils and compounds that are leukotoxins which commonly leads to disruptions in the work of the antioxidant defense systems of the body.
Some studies [34] have shown that it is the isomers of epoxyoleic acid that have the properties of leukotoxins. According to some researchers [35], the formation of an epoxy ring occurs through the reaction of a double bond in a fatty acid chain with a hydroperoxide formed in another adjacent fatty acid chain. This mechanism explains the presence of an epoxy ring at the site of the double bond, and the concomitant formation of a hydroxy function from hydroperoxide in the adjacent fatty acid chain. The formation of epoxides is accelerated by the thermal treatment of unsaturated fats which is used in spray drying of dry milk formulas.
Estimating the concentration of epoxides can be proposed as an operational method for monitoring the safety of the fat component of dry milk mixtures and other food products. In the studied infant dry milk formulas, the content of epoxides was 25−31 mmol/kg at the time of opening the can.
It should be noted that all the studied parameters of hydrolysis and oxidation of fats are at the safest level in the “IN” mixture; the indicators of the “IX” mixture are closer to the critical values.
The research results were processed by generally accepted statistical methods using the SPSS statistical program. For the statistical analysis, the Student’s
In the future studies of the values of these indicators will be carried out at the end of the shelf-life period of the opened can.
The histological picture indicating changes occurring with a pronounced intensity is presented on micrographs (Figures 1–3). A detailed description of the histological picture of the tissues of the studied organs of the biomodels is presented in Table 4.
Micrograph of the histological picture of the liver section of biomodels using “IN” sample (a) and the control group (b).
Micrograph of the histological picture of a kidney picture of biomodels using “IS” (a) and “IM” (b) samples.
Micrograph of a histological picture of a spleen section (a) and small intestine (b) of biomodels using “IL” sample, and of the large intestine of biomodels using “IX” sample (c).
Structural disorders were most noticeable in Groups 4 and 5, while only in Group 1 the presence of intertubular hemorrhages was detected.
Severe suppression of lymphoid tissue in the spleen was detected in biomodels in Groups 4 and 5 and to a lesser extent in Group 1. Among all the cases studied, the structure of the wall of the small intestine was most disturbed primarily in Groups 4 and 5 and, to a lesser extent, in Groups 2 and 3. The large intestine had pronounced disturbances in the structure of the wall in the form of edema and deformation of the glands in Groups 2 and 4.
Breast milk is the natural and most physiological nutrition for a child from the first days of their life. Its composition goes beyond simple nutritional support and is the most important postnatal factor in the metabolic and immunological programming of health. A high nutritional and functional potential of breast milk has been established indicating the biological advantage and fundamental indispensability of breastfeeding for the optimum development of both healthy and sick child. However, a significant proportion of women for various reasons are unable to provide their child with natural feeding. In these cases, it is important to use optimum, high-quality, and safe bottle-feeding. As a result of the study of fat component safety of the adapted infant dry milk formulas “IM”, “IS”, “IN”, “IL”, “IX” it was found that the qualitative composition of the fat fraction corresponds to that stated on the package. None of the samples under study in terms of the average composition of prevailing fatty acids fully corresponds to the composition of human milk. According to an important indicator, that is, the ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids ω6/ω3, the “IS” mixture is distinguished by the optimum value (11:1).
As for the organoleptic characteristics food systems made from dry mixtures “IS”, “IN”, “IM”, and “IL” had a fishy smell of varying intensity whereas “IX” mixture had a more herbaceous smell. Sweet taste was most pronounced in the “IN” formula and least of all in the “IM” formula. The consistency varied slightly, the color varied from white to cream. A negative organoleptic evaluation commonly indicates an unacceptable level of oxidation of the fat component of dry milk mixtures that causes the need to adjust the shelf life of dry milk mixtures.
Safety indicators of the fat component regulated by TR CU 021/2011, TR CU 024/2011, TR CU 033/2013 are not fully respect the safety requirements for the fat component of adapted dry milk mixtures since there are no standards for the most important safety indicators of fats, that is, the content of secondary oxidation products CIPE and epoxides. According to our opinion, the studies carried out necessitate further research of the parameters of the adapted dry milk mixtures fat component during storage after the package is opened by the consumer.
Histopathological changes were most regularly observed in the studied organs of Group 5 biomodels. Slightly less intensity of pathologies was expressed in Group 4. At the same time, in almost all other groups of biomodels, pathological processes of varying severity were detected in organs, although in some cases it is possible to assume their reversibility.
Thus, the conducted biological experiment previously proved that the use of “IX” and “IL” mixtures has a certain negative impact on the internal organs of biomodels.
The revealed information requires further study using modern research methods. The data obtained indicate the need for a precise evaluation of the production technology, packaging, and storage of adapted infant dry milk formulas, as well as the advisability of improving the legal regulation of the Russian Federation and the Customs Union, in order to strengthen and control the safety of adapted infant dry milk formulas, fat component, and changes in the shelf life of these products.
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\n\n2. SUBMIT YOUR MANUSCRIPT
\n\nAfter approval, you will proceed in submitting your full-length manuscript. 50-130 pages for compacts, 130-500 for Monographs & Edited Books.Your full-length manuscript must follow IntechOpen's Author Guidelines and comply with our publishing rules. Once the manuscript is submitted, but before it is forwarded for peer review, it will be screened for plagiarism.
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Over periods of time, some of these norms become standards that all members of the community are expected to adhere to. Deviance from these standards is seen as absurd, wrong, or frankly abnormal. However, many of these cultural mores have no scientific basis and, some of them actually promote behaviors with negative health consequences. This chapter examines the cultural practices of some communities in Africa and their health consequences and, explores ways to address the challenges.",book:{id:"9138",slug:"public-health-in-developing-countries-challenges-and-opportunities",title:"Public Health in Developing Countries",fullTitle:"Public Health in Developing Countries - Challenges and Opportunities"},signatures:"Radiance Ogundipe",authors:[{id:"302308",title:"Dr.",name:"Radiance",middleName:null,surname:"Ogundipe",slug:"radiance-ogundipe",fullName:"Radiance Ogundipe"}]},{id:"55808",title:"The Role of Legumes in Human Nutrition",slug:"the-role-of-legumes-in-human-nutrition",totalDownloads:5433,totalCrossrefCites:63,totalDimensionsCites:109,abstract:"Legumes are valued worldwide as a sustainable and inexpensive meat alternative and are considered the second most important food source after cereals. Legumes are nutritionally valuable, providing proteins (20–45%) with essential amino acids, complex carbohydrates (±60%) and dietary fibre (5–37%). Legumes also have no cholesterol and are generally low in fat, with ±5% energy from fat, with the exception of peanuts (±45%), chickpeas (±15%) and soybeans (±47%) and provide essential minerals and vitamins. In addition to their nutritional superiority, legumes have also been ascribed economical, cultural, physiological and medicinal roles owing to their possession of beneficial bioactive compounds. Research has shown that most of the bioactive compounds in legumes possess antioxidant properties, which play a role in the prevention of some cancers, heart diseases, osteoporosis and other degenerative diseases. Because of their composition, legumes are attractive to health conscious consumers, celiac and diabetic patients as well as consumers concerned with weight management. The incorporation of legumes in diets, especially in developing countries, could play a major role in eradicating protein-energy malnutrition especially in developing Afro-Asian countries. Legumes could be a base for the development of many functional foods to promote human health.",book:{id:"5963",slug:"functional-food-improve-health-through-adequate-food",title:"Functional Food",fullTitle:"Functional Food - Improve Health through Adequate Food"},signatures:"Yvonne Maphosa and Victoria A. Jideani",authors:[{id:"201151",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Yvonne",middleName:null,surname:"Maphosa",slug:"yvonne-maphosa",fullName:"Yvonne Maphosa"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"200",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82616",title:"The Quantum Theory of Reproduction. How Unique is an Individual?",slug:"the-quantum-theory-of-reproduction-how-unique-is-an-individual",totalDownloads:12,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105769",abstract:"Our understanding of nature’s way is founded on quantum mechanics. In its existence of over 80 years, quantum theory has been describing the physical world. The attraction of studying quantum mechanics is the perception of the conceptual structure of nature. This is aided by the mathematical structure that exposes the internal logic of the subject by inventing a notation that embeds the philosophy of the question. To describe how unique each individual is. A calculation method was applied. The uniqueness of an individual is one in two nonillion, octillion, septillion, sextillion, quintillion, quadrillion, trillion, billion, million and thousand. Individuals are indefinitely unique.",book:{id:"11284",title:"Studies in Family Planning",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11284.jpg"},signatures:"Zouhair O. Amarin"},{id:"81930",title:"Smoking and Its Consequences on Male and Female Reproductive Health",slug:"smoking-and-its-consequences-on-male-and-female-reproductive-health",totalDownloads:14,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104941",abstract:"Smoking contributes to the death of around one in 10 adults worldwide. Specifically, cigarettes are known to contain around 4000 toxins and chemicals that are hazardous in nature. The negative effects of smoking on human health and interest in smoking-related diseases have a long history. Among these concerns are the harmful effects of smoking on reproductive health. Thirteen percent of female infertility is due to smoking. Female smoking can lead to gamete mutagenesis, early loss of reproductive function, and thus advance the time to menopause. It has been also associated with ectopic pregnancy and spontaneous abortion. Even when it comes to assisted reproductive technologies cycles, smokers require more cycles, almost double the number of cycles needed to conceive as non-smokers. Male smoking is shown to be correlated with poorer semen parameters and sperm DNA fragmentation. Not only active smokers but also passive smokers, when excessively exposed to smoking, can have reproductive problems comparable to those seen in smokers. In this book chapter, we will approach the effect of tobacco, especially tobacco smoking, on male and female reproductive health. This aims to take a preventive approach to infertility by discouraging smoking and helping to eliminate exposure to tobacco smoke in both women and men.",book:{id:"11284",title:"Studies in Family Planning",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11284.jpg"},signatures:"Amor Houda, Jankowski Peter Michael, Micu Romeo and Hammadeh Mohamad Eid"},{id:"81468",title:"The Knowledge and Use of Intra-Uterine Device by Women Attending Ante-Natal Clinic at Enugu State Teaching Hospital, Parklane",slug:"the-knowledge-and-use-of-intra-uterine-device-by-women-attending-ante-natal-clinic-at-enugu-state-te",totalDownloads:24,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104097",abstract:"Intrauterine contraception has been recognized globally as one of the modern long-term reversible contraceptive methods suitable for women of all reproductive ages. It represents the most cost-effective method for preventing unwanted pregnancies, scientifically proven for its safety, efficacy and cost-effectiveness and is known to last longer in preventing pregnancy than other methods. This study assessed the knowledge of mothers attending ESUT teaching hospital, Parklane on intrauterine contraceptive device, the use as well as the common side effects experienced by the users. A descriptive survey research design was used to sample 175 mothers. A structured researcher developed questionnaire was used for data collection. The findings revealed that more than half of the respondents have good knowledge of intrauterine device but only 23 (14%) respondents make use of it. The commonly experienced side effects identified were irregular bleeding (75%) and vaginal discharge (62.5%). Although, the respondents had good knowledge of intrauterine device, their uptake of the method was poor. Therefore, there is a need to improve contraceptive counseling to ensure that women understand the relative effectiveness of IUDS. The study also recommended the need for better education for both clients and providers to improve the accessibility and acceptability of intrauterine device.",book:{id:"11284",title:"Studies in Family Planning",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11284.jpg"},signatures:"Chukwuasokam Caleb Aniechi and Uloma Cynthia Ezuma"},{id:"81003",title:"Perspective Chapter: Modern Birth Control Methods",slug:"perspective-chapter-modern-birth-control-methods",totalDownloads:38,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103858",abstract:"This chapter focuses on various modern birth control methods, including combined oral contraceptives, progestogen-only pills, progestogen-only injectables, progestogen-only implants, intrauterine devices, barrier contraceptives, and emergency contraceptive pills. Each contraceptive method is covered in detail, including mechanism of action, effectiveness, health benefits, advantages, disadvantages, risks, and side-effects.",book:{id:"11284",title:"Studies in Family Planning",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11284.jpg"},signatures:"Rahma Al Kindi, Asma Al Salmani, Rahma Al Hadhrami, Sanaa Al Sumri and Hana Al Sumri"},{id:"80084",title:"Contraceptive Implants",slug:"contraceptive-implants",totalDownloads:174,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101999",abstract:"Contraceptive implants or implantable contraceptive are five subdermal implants, rods the size of pencil lead that are embedded just under the skin on the inside of the upper arm. The rods contain etonogestrel, the metabolite of desogestrel, an equivalent progestin. Implants are often used during breastfeeding without an impact on milk production. It was identified that age does not affect the use of contraceptive implants but educational status is significant to its usage; there is an association between the age at first birth and the use of contraceptive implants; the number of liveborn children has a significant impact or influence on the use of implants; etc. This chapter focuses on types of contraceptive implants and its mechanism of action; global statistics on contraceptive implants; side effects; health benefits and positive characteristics of contraceptive implants; those who can and cannot use contraceptive implants; reasons women are not interested in contraceptive implants and factors influencing its usage.",book:{id:"11284",title:"Studies in Family Planning",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11284.jpg"},signatures:"Paul Hassan Ilegbusi"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:5},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/23.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 1st, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:0,editor:{id:"280770",title:"Dr.",name:"Katherine K.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Stavropoulos",slug:"katherine-k.m.-stavropoulos",fullName:"Katherine K.M. Stavropoulos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRdFuQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-24T09:03:48.jpg",biography:"Katherine Stavropoulos received her BA in Psychology from Trinity College, in Connecticut, USA and her Ph.D. in Experimental Psychology from the University of California, San Diego. She completed her postdoctoral work at the Yale Child Study Center with Dr. James McPartland. Dr. Stavropoulos’ doctoral dissertation explored neural correlates of reward anticipation to social versus nonsocial stimuli in children with and without autism spectrum disorders (ASD). 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