\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"9684",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Cassava - Biology, Production, and Use",title:"Cassava",subtitle:"Biology, Production, and Use",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Cassava is a staple crop in a large number of countries due to its adaptability to a variety of climatic conditions. It has spread extensively throughout Latin America, tropical Asia, and Sub-Saharan Africa. Cassava, which is well known for its high carbohydrate content, is the third most carbohydrate-rich food after rice and maize. This book discusses the diversity of cassava and its microbiome, cassava cultivation and postharvest practices, as well as crop yield-reducing diseases. Due to its widespread use and market importance, cassava has been subjected to biological and technological intervention to ensure food safety. This book will help readers to gain knowledge about cassava, its biological properties, and some of the strategies and procedures necessary to increase cassava crop output.",isbn:"978-1-83968-909-3",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-908-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-910-9",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87488",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"cassava-biology-production-and-use",numberOfPages:186,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"1dfb68fa31006e91fa3995d804e361c1",bookSignature:"Andri Frediansyah",publishedDate:"September 1st 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9684.jpg",numberOfDownloads:2148,numberOfWosCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitations:2,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:5,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:8,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 24th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 22nd 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"December 21st 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"March 11th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"May 10th 2021",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"210767",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri",middleName:null,surname:"Frediansyah",slug:"andri-frediansyah",fullName:"Andri Frediansyah",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210767/images/system/210767.jpg",biography:"Dr. rer. nat. Andri Frediansyah is currently working as a senior researcher at the Research Center for Food Technology and Processing (PRTPP), which is part of the National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Republic of Indonesia. This center was formerly known as the Research Division for Natural Product Technology (BPTBA) at the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI). He has worked there since 2010. His areas of interest in research range from the fundamental to the applied sciences of natural products that are related to food and human health. He is also an active member of the Association of Indonesian Food Technology Experts (PATPI). In 2010, Dr. Frediansyah received a Bachelor of Science degree in Biology from Gadjah Mada University in Indonesia. In 2015, he received a Master of Science degree in Applied Biological Sciences from Chulabhorn Graduate Institute in Thailand. He graduated from the University of Tuebingen in Germany with a magna cum laude degree in pharmaceutics after completing a 3.5-year Ph.D. program there. In addition, he is an experienced writer who has contributed to a number of scientific publications. In addition, he got a lot of praise from the scientific community.",institutionString:"National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:null,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"349",title:"Agrobiology",slug:"agrobiology"}],chapters:[{id:"78062",title:"Identification of Cassava Varieties in Ex-Situ Collections and Global Farmer’s Fields: An Update from 1990 to 2020",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99110",slug:"identification-of-cassava-varieties-in-ex-situ-collections-and-global-farmer-s-fields-an-update-from",totalDownloads:184,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The identification of cassava cultivars is important for understanding the crop’s production system, enabling crop improvement practitioners to design and deliver tailored solutions with which farmers can secure high yields and sustainable production. Across the lowland tropics today, a large number improved varieties and landraces of cassava are under cultivation, making it inefficient for breeders and geneticists to set improvement goals for the crop. The identification and characterization of cassava genotypes is currently based on either morphological characters or molecular features. The major aim of cultivar identification is to catalog the crop’s genetic diversity, but a consensus approach has still not been established. Of the two approaches to the identification of variety, morphological characters seem to account for most of the genetic variability reported in cassava. However, these characters must be treated with caution, as phenotypic changes can be due to environmental and climatic conditions as well as to the segregation of new highly heterozygous populations, thus, making the accurate identification of varieties difficult. The use of molecular markers has allowed researchers to establish accurate relationships between genotypes, and to measure and track their heterozygous status. Since the early 1990’s, molecular geneticists working with cassava have been developing and deploying DNA-based tools for the identification and characterization of landraces or improved varieties. Hence, in the last five years, economists and social scientists have adopted DNA-based variety identification to measure the adoption rates of varieties, and to support the legal protection of breeder’s rights. Despite the advances made in the deployment of molecular markers for cassava, multiple platform adoption, as well as their costs and variable throughput, has limited their use by practitioners of crop improvement of cassava. The post-genomic era has produced a large number of genome and transcriptome sequencing tools, and has increased our capacity to develop and deploy genome-based tools to account for the crop’s genetic variability by accurately measuring and tracking allele diversity. These technologies allow the creation of haplotype catalogs that can be widely shared across the cassava crop improvement community. Low-density genome-wide SNP markers might be the solution for the wide adoption of molecular tools for the identification of cultivars or varieties of cassava. In this review we survey the efforts made in the past 30 years to establish the tools for cultivar identification of cassava in farmer’s fields and gene banks. We also emphasize the need for a global picture of the genetic diversity of this crop, at its center of origin in South America.",signatures:"Luis Augusto Becerra Lopez-Lavalle, Adriana Bohorquez-Chaux and Xiaofei Zhang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78062",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78062",authors:[{id:"335864",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis Augusto",surname:"Becerra Lopez-Lavalle",slug:"luis-augusto-becerra-lopez-lavalle",fullName:"Luis Augusto Becerra Lopez-Lavalle"},{id:"425792",title:"Dr.",name:"Adriana",surname:"Bohorquez-Chaux",slug:"adriana-bohorquez-chaux",fullName:"Adriana Bohorquez-Chaux"},{id:"425793",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaofei",surname:"Zhang",slug:"xiaofei-zhang",fullName:"Xiaofei Zhang"}],corrections:null},{id:"76676",title:"The Microbiome of Cassava (Manihot esculanta)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97818",slug:"the-microbiome-of-cassava-em-manihot-esculanta-em-",totalDownloads:342,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The plant microbiome, like the plant, influences the processes that lead to plant development, health, and crop productivity. Cassava is a perennial herbaceous plant native to South America that has been cultivated for centuries as a staple food throughout the world. Not only is cassava a good source of carbohydrates, but it also has a high tolerance for a variety of phenotypic conditions, and the majority of cassava plants are susceptible to a variety of diseases. Thus, using cassava as a model, this chapter discusses the plant microbiome. We discuss the structure and function of the microbiome, as well as the technique for studying microbiomes. Additionally, we conducted a systematic review of references pertaining to the microbiome of the cassava plant using cultivation-dependent or cultivation-independent methods. Numerous significant genera of bacteria and fungi are found in cassava’s phyllosphere and rhizosphere, including groups of gram-negative bacteria, gram-positive Actinobacteria, and gram-positive non Actinobacteria. Additionally, we identified critical organisms in the phyllosphere and rhizosphere. Cassava endophytes also produce antifungal secondary metabolites such as pumilacidins and surfactin. The investigation of their phenotypes and interactions with the cassava plant will aid in increasing productivity.",signatures:"Andri Frediansyah",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76676",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76676",authors:[{id:"210767",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri",surname:"Frediansyah",slug:"andri-frediansyah",fullName:"Andri Frediansyah"}],corrections:null},{id:"77360",title:"Seasonal Variation on the Incidence and Severity of Major Foliar Diseases of Cassava in Sierra Leone",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98201",slug:"seasonal-variation-on-the-incidence-and-severity-of-major-foliar-diseases-of-cassava-in-sierra-leone",totalDownloads:197,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A diagnostic survey was conducted in the rainy and dry seasons from 2014 to 2015 to determine the incidence and severity of major diseases of cassava in Sierra Leone. At least three chiefdoms and five villages per district were targeted. The survey was carried out in fourteen districts of the country with geo references using a GPS. On the spot assessment was conducted in all fields. Prevalence, severity and incidence were calculated. The most dominant diseases included the cassava mosaic disease and the cassava bacterial blight. The prevalence of cassava mosaic disease was high with 69.1% and 61.5% in the rainy season and dry season, respectively. The prevalence of cassava bacterial blight was 100% and 92% in the rainy season and dry season, respectively. Diseases of less importance included white spot and brown spot diseases as well as cassava anthracnose disease. The study provides bases for the deployment of improved varieties and provides information on the seasonal prevalence, incidence and severity of cassava diseases in Sierra Leone.",signatures:"Alusaine Edward Samura, Sahr N. Fomba, Augustine Mansarsy, Musa D. Saffa, Dan D. Quee and Johnny E. Norman",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77360",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77360",authors:[{id:"333804",title:"Dr.",name:"Alusaine",surname:"Samura",slug:"alusaine-samura",fullName:"Alusaine Samura"},{id:"334586",title:"Dr.",name:"Sahr",surname:"Fomba",slug:"sahr-fomba",fullName:"Sahr Fomba"},{id:"348313",title:"Mr.",name:"Musa",surname:"Saffa",slug:"musa-saffa",fullName:"Musa Saffa"},{id:"348314",title:"Mr.",name:"Dan David",surname:"Quee",slug:"dan-david-quee",fullName:"Dan David Quee"},{id:"348315",title:"Mr.",name:"Augustine",surname:"Mansaray",slug:"augustine-mansaray",fullName:"Augustine Mansaray"},{id:"416070",title:"Mr.",name:"Johnny",surname:"Norman",slug:"johnny-norman",fullName:"Johnny Norman"}],corrections:null},{id:"76626",title:"Research and Development for Improved Cassava Varieties in Ghana: Farmers’ Adoption and Effects on Livelihoods",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97588",slug:"research-and-development-for-improved-cassava-varieties-in-ghana-farmers-adoption-and-effects-on-liv",totalDownloads:358,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The importance of Cassava in the food systems of Ghanaians cannot be underestimated. As a main staple crop, Cassava contributes about 22% and 30% to the Agricultural Gross Domestic Product (AGDP) and daily calories intake respectively. Per capita consumption of 152 kg makes it the highest among all food crops. Due to Cassava’s importance, there have been lots of attention paid to it by the Government and Donor agencies towards its improvement. This has yielded substantial results in terms of the development of cassava varieties and good agronomic practices. This chapter reviewed cassava technologies development in Ghana, adoption of these technologies by smallholder farmers, and livelihood implications. Results generated showed that Research and Development since 1993 has developed, released, and disseminated 25 new cassava varieties to smallholder farmers. Average cassava yields have increased from about 14 t/ha in 2009 to 21 t/ha in 2018. Partial budget analysis showed that smallholder farmers’ profitability has increased over the years from GH₵644.32 (about US$ 111) in 2009 to GH₵5243.27 (about US$ 904) in 2018. Again, the crop is gradually gaining attention as an industrial crop for flour, starch, and alcohol production, a drive that would further improve on returns to farmers. It is a food security crop because it is robust, produces more per unit area, and versatile for multiple usages in household foods and derivatives. It is recommended that continuous policy consideration on cassava in national agricultural agenda setting is essential.",signatures:"Patricia Pinamang Acheampong, Eric Owusu Danquah, Kennedy Agyeman, Kwame Obeng Dankwa and Monica Addison",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76626",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76626",authors:[{id:"335385",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia Pinamang",surname:"Acheampong",slug:"patricia-pinamang-acheampong",fullName:"Patricia Pinamang Acheampong"},{id:"344875",title:"Dr.",name:"Eric",surname:"Owusu Danquah",slug:"eric-owusu-danquah",fullName:"Eric Owusu Danquah"},{id:"344876",title:"Dr.",name:"Kennedy",surname:"Agyeman",slug:"kennedy-agyeman",fullName:"Kennedy Agyeman"},{id:"344877",title:"Mr.",name:"Kwame",surname:"Obeng Dankwa",slug:"kwame-obeng-dankwa",fullName:"Kwame Obeng Dankwa"},{id:"417243",title:"Dr.",name:"Monica",surname:"Addison",slug:"monica-addison",fullName:"Monica Addison"}],corrections:null},{id:"75710",title:"Assessing Mating Designs Utilized in Cassava Population Improvement",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96785",slug:"assessing-mating-designs-utilized-in-cassava-population-improvement",totalDownloads:275,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Cassava breeders are curious about appropriate breeding strategies utilized to generate elite genotypes with desired complimentary traits or genes from parents used in crossing. Use of appropriate mating design is influenced by a good understanding of the flower biology of the putative parent plants, type of pollination, crossing technique, pollen dissemination, the presence of male-sterility system, the purpose of the project (that is either breeding or genetic studies), and the size of population needed. The objective of this book chapter is to assess the current knowledge on mating designs, their applications and limitations in cassava improvement. This book chapter discusses the floral biology, genetic improvement, breeding procedures and mating designs in cassava. The information utilized in this study were obtained from various sources including documentary search of the journals, books and websites of relevant stakeholder organizations. Empirical findings of selected mating designs in cassava and their impacts were discussed. Findings serve as a good guide for selection of appropriate mating arrangement to obtain useful information on parents and progenies. Findings are relevant to scientists, researchers, scholars, lecturers and other relevant stakeholders.",signatures:"Prince Emmanuel Norman, Daniel K. Dzidzienyo and Kumba Yannah Karim",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75710",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75710",authors:[{id:"335568",title:"Dr.",name:"Prince",surname:"Emmanuel Norman",slug:"prince-emmanuel-norman",fullName:"Prince Emmanuel Norman"},{id:"341932",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel K.",surname:"Dzidzienyo",slug:"daniel-k.-dzidzienyo",fullName:"Daniel K. Dzidzienyo"},{id:"341934",title:"Dr.",name:"Kumba",surname:"Yannah Karim",slug:"kumba-yannah-karim",fullName:"Kumba Yannah Karim"}],corrections:null},{id:"76250",title:"Improvement in Cassava Yield per Area by Fertilizer Application",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97366",slug:"improvement-in-cassava-yield-per-area-by-fertilizer-application",totalDownloads:253,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Cassava is a source of carbohydrates to more than 200 million people in Sub-Saharan Africa, even though its production is 6–8 t ha−1, which is below the highest world production of 36.4 t ha−1 in India. To address this yield gap and increase cassava’s availability, affordability, and adequacy, intensive but sustainable production is important. Additionally, being an emerging raw material in the animal feeds, pharmaceutical, beer industries etc., only increases its demand, however the current production levels cannot effectively sustain this. Therefore, this paper reviews: improvement in cassava yields per area under fertigation and banding of fertilizers, a common practice among many farmers; the advantage of fertilizer application on starch of the storage roots, which is the fundamental ingredient in most industries using cassava as a raw material; and the climate smart technologies for intensive sustainable cassava production. In the end, this review enhances knowledge about fertilizer application to cassava, both banding and fertigation, and expounds on effective intensive sustainable climate-smart production strategies.",signatures:"John Okoth Omondi and Uri Yermiyahu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76250",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76250",authors:[{id:"189968",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"John",surname:"Omondi",slug:"john-omondi",fullName:"John Omondi"},{id:"336135",title:"Dr.",name:"Uri",surname:"Yermiyahu",slug:"uri-yermiyahu",fullName:"Uri Yermiyahu"}],corrections:null},{id:"76456",title:"Cassava Biomaterial Innovations for Industry Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97493",slug:"cassava-biomaterial-innovations-for-industry-applications",totalDownloads:269,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Breakthrough innovations can spur growth in the modern era industry to realise sustainability and high returns on investments. Nowadays, biobased innovations for application in diverse industry sectors are considered as future pillars to counter resource depletion and ensure positive environmental impacts. Cassava is a strong flagship biomaterial promoting solution for resource-efficient use and green environment. Innovative industrial application of cassava biomaterials enriches literature, presenting cassava as a versatile and unrivalled crop that is cardinal for more sustainable environment and biodegradable industrial products. Work on novel cassava biomaterials, which are low-cost, unexploited and with zero competition for food supply, are included. Using an integrated sustainable process, it shows how to indirectly reduce waste streams, through their effective use, guaranteeing zero carbon footprints and acting as a non-traditional strategy for equilibrium atmosphere and active packaging systems. Applications of Cassava biomaterial in food, as food supplements and in packaging systems are also covered in this chapter.",signatures:"Kashub Steven Tumwesigye, Jorge C. Oliveira, Sheila Namuwaya and Maria Jose Sousa-Gallagher",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76456",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76456",authors:[{id:"334133",title:"Dr.",name:"Kashub",surname:"Tumwesigye",slug:"kashub-tumwesigye",fullName:"Kashub Tumwesigye"},{id:"337496",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria Jose",surname:"Sousa-Gallagher",slug:"maria-jose-sousa-gallagher",fullName:"Maria Jose Sousa-Gallagher"},{id:"337497",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",surname:"Oliveira",slug:"jorge-oliveira",fullName:"Jorge Oliveira"},{id:"353392",title:"Mrs.",name:"Sheila",surname:"Namuwaya",slug:"sheila-namuwaya",fullName:"Sheila Namuwaya"}],corrections:null},{id:"76939",title:"Primary Quality Control Parameters of Cassava Raw Materials",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97879",slug:"primary-quality-control-parameters-of-cassava-raw-materials",totalDownloads:271,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Fresh cassava roots are transformed into shelf stable raw materials (flours and extracted starches). Chemical composition (moisture, protein, lipid, fibre and amylose content, cyanide contents), dry matter, starch extraction yields, particle size distribution and whiteness index are some of the quality characteristic requirements for selection of varieties in breeding programs, and raw materials for industrial processes. Starch yields ranges 20–35%, and vary with genotype. The crude protein (1–2%) and crude fat (∼1%) are considered minor components of cassava and are indicative of the poor nutritional quality. The cumulative of particles passing finer than sieve (D90) is commonly selected for industrial applications because it yields a large proportion of flour in the range 90–96% finer particle than sieve size. The amylose is the main genetic trait for categorising starches into waxy, semi-waxy, normal/regular and high amylose types when amylose content is 0–2, 3–15, 16–35, and > 35% of the total starch, respectively. Additionally, amylose is basic criteria for blending flours of different botanical sources. Cassava varieties are classified as sweet and bitter varieties when cyanide values are in the range 15–50 and 50–400 ppm, respectively. The a* (redness-greenness) and b* (yellowish) are considered as impurities in white fleshed cassava.",signatures:"Shadrack Mubanga Chisenga",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76939",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76939",authors:[{id:"336905",title:"Dr.",name:"Shadrack Mubanga",surname:"Chisenga",slug:"shadrack-mubanga-chisenga",fullName:"Shadrack Mubanga Chisenga"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1958",title:"Phytochemicals as Nutraceuticals",subtitle:"Global Approaches to Their Role in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7a4d422838dabdc758119a7dfc6e7a54",slug:"phytochemicals-as-nutraceuticals-global-approaches-to-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1958.jpg",editedByType:"Edited 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It is performed for both medical and non-medical reasons. Despite being a simple procedure, it may lead to a myriad of minor and even crippling complications, if not done properly, such as iatrogenic injury of the glans or the urethra. Several techniques have been used to perform circumcision including the classic open technique, clamp technique, and laser /electrocautery technique with various safety outcomes. Overtime time, there has been an ongoing debate over the pros and cons of cultural circumcision with a significant dichotomy between the opinions of the experts in the field.
\r\n\r\n\tThe main purpose of this book will aim to present a comprehensive overview of the historic background of circumcision in males and the debate over female circumcision. It is intended to be an addition to a description of the different procedural techniques of circumcision highlighting their potential complications.
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Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"81528",title:"Effects of High Ambient Temperature on Milk Protein Synthesis in Dairy Cows and Goats: Insights from the Molecular Mechanism Studies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104563",slug:"effects-of-high-ambient-temperature-on-milk-protein-synthesis-in-dairy-cows-and-goats-insights-from-",body:'High ambient temperature (HTa) is the natural environmental condition in the tropical area. Dairy animals fed in tropical countries are living under prolonged HTa conditions. A decrease in the lactation performance in dairy animals is one of the well-known effects of HTa [1, 2, 3, 4]. In dairy cows, we have shown that the average daily milk yield (MY) from summer cows was 17% lower than from winter cows [4, 5]. The effect of HTa on MY was also consistent in dairy goats [6]. Although, a decrease in MY is the prominent negative effect of HTa, however, change in major milk composition from dairy animals during HTa exposure is not conclusive. The current chapter aims at showing the evidence that HTa has the potential to change milk protein in dairy goats fed under tropical areas. We first demonstrate the natural ambient condition. The effect of HTa on lactation performance and the mechanism has been informed. In addition to MY, the evidence of HTa effect on milk protein and the putative molecular mechanism of this phenomenon has also been proposed.
The tropical countries are the area that delimited between the tropic of Cancer in the north (23.43° S) and the tropic of Capricon in the south (23.43° S). Based on the seasonality of monthly air temperature and precipitation, the climatic classification of the mainland Southeast Asia countries including Thailand, Laos, Myanmar, Cambodia and Vietnam are mainly the tropical savannah (Aw). In addition, the climatic classification of the maritime Southeast Asia countries including Malaysia, Indonesia, Brunei and Philippine is the tropical monsoon (Am). Due to the global warming effect, the temperature and humidity index (THI) which has been reported currently is approximately 10 degrees higher than that has been reported 30 years ago [7]. The current annual THI in the central of Thailand was approximately 85 [4]. The high value of THI in Thailand currently comes mainly from the high degree of ambient temperature (Ta) throughout the three main seasons. Interestingly, the difference in Ta between the highest level during the afternoon and the lowest level during the early morning is more than 10°C (Figure 1). This Ta difference (Ta-diff) is mainly the environmental condition influencing the lactation performance and perhaps the direct effect of temperature on mammary gland function [6].
The pattern of ambient temperature in the central area of Thailand represent the typical climatic condition of the tropical area at the present time.
The effect of HTa on whole-body responses and MY should be considered before discussing the HTa effect on milk protein synthesis. Dairy cows and goats fed under HTa conditions in the tropical area have 15–17% lower MY during summer than during winter [4, 5, 6, 8]. Both direct and indirect effect of HTa on lactation performance has been purposed.
The direct effect of HTa on mammary gland function has been demonstrated using both
The ratio of β-GALT1 and Hsp70 gene expression from both
The indirect effect of HTa on MY mediates by the effect of HTa on decreased food intake (FI) and nutrient partition to the mammary gland [6, 12, 13, 14]. Dairy goats in the summer months had significantly lower FI and MY than that in winter months. Because the concentration of plasma cortisol from summer months was not different from winter months [6], whether these effects of HTa are part of the chronic heat stress mechanism is not conclusive. When considering the effect of HTa on FI in laboratory rats, the low degree of HTa exposure that decreased FI earlier than the activated hypothalamic-pituitary axis implies that HTa could decrease FI without stress [15, 16]. The information of behavioral and physiological responses to daily fluctuation of HTa is crucial knowledge regarding this phenomenon.
Behavioral and physiological responses of HTa during daytime is a piece of crucial information to support the hypothesis that dairy goats and cows fed under natural ambient conditions are at the stage of heat stress. Early phase responses of HTa are all behavioral outcomes without the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis (HPA axis) including seeking shade, inactivity and decrease in food intake, etc. Mild degree heat stress is the second phase is characterized by the physiological responses and the activation of HPA axis. This level of heat stress is reversible and not harmful. Heat dissipation mechanism including sweating or panting is the major physiological response during this phase. The third phase of heat stress is a severe irrevisible level or heat stroke. We have shown previously that there is around a 10°C difference in Ta from early morning to the afternoon (Figure 1). The significant increases in both respiratory rate (RR) and rectal temperature (Tr) could be detected in dairy goats fed under this ambient condition (Figure 3). Similar patterns of these responses have been demonstrated in dairy cow fed under natural HTa conditions [17]. Moreover, the plasma concentration of cortisol from the afternoon was significantly higher than that from the early morning (Figure 4). This information suggests that in dairy goats when the difference of Ta during morning and afternoon is around 10°C, both evaporative heat dissipation and the HPA axis were activated. Although the dairy goat had significant heat dissipation via panting, the core temperature (via Tr) was set to around 1°C above normal level in the morning. It should be noted at this point that the behavioral and physiological responses of HTa in dairy goats are comparable to those we have investigated in the laboratory rat. Short-term mild degree of HTa exposure in rats that could not activate physiological responses (e.g., Tr and pack cell volume) failed to activate the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus [15]. It is well known that PVN is the most upper hypothalamic nuclei of the stress axis (or HPA axis). Taken together, we conclude that during daytime dairy goat fed under HTa of the tropical area is at the second phase of heat stress.
The effect of high ambient temperature (HTa) on behavioral and physiological response in dairy goats during daytime from 0700 h to 1300 h. In the morning (0700 h), the respiratory rate (RR, upper) as behavioral response and the rectal temperature (Tr, lower) as the physiological response is at normal value. In the afternoon (1300 h), both RR and Tr increase significantly to 127 breaths per min and 39.64°C, respectively.
The effect of high ambient temperature (HTa) on hormonal response in dairy goat during daytime from 0700 h to 1300 h of summer and winter period. * the significant effect of time.
Although the THI from winter was lower than that from summer in Thailand, both winter and summer THIs during the afternoon were higher than the value of 80 [4, 6]. It is possible to think that in Thailand dairy goat from both winter and summer times is at the state of heat stress and that the concentration of plasma cortisol per se could not be used as the separation index at this stress level. Finally, from the meteorological and behavioral viewpoints, dairy goat during summer period confronted with higher degree of heat stress than during winter period.
During the summer period, both dairy cows and goats decreased in lactation performance. An evidence that dairy goat fed under the tropical area of Thailand during the summer period has a higher degree of heat stress than the winter period drives one interesting hypothesis. This hypothesis is whether the major compositions of milk from the summer period is different from that of the winter period. The analysis of major goat milk compositions revealed that the concentration of milk protein, but not milk lactose and fat, from the summer period was higher than that of the winter period (Figure 5). It should be noted that the present effect of HTa on milk protein is in contrast with previous reports [18, 19, 20]. The possible explanation for this discrepancy is perhaps the degree and duration of HTa exposure that is typical high throughout the year in the current condition of tropical area. Furthermore, the effect of HTa on milk protein synthesis seems to be specific because HTa did not affect the concentration of lactose both
The effect of high ambient temperature (HTa) on goat milk composition between winter and summer period. * the significant effect of season.
Because casein is the major milk protein, this section will focus on the effect of HTa and the casein synthetic pathway that may be the major cause of this phenomenon. With an evidence that HTa could activate Hsp70 expression from our current experiment [9], increase casein synthesis may be supported by the action of Hsp70 (Figure 6). Among a wide range of Hsp70 functions and subtypes [22, 23], Hsp70-5 or glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) which locate at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and regulate ER chaperone and transportation has been studied with milk protein synthesis. Overexpression of GRP78 in bovine mammary epithelial cells increased milk protein synthesis [24]. In addition, the role of the Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) as the posttranscriptional regulation has been revealed regarding to milk protein synthesis [25]. Interestingly, mTOR has been shown in HeLa cells that could stimulate Hsp70 synthesis via heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1) [26]. The effect of HTa that increase milk protein may be related to the mTOR/HSF1/Hsp70 pathway that regulate the posttranslational process of casein. The casein subtype is another regulatory mechanism controlling the posttranslational casein synthesis pathway. Basically, casein is the milk protein complex known as casein micelle that is composed of 4 major subtypes; αS1-casein, αS2-casien, β-casein and κ-casein. Before the casein incorporation process that takes place at the Golgi apparatus, it is important that all casein subtype need to synthesize and transported from ER to the Golgi apparatus via the ER-Golgi transport route. It has been demonstrated in αS1-casein deficient goat that αS1-casein is required for the efficient transport of β-casein and κ-casein [27]. Furthermore, the membrane-associated form of αS1-casein at ER plays a key role during the early steps of casein transport. Whenever αS1-casein has been down-regulation, the transport rate of other caseins to Golgi apparatus is highly decreased [28]. Taken together, it is interesting at this point that HTa could activate mTOR/HSF1/Hsp70 pathway and subsequently influence ER-Golgi transport of the casein subtype.
The diagram demonstrates a putative mechanism that high ambient temperature (HTa) increases casein synthesis. Under prolonged HTa conditions, heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) is increased. The upstream pathway that activates Hsp70 may be related to the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). An increase in Hsp70 chaperone of ER-Golgi transport of casein subtype is the putative target that enhances casein production. The transportation of casein by the ER-Golgi route requires coat protein complex (COP) machinery; COPII and COPI proteins which initiate at the ER exit site (ERES). The vesicular tubular cluster (VTC) is the final step that casein will be transported to Golgi.
In this chapter, we demonstrate that dairy goat and cow fed under tropical area were at the state of heat stress. In addition to the effect of HTa on the reduction in MY, we show the evidence that long-term HTa exposure apparently increased milk protein. The physiological mechanism that HTa could influence milk protein synthesis has been proposed in particular with the casein synthesis pathway. Specifically, long-term HTa exposure activates mTOR/HSF1/Hsp70 pathway and subsequently increases the posttranslation process of casein synthesis via ER-Golgi casein transportation.
The successful mastitis therapy depends on various factors such as accurate diagnosis, elimination of causative agent, stage of disease, severity of the infection, selection of the drugs, route of drugs administration along with other supportive treatments [6, 7] and some other factors regarding mastitis causing organisms. However, irrespective of the appropriate use of antibiotic, the mastitis may not be treated successfully [8]. The treatment failure mainly occurs due to insufficient contact of antimicrobials and disease-causing microorganisms in the udder. Mastitis can incur economic losses in both ways either directly and indirectly [9]. The direct losses include veterinary expenditure, labor costs, reduced production, poor quality milk and discarded milk. Whereas, the indirect losses are not obvious to the producers and are termed as “hidden losses” which include increased risk of other diseases, poor fertility rate, increased culling rate and sometime mortality. So, total cost can be much more than the direct losses [10, 11, 12]. This chapter addresses the following aspects such as transmission, pathogenesis, strains spectrum, economic impact, emerging treatment and prevention strategies to control
The main reservoirs of
Bacterial pathogens can recognize, respond and adapt to the harsh environmental conditions that prevail in mammalian hosts during infection. Despite the host’s immune response and antibacterial treatment, it helps to invade, calm, and survive within the host [14].
Various virulence factors of
During infection, the destruction of alveolar and tubular cells reduces the lactation yield. These damaged cells can attach to leukocytes and block the mammary canal that drains the alveolar region, resulting in additional scar tissue, blockage of the canal, and decreased lactation. The teat canal can be opened later, but this usually results in the release of
PFGE typing of
Staphylococcal protein A types t084, t304 and t688 from subclinical mastitis showed divergent virulence and heterogenicity traits while a novel spa-type t18546 was also reported from dairy udder ailments [35]. Prevalent clonal types of
Screening of
Immune response to
Intracellular invasion of
Economic impacts of the mastitis are of great financial importance. Mastitis negatively impacts numerous aspects of cow and herd management. Mastitis can incur economic losses in both ways either directly and indirectly [9]. The direct costs include veterinary expenditure, labor costs, reduced production, poor quality milk and discarded milk. Whereas, the indirect losses are not obvious to the producers and are termed as “hidden costs” which include increased risk of other diseases, poor fertility rate, increased culling rate and sometime mortality. So, total cost can be much more than the direct losses [10, 11, 12].
A 15–20% of total cow population of the countries having major share in the milk production is affected by mastitis each year. Production losses per effected quarter are estimated 30% of productivity loss whereas, 15% production is lost during entire lactation/cow. The mastitis rate in the heifer can be up to 97% and
In Holland, the financial losses resulted due to clinical mastitis by Staphylococci were €293/Cow. Whereas, it was €277/cow in every clinical case of mastitis due to staphylococci in first three months after post calving and €168/cow onward for the rest of the lactation. In USA dairy, the annual losses incurred by the mastitis were estimated around $2billions, while $400 M in Canada and $130 M in Australia excluding the antibiotic residue in human diet, expense to preserve the nutritive quality of milk and to prevent milk degradation [12, 44, 45]. There is variation in cost of each component between the herds, partially due to the performance of herd and partially due to difference in preferences of the farmers when the mastitis is detected. Mastitis can impart economic losses to the farmers in following ways.
The loss of yield depends on certain factors of great importance like severity of mastitis, nature of causative agent, stage of lactation at the time of mastitis. Losses are severe in primiparous cows due to clinical mastitis caused by
The mastitis milk is low in fats and casein due to reduction in the synthetic capacity of secretary tissues of the udder parenchyma. The reduction in the fats up to 3-22 kg (1.5–7.5%) and casein protein contents up to 0 to 15 kg (0 to 8.5%) of the milk and higher SCC incurs the penalty to the producers in premium payment [51, 52].
The veterinarian cost for treatment fee, travel and labor charges. On an average a handsome expenditure of $444 in clinical mastitis case are charged. This include (128$) directly in term of diagnostic (10$), medicinal expenditure ($36), discarded milk ($25), Veterinary charges ($41), extra labor ($4) while death losses ($32). The indirect costs are ($316) which include ($125) through future production losses and ($182) for culling and replacement and whereas reproductive losses are ($9). Therefore, to take an accurate decision to control the mastitis depends on understanding of economic impact of mastitis [43, 53]. Mastitis is among the main reason in cattle for the use of antibiotics and this exposure of animal to antibiotics is main reason behind the development of antibiotic resistant bacteria and antimicrobial residues in milk which are of a great public health concern [4, 7].
Milk of the cow is discarded after mastitis diagnosis or while cow is being treated with antibiotics due to presence of antibiotic residues in milk during withdrawal period. The length of the withdrawal period depends on the drugs used and production system (
Clinical mastitis requires extra labor for veterinary visits and medicine administration. Milking order is also changed in the clinical mastitis giving rise to less efficient milking and increasing the labors cost because hours of extra time required to manage the mastitis case [12, 53].
The probability of subsequent clinical mastitis increases in cows once infected with mastitis. As the affected udder act as reservoir for the pathogen, the affected cows increase the spreading of mastitis in the herd. Cows having experienced one case of clinical mastitis often develop a subsequent case of clinical mastitis later in lactation. Mastitis is associated with increased risk of lameness, ketosis, displaced abomasum (LDA/RDA), and paresis and fertility problems. The economic cost of various disorders and fertility problems arise after mastitis and it is also included in the total cost of mastitis [55, 56, 57].
The risk of culling and mortality rate is increased with clinical mastitis. Similar to milk loss the increased culling also augments the hidden cost. Involuntary culling is associated with replacement costs and is an important component of total mastitis cost. Economic cost also increases as cows recovered after mastitis do not reach their full production potential [9, 10, 53].
Aqib et al. [58] conducted a study to check the antibacterial of NSAIDs, plant extracts and nanoparticles against mecA positve
Lysostaphin is a potent staphylococcus-degrading enzyme containing a peptidase that can specifically cleave the polyglycine bridge specific to the cell wall of
Although many methods are effective against bovine mastitis, they do not address the problem of udder tissue regeneration and are associated with increased antibiotic resistance worldwide. Experimentally gold in terms of the safety and efficacy of staphylococcus, given the need for alternative therapies that have a large economic impact on the disease, and reports of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) regeneration and antibacterial effects. We evaluated this intra-mammary therapy based on color-induced allogeneic MSCs. In a safety study, heifers received a 2.5 x 107 AT-MSCs on day 1 and 10. The animals are clinically examined and blood samples were taken for testing. In efficacy studies, Holstein black-and-white cows were vaccinated with
The lytic effects of bacterial deposition on
As mastitis is the most dangerous and costly disease of dairy industry. The use of antibiotics leads to the development of drug resistance due to which it becomes untreatable disease. Also, the presence of antibiotic residues in milk and dairy products render it unused able for consumer. So, there is another approach for prevention and treatment of mastitis [64]. Many successful experiments have been performed in past by using bacteriocin-based products. Nisin has been used as a commercial product for the disinfection of teats. And lacticin is used in the dry cow therapy for sealing teat canal at the time of drying off of cow [54, 65].
Recently, there is need to use other sources in order to reduce antibiotic administration because antibiotic administration is a major cause of lethal infections in dairy industry. Probiotics are live microorganisms which when administered in sufficient amount provides cure from diseases. The probiotics which prevent diseases are called as probiotic drugs. So, mammary probiotics are recently being used as alternatives to antibiotic for the treatment of mastitis. One of the most useful probiotics are LABs (lactic acid bacteria) which interferes with bacteria associated with mastitis, or interact with mammary epithelial cells. Many experiments were performed and claims the therapeutic and preventive effectiveness of probiotics [66]. Results evaluated by using lactic acid bacteria showed that LABs are pro-inflammatory for the mammary glands and it causes an influx of neutrophils into the milk and at drying off of animals. So, it provides protection against mastitis causing
Some strains of
There are many mechanisms which explain the mode of action of probiotics.
The change of the composition of local bacteria and production of bacteriocins and metabolites helps in the efflux of pathogenic bacteria by competing for nutrients.
By increases the barriers of epithelium, either by improvement of epithelial junctions or new formation of epithelial cells and introduction of antimicrobial peptides.
Enhancement of general immune response against bacteria. By interacting with many cells like monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells and train them for innate immunity.
Quick actions of systemic responses, like endocrine modulations or central nervous system via signaling mediators.
Different experiments are going on to unmask the details of action mechanism of probiotics in mastitis alongside boosting up the welfare and production aspects of the animals [67, 69].
Antibacterial properties of prebiotics were studied
Mastitis is an important disease of the dairy industry that affects production and has economic losses, losses are due to high medicine cost and unusable milk which goes wasted as a result lowers producers’ profit. For control of this disease it is necessary to follow some recommendations like teat sanitization, use of cloth to clean udder before and after milking, antibiotic treatment of clinically ill cases, dry cow therapy and proper management and nutrition of dairy animals [71]. In addition to these, vaccination against many pathogens is recommended for prevention and elimination of disease. One of the most important pathogenic entity in mastitis etiologies is
Its need of time to control
Many types of vaccines are in use like commercial and herd specific (autogenous) vaccines. The purpose of vaccines is to protect new infections and to stimulate cows’ immune system which may provide protection against clinical mastitis [71, 77]. Vaccination may result in the increased rate of antibodies in blood circulation against
Bacteria containing lysed polyvalent phage-type cultures (including several types of capsular sera) are commercially available in the United States (Lysigin; Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, CT, USA). This product was derived from a Louisiana study conducted twice every 6 months at 2-week intervals for coagulase-negative staphylococcus (CNS) and
Lysigin® is a multivalent vaccine which is prepared by using the mastitis causing strains of
It’s a multivalent vaccine which is mixture of inactivated
After experimental infection, it was found that different formulations of bacterial drugs that kill whole cells can reduce the number of infections and a quarter of SCC, but this effect was only reported 13 days after infection. Subsequent field reports of two doses at the same time, lower doses in cattle and additional doses during the subsequent lactation period may produce higher antibodies against
These vaccines are the preparations having specific strains of bacteria obtained from mastitis suffered by animals and used to immunize the herd for protection against further new udder infections with the same strain of bacteria. There are evidences which shows that the use of autogenous
Early studies suggest that vaccines for
She camel having sub-clinical mastitis, vaccinal isolates were taken from her having alpha and beta hemolysin toxin, also some were multidrug resistant. Inactivated alum precipitated
Experiments are still in progress for the use of vaccine against
Mastitis is one of the most dangerous disease of dairy industry. Vaccination and other managemental practices are the tools to prevent mastitis caused by contagious as well as environmental pathogens. The success rate of immunization depends upon type of vaccine, adjuvant used and route of administration of vaccination regardless of type of vaccine, only vaccine is not enough in the large herds with high mastitis cases. For achieving success, it is necessary to use up to date manage mental practices along with vaccine and culling of chronically ill cases to reduce intra mammary infections [50, 89].
Experiments conducted from last 15 decades show that experimental
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Presently he is working as a associate professor in the Dept of Prosthodontics, Rural Dental College, Loni and maintains a successful private practice specialising in Implantology at Rahata.\n\nEmail: drdeepak_mvikhe@yahoo.com..................",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204110",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed A.",middleName:null,surname:"Madfa",slug:"ahmed-a.-madfa",fullName:"Ahmed A. Madfa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204110/images/system/204110.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madfa is currently Associate Professor of Endodontics at Thamar University and a visiting lecturer at Sana'a University and University of Sciences and Technology. He has more than 6 years of experience in teaching. 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Dr. Madfa also regularly attends international conferences and holds administrative positions (Deputy Dean of the Faculty for Students’ & Academic Affairs and Deputy Head of Research Unit).",institutionString:"Thamar University",institution:null},{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif is working at the Faculty of dentistry, University for October university for modern sciences and arts (MSA). Her areas of expertise include: periodontology, dental laserology, oral implantology, periodontal plastic surgeries, oral mesotherapy, nutrition, dental pharmacology. She is an editor and reviewer in numerous international journals.",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null},{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null},{id:"178412",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guhan",middleName:null,surname:"Dergin",slug:"guhan-dergin",fullName:"Guhan Dergin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178412/images/6954_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gühan Dergin was born in 1973 in Izmit. He graduated from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1999. He completed his specialty of OMFS surgery in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry and obtained his PhD degree in 2006. In 2005, he was invited as a visiting doctor in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the University of North Carolina, USA, where he went on a scholarship. Dr. Dergin still continues his academic career as an associate professor in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry. He has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178414",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Emes",slug:"yusuf-emes",fullName:"Yusuf Emes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178414/images/6953_n.jpg",biography:"Born in Istanbul in 1974, Dr. Emes graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry in 1997 and completed his PhD degree in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in 2005. He has papers published in international and national scientific journals, including research articles on implantology, oroantral fistulas, odontogenic cysts, and temporomandibular disorders. Dr. Emes is currently working as a full-time academic staff in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"192229",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ana Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"De Carvalho Felippini",slug:"ana-luiza-de-carvalho-felippini",fullName:"Ana Luiza De Carvalho Felippini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192229/images/system/192229.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"University of São Paulo",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"256851",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:null,surname:"Gülşen",slug:"ayse-gulsen",fullName:"Ayşe Gülşen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256851/images/9696_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ayşe Gülşen graduated in 1990 from Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ankara and did a postgraduate program at University of Gazi. \nShe worked as an observer and research assistant in Craniofacial Surgery Departments in New York, Providence Hospital in Michigan and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. \nShe works as Craniofacial Orthodontist in Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi, Ankara Turkey since 2004.",institutionString:"Univeristy of Gazi",institution:null},{id:"255366",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosun",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"tosun-tosun",fullName:"Tosun Tosun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255366/images/7347_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Turkey in 1989;\nVisitor Assistant at the University of Padua, Italy and Branemark Osseointegration Center of Treviso, Italy between 1993-94;\nPhD thesis on oral implantology in University of Istanbul and was awarded the academic title “Dr.med.dent.”, 1997;\nHe was awarded the academic title “Doç.Dr.” (Associated Professor) in 2003;\nProficiency in Botulinum Toxin Applications, Reading-UK in 2009;\nMastership, RWTH Certificate in Laser Therapy in Dentistry, AALZ-Aachen University, Germany 2009-11;\nMaster of Science (MSc) in Laser Dentistry, University of Genoa, Italy 2013-14.\n\nDr.Tosun worked as Research Assistant in the Department of Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul between 1990-2002. \nHe worked part-time as Consultant surgeon in Harvard Medical International Hospitals and John Hopkins Medicine, Istanbul between years 2007-09.\u2028He was contract Professor in the Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DI.S.C.), Medical School, University of Genova, Italy between years 2011-16. \nSince 2015 he is visiting Professor at Medical School, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. \nCurrently he is Associated Prof.Dr. at the Dental School, Oral Surgery Dept., Istanbul Aydin University and since 2003 he works in his own private clinic in Istanbul, Turkey.\u2028\nDr.Tosun is reviewer in journal ‘Laser in Medical Sciences’, reviewer in journal ‘Folia Medica\\', a Fellow of the International Team for Implantology, Clinical Lecturer of DGZI German Association of Oral Implantology, Expert Lecturer of Laser&Health Academy, Country Representative of World Federation for Laser Dentistry, member of European Federation of Periodontology, member of Academy of Laser Dentistry. Dr.Tosun presents papers in international and national congresses and has scientific publications in international and national journals. He speaks english, spanish, italian and french.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"256417",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Sadry",slug:"sanaz-sadry",fullName:"Sanaz Sadry",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256417/images/8106_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272237",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",middleName:"Kiymet",surname:"Karataban",slug:"pinar-karataban",fullName:"Pinar Karataban",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272237/images/8911_n.png",biography:"Assist.Prof.Dr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban, DDS PhD \n\nDr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban was born in Istanbul in 1975. After her graduation from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1998 she started her PhD in Paediatric Dentistry focused on children with special needs; mainly children with Cerebral Palsy. She finished her pHD thesis entitled \\'Investigation of occlusion via cast analysis and evaluation of dental caries prevalance, periodontal status and muscle dysfunctions in children with cerebral palsy” in 2008. She got her Assist. Proffessor degree in Istanbul Aydın University Paediatric Dentistry Department in 2015-2018. ın 2019 she started her new career in Bahcesehir University, Istanbul as Head of Department of Pediatric Dentistry. In 2020 she was accepted to BAU International University, Batumi as Professor of Pediatric Dentistry. She’s a lecturer in the same university meanwhile working part-time in private practice in Ege Dental Studio (https://www.egedisklinigi.com/) a multidisciplinary dental clinic in Istanbul. Her main interests are paleodontology, ancient and contemporary dentistry, oral microbiology, cerebral palsy and special care dentistry. She has national and international publications, scientific reports and is a member of IAPO (International Association for Paleodontology), IADH (International Association of Disability and Oral Health) and EAPD (European Association of Pediatric Dentistry).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"202198",title:"Dr.",name:"Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Aybar",slug:"buket-aybar",fullName:"Buket Aybar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202198/images/6955_n.jpg",biography:"Buket Aybar, DDS, PhD, was born in 1971. She graduated from Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, in 1992 and completed her PhD degree on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Istanbul University in 1997.\nDr. Aybar is currently a full-time professor in Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. She has teaching responsibilities in graduate and postgraduate programs. Her clinical practice includes mainly dentoalveolar surgery.\nHer topics of interest are biomaterials science and cell culture studies. She has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books; she also has participated in several scientific projects supported by Istanbul University Research fund.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"260116",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Yaltirik",slug:"mehmet-yaltirik",fullName:"Mehmet Yaltirik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260116/images/7413_n.jpg",biography:"Birth Date 25.09.1965\r\nBirth Place Adana- Turkey\r\nSex Male\r\nMarrial Status Bachelor\r\nDriving License Acquired\r\nMother Tongue Turkish\r\n\r\nAddress:\r\nWork:University of Istanbul,Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine 34093 Capa,Istanbul- TURKIYE",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"172009",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Uzuner",slug:"fatma-deniz-uzuner",fullName:"Fatma Deniz Uzuner",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/172009/images/7122_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Deniz Uzuner was born in 1969 in Kocaeli-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1986, she attended the Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. \nIn 1993 she attended the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics for her PhD education. After finishing the PhD education, she worked as orthodontist in Ankara Dental Hospital under the Turkish Government, Ministry of Health and in a special Orthodontic Clinic till 2011. Between 2011 and 2016, Dr. Deniz Uzuner worked as a specialist in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University in Ankara/Turkey. In 2016, she was appointed associate professor. Dr. Deniz Uzuner has authored 23 Journal Papers, 3 Book Chapters and has had 39 oral/poster presentations. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"332914",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Saad",middleName:null,surname:"Shaikh",slug:"muhammad-saad-shaikh",fullName:"Muhammad Saad Shaikh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jinnah Sindh Medical University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"315775",title:"Dr.",name:"Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Luo",slug:"feng-luo",fullName:"Feng Luo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"423519",title:"Dr.",name:"Sizakele",middleName:null,surname:"Ngwenya",slug:"sizakele-ngwenya",fullName:"Sizakele Ngwenya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419270",title:"Dr.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Chianchitlert",slug:"ann-chianchitlert",fullName:"Ann Chianchitlert",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419271",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane",middleName:null,surname:"Selvido",slug:"diane-selvido",fullName:"Diane Selvido",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419272",title:"Dr.",name:"Irin",middleName:null,surname:"Sirisoontorn",slug:"irin-sirisoontorn",fullName:"Irin Sirisoontorn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"355660",title:"Dr.",name:"Anitha",middleName:null,surname:"Mani",slug:"anitha-mani",fullName:"Anitha Mani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"355612",title:"Dr.",name:"Janani",middleName:null,surname:"Karthikeyan",slug:"janani-karthikeyan",fullName:"Janani Karthikeyan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334400",title:"Dr.",name:"Suvetha",middleName:null,surname:"Siva",slug:"suvetha-siva",fullName:"Suvetha Siva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"11",type:"subseries",title:"Cell Physiology",keywords:"Neurodevelopment and Neurodevelopmental Disease, Free Radicals, Tumor Metastasis, Antioxidants, Essential Fatty Acids, Melatonin, Lipid Peroxidation Products and Aging Physiology",scope:"\r\n\tThe integration of tissues and organs throughout the mammalian body, as well as the expression, structure, and function of molecular and cellular components, is essential for modern physiology. The following concerns will be addressed in this Cell Physiology subject, which will consider all organ systems (e.g., brain, heart, lung, liver; gut, kidney, eye) and their interactions: (1) Neurodevelopment and Neurodevelopmental Disease (2) Free Radicals (3) Tumor Metastasis (4) Antioxidants (5) Essential Fatty Acids (6) Melatonin and (7) Lipid Peroxidation Products and Aging Physiology.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/11.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11407,editor:{id:"133493",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/133493/images/3091_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Angel Catalá \r\nShort Biography Angel Catalá was born in Rodeo (San Juan, Argentina). He studied \r\nchemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where received aPh.D. degree in chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From\r\n1964 to 1974, he worked as Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of MedicineUniversidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. From 1974 to 1976, he was a Fellowof the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor oBiochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. He is Member ofthe National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and Argentine Society foBiochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for manyears in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Professor Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, publishedover 100 papers in peer reviewed journals, several chapters in books andtwelve edited books. Angel Catalá received awards at the 40th InternationaConference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999: Dijon (France). W inner of the Bimbo PanAmerican Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South AmericaHuman Nutrition, Professional Category. 2006 award in pharmacology, Bernardo\r\nHoussay, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Angel Catalá belongto the Editorial Board of Journal of lipids, International Review of Biophysical ChemistryFrontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics, World Journal oExperimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International, W orld Journal oBiological Chemistry, Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, Diabetes and thePancreas, International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, International Journal oNutrition, Co-Editor of The Open Biology Journal.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261"},editorialBoard:[{id:"186048",title:"Prof.",name:"Ines",middleName:null,surname:"Drenjančević",slug:"ines-drenjancevic",fullName:"Ines Drenjančević",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186048/images/5818_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Osijek",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null},{id:"79615",title:"Dr.",name:"Robson",middleName:null,surname:"Faria",slug:"robson-faria",fullName:"Robson Faria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/79615/images/system/79615.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"84459",title:"Prof.",name:"Valerie",middleName:null,surname:"Chappe",slug:"valerie-chappe",fullName:"Valerie Chappe",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/84459/images/system/84459.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalhousie University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:26,paginationItems:[{id:"82112",title:"Comparative Senescence and Lifespan",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105137",signatures:"Hassan M. 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