DNA concentrations of the woman and her presumptive brother.
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These books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\\n\\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\\n\\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
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IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched formed a partnership to support researchers working in engineering sciences by enabling an easier approach to publishing Open Access content. Using the Knowledge Unlatched crowdfunding model to raise the publishing costs through libraries around the world, Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) was not required from the authors.
\n\nInitially, the partnership supported engineering research, but it soon grew to include physical and life sciences, attracting more researchers to the advantages of Open Access publishing.
\n\n\n\nThese books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\n\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\n\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"2011",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Introduction to PID Controllers - Theory, Tuning and Application to Frontier Areas",title:"Introduction to PID Controllers",subtitle:"Theory, Tuning and Application to Frontier Areas",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book discusses the theory, application, and practice of PID control technology. It is designed for engineers, researchers, students of process control, and industry professionals. It will also be of interest for those seeking an overview of the subject of green automation who need to procure single loop and multi-loop PID controllers and who aim for an exceptional, stable, and robust closed-loop performance through process automation. Process modeling, controller design, and analyses using conventional and heuristic schemes are explained through different applications here. The readers should have primary knowledge of transfer functions, poles, zeros, regulation concepts, and background. The following sections are covered: The Theory of PID Controllers and their Design Methods, Tuning Criteria, Multivariable Systems: Automatic Tuning and Adaptation, Intelligent PID Control, Discrete, Intelligent PID Controller, Fractional Order PID Controllers, Extended Applications of PID, and Practical Applications. A wide variety of researchers and engineers seeking methods of designing and analyzing controllers will create a heavy demand for this book: interdisciplinary researchers, real time process developers, control engineers, instrument technicians, and many more entities that are recognizing the value of shifting to PID controller procurement.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-927-1",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6098-4",doi:"10.5772/2422",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"introduction-to-pid-controllers-theory-tuning-and-application-to-frontier-areas",numberOfPages:272,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"653714a5cce15c0bc109cf0387e51dde",bookSignature:"Rames C. Panda",publishedDate:"February 29th 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2011.jpg",numberOfDownloads:71049,numberOfWosCitations:35,numberOfCrossrefCitations:24,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:15,numberOfDimensionsCitations:52,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:16,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:111,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 4th 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 2nd 2011",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 6th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 6th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 5th 2012",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"87548",title:"Prof.",name:"Rames C.",middleName:null,surname:"Panda",slug:"rames-c.-panda",fullName:"Rames C. Panda",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/87548/images/1000_n.jpg",biography:"Rames C Panda : Dr Panda obtained his B.Tech (1987) from Jadavpur University (Kolkata), M.Tech (1989) and PhD (1994) from IIT, Madras in Chemical Engineering. Since 1994, he is working at CLRI as a scientist. He has worked in several foreign countries (University of Karlsruhe, Germany; National University of Taiwan, Taipei; Curtin University of Technology, Australia) in different academic responsibilities. His main areas of interests are process modeling, estimation and control. He has leaded many engineering and sponsored research projects. His significant experience with autotuning of PID controllers and predictive controls has helped him to execute many sponsored research projects globally. He has guided many research students and has published many research articles in reputed journals.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Central Leather Research Institute",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"718",title:"Electronics and Instrumentation",slug:"electronics-and-instrumentation"}],chapters:[{id:"29818",title:"PID Controller Design for Specified Performance",doi:"10.5772/32471",slug:"pid-controller-design-for-specified-performance",totalDownloads:4163,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:11,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Štefan Bucz and Alena Kozáková",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/29818",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/29818",authors:[{id:"21933",title:"Ms.",name:"Alena",surname:"Kozakova",slug:"alena-kozakova",fullName:"Alena Kozakova"},{id:"91652",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefan",surname:"Bucz",slug:"stefan-bucz",fullName:"Stefan Bucz"}],corrections:null},{id:"29819",title:"Family of the PID Controllers",doi:"10.5772/33803",slug:"the-family-of-pid-controllers",totalDownloads:3700,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Ilan Rusnak",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/29819",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/29819",authors:[{id:"97158",title:"Dr.",name:"Ilan",surname:"Rusnak",slug:"ilan-rusnak",fullName:"Ilan Rusnak"}],corrections:null},{id:"29820",title:"PID-Like Controller Tuning for Second-Order Unstable Dead-Time Processes",doi:"10.5772/34163",slug:"pid-like-controller-tuning-for-second-order-unstable-dead-time-processes",totalDownloads:4789,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"G.D. 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\r\n\tMetamaterials (the name originating from the Greek word μετά (meta) = "beyond" and the Latin word materia = "matter" or "material") are the class of materials designed to possess various properties not found in naturally occurring materials. Metamaterials are constructed from assemblies of multiple elements designed from versatile composite materials. These assemblies are usually arranged in repeating patterns, which have dimension scales smaller than the wavelengths of the phenomena these materials are designed to influence.
\r\n\tThe properties of metamaterials are designed not from the properties of their base materials, but rather from the metamaterial's newly designed structures. The precise shapes, geometries, sizes, orientations, and arrangements of metamaterial composing elements render metamaterials versatile ‘smart’ properties related to manipulating electromagnetic waves, by blocking, absorbing, enhancing, or bending waves of specific wavelengths. This allows achieving benefits extending far beyond what could be achieved by employing conventional materials.
\r\n\tMetamaterials have broad and diverse potential applications including optical filters, medical devices, remote aerospace devices and materials, sensors, infrastructure monitoring, highly effective management of solar power, high-frequency battlefield communication, lenses for high-gain antennas, shielding structures to prevent earthquake damage, acoustic materials, etc. Metamaterial research area is highly interdisciplinary: it involves electrical engineering, electromagnetics, classical optics, studies in the solid-state physics field, antenna engineering, optoelectronics, material science, nanoscience and nanotechnology, semiconductor design, and even can involve computational chemistry.
A few years ago, the FBI Laboratory announced the expansion of the common core of 13 STR markers included in the National DNA Index System (NDIS) since 1997. Starting with 1st of January 2017, FBI required the CODIS (Combined DNA Index System) laboratories to implement additional STR markers [1]. The new markers added to the common core of 13 STR markers aid in human identification and in kinship analysis of missing persons due to a better power of discrimination [2]. In order to confirm the identity of a person, it is necessary to perform a comparative study of DNA profiles belonging to that person and a first-degree relative (mother/father; brother-sister), in which the respecting of the classical laws for transmitting the hereditary characters is followed, so that a maternal allele and a paternal allele are found on a DNA locus [3, 4]. Within a paternity investigation, the child’s mother being presumed as being certain, the child’s DNA profile presents a lot of alleles that are found in the presumptive father profile besides the maternal alleles; we can speak about a confirmation of paternity that is always expressed in probability terms. In cases where the biological parents do not exist anymore, a sibling or cousin is recommended to participate in the DNA identification process [5, 6, 7]. In DNA human identification, body fluids such as saliva, blood, semen, and urine represent important components. Regarding saliva, it can be obtained easily, by non-invasive techniques through the buccal swabbing. Herein, we present the importance of salivary DNA and STR markers and haploid markers in establishing the identity of a carbonized corpse through DNA sibling analysis.
\nFor the reference samples of the victim’s sister, we collected epithelial cells from the inner cheeks on three buccal swabs (Copan, Italy) [8]. In case of the carbonized victim, during the autopsy procedure, we collected blood samples from the heart chambers in collection tubes with EDTA. In this case of kinship analysis, the saliva was collected by swabbing from the inner cheeks of the woman. In cases of carbonized corpses, depending on their grade of carbonization, the biological samples used for the identification by DNA analysis can be saliva obtained from the mouth and blood obtained from the heart chambers or different parts of the internal organs.
\nThe swabs from the victim’s sister were left to dry for 3–4 h in a laminar PCR flow hood. Following the recommendations of the manufacturer, we proceeded to the DNA extraction from the saliva and blood. The DNA extraction was performed by the automated Maxwell® 16 RSC instrument (Promega, USA) using the Maxwell® RSC Whole Blood DNA kit (Promega, USA) for the blood samples and the Maxwell RSC Buccal Swab DNA kit (Promega, USA) for the swabs [9].
\nFor the quantification of the DNA samples from the woman and her presumptive brother, PowerQuant System kit (Promega, USA) [10] was used. In this case, following the manufacturer’s recommendations, we prepared a mix solution for each sample with a final volume of 18 μL consisting of 10 μL of PowerQuant 2× Master Mix; 7 μL of amplification grade (water), and 1 μL of Power Quant 20× Primer Mix. The quantification was made on a 7500 real time PCR (Applied Biosystems, USA), using the HID Real-Time PCR Analysis Software v 2.0.6. The concentrations of saliva and blood are presented in Table 1.
\nPerson’s identity | \nConcentrations (ng/μL) | \n
---|---|
Sister | \n1.08 | \n
Presumptive brother | \n3.25 | \n
DNA concentrations of the woman and her presumptive brother.
The DNA samples from the woman and her alleged brother were amplified for the STR markers using the Investigator 24plex QS kit (Qiagen, Germany) [11]. Also, in this case, the X-STR markers have been analyzed using the Investigator Argus 12-X-QS kit (Qiagen, Germany) [12]. All these genetic markers are contained in a single reaction, known as multiplex. For the STR markers, a number of 23 STR markers were investigated, and for the X-STR markers, a number of 12 markers were analyzed. The analysis was done after the recommendations of the manufacturers.
\nIn this step, the DNA sample’s amplification was performed on a ProFlex PCR System (Applied Biosystems, USA). We used the Investigator 24plex QS Kit (Qiagen, Germany). Furthermore, the PCR reactions of the salivary DNA samples were carried out in a total volume of 25 μL. The final volume of the reaction contained Fast Reaction Mix 2.0: 7.5 μL, Primer Mix: 2.5 μL, nuclease-free water: 12.5 μL, and template DNA: 2.5 μL.
\nThe Investigator 24plex QS Kit (Qiagen, Germany) contains 23 autosomal markers, as follows: D1S1656, D2S441, D2S1338, D3S1358, D5S818, D7S820, D8S1179, D10S1248, D12S391, D13S317, D16S539, D18S51, D19S433, D21S11, D22S1045, CSF1PO, FGA, TH01, TPOX, Vwa, SE33, DYS391, and amelogenin. All these genetic markers are contained in a single reaction, known as multiplex. The conditions for the PCR amplification were as follows:
3 PCR cycles: temperature (T) = 98°C for 30 s; T = 64°C for 55 s; T = 72°C for 5 s;
27 PCR cycles: T = 96°C for 10 s; T = 61°C for 55 s; T = 72°C for 5 s.
After 30 PCR cycles were completed, a final extension (hold) at T = 68°C for 2 min followed by final hold indefinite at T = 10°C.
\nIn this case, because we have a brother-sister relationship, we amplified the X-STR markers using the Investigator Argus 12-X QS kit (Qiagen, Germany). The kit contains 12 X-STR markers as follows: DXS8378, DXS10135, DXS10148, DXS7132, DXS10074, DXS10079, XPRTB, DXS10101, DXS10103, DXS7423, DXS10134, and DXS10146.
\nThe final reaction volume contained: Fast Reaction Mix 2.0: 7.5 μL; Primer Mix: 2.5 μL; nuclease-free water: 12.5 μL, and template DNA: 2.5 μL.
\nThe amplification conditions for X-STRs were as follows in the cycling protocol:
3 PCR cycles as follows: T = 98°C for 60 s; T = 61°C for 100 s; T = 72°C for 5 s.
27 PCR cycles as follows: T = 96°C for 10 s; T = 61°C for 100 s and T = 72°C for 5 s.
After 30 PCR cycles were completed, a final extension (hold) at T = 68°C for 2 min followed by final hold indefinite at T = 10°C.
\nFor the capillary electrophoresis, the samples were analyzed on a 3500 Genetic Analyzer, following the manufacturer’s recommendations. For the STR markers, we used 1 μL of the amplified PCR product (DNA sample) and the allelic ladder (AL). They were added into the mix containing: 12.5 μL of Hi-Di formamide (Applied Biosystems, USA) and 0.5 μL DNA size standard BTO (Qiagen, Germany). To analyze the X-STR markers, we added 1 μL of the amplified PCR product (DNA sample) and the allelic ladder (AL) into the mix containing: 12.5 μL of Hi-Di formamide (Qiagen, Germany) and 0.5 μL DNA size standard BTO (Qiagen, Germany). Gene Mapper ID-X Software version 1.4 (Applied Biosystems, USA) was used to analyze the obtained data [13].
\nAfter the DNA separation, we obtained the electropherograms and the genotypes of the unidentified person and his alleged brothers using the Gene Mapper ID-X software version 1.4 (Applied Biosystems, USA). GenoProof 3 Software-Kinship Examination (Qualitype GmbH, Dresden, Germany) [14] was used for the statistical part. In this case, a full sibling probability of 99.999972% was obtained between the woman and her presumptive brother. Also, because they had a sibling relationship as brother-sister, we analyzed the X-STR markers. The genetic profiles on STR markers between the woman and her presumptive brother are presented in Figures 1 and 2, respectively. X-STR haplotypes on the woman and her presumptive brother are presented in Figures 3 and 4, respectively.
\nWoman’s genetic profile on 23 STR markers.
Genetic profile of the presumptive brother on 23 STR markers.
X-STR haplotype of the woman.
X-STR haplotype of the presumptive brother.
The genetic profiles of the woman and her presumptive brother on X-STR markers are presented in Table 2.
\nCommon X-STR markers between the woman and her presumptive brother.
Note: The 4 colors represent the dyes. The markers are divided into 4 linkage groups (3 markers per group).
Saliva as a body fluid is very often used in laboratory tests for diagnosis, prevention, and monitoring of different diseases. Compered to blood tests, saliva tests present some advantages like easy and non-invasive collection techniques; its collection does not present any risks for the technician who collects the samples.
\nIn the future, salivary DNA diagnostic tests can eliminate the blood tests, because the DNA contains the same genetic information from all the biological samples.
\nAlso, in forensic human identification, salivary DNA has improved the laboratory workflow because it is easily collected and can be quickly analyzed by direct PCR method. After collecting saliva on buccal swab or FTA paper, the sample can be directly amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in less than an hour, followed by migration on capillary electrophoresis.
\nIn human identification from DNA, establishing the paternity or maternity, sibling or kinship analysis can be done from body fluids, by non-invasive collection techniques. In this chapter, we presented the usefulness of both saliva and blood in a case of sibling relationship.
\nThe authors declare they have no conflict of interest.
All surgical procedures, including dental surgery, present risk of complications, which may include pain, nerve injury, swelling, infections, and hemorrhage. Dental surgery is defined as any dental intervention including an incision in the oral mucosa or gingiva, including anything from a simple dental extraction to alveoloplasties [1]. Bleeding control is an important step during dental surgery procedures [2] because excessive bleeding complicates surgery and increases the risk of morbidity. To avoid such complications when long-lasting bleeding occurs, despite the proper use of traditional techniques for hemorrhage control, a broad range of hemostatic agents are available, as adjunctive measures to enhance hemostasis in the course of dental surgeries [3]. Despite the expressive rise in the amount and types of topical hemostats in the past decade, high-level evidence regarding the management of these agents during bleeding in dental surgery is still lacking.
\nThe periprocedual management of patients receiving therapeutic anticoagulation represents a challenge for dental practitioners, as the risk of bleeding must be counterbalanced against the risk of systemic or local thromboembolic phenomena. Recommendations for dental interventions in individuals receiving anticoagulation therapy remain quite unclear, in spite of practice guidelines from both dental [4] and medical [5] fields.
\nThis chapter aims to discuss the effective ways of managing bleeding complications in dental surgery, mainly in high-risk patients. The role of biosurgical materials to prevent or solve these complications, during and after dental surgery procedures, will also be addressed, as well as their modes of action, practical applications, adverse effects, and effectiveness.
\nThe physiological mechanism that prevents and hinders bleeding at the area of an injury while preserving regular blood flow everywhere else in the circulation is called hemostasis [6]. The hemostasis process has two major components. Primary hemostasis initiates promptly after vascular injury, and it can be divided into four consecutive and superposed stages: (A) vasoconstriction, (B) platelet adhesion, (C) platelet activation, and (D) platelet aggregation [7, 8, 9, 10]. Primary hemostasis results in the formation of a platelet plug [10]. Secondary hemostasis comprises a sequence of serine protease zymogens and their cofactors, which interact successively on phospholipid surfaces (damaged endothelial cells or platelets), leading to the development of covalently cross-linked fibrin [10, 11, 12]. This cross-linked fibrin mesh is then incorporated into and around the platelet plug. It strengthens and stabilizes the blood clot. These two processes are intertwined and occur at the same time [6]. These systems are regulated by multiple anticoagulant mechanisms, which are responsible for maintaining blood fluidity in the absence of injury, generating a clot that is consistent with the trauma. Hemostasis and the avoidance of bleeding or thrombosis are directly related to the adequate balance between procoagulant and anticoagulant systems [6].
\nHemorrhage in dental surgery can be categorized as:
Primary hemorrhage: bleeding occurs during surgery
Reactionary hemorrhage: bleeding occurs 2–3 hours after surgery
Secondary hemorrhage: bleeding occurs until 14 days after surgery, probably due to an infection
Hemorrhage can also be categorized according to the area injured: vascular, bone, and soft tissue [13, 14]. Bleeding diathesis is an unusual susceptibility to bleeding and may be genetic, autoimmune, or acquired (Table 1) [15, 17]. Selected bleeding disorders will be covered in this chapter.
\n\nThe most prevalent hereditary bleeding disorders are von Willebrand disease and hemophilia, affecting 1% of the population and 20,000 people in the USA, respectively [18, 19, 20, 21, 22]. Dental patients presenting inherited bleeding present a significantly higher risk of perioperative bleeding. The frequency and severity of bleeding are related to disease-related factors, such as the severity of the hemophilia. Factors related to the patient include the level of periodontal disease, vasculopathy or platelet dysfunction, and procedure-related factors (teeth extracted—type and the number—or the size of the wound area) [23].
\nOne example of autoimmune bleeding diathesis is the immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), an idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura condition, characterized by isolated thrombocytopenia without a clinically apparent cause [24].
\nThe most common acquired bleeding diathesis is the one related to hemostasis-altering medications. Anticoagulant agents are among the most prescribed medications in the USA [25]. For decades, anticoagulants have been prescribed to prevent arterial and venous thromboembolism [1]. Prolonged bleeding and bruising are some of the adverse events related with these medications [4]. The most frequently used drugs are therapeutic platelet inhibitors, vitamin K antagonists, or direct oral anticoagulants. Patients susceptible to hemorrhage may present severe bleeding resulting from dental surgery procedures. The use of biosurgical hemostatic agents to decrease or control bleeding may be beneficial for patients at risk for bleeding diathesis.
\nBleeding complications can occur either in healthy or systemically compromised patients. Some patients tend to bleed excessively during or after dental surgery, due to different factors, such as anticoagulant therapy, inherited bleeding disorders, uncontrolled hypertension, extreme trauma to soft tissues, and non-compliance to postoperative recommendations. In these cases, the use of an effective hemostatic agent enhances hemostasis, providing a wide spectrum of benefits, such as superior management of the anticoagulated patient, shorter operation time, as well as smaller wound exposure and shorter recovery time.
\nThe ideal topical hemostatic agent should be biocompatible, affordable, and effective [14, 26, 27]. In recent years, the number of different topical hemostatic agents has increased significantly (Table 2). Knowledge and familiarity with the wide range of topical hemostatic agents available are essential for dental practitioners, including their effectiveness, mode of action, and adverse effects. A well-informed professional will be able to opt for the most effective and practical agent for each situation. In relation to the use of local hemostatic in dental procedures, available scientific data is not homogenous. Most publications use one or more local hemostatic agents to compensate for the anticoagulant effect and prevent postoperative bleeding [29]. The most common local biosurgical hemostatic agents used in dentistry and approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are listed in Table 2.
\nTypes and trade name of some biosurgical agents–adapted from Pereira et al. [28].
Local biosurgical hemostatic agents can be classified into (A) passive or mechanical, (B) active, and (C) flowables [30].
\nConsidered as the most effective agents for small amounts of bleeding, passive or mechanical agents provide platelet activation and aggregation. This results in a matrix formation in the bleeding area that works as a barrier to stop bleeding, by activating the extrinsic clotting pathway and providing a surface that will allow coagulation to occur faster [30]. As these agents are biologically inactive, they rely on the individual’s own fibrin production to attain hemostasis. Passive hemostats are only indicated for individuals with an unscathed coagulation cascade [27]. They are generally applied as frontline agents, since they are readily available, do not require special storage or handling, and are relatively affordable [14, 27, 31].
\nGelatin is a hydrocolloid derived from acid partial hydrolysis of purified animal collagen. It is presented as a gelatin sponge, powder (mixed to form a paste), or film. Gelatin can be placed dry or after moistening it with saline [14, 28, 32, 33]. Gelatin-based products adapt effortlessly to wounds making it appropriate for application into irregular surfaces [27]. Although their mode of action is not completely understood, gelatin-based products likely act more physically than chemically in the coagulation cascade [28, 34]. Affordability, ease of use and good hemostatic activity make topical hemostats with gelatin matrix a popular tool for reducing the morbidity caused by hemorrhage [27, 28] after dental extractions and periodontal surgeries.
\nThe most popular absorbable gelatin sponge in dentistry is Gelfoam®. It is a hemostatic compressed sponge obtained from purified porcine skin gelatin. Gelfoam® is capable of absorbing many times its weight of whole blood [35]. Generally, when applied in soft tissues, its complete absorption occurs within 4–6 weeks.
\nCollagen absorbable products are nontoxic and non-pyrogenic. They are sourced from either bovine dermal collagen or bovine tendon. Collagen hemostats provide a matrix for clot formation and consolidation. These products also improve clotting factor release and platelet aggregation and degranulation, thereby breaking up clot formation. Their presentation in sheets and flours allows for easy adaptation and adhesion to irregular surfaces. Although they are commercialized at a higher price than gelatin-based hemostats, hemostasis can usually be accomplished relatively quicker (1–5 min). Collagen absorbable products are easily removed, reducing the risks of rebleeding and the need for various applications. They are absorbed in 8–10 weeks if remained in place. Adverse effects linked to bovine collagen products might include swelling and allergic reaction [30].
\nHelistat® is a collagen-based product originated from purified and freeze-dried bovine flexor tendon and is available as a spongelike structure [14, 27]. Helistat® can hold many times its own weight of fluid, as it is highly absorbent. Collagen induces platelet agglomeration when in contact with blood. In order to achieve hemostasis, Helistat® must be kept at the site (approximately 2–5 minutes). Subsequently, it can be removed, replaced, or left in place. It is easily manipulated, and it must be handled dry, and any excess must be removed. Complete reabsorption occurs within 14–56 days [14, 27, 36]. Helistat® may foster bacterial growth, acting as a nidus for abscess formation [14, 27, 37]; therefore, it should not be placed in wounds with any kind of contamination or infection. Possible adverse reactions of Helistat® or similar products are allergic reaction, foreign body reaction, and adhesion formation [27, 38].
\nSimple oxidized cellulose was first introduced in the early 1940s in the USA. In the 1960s, a new topical hemostatic-oxidized regenerated cellulose (ORC) was launched as a meshwork made from treated and sterilized cellulose—Surgicel®. ORC products are originated from vegetal-based alpha cellulose, available in absorbable knitted fabrics (low or high density), and prepared as sterile fabric meshworks. They are ready-to-use products that may be kept at room temperature and absorb 7–10 times its own weight [27, 30]. ORC cause contact activation and platelet activation, and, when absorbed, a gelatinous mass is created, assisting in the establishment of the clot formation [30]. Thrombin is ineffective with these agents due to low-pH factors. ORC are utilized in the management of capillary, venous, and small arterial bleeding, and they require dry application, without addition of saline or thrombin [27, 39] and are absorbed within 4–8 weeks, depending on the volume applied, the tissue bed, and the magnitude of blood saturation [27, 40, 41, 42]. To prevent delayed healing, excessive volumes should be removed [27]. ORC should not be used in osseous defects as it may intervene with bone regeneration [14, 27, 31]. Adverse effects also include reactions related to the acidic nature of ORC. This characteristic may induce necrosis and inflammation of the surrounding tissue and makes thrombin inefficient with these agents. When left in the wound, they may lead to fluid encapsulation and foreign body reaction [14, 27].
\nThe most common commercial products in this category are Surgicel®, Oxycel®, and Surgicel Nu-Knit®. Surgicel® and Surgicel Nu-Knit® come in knit, solid fiber form, whereas Oxycel® comes in knit, hollow fiber form; however, they function basically in a similar manner [30].
\nOxidized cellulose (OC) agents are produced from sterilized and treated cellulose, presented as a meshwork. In the presence of blood, they present a three- to fourfold increase in volume and are converted into gel. OC dissolve completely in 1–2 weeks into biodegradable end products glucose and water, and they do not interfere with wound healing [14, 27].
\nActCel® binds to calcium ions, resulting in more calcium available for the coagulation cascade [14, 27, 37]. Biochemically, it intensifies the coagulation process by increasing platelet aggregation and physically by 3D clot stabilization. ActCel® is especially indicated in third molar extractions, to avoid the occurrence of dry sockets, and in orthognathic and periodontal surgeries [27]. ActCel® is hypoallergenic, as it does not contain collagen, thrombin, or chemical additives. It also has important bacteriostatic properties [27, 43], which are particularity relevant in infected wounds [27].
\nGelita-Cel® is a relatively quick acting, oxidized resorbable cellulose hemostatic gauze of natural origin. It presents a decreased risk for encapsulation, as it resorbs as fast as 96 hours [14, 27, 37].
\nPolysaccharide hemospheres are a fairly new class of topical biosurgical hemostatic agents, produced from vegetable starch, and they contain no animal or human elements. They are commercially presented in powder form. Polysaccharide hemospheres increase barrier formation by creating a hydrophilic effect, dehydrating the blood, and concentrating its solid components [14, 27]. Due to their 3D scaffold, they are devised to enhance clot formation and organization, even in the absence of intrinsic coagulation activity [14, 44, 45]. Polysaccharide hemospheres should be used with caution in diabetic patients, as they consist of sugars [27].
\nArista™AH is the only FDA-approved product in the polysaccharide hemosphere category. It is used in dental surgery as an adjunctive hemostatic agent, when conventional mechanical procedures, such as pressure and ligature, are not effective or practical.
\nHemostatic adhesives are often used as adjuncts to standard hemostatic procedures to control bleeding from surgical areas [30]. One of the most well-known products in this category is BioGlue®. It consists of a solution of 10% glutaraldehyde and 45% bovine albumin solution purified by precipitation, heat, and chromatography radiation [28, 46]. BioGlue® has been extensively used for its sealants and hemostatic characteristics. The risk of leaking through the suture tracks is the main disadvantage of BiolGue® [27]. In the search for newly created adhesives with the chemical features and the safe reabsorptive profile required to benefit dental surgery patients, several clinical trials are currently in process.
\nActive hemostatic agents are biologically active, as they play a direct role in the coagulation cascade, inducing the formation of a fibrin clot [26, 27].
\nThrombin is key to hemostasis, as well as to the inflammatory and cell signaling processes. It is the base of the fibrin clot, fostering the transformation of fibrinogen to fibrin [28]. Topical thrombin hemostats are originated from either bovine or human plasma, and they can also be produced through recombinant DNA techniques [14, 27]. In the past, the only thrombin hemostat available was composed of bovine plasma (Thrombin-JMI). Although it has proven to be efficient in terminating bleeding, bovine thrombin induces an important immune response [28, 47]. Individuals on hemodialysis, with increased levels of antibodies against topical bovine thrombin, had higher incidence of vascular access thrombosis, severe coagulopathy, and bleeding after exposure to bovine thrombin [28, 48]. As an attempt to avoid these hazardous effects, thrombin derived from human plasma (Evithrom®) and recombinant human thrombin (Recothrom®) were developed. In 2010, Browman et al. [49] demonstrated, in a comparative study between recombinant human thrombin and bovine thrombin, that human recombinant thrombin showed the same efficacy in surgical hemostasis, a comparable safety profile, and a remarkably lower immune response than bovine thrombin. Thrombin may be applied topically, as a solution combined with gelatin sponges mixed with a gelatin matrix, as a dry powder, or as a spray [14, 27]. It is commonly used in conjunction with Gelfoam® to stop moderate to severe bleeding.
\nFibrin sealant or fibrin glue originates from bovine and/or human blood components and simulates the last phases of the coagulation cascade, generating a fibrin clot [30]. These agents control local, as well as diffuse, bleeding from the surgical area. Nevertheless, they are ineffective in controlling intense bleeding. Its use in dentistry includes tooth extraction sites, bone grafting, and periodontal surgery [14].
\nTisseel® was the first fibrin sealant approved by the FDA. It has in its composition human thrombin and fibrinogen, intermixed with aprotinin and CaCl2. Because aprotinin is a bovine protein, it is a potential allergen. Multiple exposures may cause allergic reactions, as well as anaphylactic reaction approaching lethality [30, 50]. As for its ideal application, a dry operating field is required; Tisseel® is particularly effective when applied prior to bleeding. In this situation, fibrinogen may polymerize before blood pressure increases local microcirculation flow. When used after the onset of bleeding, one should apply local pressure over the wound to allow polymerization [28, 51]. Tisseel® is available in a pre-filled syringe, allowing for effective application using the EasySpray and DuploSpray MIS systems.
\nAnother option for fibrin sealants, Evicel®, originates from pooled human plasma. It is available as two separate vials of fibrinogen and human thrombin. Prior to use, the two deep frozen solutions must be thawed and mixed after defrosting and heating up (20–30°C) [30].
\nCrosseal™ is a virally inactivated, second-generation surgical sealant. It is produced from concentrated human clottable proteins, namely, biological active component (BAC), which contains the active component fibrinogen, and human α-thrombin (1000 IU/ml) [52]. This fibrin sealant is applied using an application device which drips/sprays Crosseal™ onto the bleeding site.
\nThere are two main categories of flowable biosurgicals: products containing porcine gelatin, which can be combined with thrombins (bovine, human-pooled plasma thrombin, or rhThrombin), and bovine collagen-based agents, packed with human-pooled plasma thrombin. The flowable agents are deemed the most effective of all the local hemostatic agents [30, 53].
\nSurgiflo® is an absorbable, sterile, hemostatic porcine gelatin matrix, combined with Thrombin-JMI, a topical bovine-derived thrombin. It should be placed directly to the bleeding areas to activate the hemostatic process [30]. A compression period is required for polymerization of the sealant components [28].
\nFloseal® consists of a bovine gelatin matrix, plasma-extracted human thrombin, and CaCl2. Its gelatin granules expand (10–20%), as it comes in contact with blood, producing a seal when the product is applied to a bleeding area [27, 30]. The thrombin fraction of the product triggers the regular pathway of the coagulation cascade, converting fibrinogen to a fibrin polymer and creating a clot around the firm matrix [27], which is reabsorbed within the expected period of standard wound healing (6–8 weeks) [14, 27, 33, 42, 54]. A distinctive feature of Floseal® is the need for the presence of blood for activation [30, 55]. Neither compression, nor a dry surgical field is required for its application [28].
\nBecause of this biosurgical flowability, they can easily adapt to irregular wounds. Flowables have been utilized as frontline topical hemostats in major dental surgeries, in patients where conventional procedures are ineffective. They can be utilized as an adjunct to hemostasis in practically all dental surgical interventions. Flowables are effective on both hard and soft tissues [27, 30]. They have a risk of transmitting infectious agents and are contraindicated in patients who are allergic to materials of bovine origin [27].
\nAlthough traditional methods, such as ligature and manual pressure, can promote hemostasis, they are not an effective approach of bleeding control in less accessible sites and complex injuries. Furthermore, bleeding control is especially challenging in patients presenting acquired or congenital coagulation disorders.
\nTopical biosurgical hemostatic agents comprise a wide range of products aiming at minimizing the risk of bleeding. In recent years, several clinical trials have analyzed the effectiveness, advantages, and limitations of biosurgicals, as well as performed comparisons among the different types of biosurgicals and other non-biologic agents. Despite the beneficial effect of these local hemostatic agents in preventing bleeding in dental surgery, available data comparing their effectiveness and efficiency is still scarce and inconclusive. Methodological heterogeneities, such as the lack of a standard therapy and comparable treatment regimens, are noticeable among studies, as well as the reduced number of randomized controlled trials [2, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70].
\nIn summary, local hemostatic agents are very distinct products with diverse indications. Presently, there is no definite evidence-based approach to guide the dental practitioner when selecting a local hemostatic agent. They must be aware of the characteristics of each single hemostatic agent, to elect the most suitable product for every particular clinical situation. In addition, current available data shows that no topical agent can be regarded as superior or more effective than the others [2]. Further experimental research and controlled clinical trials are warranted to define the most cost-effective biosurgical hemostatic agents in dentistry.
\nThe dental practitioner should assess the bleeding risk of the patient, as well as the bleeding risk of the surgical intervention, preoperatively. After assessing both bleeding risks, the professional can then conceive an intraoperative and postoperative plan. The international normalized ratio (INR) must be evaluated in patients reporting an elevated risk of bleeding. While a standard parameter of coagulation has an INR of 1 [71], the therapeutic range runs from 2.0 to 3.5. In this case, it is recommended to use local hemostatic measures independently or in combination with conventional methods. These agents can be used before, during, and after dental surgeries.
\n\n
Comprehensive medical history, including all medications in the patient’s regimen, to identify potential bleeding issues prior to the surgery [26].
In order to decrease surgical bleeding, patients receiving anticoagulant therapy may need to break up exodontia into multiple appointments [26, 72].
Laboratory values such as platelet count, INR, and prothrombin time are of critical value in medically compromised patients [26].
Demographic risk factors (female sex and older age) [73].
Supplemental patient-related risk determinants: diabetes mellitus, hypertension, obesity, hemostatic disorders, renal impairment, and other major organ system failures [73, 74, 75].
Timing of the appointment: early morning visits allowing patients to return to the dental office in case of postsurgical hemorrhage [26].
Patients at a higher bleeding risk are those reporting family history of bleeding and previous bleeding problems after dental surgery or trauma and individuals using medications, such as aspirin, anticoagulants, and/or long-term antibiotics. Any illnesses associated with bleeding problems, such as leukemia, congenital heart disease, liver disease, or hemophilia, present a higher risk of bleeding. The dental professional needs to be aware and prepared for any intercurrence, during or after a surgical procedure. Individuals presenting advanced periodontal disease are also considered as having a higher risk of perioperative bleeding. In such cases, the surgical plan should include a preoperative phase, consisting of scaling and root planning and a proper chlorhexidine gluconate mouth rinse regimen, 2 weeks before an elective procedure [26].
\nThe risk of bleeding of a dental intervention may be ranked as high, moderate, and low [25, 76, 77, 78]. In most patients, antithrombotic therapy is not interrupted before dental interventions with low bleeding risk, due to the disastrous complications of thrombosis (Table 3) [25, 76, 77, 78]. Moderate and high bleeding potential interventions might need the temporary discontinuation of the antithrombotic therapy [25, 76, 77, 78].
\nDental interventions that do not require anticoagulation therapy interruption*–adapted from Kaplovitch and Dounaevskaia [25].
Dental surgical interventions are considered by most recommendations, as minor procedures presenting self-limited blood loss and low bleeding risk. Bleeding, in most cases, can be managed with local hemostatic agents [79, 80].
\nThe dental care of individuals receiving therapeutic anticoagulation becomes critical when invasive procedures are needed. At this time, the clinician must decide either to maintain the anticoagulation therapy and risk bleeding complications or withdraw the anticoagulation medication and risk developing systemic thrombosis [1]. After decades of controversial data, there is currently a nearly unanimous consensus that anticoagulation therapy, for most dental surgeries, should not be discontinued. The higher risk of bleeding complications is compensated by the elevated risk of developing thromboembolic complications [1, 81, 82, 83, 84].
\nNational dental and medical group statements and multiple evidence-based clinical guidelines have considered the issue independently and support the maintenance, for most dental patients, of anticoagulation therapy (American Dental Association; American Academy of Dental Sleep Medicine; American Heart Association; American College of Cardiology; American Academy of Neurology; American Society of Anesthesiologists; Society for Neuroscience in Anesthesiology and Critical Care; American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP)) [1]. In a 2012 statement [76], the ACCP recommended continuing anticoagulation therapy with warfarin, with the additional utilization of a local hemostatic. The ACCP advised a 2–3-day anticoagulation therapy suspension, in order to lower the INR levels to a range of 1.6 and 1.9 [76, 85].
\nLately, the dental care of patients receiving anticoagulant treatment has been the focus of expressive scientific interest, in both dental and medical fields. A recent literature review showed that only 31 (0.6%) of more than 5400 patients receiving over 11,300 dental surgical interventions while continuing to take vitamin K antagonist anticoagulants (warfarin in most cases) demanded more than local maneuvers for hemostasis. No cases of fatal hemorrhage were reported. In over 2600 individuals whose anticoagulation was discontinued for dental interventions, 22 thromboembolic complications (0.8% of medication withheld), including 6 fatal events (0.2% of medication withheld), were observed [83]. Similar results have been shown in a literature review of dental surgery and antiplatelet medications. Of more than 1200 patients receiving over 2300 dental surgical procedures while continuing their antiplatelet medications (aspirin in most cases), only 2 (0.2%) needed more than local measures for hemostasis. Conversely, in over 320 individuals undergoing 370 antiplatelet interruptions for dental procedures, 17 (5.3%) suffered thromboembolic complications [86].
\nAvailable data shows that the majority of dental interventions can be safely conducted in patients receiving anticoagulation treatment, when considering older medications [4]. However, there are fewer studies reporting the provision of dental care in individuals using newer direct oral anticoagulants. The clinical implications of these newer anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapies have only been recently investigated [80, 87]. The protocol followed by the dental practitioner when managing these patients varies significantly and shows inconsistencies reflecting the lack of large-scale studies and evidence-based clinical guidelines [80, 88, 89]. The risk of postoperative bleeding after invasive periodontal treatment in individuals using different anticoagulation therapies was assessed, retrospectively, in 456 individuals receiving an antiplatelet and/or anticoagulant therapy [90]. Data was collected after 484 invasive periodontal interventions, with 99.6% of patients continuing their medications during the procedures. Postoperative bleeding was reported only following three interventions (0.35%), and it was controlled with local hemostatic maneuvers. Although the authors did not specify which type of local hemostatic procedure was used, this retrospective study showed a very low risk of bleeding in patients receiving an invasive periodontal intervention while using an anticoagulant or antiplatelet medication [90]. These results support the recommendation that such medications do not need to be discontinued in anticipation to invasive periodontal interventions.
\nExtended inter- or postoperative bleeding following dental surgery is infrequent, seldom demanding anything more than the use of local hemostatic biosurgicals. The judgment of whether or not to interrupt anticoagulation treatment can be both intricate and dynamic, and it should be based on the indication for pharmacological therapy, as well as previous thromboembolic history. The discontinuation of anticoagulant therapy may be required in dental interventions with moderate and high bleeding risk [25, 76, 77, 78]. Currently, most clinicians dealing with anticoagulant management tend to personalize the periprocedural management of the bleeding potential, according to the individual risk of each procedure—low, moderate, or high—following the current clinical practice recommendations based on best evidence and maintaining the anticoagulant therapy. Thereby, the patient anticoagulant regimen should be continued in specific low-risk dental procedures, without consultation or fear of disproportionate bleeding demanding additional intervention (Table 3) [25].
\nUndoubtedly, anticoagulant agents are effective in preventing thromboembolism. Nevertheless, their potential for critical adverse effects cannot be ignored. The use of antithrombotic medications is the most frequent cause of an adverse drug event requiring individuals to seek out emergency care [25, 91]. The majority of drug interactions with anticoagulants lead to elevated risk of bleeding. The nature of the interactions cannot be predicted, as they are expressed through both pharmacodynamic mechanisms and pharmacokinetic properties [25].
\nRegarding patient safety, potential risk for interaction, as well as knowledge of appropriate prescribing and monitoring, is crucial. Equally decisive is selecting the appropriate anticoagulant agent and monitoring the potential for drug–drug interaction [10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 25]. Common anticoagulants and their interaction with the most common medications prescribed for dental patients are described in Table 4 [25, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98].
\nCommon anticoagulants and potential interactions with dental medications–adapted from Kaplovitch and Dounaevskaia [25].
Most studies evaluating the occurrence of peri- and postoperative bleeding show anticoagulation therapy can be maintained when adequate local hemostatic maneuvers are used.
\nAs an example, a controlled clinical trial compared the occurrence of bleeding following dental extractions in individuals receiving oral anticoagulants (experimental group) versus patients that had never received oral anticoagulant therapy (control group). Tooth extractions were performed, and a piece of oxidized cellulose was placed only into the sockets in the experimental group. The wound borders were sutured, and a gauze saturated with tranexamic for 30–60 minutes was applied with pressure in the wound. Both groups presented similar bleeding complications [99]. In a similar clinical trial [100], 161 tooth extractions were performed in patients undertaking warfarin. After tooth extraction, an oxidized cellulose gauze was placed in the socket, and the wound was sutured. Patients were assigned to four groups, according to their INR range (INR was 1.5–1.99 in group 1; 2.0–2.49 in group 2; 2.5–2.99 in group 3; and 3.0–3.7 in group 4). No significant differences were found in the postoperative bleeding among groups.
\nBased on the latest evidence and clinical practice recommendations on the perioperative management of dental patients receiving direct oral anticoagulants, on single or dual antiplatelet therapy or vitamin K antagonists, as well as on the current scientific knowledge on biosurgical hemostatic agents, the following conclusions can be made:
The majority of dental procedures can be securely executed without the withholding of anticoagulants, using only local hemostatic therapy. In fact, current recommendations and consensus support the continuation of antiplatelet or anticoagulant therapy. Discontinuing these drugs can increase the risk of thromboembolism, at the cost of minor bleeding, which can be restrained without difficulty. The appropriate use of local hemostatic measures, such as topical biosurgical hemostatic agents, should always be considered whenever indicated.
In order to safely treat a patient receiving anticoagulant therapy, familiarity with anticoagulants and with the potential for drug–drug interactions is required, in addition to knowledge about the topical hemostatic options available.
Topical biosurgical hemostatic agents are diverse agents with distinct indications. The dental practitioner must be aware of the properties of each single agent, in order to properly select the product needed in each different clinical condition.
Based on current available data, no topical hemostatic agent can be regarded as superior or more effective than the others. Further experimental research and controlled clinical trials are warranted to define the most cost-effective biosurgical hemostatic agents in dentistry.
A definite protocol for excessive bleeding is still required for dental surgery in patients with hemorrhagic diathesis. The most effective local hemostatic agent with lesser complications should be determined in future research, considering their availability and cost-effectiveness.
The authors are grateful to Kisa Iqbal BSc Hons, DDS Candidate c/o 2020, New York University College of Dentistry, for editing this article.
\nThe authors declare no conflict of interest.
This is a brief overview of the main steps involved in publishing with IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books. Once you submit your proposal you will be appointed a Author Service Manager who will be your single point of contact and lead you through all the described steps below.
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The data provided by the medical laboratories have a direct impact on patient safety and a fault in any of processes such as strategic, operational and support, could affect it. To provide appreciate and reliable data to the physicians, it is important to emphasize the need to design risk management plan in the laboratory. Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) is an efficient technique for error detection and reduction. Technical Committee of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) licensed a technical specification for medical laboratories suggesting FMEA as a method for prospective risk analysis of high-risk processes. FMEA model helps to identify quality failures, their effects and risks with their reduction/elimination, which depends on severity, probability and detection. 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The RSO is delegated broad authority throughout the organization by senior management. This authority includes permission to stop unsafe practices and identifying radiation protection problems, initiating, recommending, or providing corrective actions and verifying implementation of these actions. For the most part, these efforts are focused on maintaining radiation doses to employees and the public ALARA. Regulations do not address a role for the RSO in reducing radiation exposure to patients, except when unnecessary exposure is suspected due to equipment malfunction or human error. There is increasing concern about the risks of cancer and other effects from the use of medical imaging procedures. 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One wrong action may or may not lead to an adverse event either because the abovementioned action did not cause any serious damage to patients’ health condition or because it was promptly detected and corrected. The concept of error, on the contrary, which is used alternatively in the study, refers to the adverse outcome of an action. The responsibility for the emergence of errors in healthcare systems is shared among the nature of the healthcare system that is governed by organizational and functional complexity, the multifaceted and uncertain nature of medical science, and the imperfections of human nature. Medical errors should be examined as errors of the healthcare system, in order to identify their root causes and develop preventive measures. 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He is also a faculty member in the Molecular Oncology Program. He obtained his MSc and Ph.D. at Oregon State University and Texas Tech University, respectively. He pursued his postdoctoral studies at Rutgers University Medical School and the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIDDK), USA. His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. 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In 2001, he went to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) in USA, where he was a post-doctoral researcher and focused on mass spectrometry and cancer proteomics. Then, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor of Neurology, UTHSC in 2005. He moved to the Cleveland Clinic in USA as a Project Scientist/Staff in 2006 where he focused on the studies of eye disease proteomics and biomarkers. He returned to UTHSC as an Assistant Professor of Neurology in the end of 2007, engaging in proteomics and biomarker studies of lung diseases and brain tumors, and initiating the studies of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) in cancer. In 2010, he was promoted to Associate Professor of Neurology, UTHSC. Currently, he is a Professor at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in China, Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM), the European EPMA National Representative in China, Regular Member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), European Cooperation of Science and Technology (e-COST) grant evaluator, Associate Editors of BMC Genomics, BMC Medical Genomics, EPMA Journal, and Frontiers in Endocrinology, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Med One. He has\npublished 116 peer-reviewed research articles, 16 book chapters, 2 books, and 2 US patents. His current main research interest focuses on the studies of cancer proteomics and biomarkers, and the use of modern omics techniques and systems biology for PPPM in cancer, and on the development and use of 2DE-LC/MS for the large-scale study of human proteoforms.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Xiangya Hospital Central South University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",middleName:null,surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038Ugi5QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:48:28.png",biography:"Biotechnologist with 15 years of research including 6 years of teaching experience. Demonstrated record of scientific achievements through consistent publication record (H index = 13, with 874 citations) in high impact journals such as Nature Communications, Oncotarget, Annals of Oncology, PNAS, and AJRCCM, etc. Strong research professional with a post-doctorate from ACTREC where I gained experimental oncology experience in clinical settings and a doctorate from IGIB where I gained expertise in asthma pathophysiology. A well-trained biotechnologist with diverse experience on the bench across different research themes ranging from asthma to cancer and other infectious diseases. An individual with a strong commitment and innovative mindset. Have the ability to work on diverse projects such as regenerative and molecular medicine with an overall mindset of improving healthcare.",institutionString:"DY Patil Deemed to Be University",institution:null},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035QxIDQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:47:01.jpg",biography:"Soumya Basu, Ph.D., is currently working as an Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India. With 16+ years of trans-disciplinary research experience in Drug Design, development, and pre-clinical validation; 20+ research article publications in journals of repute, 9+ years of teaching experience, trained with cross-disciplinary education, Dr. Basu is a life-long learner and always thrives for new challenges.\r\nHer research area is the design and synthesis of small molecule partial agonists of PPAR-γ in lung cancer. She is also using artificial intelligence and deep learning methods to understand the exosomal miRNA’s role in cancer metastasis. Dr. Basu is the recipient of many awards including the Early Career Research Award from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"354817",title:"Dr.",name:"Anubhab",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"anubhab-mukherjee",fullName:"Anubhab Mukherjee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y0000365PbRQAU/ProfilePicture%202022-04-15%2005%3A11%3A18.480",biography:"A former member of Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, USA, Dr. Anubhab Mukherjee is an ardent votary of science who strives to make an impact in the lives of those afflicted with cancer and other chronic/acute ailments. He completed his Ph.D. from CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India, having been skilled with RNAi, liposomal drug delivery, preclinical cell and animal studies. He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. Ltd. and heads the Hyderabad R&D center of the organization.",institutionString:"Esperer Onco Nutrition Pvt Ltd.",institution:null},{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/319365/images/system/319365.png",biography:"Manash K. Paul is a Principal Investigator and Scientist at the University of California Los Angeles. He has contributed significantly to the fields of stem cell biology, regenerative medicine, and lung cancer. His research focuses on various signaling processes involved in maintaining stem cell homeostasis during the injury-repair process, deciphering lung stem cell niche, pulmonary disease modeling, immuno-oncology, and drug discovery. He is currently investigating the role of extracellular vesicles in premalignant lung cell migration and detecting the metastatic phenotype of lung cancer via machine-learning-based analyses of exosomal signatures. Dr. Paul has published in more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and is highly cited. He is the recipient of many awards, including the UCLA Vice Chancellor’s award, a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and an editorial board member for several international journals.",institutionString:"University of California Los Angeles",institution:{name:"University of California Los Angeles",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329248",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Faheem",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"md.-faheem-haider",fullName:"Md. Faheem Haider",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329248/images/system/329248.jpg",biography:"Dr. Md. Faheem Haider completed his BPharm in 2012 at Integral University, Lucknow, India. In 2014, he completed his MPharm with specialization in Pharmaceutics at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India, in 2018. He was selected for the GPAT six times and his best All India Rank was 34. Currently, he is an assistant professor at Integral University. Previously he was an assistant professor at IIMT University, Meerut, India. He has experience teaching DPharm, Pharm.D, BPharm, and MPharm students. He has more than five publications in reputed journals to his credit. Dr. Faheem’s research area is the development and characterization of nanoformulation for the delivery of drugs to various organs.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",middleName:"Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329795/images/15648_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mohd Aftab Siddiqui is currently working as Assistant Professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow for the last 6 years. He has completed his Doctor in Philosophy (Pharmacology) in 2020 from Integral University, Lucknow. He completed his Bachelor in Pharmacy in 2013 and Master in Pharmacy (Pharmacology) in 2015 from Integral University, Lucknow. He is the gold medalist in Bachelor and Master degree. He qualified GPAT -2013, GPAT -2014, and GPAT 2015. His area of research is Pharmacological screening of herbal drugs/ natural products in liver and cardiac diseases. He has guided many M. Pharm. research projects. He has many national and international publications.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:null},{id:"333824",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmad Farouk",middleName:null,surname:"Musa",slug:"ahmad-farouk-musa",fullName:"Ahmad Farouk Musa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333824/images/22684_n.jpg",biography:"Dato’ Dr Ahmad Farouk Musa\nMD, MMED (Surgery) (Mal), Fellowship in Cardiothoracic Surgery (Monash Health, Aust), Graduate Certificate in Higher Education (Aust), Academy of Medicine (Mal)\n\n\n\nDato’ Dr Ahmad Farouk Musa obtained his Doctor of Medicine from USM in 1992. He then obtained his Master of Medicine in Surgery from the same university in the year 2000 before subspecialising in Cardiothoracic Surgery at Institut Jantung Negara (IJN), Kuala Lumpur from 2002 until 2005. He then completed his Fellowship in Cardiothoracic Surgery at Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia in 2008. He has served in the Malaysian army as a Medical Officer with the rank of Captain upon completing his Internship before joining USM as a trainee lecturer. He is now serving as an academic and researcher at Monash University Malaysia. He is a life-member of the Malaysian Association of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery (MATCVS) and a committee member of the MATCVS Database. He is also a life-member of the College of Surgeons, Academy of Medicine of Malaysia; a life-member of Malaysian Medical Association (MMA), and a life-member of Islamic Medical Association of Malaysia (IMAM). Recently he was appointed as an Interim Chairperson of Examination & Assessment Subcommittee of the UiTM-IJN Cardiothoracic Surgery Postgraduate Program. As an academic, he has published numerous research papers and book chapters. He has also been appointed to review many scientific manuscripts by established journals such as the British Medical Journal (BMJ). He has presented his research works at numerous local and international conferences such as the European Association for Cardiothoracic Surgery (EACTS) and the European Society of Cardiovascular Surgery (ESCVS), to name a few. He has also won many awards for his research presentations at meetings and conferences like the prestigious International Invention, Innovation & Technology Exhibition (ITEX); Design, Research and Innovation Exhibition, the National Conference on Medical Sciences and the Annual Scientific Meetings of the Malaysian Association for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. He was awarded the Darjah Setia Pangkuan Negeri (DSPN) by the Governor of Penang in July, 2015.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Monash University Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"30568",title:"Prof.",name:"Madhu",middleName:null,surname:"Khullar",slug:"madhu-khullar",fullName:"Madhu Khullar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/30568/images/system/30568.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madhu Khullar is a Professor of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology at the Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India. She completed her Post Doctorate in hypertension research at the Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, USA in 1985. She is an editor and reviewer of several international journals, and a fellow and member of several cardiovascular research societies. Dr. Khullar has a keen research interest in genetics of hypertension, and is currently studying pharmacogenetics of hypertension.",institutionString:"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research",institution:{name:"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223233/images/system/223233.png",biography:"Xianquan Zhan received his MD and Ph.D. in Preventive Medicine at West China University of Medical Sciences. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics at the Central South University, China, and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), USA. He worked at UTHSC and the Cleveland Clinic in 2001–2012 and achieved the rank of associate professor at UTHSC. Currently, he is a full professor at Central South University and Shandong First Medical University, and an advisor to MS/PhD students and postdoctoral fellows. He is also a fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine and European Association for Predictive Preventive Personalized Medicine (EPMA), a national representative of EPMA, and a member of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) and the American Association for the Advancement of Sciences (AAAS). He is also the editor in chief of International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, an associate editor of EPMA Journal, Frontiers in Endocrinology, and BMC Medical Genomics, and a guest editor of Mass Spectrometry Reviews, Frontiers in Endocrinology, EPMA Journal, and Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. He has published more than 148 articles, 28 book chapters, 6 books, and 2 US patents in the field of clinical proteomics and biomarkers.",institutionString:"Shandong First Medical University",institution:{name:"Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"297507",title:"Dr.",name:"Charles",middleName:"Elias",surname:"Assmann",slug:"charles-assmann",fullName:"Charles Assmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/297507/images/system/297507.jpg",biography:"Charles Elias Assmann is a biologist from Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM, Brazil), who spent some time abroad at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU, Germany). He has Masters Degree in Biochemistry (UFSM), and is currently a PhD student at Biochemistry at the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of the UFSM. His areas of expertise include: Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Enzymology, Genetics and Toxicology. He is currently working on the following subjects: Aluminium toxicity, Neuroinflammation, Oxidative stress and Purinergic system. Since 2011 he has presented more than 80 abstracts in scientific proceedings of national and international meetings. Since 2014, he has published more than 20 peer reviewed papers (including 4 reviews, 3 in Portuguese) and 2 book chapters. 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He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/81926/images/system/81926.png",institutionString:"Suez Canal University",institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/301310",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"301310"},fullPath:"/profiles/301310",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()