Ongoing trials comparing ASA vs. the new oral anticoagulants in ESUS patients.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-signs-new-contract-with-cepiec-china-for-distribution-of-open-access-books-20210319",title:"IntechOpen Signs New Contract with CEPIEC, China for Distribution of Open Access Books"},{slug:"150-million-downloads-and-counting-20210316",title:"150 Million Downloads and Counting"},{slug:"intechopen-secures-indefinite-content-preservation-with-clockss-20210309",title:"IntechOpen Secures Indefinite Content Preservation with CLOCKSS"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-to-all-global-amazon-channels-with-full-catalog-of-books-20210308",title:"IntechOpen Expands to All Global Amazon Channels with Full Catalog of Books"},{slug:"stanford-university-identifies-top-2-scientists-over-1-000-are-intechopen-authors-and-editors-20210122",title:"Stanford University Identifies Top 2% Scientists, Over 1,000 are IntechOpen Authors and Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-authors-included-in-the-highly-cited-researchers-list-for-2020-20210121",title:"IntechOpen Authors Included in the Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020"},{slug:"intechopen-maintains-position-as-the-world-s-largest-oa-book-publisher-20201218",title:"IntechOpen Maintains Position as the World’s Largest OA Book Publisher"},{slug:"all-intechopen-books-available-on-perlego-20201215",title:"All IntechOpen Books Available on Perlego"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"4557",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Toxicology Studies - Cells, Drugs and Environment",title:"Toxicology Studies",subtitle:"Cells, Drugs and Environment",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The increased exposure to toxins, toxicants and novel drugs has promoted toxicology to become one of the most important areas of research with emerging innovative toxicity testing protocols, techniques, and regulation being placed. Since the bioactivation of many toxins and toxicants and its consequences on human health are not clearly known, this book offers a quick overview of cellular toxicology through the cell, drug and environmental toxicity. This book does not strive to be comprehensive but instead offers a quick overview of principle aspects of toxins and toxicants in order to familiarize the key principles of toxicology. The book is divided into three main sections,; the first one discusses the role of mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and mitochondrial drug development. The second and third sections bring light to forensic toxicology and drug poisoning followed by environmental toxicity.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-2140-4",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4220-1",doi:"10.5772/58714",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"toxicology-studies-cells-drugs-and-environment",numberOfPages:244,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,hash:"e547709cb19f12af25b2eb23aecc726d",bookSignature:"Ana Cristina Andreazza and Gustavo Scola",publishedDate:"July 8th 2015",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4557.jpg",numberOfDownloads:19703,numberOfWosCitations:46,numberOfCrossrefCitations:29,numberOfDimensionsCitations:59,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:134,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"June 2nd 2014",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 30th 2014",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 27th 2014",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 26th 2014",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 25th 2015",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,8,9",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"172081",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Andreazza",slug:"ana-cristina-andreazza",fullName:"Ana Cristina Andreazza",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/172081/images/4285_n.jpg",biography:"Ana Cristina Andreazza obtained her PhD in Biochemistry from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Brazil in May 2008. Her research interests include the role of biochemical pathways in the pathophysiology of mood disorder, particularly those involving oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Specifically, she is interested in exploring the possible connections between molecular mechanisms that lead to synaptic alterations and those which may be potential avenues for therapy. For example, many proteins are targets for oxidative damage in BD, which include dopamine, synaptophysin, cytochrome C, in addition to mitochondrial proteins. Given the clear evidence from multiple sources of increased oxidative stress in BD, Dr. Andreazza\\'s next step is to identify the protein targets for oxidation in BD. Dr. Andreazza has published several research articles in peer reviewed journals and has presented her work at several national and international scientific conferences. Currently, Dr. Andreazza is an Assistant Professor at Department of Pharmacology at the University of Toronto and is cross-appointed as an Independent Scientist at Centre for Addiction and Mental Health in Toronto, Canada, and an Assistant Professor at Department of Psychiatry at the University of Toronto.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"252347",title:"Dr.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Scola",slug:"gustavo-scola",fullName:"Gustavo Scola",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252347/images/system/252347.jpg",biography:"I am an emerging young scientist in the application of molecular biology in psychiatric, neurological disorders, heart failure, and cancer. My career has been shaped by several early accomplishments that have formed my current academic development and achievements. As a physiology student who graduated in 2005, I was awarded a Master's Degree in 2008 for my work on natural antioxidant compounds for the treatment of neurological diseases. As a result of my achievements at the time, holding a competitive scholarship and several successful publications, I was accepted to a Ph.D. program at the Institute of Biotechnology. During my period as a Ph.D. student, I was awarded a competitive graduate research fellowship from the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (Brazil) to develop part of my thesis at the University of Toronto in 2011. Because of my research competence and achievements at that time, I was awarded a four-year postdoctoral research fellowship, researching markers of mitochondrial dysfunction in psychiatric disorders.\nIn recognition of my research excellence and leading contribution to the field of psychiatry, I have received several awards and distinctions. In 2014, I was nominated by the Department of Psychiatry for my outstanding research accomplishments as a fellow in mitochondrial dysfunction in psychiatric illnesses. On an international level, I was a recipient of the 2016 American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Senior Researcher Award, which recognizes explicitly senior researchers who have made a significant contribution to scientific progress in adolescent psychiatry.\nTo date, my research has provided several valuable insights into the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders. As a logical extension of my current-funded work, I am investigating the role of posttranslational and posttranscriptional factors in modulating mitochondrial function in mental illnesses, heart failure, and cancer. By identifying a set of brain/tissue-blood based markers that are characteristic of psychiatric disorders or blood-based markers of heart failure, I endeavor to translate this knowledge into something that might be tangible for therapy and biomarker development.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1207",title:"Forensic Toxicology",slug:"forensic-toxicology"}],chapters:[{id:"48151",title:"Pathological Aspects with Global Impact Induced by Toxicants at Cellular Level",doi:"10.5772/59945",slug:"pathological-aspects-with-global-impact-induced-by-toxicants-at-cellular-level",totalDownloads:1651,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Dorina E. Coricovac and Cristina A. Dehelean",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/48151",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/48151",authors:[{id:"141027",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristina",surname:"Dehelean",slug:"cristina-dehelean",fullName:"Cristina Dehelean"},{id:"173283",title:"Dr.",name:"Dorina",surname:"Coricovac",slug:"dorina-coricovac",fullName:"Dorina Coricovac"}],corrections:null},{id:"47834",title:"Mitochondrial Dysfunction on the Toxic Effects of Anticancer Agents— From Lab Bench to Bedside",doi:"10.5772/59488",slug:"mitochondrial-dysfunction-on-the-toxic-effects-of-anticancer-agents-from-lab-bench-to-bedside",totalDownloads:1545,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Mariana Ponte Cardoso Ribeiro, Armanda Emanuela Castro e\nSantos and José Barata Antunes Custódio",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/47834",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/47834",authors:[{id:"172268",title:"Prof.",name:"José",surname:"Custódio",slug:"jose-custodio",fullName:"José Custódio"},{id:"172738",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariana",surname:"Ribeiro",slug:"mariana-ribeiro",fullName:"Mariana Ribeiro"},{id:"172739",title:"Prof.",name:"Armanda",surname:"Santos",slug:"armanda-santos",fullName:"Armanda Santos"}],corrections:null},{id:"48230",title:"Mitochondrial Targeting for Drug Development",doi:"10.5772/59719",slug:"mitochondrial-targeting-for-drug-development",totalDownloads:2433,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,signatures:"Jalal Pourahmad, Ahmad Salimi and Enayatollah Seydi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/48230",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/48230",authors:[{id:"172672",title:"Prof.",name:"Jalal",surname:"Pourahmad",slug:"jalal-pourahmad",fullName:"Jalal Pourahmad"}],corrections:null},{id:"48302",title:"Forensic Toxicology",doi:"10.5772/60445",slug:"forensic-toxicology",totalDownloads:1642,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Donata Favretto, Massimo Montisci and Rossella Snenghi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/48302",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/48302",authors:[{id:"172305",title:"Prof.",name:"Donata",surname:"Favretto",slug:"donata-favretto",fullName:"Donata Favretto"},{id:"172775",title:"Dr.",name:"Rossella",surname:"Snenghi",slug:"rossella-snenghi",fullName:"Rossella Snenghi"}],corrections:null},{id:"48295",title:"Tramadol Poisoning",doi:"10.5772/60439",slug:"tramadol-poisoning",totalDownloads:3451,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:6,signatures:"Omid Mehrpour, Mohammaddavood Sharifi and Nasim Zamani",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/48295",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/48295",authors:[{id:"172571",title:"Dr.",name:"Omid",surname:"Mehrpour",slug:"omid-mehrpour",fullName:"Omid Mehrpour"}],corrections:null},{id:"48190",title:"How to Answer the Question — Are Drugs Real Threats to Biological Systems or Overrated Innocuous Chemicals?",doi:"10.5772/59886",slug:"how-to-answer-the-question-are-drugs-real-threats-to-biological-systems-or-overrated-innocuous-chemi",totalDownloads:1326,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Bruno Nunes",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/48190",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/48190",authors:[{id:"172849",title:"Dr.",name:"Bruno",surname:"Nunes",slug:"bruno-nunes",fullName:"Bruno Nunes"}],corrections:null},{id:"48270",title:"Estrogenic Compounds in Estuarine and Coastal Water Environments of the Iberian Western Atlantic Coast and Selected Locations Worldwide — Relevancy, Trends and Challenges in View of the EU Water Framework Directive",doi:"10.5772/59885",slug:"estrogenic-compounds-in-estuarine-and-coastal-water-environments-of-the-iberian-western-atlantic-coa",totalDownloads:1377,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:6,signatures:"Maria João Rocha and Eduardo Rocha",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/48270",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/48270",authors:[{id:"172652",title:"Prof.",name:"Eduardo",surname:"Rocha",slug:"eduardo-rocha",fullName:"Eduardo Rocha"},{id:"172670",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria João",surname:"Rocha",slug:"maria-joao-rocha",fullName:"Maria João Rocha"}],corrections:null},{id:"48406",title:"Impact of Pesticides on Environmental and Human Health",doi:"10.5772/59710",slug:"impact-of-pesticides-on-environmental-and-human-health",totalDownloads:6287,totalCrossrefCites:15,totalDimensionsCites:38,signatures:"Mariana Furio Franco Bernardes, Murilo Pazin, Lilian Cristina Pereira\nand Daniel Junqueira Dorta",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/48406",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/48406",authors:[{id:"172524",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Dorta",slug:"daniel-dorta",fullName:"Daniel Dorta"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"872",title:"Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention",subtitle:"Environmental and Analytical Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f01dc7077e1d23f3d8f5454985cafa0a",slug:"organic-pollutants-ten-years-after-the-stockholm-convention-environmental-and-analytical-update",bookSignature:"Tomasz Puzyn and Aleksandra Mostrag-Szlichtyng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/872.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84887",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",surname:"Puzyn",slug:"tomasz-puzyn",fullName:"Tomasz Puzyn"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"66064",slug:"corrigendum-to-textured-bst-thin-film-on-silicon-substrate-preparation-and-its-applications-for-high",title:"Corrigendum to: Textured BST Thin Film on Silicon Substrate: Preparation and Its Applications for High Frequency Tunable Devices",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/66064.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66064",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66064",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/66064",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/66064",chapter:{id:"62285",slug:"textured-bst-thin-film-on-silicon-substrate-preparation-and-its-applications-for-high-frequency-tuna",signatures:"Congchun Zhang, Jianze Huang, Chunsheng Yang and Guifu Ding",dateSubmitted:"February 7th 2018",dateReviewed:"June 3rd 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"January 3rd 2019",book:{id:"7253",title:"Coatings and Thin-Film Technologies",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Coatings and Thin-Film Technologies",slug:"coatings-and-thin-film-technologies",publishedDate:"January 3rd 2019",bookSignature:"Jaime Andres Perez-Taborda and Alba G. Avila Bernal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7253.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"193020",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime Andres",middleName:null,surname:"Perez Taborda",slug:"jaime-andres-perez-taborda",fullName:"Jaime Andres Perez Taborda"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"33329",title:"Prof.",name:"guifu",middleName:null,surname:"Ding",fullName:"guifu Ding",slug:"guifu-ding",email:"gfding@sjtu.edu.cn",position:null,institution:{name:"Shanghai Jiao Tong University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"244624",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Congchun",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Congchun Zhang",slug:"congchun-zhang",email:"zhcc@sjtu.edu.cn",position:null,institution:null},{id:"255541",title:"Mr.",name:"Jianze",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Jianze Huang",slug:"jianze-huang",email:"huangjz420@sjtu.edu.cn",position:null,institution:null},{id:"255547",title:"Mr.",name:"Chunsheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Chunsheng Yang",slug:"chunsheng-yang",email:"csyang@sjtu.edu.cn",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"62285",slug:"textured-bst-thin-film-on-silicon-substrate-preparation-and-its-applications-for-high-frequency-tuna",signatures:"Congchun Zhang, Jianze Huang, Chunsheng Yang and Guifu Ding",dateSubmitted:"February 7th 2018",dateReviewed:"June 3rd 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"January 3rd 2019",book:{id:"7253",title:"Coatings and Thin-Film Technologies",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Coatings and Thin-Film Technologies",slug:"coatings-and-thin-film-technologies",publishedDate:"January 3rd 2019",bookSignature:"Jaime Andres Perez-Taborda and Alba G. Avila Bernal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7253.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"193020",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime Andres",middleName:null,surname:"Perez Taborda",slug:"jaime-andres-perez-taborda",fullName:"Jaime Andres Perez Taborda"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"33329",title:"Prof.",name:"guifu",middleName:null,surname:"Ding",fullName:"guifu Ding",slug:"guifu-ding",email:"gfding@sjtu.edu.cn",position:null,institution:{name:"Shanghai Jiao Tong University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"244624",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Congchun",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Congchun Zhang",slug:"congchun-zhang",email:"zhcc@sjtu.edu.cn",position:null,institution:null},{id:"255541",title:"Mr.",name:"Jianze",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Jianze Huang",slug:"jianze-huang",email:"huangjz420@sjtu.edu.cn",position:null,institution:null},{id:"255547",title:"Mr.",name:"Chunsheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Chunsheng Yang",slug:"chunsheng-yang",email:"csyang@sjtu.edu.cn",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"7253",title:"Coatings and Thin-Film Technologies",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Coatings and Thin-Film Technologies",slug:"coatings-and-thin-film-technologies",publishedDate:"January 3rd 2019",bookSignature:"Jaime Andres Perez-Taborda and Alba G. Avila Bernal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7253.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"193020",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime Andres",middleName:null,surname:"Perez Taborda",slug:"jaime-andres-perez-taborda",fullName:"Jaime Andres Perez Taborda"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"8985",leadTitle:null,title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The natural resources of the Earth are indispensable for the survival of humans, plants, and animals and for the state of biodiversity. The way they are managed determines the extent to which they will be preserved for future generations. Climate change underscores the need for the proper use of natural resources. This book brings together reviews of literature and the results of research studies on the status and management of soil, water, plant, and wildlife resources, especially as they relate to the biological sciences, in Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, and Latin America. It covers work on classification and inventories, impacts of anthropogenic activities, and exploitation and conservation. The book will be of interest to scientists and practitioners of natural resource management worldwide.",isbn:"978-1-83880-465-7",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-464-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-600-9",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82948",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",numberOfPages:386,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",publishedDate:"February 17th 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:3635,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:2,numberOfDimensionsCitations:7,numberOfTotalCitations:9,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 25th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 1st 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 30th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 18th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 18th 2020",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 years",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/280886/images/system/280886.jpg",biography:"Edward Ronald Rhodes has a BSc in Agriculture from the University of Sierra Leone and a Ph.D. in Soil Science from Aberdeen University, United Kingdom. He is a Professor Emeritus of Soil Science in the Department of Soil Science, Njala University, Sierra Leone. He has about 30 years’ experience in teaching and conducting and supervising research at Njala University. He was a Fulbright-Hays Research Scholar at Colorado State University, USA. He was a staff member (Senior Scientist) of IFDC, in Togo and of the FAO (Component Advisor) in Malawi. He is a member of the College of Research Associates United Nations University Institute for Natural Resources in Africa. Professor Rhodes was President of the University of Sierra Leone Research Council and, more recently, the Prochancellor of Njala University.",institutionString:"Njala University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Njala University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sierra Leone"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"50322",title:"Dr.",name:"Humood",middleName:null,surname:"Naser",slug:"humood-naser",fullName:"Humood Naser",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/50322/images/system/50322.png",biography:"Dr. Humood Naser is an Associate Professor of Environmental Biology at the Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Bahrain. Naser holds a Ph.D. in Environmental Biology from Newcastle University, and an M.Sc. in Integrated Environmental Studies from the University of Southampton, UK. He is the author of four books, five chapters, and several articles published in reputed journals. His general research interests include environmental and ecological impact assessment, conservation biology, effects of environmental pollutants on species and ecosystems, environmental quality monitoring, and sustainable development.",institutionString:"University of Bahrain",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Bahrain",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Bahrain"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"136",title:"Environmental Sustainability",slug:"environmental-sciences-environmental-sustainability"}],chapters:[{id:"68714",title:"Taxonomical Keys for Morphological Identification of Coral-Associated Polychaetes from Great Nicobar Islands",slug:"taxonomical-keys-for-morphological-identification-of-coral-associated-polychaetes-from-great-nicobar",totalDownloads:204,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"227990",title:"Dr.",name:"Srinivasan",surname:"Balakrishnan",slug:"srinivasan-balakrishnan",fullName:"Srinivasan Balakrishnan"},{id:"308613",title:"Dr.",name:"Sekar",surname:"Veera",slug:"sekar-veera",fullName:"Sekar Veera"},{id:"308614",title:"Dr.",name:"R.",surname:"Rajasekaran",slug:"r.-rajasekaran",fullName:"R. Rajasekaran"}]},{id:"68900",title:"Ground Forest Inventory and Assessment of Carbon Stocks in Sierra Leone, West Africa",slug:"ground-forest-inventory-and-assessment-of-carbon-stocks-in-sierra-leone-west-africa",totalDownloads:211,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"305409",title:"Mr.",name:"Stephen",surname:"Mattia",slug:"stephen-mattia",fullName:"Stephen Mattia"},{id:"305411",title:"Mr.",name:"Sampha",surname:"Sesay",slug:"sampha-sesay",fullName:"Sampha Sesay"}]},{id:"67819",title:"Physical Vulnerabilities from Wildfires: Flames, Floods, and Debris Flows",slug:"physical-vulnerabilities-from-wildfires-flames-floods-and-debris-flows",totalDownloads:315,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"40845",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Neary",slug:"daniel-neary",fullName:"Daniel Neary"},{id:"276254",title:"Dr.",name:"Jackson",surname:"Leonard",slug:"jackson-leonard",fullName:"Jackson Leonard"}]},{id:"71854",title:"Succession after Fire in a Coastal Pine Forest in Norway",slug:"succession-after-fire-in-a-coastal-pine-forest-in-norway",totalDownloads:141,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"317115",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Oddvar",surname:"Skre",slug:"oddvar-skre",fullName:"Oddvar Skre"}]},{id:"68635",title:"Human Impacts on Coral Reef Ecosystem",slug:"human-impacts-on-coral-reef-ecosystem",totalDownloads:243,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"300468",title:"Dr.",name:"Hussein",surname:"El-Naggar",slug:"hussein-el-naggar",fullName:"Hussein El-Naggar"}]},{id:"70462",title:"Human Factors: The Impact on Industry and the Environment",slug:"human-factors-the-impact-on-industry-and-the-environment",totalDownloads:299,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"312015",title:"Ms.",name:"Fiona",surname:"Campbell",slug:"fiona-campbell",fullName:"Fiona Campbell"}]},{id:"72731",title:"Soil Carbon Restoration through Conservation Agriculture",slug:"soil-carbon-restoration-through-conservation-agriculture",totalDownloads:191,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"311663",title:"Dr.",name:"Prasanna",surname:"Pal",slug:"prasanna-pal",fullName:"Prasanna Pal"},{id:"320711",title:"Ms.",name:"Satarupa",surname:"Ghosh",slug:"satarupa-ghosh",fullName:"Satarupa Ghosh"},{id:"320977",title:"Ms.",name:"Snigdha",surname:"Chatterjee",slug:"snigdha-chatterjee",fullName:"Snigdha Chatterjee"}]},{id:"71798",title:"Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Plant Adaptation to Arid Ecosystem of Bou-Hedma National Park in Tunisia",slug:"effects-of-arbuscular-mycorrhizal-fungi-on-plant-adaptation-to-arid-ecosystem-of-bou-hedma-national-",totalDownloads:73,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"293907",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed",surname:"Mars",slug:"mohamed-mars",fullName:"Mohamed Mars"},{id:"315768",title:"Dr.",name:"Neji",surname:"Mahmoudi",slug:"neji-mahmoudi",fullName:"Neji Mahmoudi"},{id:"317009",title:"Dr.",name:"Mosbah",surname:"Mahdhi",slug:"mosbah-mahdhi",fullName:"Mosbah Mahdhi"}]},{id:"72231",title:"Use of Geoinformatics Techniques for the Assessment and Mapping of Soil Salinity: Concepts and Applications",slug:"use-of-geoinformatics-techniques-for-the-assessment-and-mapping-of-soil-salinity-concepts-and-applic",totalDownloads:71,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"218356",title:"Dr.",name:"Olumuyiwa",surname:"Ojo",slug:"olumuyiwa-ojo",fullName:"Olumuyiwa Ojo"},{id:"318577",title:"Prof.",name:"Masengo Francois",surname:"Ilunga",slug:"masengo-francois-ilunga",fullName:"Masengo Francois Ilunga"}]},{id:"72103",title:"Water Management Strategies and Cultural Practices for Strawberry Establishment in Florida",slug:"water-management-strategies-and-cultural-practices-for-strawberry-establishment-in-florida",totalDownloads:158,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"317339",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Emmanuel",surname:"Torres Quezada",slug:"emmanuel-torres-quezada",fullName:"Emmanuel Torres Quezada"},{id:"317340",title:"Dr.",name:"Bielinski",surname:"Santos",slug:"bielinski-santos",fullName:"Bielinski Santos"},{id:"319813",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabel",surname:"Torres Quezada",slug:"isabel-torres-quezada",fullName:"Isabel Torres Quezada"}]},{id:"70171",title:"Managing and Sustaining the Coupled Water-Land-Food Systems in the Context of Global Change: How Qualitative System Dynamic Modelling Can Assist in Understanding and Designing High-Leverage Interventions",slug:"managing-and-sustaining-the-coupled-water-land-food-systems-in-the-context-of-global-change-how-qual",totalDownloads:182,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"304077",title:"Dr.",name:"Julius",surname:"Kotir",slug:"julius-kotir",fullName:"Julius Kotir"}]},{id:"70596",title:"Need for a Collaborative Natural Resource Management Strategy for the Marine Environment—The Case of Plastics in the Mediterranean",slug:"need-for-a-collaborative-natural-resource-management-strategy-for-the-marine-environment-the-case-of",totalDownloads:124,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"108542",title:"Dr.",name:"Michel Soto",surname:"Chalhoub",slug:"michel-soto-chalhoub",fullName:"Michel Soto Chalhoub"}]},{id:"72038",title:"Treatment of Solid Waste Containing Metals by Biological Methods",slug:"treatment-of-solid-waste-containing-metals-by-biological-methods",totalDownloads:129,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"316745",title:"Dr.",name:"Marlenne",surname:"Gomez-Ramirez",slug:"marlenne-gomez-ramirez",fullName:"Marlenne Gomez-Ramirez"},{id:"316788",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Sergio A",surname:"Tenorio-Sánchez",slug:"sergio-a-tenorio-sanchez",fullName:"Sergio A Tenorio-Sánchez"}]},{id:"72286",title:"Protected Areas in Cameroon at the Mercy of the 2035 Emergent Project",slug:"protected-areas-in-cameroon-at-the-mercy-of-the-2035-emergent-project",totalDownloads:166,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"214710",title:"Dr.",name:"Bienvenu Magloire Takem",surname:"Mbi",slug:"bienvenu-magloire-takem-mbi",fullName:"Bienvenu Magloire Takem Mbi"},{id:"316244",title:"Mr.",name:"Aloysious Aloy",surname:"Kohtem Lebga",slug:"aloysious-aloy-kohtem-lebga",fullName:"Aloysious Aloy Kohtem Lebga"}]},{id:"72058",title:"Sustainable Management of Tropical Dry Forests: An Overview from Cameroonian Context and the Special Case of Mozogo-Gokoro National Park",slug:"sustainable-management-of-tropical-dry-forests-an-overview-from-cameroonian-context-and-the-special-",totalDownloads:218,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"143856",title:"Dr.",name:"Adamou",surname:"Ibrahima",slug:"adamou-ibrahima",fullName:"Adamou Ibrahima"},{id:"316426",title:"Dr.",name:"Rodrigue Constant",surname:"Sandjong Sani",slug:"rodrigue-constant-sandjong-sani",fullName:"Rodrigue Constant Sandjong Sani"},{id:"318179",title:"Dr.",name:"Mama",surname:"Ntoupka",slug:"mama-ntoupka",fullName:"Mama Ntoupka"},{id:"318180",title:"Prof.",name:"Toua",surname:"Vroumsia",slug:"toua-vroumsia",fullName:"Toua Vroumsia"},{id:"318181",title:"Prof.",name:"N",surname:"Tchobsala",slug:"n-tchobsala",fullName:"N Tchobsala"}]},{id:"68844",title:"Challenges of Conservation and Sustainable Management of African Rosewood (Pterocarpuserinaceus) in West Africa",slug:"challenges-of-conservation-and-sustainable-management-of-african-rosewood-em-pterocarpus-em-em-erina",totalDownloads:347,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"50015",title:"Prof.",name:"Kokou",surname:"Kouami",slug:"kokou-kouami",fullName:"Kokou Kouami"},{id:"304170",title:"Dr.",name:"Kossi",surname:"Adjonou",slug:"kossi-adjonou",fullName:"Kossi Adjonou"},{id:"309621",title:"Prof.",name:"Ouinsavi",surname:"Christine",slug:"ouinsavi-christine",fullName:"Ouinsavi Christine"},{id:"309622",title:"Dr.",name:"Rabiou",surname:"Habou",slug:"rabiou-habou",fullName:"Rabiou Habou"},{id:"309623",title:"Dr.",name:"Segla",surname:"Kossi Novinyo",slug:"segla-kossi-novinyo",fullName:"Segla Kossi Novinyo"},{id:"309624",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Komla",surname:"Abotsi",slug:"komla-abotsi",fullName:"Komla Abotsi"},{id:"309625",title:"MSc.",name:"Johnson",surname:"Benziwa Nathalie",slug:"johnson-benziwa-nathalie",fullName:"Johnson Benziwa Nathalie"},{id:"309626",title:"MSc.",name:"Alaba",surname:"Pyoabalo",slug:"alaba-pyoabalo",fullName:"Alaba Pyoabalo"},{id:"309627",title:"Prof.",name:"Quashie Épouse Mensah Attoh",surname:"Akossiwoa Marie-Luce",slug:"quashie-epouse-mensah-attoh-akossiwoa-marie-luce",fullName:"Quashie Épouse Mensah Attoh Akossiwoa Marie-Luce"},{id:"309628",title:"Prof.",name:"Kokutse",surname:"Adzo Dzifa",slug:"kokutse-adzo-dzifa",fullName:"Kokutse Adzo Dzifa"}]},{id:"69922",title:"The Utilization and Conservation of Indigenous Wild Plant Resources in the Limpopo Province, South Africa",slug:"the-utilization-and-conservation-of-indigenous-wild-plant-resources-in-the-limpopo-province-south-af",totalDownloads:101,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"277762",title:"Mr.",name:"Matjutla",surname:"Mokgoebo",slug:"matjutla-mokgoebo",fullName:"Matjutla Mokgoebo"},{id:"306706",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebua",surname:"Semenya",slug:"sebua-semenya",fullName:"Sebua Semenya"}]},{id:"71524",title:"Brazilian Amazon Plants: An Overview of Chemical Composition and Biological Activity",slug:"brazilian-amazon-plants-an-overview-of-chemical-composition-and-biological-activity",totalDownloads:161,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"313643",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Fabio",surname:"Pieri",slug:"fabio-pieri",fullName:"Fabio Pieri"},{id:"317144",title:"Mr.",name:"Reinaldo Martins",surname:"Cunha-Junior",slug:"reinaldo-martins-cunha-junior",fullName:"Reinaldo Martins Cunha-Junior"},{id:"317145",title:"Ms.",name:"Pamela Buenos Aires",surname:"Domingues",slug:"pamela-buenos-aires-domingues",fullName:"Pamela Buenos Aires Domingues"},{id:"317147",title:"Mr.",name:"Rafael De Oliveira",surname:"Ambrósio",slug:"rafael-de-oliveira-ambrosio",fullName:"Rafael De Oliveira Ambrósio"},{id:"317148",title:"Mr.",name:"Caio Augusto Freitas",surname:"Martins",slug:"caio-augusto-freitas-martins",fullName:"Caio Augusto Freitas Martins"},{id:"317149",title:"Ms.",name:"Jéssica Genoveva Boline Passarelli Capaz Pinto",surname:"Da Silva",slug:"jessica-genoveva-boline-passarelli-capaz-pinto-da-silva",fullName:"Jéssica Genoveva Boline Passarelli Capaz Pinto Da Silva"}]},{id:"70009",title:"The Contribution of Research in Combating Wildlife Poaching in Tanzania: Review of Existing Literature",slug:"the-contribution-of-research-in-combating-wildlife-poaching-in-tanzania-review-of-existing-literatur",totalDownloads:306,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"280695",title:"Prof.",name:"Jafari R.",surname:"Kideghesho",slug:"jafari-r.-kideghesho",fullName:"Jafari R. Kideghesho"}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"205697",firstName:"Kristina",lastName:"Kardum Cvitan",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/205697/images/5186_n.jpg",email:"kristina.k@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6170",title:"Arid Environments and Sustainability",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e0649511530c554a4cd5baf9432a4d3c",slug:"arid-environments-and-sustainability",bookSignature:"Hasan Arman and Ibrahim Yuksel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6170.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"143532",title:"Prof.",name:"Hasan",surname:"Arman",slug:"hasan-arman",fullName:"Hasan Arman"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8264",title:"New Frontiers on Life Cycle Assessment",subtitle:"Theory and Application",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"59f13958eb30b72de4f8d1bc63f6dd2d",slug:"new-frontiers-on-life-cycle-assessment-theory-and-application",bookSignature:"Antonella Petrillo and Fabio De Felice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8264.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8903",title:"Carbon-Based Material for Environmental Protection and Remediation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"19da699b370f320eca63ef2ba02f745d",slug:"carbon-based-material-for-environmental-protection-and-remediation",bookSignature:"Mattia Bartoli, Marco Frediani and Luca Rosi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8903.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"188999",title:"Dr.",name:"Mattia",surname:"Bartoli",slug:"mattia-bartoli",fullName:"Mattia Bartoli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8983",title:"Sustainability Concept In Developing Countries",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2b7e452ede9e56b4a3b7e35c835f8446",slug:"sustainability-concept-in-developing-countries",bookSignature:"Surendra N. Kulshreshtha",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8983.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37057",title:"Dr.",name:"Surendra N.",surname:"Kulshreshtha",slug:"surendra-n.-kulshreshtha",fullName:"Surendra N. Kulshreshtha"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7720",title:"CO2 Sequestration",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ed248a547024414e5c4fb0b149f8565f",slug:"co2-sequestration",bookSignature:"Leidivan Almeida Frazão, Adriana Marcela Silva-Olaya and Junio Cota Silva",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7720.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"237834",title:"Prof.",name:"Leidivan",surname:"Almeida Frazão",slug:"leidivan-almeida-frazao",fullName:"Leidivan Almeida Frazão"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"52117",title:"Cryptogenic Stroke",doi:"10.5772/65045",slug:"cryptogenic-stroke",body:'\nCryptogenic stroke is a kind of stroke without a known cause, with a negative screening for a definite cause, such as cardioembolism, atherothrombosis, arterial dissection, and lacunar stroke [1]. This term was introduced in 1988 [1] and has gained importance because of the need to clarify the stroke cause for its effective treatment and secondary prevention. The definition of the stroke etiology is of great importance since it is directly related to its prognosis and treatment and guides the secondary prevention strategy.
\nKnown atherothrombotic stroke responds reasonably well to antiplatelet (AG), and cardioembolic stroke responds better to anticoagulant than to AG, and therefore, there should be a careful etiological definition. The risk of recurrence of a cryptogenic stroke is high [2, 3], because it surely is not being adequately prevented. Recently, the term ESUS (“embolic stroke undetermined source”) has been used to describe these cases [4], since most of these cases of cryptogenic strokes are embolic with an undetermined the source of embolism.
\nThere are several classifications and scales to help determine the etiologic diagnosis of stroke. The TOAST (Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment) Subtype Classification System [1] has been widely used and divides the acute ischemic stroke in five subtypes according to their causes: atherosclerosis of large arteries (carotid and cerebral), cardioembolic, occlusion of small vessels (lacunar), certain other causes (e.g., thrombophilias), and undetermined cause (cryptogenic stroke). The prevalence of cryptogenic strokes varies from 20 to 40% of all subtypes of stroke in most studies [2, 3].
\nRecently, researchers have discussed deeply on why the incidence of this event has remained high over the years. Often the investigation is incomplete, but in many cases, this investigation is adequate, and yet it is not possible to identify the cause of the stroke. In these cases, the first suspicion should be for a transient or reversible mechanism [4, 5].
\nMany different pathophysiological mechanisms have been proposed as possible causes for a cryptogenic stroke [4]:\n
Cardioembolic sources, such as mitral annular calcification, aortic valve stenosis, aortic valve calcification, atrial asystole and sick sinus syndrome, atrial high rate episodes, atrial appendage stasis with reduced flow velocities or spontaneous echodensities atrial structural abnormalities, atrial septal aneurysm, Chiari network, moderate systolic or diastolic dysfunction (global or regional), ventricular non-compaction, endomyocardial fibrosis, covert paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.
Cancer-associated emboli: covert nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis, tumor emboli from occult cancer.
Arteriogenic emboli: aortic arch atherosclerotic plaques, cerebral artery non-stenotic plaques with ulceration.
Paradoxical embolism: patent foramen ovale, atrial septal defect, pulmonary arteriovenous fistula.
The cardioembolic mechanisms as possible genesis of cryptogenic stroke have been deeply discussed [4, 6], believing that they are often are not recorded, either for lack of relevant research or the characteristic paroxysms (as in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation), which may make this arrhythmia not evident at the time of investigation. The cardioembolic causes has been the subject of deep and extensive discussions in recent years, with special attention to atrial fibrillation (AF) and patent foramen ovale (PFO), due to its high prevalence in the general population.
\nAtrial fibrillation is an example of a transient cause that corresponds to 10% of all stroke and is estimated to be responsible for 50% of the cryptogenic stroke. The AF is paroxysmal in 30% of patients with stroke and therefore is often not identified within the first days or weeks after a stroke, as seen in several trials. It is known that the investigation of AF can present false negatives because of the possible paroxysmal rhythm, which suggests the need for long-term monitoring. Several studies have proven that long-term monitoring [7–9] for atrial fibrillation increases the chances of detecting paroxysmal AF. Several devices have been proven for this, including outpatient mobile telemetry and the outpatient transtelephonic monitoring, implantable loop recorder. Culebras et al. [8] describe in the 2014 consensus of the American Academy of Neurology evidence of the work of the last decade analyzing the effectiveness of these mechanisms to detect AF (ECG, Holter, event loop, outpatient telemetry / hospital, outpatient transtelephonic monitoring ECGs series) and showed a tendency that the higher monitoring time is related to the higher detection rate of the AF.
\nFor example, the study CRYSTAL AF [9] in 2014 studied the presence of AF in patients with transient ischemic attack (TIA) or stroke cryptogenic for 6 and 12 months, using a insertable cardiac monitor, a previously validated device for AF detection which is implanted in the patient and records an electrocardiographic lead. This study showed that when compared to control groups, AF was observed in 8.9% of patients within 6 months of evaluation, compared to 1.4% in control patients (
A potential biomarker for determining the risk of AF occurring after cryptogenic stroke could be the dosage of brain natriuretic peptide (sBNP) serum levels [10], which are high in AF, and therefore could be useful for the monitoring of these patients; however, this is not consensual yet and needs further confirmation.
\nAnother situation often associated with cryptogenic stroke is the presence of patent foramen ovale (PFO). This is a common anatomic abnormality in the general population—an estimated prevalence of 26% [11]. The PFO appears to be a risk factor for stroke in young adults; one meta-analysis showed that patients younger than 55 years have higher rates in the presence of PFO than the control population, and the same does not occur in patients older than 55 years [11].
\nThe presence of PFO may lead to cerebral ischemia by several mechanisms [6]:\n
Paroxysmal embolism of peripheral venous system;
Embolization of thrombi in the atrial septum;
Embolization of thrombi formed by paroxysmal arrhythmias.
The presence of PFO may be associated with the occurrence of atrial septal aneurysm (ASA), Chiari network, or other atrial septal defects. The presence of PFO and its relationship to stroke can be difficult to determine. The SPARC study [12] suggests that the presence of an isolated PFO, adjusted to age and comorbidities, is not considered a risk factor for cerebrovascular events; however, the risk of stroke in patients with PFO and ASA is four times higher than in patients without ASA. Other features such as the right-left shunt at rest and septal hypermobility are related to higher risk of stroke than isolated PFO [13].
\nThe diagnosis of PFO is performed by echocardiography; evaluation by transcranial Doppler can aid the diagnosis in a first approach as it can demonstrate right-left communication (shunts) when detecting microembolic signals; however, this rating is less sensitive to small PFOs and does not evaluate cardiac structure anatomically, so that echocardiography is still the method of choice [6]. The gold standard investigation for PFO is the Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) [6].
\nThere is no consensus regarding the treatment of PFO, and its approach includes the use of antiplatelet agents, anticoagulants, closing by percutaneous, or surgical closure device. Clinical treatment with warfarin or acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) is indicated as secondary prophylaxis in cryptogenic stroke in patients with PFO—there is no evidence of superiority of one treatment compared to another. There is still no clear benefit of PFO closure therapy because it is not yet clear which the patient that best benefits from this approach, nor what kind of approach would be superior [14, 15].
\nThere is no consensus about the etiological investigation stroke, but recent studies cite that the investigation should include performing computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain, 12-lead ECG, cardiac monitoring for 24 h (Holter), transthoracic echocardiogram, screening for thrombophilia in patients younger than 55 years, angio-CT/angio MRI/or cervical and intracranial digital angiography, ultrasonography Doppler of cervical, and vertebral arteries.
\nIn cases where the cause for the stroke is unknown despite adequate research, it is suggested to expand the investigation of possible cardioembolic events, given their greater frequency in the general population. To this end, it is suggested performing transcranial Doppler, transesophageal echocardiography-TEE (which is the gold standard for cardiac anatomic evaluation), and an increased time heart rhythm study (greater than 24 h), as discussed previously. The TEE should also evaluate the presence of aortic arch atheroma, as cryptogenic stroke patients have an increased prevalence of atherosclerotic disease of the aorta, which could lead to an embolic stroke [16]. The transcranial Doppler may detect microembolic signs [17], which could be related to PFO or pulmonary arteriovenous fistula for example.
\nSome authors also suggest including pelvic magnetic resonance venography in patients with cryptogenic stroke and PFO, as deep vein thrombosis could be a source of paradoxical embolism in these patients [18].
\nThere seem to be a statistically significant clinical and radiological difference between patients with cryptogenic stroke and PFO, AF, and aortic arch atheroma. Ryoo et al. [16] described in one study that patients with PFO had healthy vascular risk and more posterior circulation involvement; AF-related events present with higher NIHSS scores and larger lesions than other groups; and aortic arch atheroma was related to small lesions in multiple territories. Although this needs further studies, these patterns could help guiding the investigation.
\nIn young patients with cryptogenic stroke and already investigated for thrombophilias, supplementation with genetic study to thrombophilic disease appears to have no benefit [15]. Studying this situation showed no statistically significant increase in the prevalence of Stroke related to genetic polymorphisms in young patients investigated for thrombophilic causes, including evaluation of factor V gene Leiden, prothrombin gene, angiotensin-converting enzyme gene, gene of 5,10-metilenotetrahidrofolate-reductase (MTHFR), endothelial nitric oxide synthetase gene (ecNOS) activating factor gene of plasminogen activator (tPA) inhibitor factor-1 gene of plasminogen activator (PAI-1), and HaeIII polymorphism of β-fibrinogen gene [19].
\nConsidering that the correct secondary stroke prevention depends on the precise knowledge of the etiology of the stroke, it is very important to define it. Unfortunately, until now, there is no definition about the best management of secondary prevention in cryptogenic stroke.
\nThe consensus of the American Stroke Association/American Heart Association 2008 specifically recommends antiplatelet indication for the treatment of cryptogenic stroke. However, more recent consensus does not specifically comment on managing this stroke subtype [4].
\nThere are few studies analyzing this issue. The WARSS study [20] showed that in a sample of patients with cryptogenic stroke, the rate of recurrence of the event or death was statistically lower in patients who used warfarin (target INR between 1.4 and 2.8) than in patients receiving acid acetylsalicylic (ASA) at a dose of 325 mg/day. Recently, some authors as Hart et al. [4] suggest the introduction of anticoagulant treatment for secondary prophylaxis in patients with undetermined etiology stroke. Ongoing trials such as the RES-PECT ESUS [21] studies and NAVIGATE ESUS [22] are comparing the use of acetylsalicylic acid to the use of novel oral anticoagulants and should help to determine the choice of treatment in the future (Table 1).
\n\nIn both natural systems (i.e. clays, aquifers, oil and gas reservoirs, plants, and biological tissues) and industrial systems (i.e. fuel cells, concrete, textiles, polymer composites, capillary heat pipe, and paper, etc.), porous media are often encountered. From a morphological point of view, porous media is composed of a persistent solid matrix and an interconnected void space that can be occupied by fluid phases. In several porous systems, the void space is initially filled by liquid water. To maintain the product quality, prolong the storage time as well as reduce the logistics cost, the liquid water is needed to be removed by using various drying techniques. During the drying process, the complex morphology of the media and its influences on the capillary flow, liquid – vapor phase change under thermal effects are faced. These processes are complex by themselves [1, 2]. Additionally, it should be noted that the industrial dryers consume approximately 12% of the total energy used in manufacturing processes [3]. For several industrial sectors (i.e. tissue, food, and agriculture) the energy consumption ratio of drying may reach 33%. As a complicated, important, and high energy consumption process, the dryer designing, and operation should not be done by trial and error. A better fundamental understanding of this drying process at the pore- and continuous scales (i.e. understanding the influence of porous structure on the drying behavior, drying time determination, and energy consumption prediction) may help to design better products and processes.
The drying process of porous media may be considered at different scales. At different scales, the approaches used to describe the transport processes may be quite different [4]. For instance, in a drying plant, thousands or millions of drying products can be dried simultaneously and the state of the drying agent evolves over time and space. Thus, the intra-sample distribution of process parameters should be lumped to avoid the extremely expensive computational cost. As a result, the lumped model is the suitable model that should be implemented in drying plant simulation. Coming to the sample drying process, the internal transport process is taken into account. The heat, mass, and momentum conservation equations are developed based on the first physics principles. In a control volume, the process properties are assumed to be homogenous and isotropic and the impact of micro-heterogeneity on the transport process is omitted. The macro-scale models often result in a system of partial differential equations. Both globe and local drying behavior of the sample can be well predicted by using the continuous models if the size of the domain is large enough. For a thin layer of the porous medium, where micro-heterogeneity plays a role, the continuous models are not valid. Due to the interaction between the solid skeleton and the fluid phases, the transport equations should be derived for individual pores. Since the transport phenomena are directly investigated at the pore-scale, the impact of changes at the pore or microstructure such as wettability, pore shape, pore size distribution, and pore structure on drying behavior has been effectively interpreted by pore-scale models [5, 6]. One should notes that these models are not standing individually. The results of pore scale model can be upscaled to generate the effective parameters of macro scale models which can be reduced to the lumped models. An example multiscale modeling approach for wood particle drying process is presented in Figure 1.
Multiscale modeling approach for porous particle drying process.
In this chapter, a review of the recent advanced model in a selection of drying phenomena involved in porous media is illustrated. We discussed the state-of-the-art numerical methods as complementary ways to get more insight. The future challenges and the hint at solutions to accommodate for them are also given.
In 1950s, a new modeling approach to describe the transport process in the porous medium was proposed by Fatt. In his model, the void space of the porous media was modeled by a network of cylindrical tubes. In individual tubes, the mass transfer equation has been written and the discrete mass conservation equations are written for each pore node. This model has been named as pore network model. Afterward, several pore-scale models, such as the direct numerical approach, the volume of fluid approach, and method, have been presented in literature based on the idea of pore network model. Since the transport phenomena are considered directly at the pore-scale, the better fundamental understanding on the interaction between solid structure and fluid flow can be provided. As discussed in Section 1, the mentioned interaction can be upscaled to determine the macroscopic transport coefficients of the continuous models such as the relative permeabilities of the liquid–gas mixture, the liquid diffusivity.
In this section, we focus on the non – isothermal drying pore network models and their application in estimating the macroscopic transport coefficients.
Based on the invasion percolation algorithm, several non-isothermal pore network models were developed to simulate the hot air drying process [2, 7, 8, 9]. These models accounted capillary, gravity effects, viscous effects, and the transport of vapor by diffusion in the gas phase under the thermal effect. Recently, the pore network model has been applied to describe the non-isothermal mixture vapor - liquid water transport during the superheated steam drying process [10]. The features of this pore network model is the fully treatment of condensed liquid by introducing the newly formulated liquid invasion rules in a two-dimensional domain. In this chapter, this two-dimensional pore network model is extended to three-dimensional model in this work to simulate the transport processes inside a capillary porous medium undergoing superheated steam drying with two different heating modes: (i) the convective heating at the top surface (convective- heating mode) and (ii) the simultaneous convective and conductive heating at the top and bottom surfaces (contact-heating mode) (c.f. Figure 2).
Two different heating modes used in the pore network simulations.
Due to the absence of diffusion in the gas phase, the water vapor is transported by convective mechanism only and the Hagen-Poiseuille law is applied to calculate the vapor mass flow rate between two adjacent pores [10].
where the vapor mass flow rate in the cylindrical throat connecting pores i and j is denoted by
Due to the non-uniform pore size distribution, the liquid within the network is transported under capillary action. Thus, the large pores/throats are preferentially emptied or filled to maintain the lowest liquid pressure according to Eq. 4. As a result, the liquid phase disintegrates into several liquid clusters. Since the liquid mass balance must be satisfied in the entire network as well as for each liquid cluster, the morphological information of liquid cluster is required. The Hoshen–Kopelman algorithm is applied for labeling the liquid clusters.
To fully model the phase transition including both evaporation and condensation, in addition the emptying and refilling events, the liquid invasion represented in Figure 3 is introduced in the present model. The time steps for the emptying and refilling events of meniscus pores or throats are computed by
The 2D sketch of liquid invasion rules: Liquid invasion from single liquid throat to its neighboring pore (a), liquid invasion from fully filled liquid throat in a liquid cluster to its neighboring empty pore (b), liquid redistribution from fully filled pore in a liquid cluster to its neighboring empty throat (c).
The time step for the first two liquid invasion events is calculated by
The pore/throat saturations after the capillary re-equilibration event are computed by
The thermal energy supplied to a control volume (c.f. Figure 4) lead to a change of the enthalpy in the control volume: the control volume temperature increases, and the phase transition occurs. Based on a fully implicit scheme, the energy balance equation written for the control volume around pore i in time step Δt is discretized as
Heat balance at a vapor pore. The arrows indicate the direction of the heat flux towards each face of the control volume.
The convective heat transfer boundary condition presented in Eq. 8 is applied for both heating modes. At the bottom of the network, perfect thermal insulation (Eq. 9) is imposed for the convective heating mode, whereas uniform constant temperature (Eq. 10) is set for the contact-heating mode.
The simulations are carried out for a 10 × 10 × 10 pore network with throat radius distribution 100 ± 10 μm, pore radius distribution 250 ± 10 μm and uniform distance between two adjacent pores L = 1000 μm. Because of the high computational demand required for a full simulation of drying, only one realization of network was considered here. The solid skeleton of the network is made of typical glass with thermal conductivity λs = 1 W/mK. The steam velocity at the network surface is 5 m/s. For the contact-heating mode, a uniform temperature boundary condition Tbottom = 105°C is imposed at the network bottom (c.f. Eq. 10), whereas the impermeable heat transfer boundary condition is set for the convective heating mode (c.f. Eq. 9). To depict the influence of heating mode on drying characteristics, the evolution of drying rate and of the local network saturation over network saturation obtained for these two heating modes are shown in Figures 5 and 6.
Impact of heating mode on the local saturation evolution over network saturation.
Impact of heating mode on the drying kinetic curve.
Since a large amount of thermal energy was supplied to the network with the contact-heating mode, the drying rate remains high and drying time is thus short compared to the network with the convective-heating mode. Also, since the surface temperature of the network with the contact-heating mode reaches boiling temperature fast, the surface condensation period is short and thus the amount of condensed liquid at the network surface is less, compared to the convective-heating mode. Moreover, it can be seen that the semi-constant drying rate period obtained from the network with the contact-heating mode is long compared to the convective heating model. This tendency can be explained by the temperature dependency of the surface tension; a lower surface tension obtained at high temperature leads to a lower capillary pressure and a higher liquid pressure at the liquid–vapor-solid interface. The pores/throats near the bottom of the network with the contact-heating mode are preferentially emptied. As a result, the vapor fingers appear markedly, and the bottom of the network is dried completely when the middle and top zones are still partly wet. The impact of vapor fingering on the phase distribution is shown in Figure 5. More number of liquid clusters is obtained with the contact-heating mode compared to the convective-heating mode. On the other hand, the network with the convective-heating mode is dried evenly from the top to the bottom zone. Since the top and middle zones remain saturated for long time, an extended quasi-constant drying rate period is obtained for the network with the contact-heating mode (c.f. Figure 6).
As mentioned in the previous section, the heat and mass transfer inside the porous domain can be simulated by using pore network models. However, since the pore network model considers the non-isothermal fluid flow in the pore individually, the number of the discrete equations of the model increases with the size of the domain. Thus, the pore network model cannot be used to simulate the macroscale drying process of porous media which is consists of billions of pores. To describe the drying process of macroscopic porous material, the continuous models developed based on the macroscopic effective transport parameters should be used. These effective parameters are often correlated from a serial of experimental data. To provide a fundamental understanding of the link between the transport coefficient and the fluid transport mechanisms, the transport coefficients are revisited by using the pore network simulation results. For example, the influence of network saturation on the non-local equilibrium effect, the effective moisture transport is investigated in the works of Kharaghani et al. [11, 12, 13] for the isothermal drying process. The incorporation of these effective parameters in the highly non-isothermal drying process is still an open issue. In the future, the impact of non-isothermal pore scale fluid transport on the effective parameter should be taken into account.
In continuum-scale models, the porous media is assumed isotropic and homogeneous. Both solid structure and fluid properties are averaged in a representative elementary volume (REV) based on the volume averaging technique. The size of REV should not large enough to avoid the fluctuations of the morphological properties due to micro heterogeneity [14, 15]. The energy and mass conservation equations are derived based on the first physical principles using effective parameters.
In diffusion model, the mixture of liquid water and vapor water flow is considered as single phase named moisture and the gradient of moisture content is solely driving force of moisture transport. Since the water diffusion flow leads to the evolution of water concentration in the control volume, the mass conservation of water is derived as
In Eq. 11, the apparent density of the dry porous medium where the void volume is taken into account is computed as
In Eq. 12,
To perform the diffusional model simulation, the effective thermal conductivity and effective moisture diffusivity needed to be known. Several methods such as fitch method, laser flash, hot-disk method and hot-wire method, can be used to measure the effective thermal conductivity directly whereas measurement of effective moisture diffusivity is rather more complex. Generally, the effective diffusivity of wetted porous materials often decreases during the water dehydration process since the liquid water is strongly captured in the small pores under a higher capillary action compared to large pores [16, 17]. Recently, Khan et al. [18] reported that the moisture diffusivity for isotropic porous materials, therein food products, can be described as a function of moisture content as
where
where
The evolution of drying history during optimization process for Dref determination (a) and experimental and numerical mean moisture content evolutions over time (b).
The validated diffusion model of wood drying is implemented in a CFD model is used to investigate the drying behavior of a pilot dryer. The sketch of dryer (L = 1000 mm, D = 3000 mm, and H = 500 mm) where 30 plates of wood (L = 900 mm, D = 200 mm, and H = 25 mm) is presented in Figure 8. The air with a temperature of 140°C and moisture content of 7 g ram vapor/kg dry air flows into the dryer with a velocity of 0.1 m/s. The initial moisture and temperature of wood are 0.61 kg water/kg dried solid and 20°C. The 2D velocity profile of drying agent is presented in Figure 8 and the evolution of moisture content of plate number (1), (2), (3), and (4) are plotted together with the mean moisture content of all plates in Figure 9. The results indicate a noticeable moisture content maldistribution of wood plates which should be remedied by wood plate disturbing during the drying process.
Pilot dryer model and velocity profile inside the dryer.
Moisture content evolution over time of wood.
In the 1970s, the simultaneous heat, mass, and momentum transfer for non-isothermal drying process is proposed by Whitaker based on the volume averaging technique. In this model, all pore-level mechanisms for heat and mass transfer are considered. The liquid flow due to capillary forces, vapor and gas flow due to convection and diffusion are taken into account in this model. Using the volume averaging technique, the properties of fluid and solid phases such as velocity, density, pressure are averaged in REV. Afterward, the macroscopic differential equations were defined in terms of average field quantities. The detail descriptions of Whitaker’s model can be found in Vu et al. [20, 21]. In this section, the mass and energy conservation equations are briefly recalled.
Mass conservation equation of liquid water
Mass conservation equation of water vapor
Mass conservation of water in both vapor and liquid phases (sum of Eqs. 15 and 16)
Mass conservation of air in the gas phase
Energy conservation equation
In these equations,
where
The Whitaker model’s is suitable for the porous media made by impermeable solid phase. This model is applied to describe the drying process of wood material [23]. A good agreement between experimental and numerical data, shown in Figure 10, indicates the validity of the model.
The distribution of moisture content (a), temperature (b), vapor pressure (c) over drying time for wood particle drying at 120 °C and the comparison between experimental and numerical mean moisture content obtained with different drying temperature (d).
For porous media structured by permeable solid, the liquid water is not only transported in the void space, but it also diffuses in the solid phase. In these hygroscopic porous materials, the liquid water is available in the form of both bound and free water:
where
For the superheated steam drying process of rice seed, the bound water diffusivity can be calculated as
The internal structure of rice seed obtained by μ-CT and the comparison between the experimental observations and numerical results are presented in Figure 11. It indicates the validity of the proposed model.
The morphology of rice seed (a) and the numerical temperature and moisture content evolution over time obtained from diffusion simulations (b).
Beside the porous material made by permeable solid phase, we consider the drying process of cellular plant product (i.e. fruits and vegetables) which is comprised of several types of cells such as parenchyma, collenchyma, and solute-conducting cells shown in Figure 12 [25, 26]. In these materials, the water is mainly accumulated in the cell space. For several cellular product; i.e. eggplant, cucumber; the amount of intracellular water make up more than 95% of total water [27]. During the drying process, both intracellular and extracellular water is removed. The extracellular water is transported to the medium surface due to both capillary flow and internal evaporation. The changing of extracellular water content leads to the different of water potential between the cell space and intercellular void space which is the driving force of the intracellular water transport across the cell membrane as shown in Figure 12. A advance heat and mass transfer model for superheated steam drying process of cellular porous material was developed in Le et al. [28]. The conservation equations of extracellular and intracellular water are recalled as
Pictorial representation of extracelluar liquid water (in blue) and intracellular liquid water (in green) removal (reprinted from [
In Eqs. 24–26,
After rearranging of Eqs. 24 and 25, the overall mass conservation equation for the water in the intercellular void space can be written as
We assumed that the water diffusion across the cell membrane is the mechanism of cell water removal, the mass conservation equation for intracellular water inside the cell-matrix reads
where
Using the local thermal equilibrium assumption, the heat balance equation of the control volume reads [26, 28].
In conservation equation system, the diffusive water fluxes through the cell membrane, i.e.
The water potential
This model has been used to describe the superheated steam drying process of potato. As can be seen in Figure 13, the experimental observations can be reflected fairly by numerical results. It implies the predictive potential of the proposed model. Furthermore, the extracellular moisture is removed very soon when the dry process commences. The drying process is mainly driven by the dehydration of intracellular water by the diffusion mechanism. Although the Whitaker’s continuum approach is effectively used to predict the drying behavior, the parameters of the continuum model is seemingly difficult to be measured. Thus, in the future, with the help of pore-scale model, these effective parameters should be theoretically extracted from the pore level simulations.
Simulated and experimental evolution of the normalized total, intracellular and extracellular moisture content over time for potato drying in superheated steam environment at 180°C (replotted from [
In this chapter, some recent advance models on heat and mass transfer during non-isothermal drying process of porous media have been reviewed. It indicates that the drying process at pore-scale and macro-scale has been thoroughly investigated. However, a system study on the bridges between the pore-, macro- and plant scales shall be carried out. For example, several effective macroscopic parameters such as the capillary pressure curve or the relative permeabilities may be obtained from a post-processing of the Monte-Carlo simulation results of pore-scale modeling. The moisture diffusivity under the thermal effect also should be revisted and compared with the insothermal drying process. This upscaling statergy can help on both the product and system design, operation, and optimization.
This work is funded by the VIETNAMESE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING (MOET) under research project B2021-BKA-12.
General requirements for Open Access to Horizon 2020 research project outputs are found within Guidelines on Open Access to Scientific Publication and Research Data in Horizon 2020. The guidelines, in their simplest form, state that if you are a Horizon 2020 recipient, you must ensure open access to your scientific publications by enabling them to be downloaded, printed and read online. Additionally, said publications must be peer reviewed.
',metaTitle:"Horizon 2020 Compliance",metaDescription:"General requirements for Open Access to Horizon 2020 research project outputs are found within Guidelines on Open Access to Scientific Publication and Research Data in Horizon 2020. The guidelines, in their simplest form, state that if you are a Horizon 2020 recipient, you must ensure open access to your scientific publications by enabling them to be downloaded, printed and read online. Additionally, said publications must be peer reviewed. ",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:null,contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Publishing with IntechOpen means that your scientific publications already meet these basic requirements. It also means that through our utilization of open licensing, our publications are also able to be copied, shared, searched, linked, crawled, and mined for text and data, optimizing our authors' compliance as suggested by the European Commission.
\\n\\nMetadata for all publications is also automatically deposited in IntechOpen's OAI repository, making them available through the Open Access Infrastructure for Research in Europe's (OpenAIRE) search interface further establishing our compliance.
\\n\\nIn other words, publishing with IntechOpen guarantees compliance.
\\n\\nRead more about Open Access in Horizon 2020 here.
\\n\\nWhich scientific publication to choose?
\\n\\nWhen choosing a publication, Horizon 2020 grant recipients are encouraged to provide open access to various types of scientific publications including monographs, edited books and conference proceedings.
\\n\\nIntechOpen publishes all of the aforementioned formats in compliance with the requirements and criteria established by the European Commission for the Horizon 2020 Program.
\\n\\nAuthors requiring additional information are welcome to send their inquiries to funders@intechopen.com
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'Publishing with IntechOpen means that your scientific publications already meet these basic requirements. It also means that through our utilization of open licensing, our publications are also able to be copied, shared, searched, linked, crawled, and mined for text and data, optimizing our authors' compliance as suggested by the European Commission.
\n\nMetadata for all publications is also automatically deposited in IntechOpen's OAI repository, making them available through the Open Access Infrastructure for Research in Europe's (OpenAIRE) search interface further establishing our compliance.
\n\nIn other words, publishing with IntechOpen guarantees compliance.
\n\nRead more about Open Access in Horizon 2020 here.
\n\nWhich scientific publication to choose?
\n\nWhen choosing a publication, Horizon 2020 grant recipients are encouraged to provide open access to various types of scientific publications including monographs, edited books and conference proceedings.
\n\nIntechOpen publishes all of the aforementioned formats in compliance with the requirements and criteria established by the European Commission for the Horizon 2020 Program.
\n\nAuthors requiring additional information are welcome to send their inquiries to funders@intechopen.com
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5816},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5281},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1754},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10511},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:906},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15913}],offset:12,limit:12,total:119061},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"1175"},books:[],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:26},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:45},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:0},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8564",title:"Cell Interaction",subtitle:"Molecular and Immunological Basis for Disease Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98d7f080d80524285f091e72a8e92a6d",slug:"cell-interaction-molecular-and-immunological-basis-for-disease-management",bookSignature:"Bhawana Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8564.jpg",editors:[{id:"315192",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhawana",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"bhawana-singh",fullName:"Bhawana Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9629",title:"Electroencephalography",subtitle:"From Basic Research to Clinical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8147834b6c6deeeec40f407c71ad60b4",slug:"electroencephalography-from-basic-research-to-clinical-applications",bookSignature:"Hideki Nakano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9629.jpg",editors:[{id:"196461",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",slug:"hideki-nakano",fullName:"Hideki Nakano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8760",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah and Min Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8760.jpg",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9161",title:"Frailty in the Elderly",subtitle:"Understanding and Managing Complexity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a4f0f2fade8fb8ba35c405f5ad31a823",slug:"frailty-in-the-elderly-understanding-and-managing-complexity",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9161.jpg",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8445",title:"Dam Engineering",subtitle:"Recent Advances in Design and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a7e4d2ecbc65d78fa7582e0d2e143906",slug:"dam-engineering-recent-advances-in-design-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Zhongzhi Fu and Erich Bauer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8445.jpg",editors:[{id:"249577",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhongzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Fu",slug:"zhongzhi-fu",fullName:"Zhongzhi Fu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8937",title:"Soil Moisture Importance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3951728ace7f135451d66b72e9908b47",slug:"soil-moisture-importance",bookSignature:"Ram Swaroop Meena and Rahul Datta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8937.jpg",editors:[{id:"313528",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ram Swaroop",middleName:null,surname:"Meena",slug:"ram-swaroop-meena",fullName:"Ram Swaroop Meena"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7031",title:"Liver Pathology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"631321b0565459ed0175917f1c8c727f",slug:"liver-pathology",bookSignature:"Vijay Gayam and Omer Engin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7031.jpg",editors:[{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8158",title:"Veganism",subtitle:"a Fashion Trend or Food as a Medicine",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8e51fc25a379e5b92a270addbb4351d",slug:"veganism-a-fashion-trend-or-food-as-a-medicine",bookSignature:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8158.jpg",editors:[{id:"268043",title:"Dr.",name:"Miljana Z.",middleName:"Z",surname:"Jovandaric",slug:"miljana-z.-jovandaric",fullName:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5315},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8564",title:"Cell Interaction",subtitle:"Molecular and Immunological Basis for Disease Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98d7f080d80524285f091e72a8e92a6d",slug:"cell-interaction-molecular-and-immunological-basis-for-disease-management",bookSignature:"Bhawana Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8564.jpg",editors:[{id:"315192",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhawana",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"bhawana-singh",fullName:"Bhawana Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9629",title:"Electroencephalography",subtitle:"From Basic Research to Clinical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8147834b6c6deeeec40f407c71ad60b4",slug:"electroencephalography-from-basic-research-to-clinical-applications",bookSignature:"Hideki Nakano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9629.jpg",editors:[{id:"196461",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",slug:"hideki-nakano",fullName:"Hideki Nakano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8760",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah and Min Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8760.jpg",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9161",title:"Frailty in the Elderly",subtitle:"Understanding and Managing Complexity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a4f0f2fade8fb8ba35c405f5ad31a823",slug:"frailty-in-the-elderly-understanding-and-managing-complexity",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9161.jpg",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8445",title:"Dam Engineering",subtitle:"Recent Advances in Design and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a7e4d2ecbc65d78fa7582e0d2e143906",slug:"dam-engineering-recent-advances-in-design-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Zhongzhi Fu and Erich Bauer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8445.jpg",editors:[{id:"249577",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhongzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Fu",slug:"zhongzhi-fu",fullName:"Zhongzhi Fu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8937",title:"Soil Moisture Importance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3951728ace7f135451d66b72e9908b47",slug:"soil-moisture-importance",bookSignature:"Ram Swaroop Meena and Rahul Datta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8937.jpg",editors:[{id:"313528",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ram Swaroop",middleName:null,surname:"Meena",slug:"ram-swaroop-meena",fullName:"Ram Swaroop Meena"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7031",title:"Liver Pathology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"631321b0565459ed0175917f1c8c727f",slug:"liver-pathology",bookSignature:"Vijay Gayam and Omer Engin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7031.jpg",editors:[{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8760",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah and Min Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8760.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9536",title:"Education at the Intersection of Globalization and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0cf6891060eb438d975d250e8b127ed6",slug:"education-at-the-intersection-of-globalization-and-technology",bookSignature:"Sharon Waller, Lee Waller, Vongai Mpofu and Mercy Kurebwa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9536.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"263302",title:"Dr.",name:"Sharon",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"sharon-waller",fullName:"Sharon Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8564",title:"Cell Interaction",subtitle:"Molecular and Immunological Basis for Disease Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98d7f080d80524285f091e72a8e92a6d",slug:"cell-interaction-molecular-and-immunological-basis-for-disease-management",bookSignature:"Bhawana Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8564.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"315192",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhawana",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"bhawana-singh",fullName:"Bhawana Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9629",title:"Electroencephalography",subtitle:"From Basic Research to Clinical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8147834b6c6deeeec40f407c71ad60b4",slug:"electroencephalography-from-basic-research-to-clinical-applications",bookSignature:"Hideki Nakano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9629.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196461",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",slug:"hideki-nakano",fullName:"Hideki Nakano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9524",title:"Organ Donation and Transplantation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6ef47e03cd4e6476946fc28ca51de825",slug:"organ-donation-and-transplantation",bookSignature:"Vassil Mihaylov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9524.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"313113",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Vassil",middleName:null,surname:"Mihaylov",slug:"vassil-mihaylov",fullName:"Vassil Mihaylov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9280",title:"Underwater Work",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"647b4270d937deae4a82f5702d1959ec",slug:"underwater-work",bookSignature:"Sérgio António Neves Lousada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9280.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"248645",title:"Dr.",name:"Sérgio António",middleName:null,surname:"Neves Lousada",slug:"sergio-antonio-neves-lousada",fullName:"Sérgio António Neves Lousada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9161",title:"Frailty in the Elderly",subtitle:"Understanding and Managing Complexity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a4f0f2fade8fb8ba35c405f5ad31a823",slug:"frailty-in-the-elderly-understanding-and-managing-complexity",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8158",title:"Veganism",subtitle:"a Fashion Trend or Food as a Medicine",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8e51fc25a379e5b92a270addbb4351d",slug:"veganism-a-fashion-trend-or-food-as-a-medicine",bookSignature:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8158.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"268043",title:"Dr.",name:"Miljana Z.",middleName:"Z",surname:"Jovandaric",slug:"miljana-z.-jovandaric",fullName:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1021",title:"Hepatology",slug:"gastroenterology-hepatology",parent:{title:"Gastroenterology",slug:"gastroenterology"},numberOfBooks:56,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:1687,numberOfWosCitations:492,numberOfCrossrefCitations:385,numberOfDimensionsCitations:921,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"gastroenterology-hepatology",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"7888",title:"Hepatitis A and Other Associated Hepatobiliary Diseases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e027bb08025546d9beb242d55e87c84c",slug:"hepatitis-a-and-other-associated-hepatobiliary-diseases",bookSignature:"Costin Teodor Streba, Cristin Constantin Vere, Ion Rogoveanu, Valeria Tripodi and Silvia Lucangioli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7888.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"55546",title:"Dr.",name:"Costin Teodor",middleName:"Teodor",surname:"Streba",slug:"costin-teodor-streba",fullName:"Costin Teodor Streba"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7887",title:"Hepatitis B and C",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8dd6dab483cf505d83caddaeaf497f2c",slug:"hepatitis-b-and-c",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7887.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8330",title:"Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease",subtitle:"An Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d0f8ff2a0673b7be22f7e7c531a2e410",slug:"nonalcoholic-fatty-liver-disease-an-update",bookSignature:"Emad Hamdy Gad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8330.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"222727",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Emad Hamdy",middleName:null,surname:"Gad",slug:"emad-hamdy-gad",fullName:"Emad Hamdy Gad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8838",title:"Liver Cirrhosis",subtitle:"Debates and Current Challenges",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"17163eb18a082da0fe70ccc20b7fe69a",slug:"liver-cirrhosis-debates-and-current-challenges",bookSignature:"Georgios Tsoulfas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8838.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"57412",title:"Prof.",name:"Georgios",middleName:null,surname:"Tsoulfas",slug:"georgios-tsoulfas",fullName:"Georgios Tsoulfas"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6718",title:"Hepatitis C",subtitle:"From Infection to Cure",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7448805e61bfa52ce552c427ad6f16fc",slug:"hepatitis-c-from-infection-to-cure",bookSignature:"Imran Shahid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6718.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"188219",title:"Prof.",name:"Imran",middleName:null,surname:"Shahid",slug:"imran-shahid",fullName:"Imran Shahid"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6663",title:"Management of Chronic Liver Diseases",subtitle:"Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"833ebcb9a2596f81deff0246ed7c9642",slug:"management-of-chronic-liver-diseases-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Xingshun Qi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6663.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"197501",title:"Dr.",name:"Xingshun",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",slug:"xingshun-qi",fullName:"Xingshun Qi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6440",title:"Liver Research and Clinical Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e4bbd66ccead286ab737f23feb053cf8",slug:"liver-research-and-clinical-management",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6440.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6073",title:"Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease",subtitle:"Molecular Bases, Prevention and Treatment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6141320881651ddc40a3f35893c209e7",slug:"non-alcoholic-fatty-liver-disease-molecular-bases-prevention-and-treatment",bookSignature:"Rodrigo Valenzuela",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6073.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"72355",title:"Prof.",name:"Rodrigo",middleName:null,surname:"Valenzuela Baez",slug:"rodrigo-valenzuela-baez",fullName:"Rodrigo Valenzuela Baez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5931",title:"Stomach Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"489f823dd49e3fa397e477a8101ca4ff",slug:"stomach-disorders",bookSignature:"Jianyuan Chai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5931.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"28281",title:"Dr.",name:"Jianyuan",middleName:null,surname:"Chai",slug:"jianyuan-chai",fullName:"Jianyuan Chai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5714",title:"Esophageal Abnormalities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"132a5e5097b78a76535fde4196596ac9",slug:"esophageal-abnormalities",bookSignature:"Jianyuan Chai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5714.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"28281",title:"Dr.",name:"Jianyuan",middleName:null,surname:"Chai",slug:"jianyuan-chai",fullName:"Jianyuan Chai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6061",title:"Ascites",subtitle:"Physiopathology, Treatment, Complications and Prognosis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ead9b3e5c36413f9ff2c3129fbc57574",slug:"ascites-physiopathology-treatment-complications-and-prognosis",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6061.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6014",title:"Update on Hepatitis C",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b812442f63938a061f1c84b2338bb187",slug:"update-on-hepatitis-c",bookSignature:"Martina Smolic, Aleksandar Vcev and George Y. Wu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6014.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"172734",title:"Dr.",name:"Martina",middleName:null,surname:"Smolic",slug:"martina-smolic",fullName:"Martina Smolic"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"3",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Authored by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:56,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"46479",doi:"10.5772/57353",title:"Floating Drug Delivery Systems for Eradication of Helicobacter pylori in Treatment of Peptic Ulcer Disease",slug:"floating-drug-delivery-systems-for-eradication-of-helicobacter-pylori-in-treatment-of-peptic-ulcer-d",totalDownloads:2046,totalCrossrefCites:85,totalDimensionsCites:196,book:{slug:"trends-in-helicobacter-pylori-infection",title:"Trends in Helicobacter pylori Infection",fullTitle:"Trends in Helicobacter pylori Infection"},signatures:"Yousef Javadzadeh and Sanaz Hamedeyazdan",authors:[{id:"94276",title:"Prof.",name:"Yousef",middleName:null,surname:"Javadzadeh",slug:"yousef-javadzadeh",fullName:"Yousef Javadzadeh"},{id:"98229",title:"Dr.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Hamedeyazdan",slug:"sanaz-hamedeyazdan",fullName:"Sanaz Hamedeyazdan"}]},{id:"22945",doi:"10.5772/17640",title:"Pathophysiology of Gastric Ulcer Development and Healing: Molecular Mechanisms and Novel Therapeutic Options",slug:"pathophysiology-of-gastric-ulcer-development-and-healing-molecular-mechanisms-and-novel-therapeutic-",totalDownloads:11792,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:21,book:{slug:"peptic-ulcer-disease",title:"Peptic Ulcer Disease",fullTitle:"Peptic Ulcer Disease"},signatures:"Matteo Fornai, Luca Antonioli, Rocchina Colucci, Marco Tuccori and Corrado Blandizzi",authors:[{id:"28973",title:"Prof.",name:"Corrado",middleName:null,surname:"Blandizzi",slug:"corrado-blandizzi",fullName:"Corrado Blandizzi"},{id:"44227",title:"Dr.",name:"Matteo",middleName:null,surname:"Fornai",slug:"matteo-fornai",fullName:"Matteo Fornai"},{id:"44229",title:"Dr.",name:"Luca",middleName:null,surname:"Antonioli",slug:"luca-antonioli",fullName:"Luca Antonioli"},{id:"44230",title:"Dr.",name:"Rocchina",middleName:null,surname:"Colucci",slug:"rocchina-colucci",fullName:"Rocchina Colucci"},{id:"44231",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Tuccori",slug:"marco-tuccori",fullName:"Marco Tuccori"}]},{id:"35446",doi:"10.5772/47946",title:"Delivery of Probiotic Microorganisms into Gastrointestinal Tract by Food Products",slug:"delivery-of-probiotic-microorganisms-into-gastrointestinal-tract-by-food-products",totalDownloads:5861,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:19,book:{slug:"new-advances-in-the-basic-and-clinical-gastroenterology",title:"New Advances in the Basic and Clinical Gastroenterology",fullTitle:"New Advances in the Basic and Clinical Gastroenterology"},signatures:"Amir Mohammad Mortazavian, Reza Mohammadi and Sara Sohrabvandi",authors:[{id:"97458",title:"Dr.",name:"Amir M.",middleName:null,surname:"Mortazavian",slug:"amir-m.-mortazavian",fullName:"Amir M. Mortazavian"},{id:"99974",title:"Dr.",name:"Sarah",middleName:null,surname:"Sohrabvandi",slug:"sarah-sohrabvandi",fullName:"Sarah Sohrabvandi"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"45493",title:"Biliary Dyspepsia: Functional Gallbladder and Sphincter of Oddi Disorders",slug:"biliary-dyspepsia-functional-gallbladder-and-sphincter-of-oddi-disorders",totalDownloads:5553,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"dyspepsia-advances-in-understanding-and-management",title:"Dyspepsia",fullTitle:"Dyspepsia - Advances in Understanding and Management"},signatures:"Meena Mathivanan, Liisa Meddings and Eldon A. Shaffer",authors:[{id:"165693",title:"Dr.",name:"Eldon",middleName:null,surname:"Shaffer",slug:"eldon-shaffer",fullName:"Eldon Shaffer"}]},{id:"56262",title:"Anatomy of Esophagus",slug:"anatomy-of-esophagus",totalDownloads:2872,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"esophageal-abnormalities",title:"Esophageal Abnormalities",fullTitle:"Esophageal Abnormalities"},signatures:"Murat Ferhat Ferhatoglu and Taner Kıvılcım",authors:[{id:"200126",title:"M.D.",name:"Murat Ferhat",middleName:null,surname:"Ferhatoglu",slug:"murat-ferhat-ferhatoglu",fullName:"Murat Ferhat Ferhatoglu"},{id:"206240",title:"Dr.",name:"Taner",middleName:null,surname:"Kivilcim",slug:"taner-kivilcim",fullName:"Taner Kivilcim"}]},{id:"56068",title:"Minimally Invasive Esophagectomy",slug:"minimally-invasive-esophagectomy",totalDownloads:924,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"esophageal-abnormalities",title:"Esophageal Abnormalities",fullTitle:"Esophageal Abnormalities"},signatures:"Rafael Cholvi Calduch, Isabel Mora Oliver, Fernando Lopez Mozos\nand Roberto Martí Obiol",authors:[{id:"203292",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez",slug:"fernando-lopez",fullName:"Fernando Lopez"},{id:"203687",title:"Dr.",name:"Roberto",middleName:null,surname:"Martí",slug:"roberto-marti",fullName:"Roberto Martí"},{id:"204943",title:"Dr.",name:"Rafael",middleName:null,surname:"Cholvi",slug:"rafael-cholvi",fullName:"Rafael Cholvi"},{id:"204944",title:"Dr.",name:"Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Mora",slug:"isabel-mora",fullName:"Isabel Mora"}]},{id:"21425",title:"Histopathological Diagnosis of Non-Alcoholic and Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease",slug:"histopathological-diagnosis-of-non-alcoholic-and-alcoholic-fatty-liver-disease",totalDownloads:2948,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"liver-biopsy-in-modern-medicine",title:"Liver Biopsy in Modern Medicine",fullTitle:"Liver Biopsy in Modern Medicine"},signatures:"Andrea Tannapfel and Berenike Flott-Rahmel",authors:[{id:"34863",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Tannapfel",slug:"andrea-tannapfel",fullName:"Andrea Tannapfel"},{id:"53108",title:"Prof.",name:"Berenike",middleName:null,surname:"Flott-Rahmel",slug:"berenike-flott-rahmel",fullName:"Berenike Flott-Rahmel"}]},{id:"55879",title:"Portal Hypertensive Gastropathy (PHG)",slug:"portal-hypertensive-gastropathy-phg-",totalDownloads:1115,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"stomach-disorders",title:"Stomach Disorders",fullTitle:"Stomach Disorders"},signatures:"Samia Ali Gamie",authors:[{id:"204157",title:"Prof.",name:"Samia",middleName:null,surname:"Ali Abdo Gamie",slug:"samia-ali-abdo-gamie",fullName:"Samia Ali Abdo Gamie"}]},{id:"57005",title:"Health-Related Quality of Life in Antiviral-Treated Chronic Hepatitis C Patients",slug:"health-related-quality-of-life-in-antiviral-treated-chronic-hepatitis-c-patients",totalDownloads:988,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"update-on-hepatitis-c",title:"Update on Hepatitis C",fullTitle:"Update on Hepatitis C"},signatures:"Aleksandar Včev, Jelena Jakab, Lucija Kuna and Martina Smolić",authors:[{id:"154595",title:"Prof.",name:"Aleksandar",middleName:null,surname:"Vcev",slug:"aleksandar-vcev",fullName:"Aleksandar Vcev"},{id:"172734",title:"Dr.",name:"Martina",middleName:null,surname:"Smolic",slug:"martina-smolic",fullName:"Martina Smolic"},{id:"204953",title:"Ms.",name:"Lucija",middleName:null,surname:"Kuna",slug:"lucija-kuna",fullName:"Lucija Kuna"},{id:"205159",title:"Dr.",name:"Jelena",middleName:null,surname:"Jakab",slug:"jelena-jakab",fullName:"Jelena Jakab"}]},{id:"55818",title:"Tissue Engineering of Esophagus",slug:"tissue-engineering-of-esophagus",totalDownloads:998,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"esophageal-abnormalities",title:"Esophageal Abnormalities",fullTitle:"Esophageal Abnormalities"},signatures:"Yabin Zhu, Mi Zhou and Ruixia Hou",authors:[{id:"40618",title:"Prof.",name:"Yabin",middleName:null,surname:"Zhu",slug:"yabin-zhu",fullName:"Yabin Zhu"}]},{id:"55045",title:"Hemodynamic Optimization Strategies in Anesthesia Care for Liver Transplantation",slug:"hemodynamic-optimization-strategies-in-anesthesia-care-for-liver-transplantation",totalDownloads:1298,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"liver-cirrhosis-update-and-current-challenges",title:"Liver Cirrhosis",fullTitle:"Liver Cirrhosis - Update and Current Challenges"},signatures:"Alexander A. Vitin, Dana Tomescu and Leonard Azamfirei",authors:[{id:"201176",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Vitin",slug:"alexander-vitin",fullName:"Alexander Vitin"},{id:"202442",title:"Dr.",name:"Dana",middleName:null,surname:"Tomescu",slug:"dana-tomescu",fullName:"Dana Tomescu"},{id:"202600",title:"Prof.",name:"Leonard",middleName:null,surname:"Azamfirei",slug:"leonard-azamfirei",fullName:"Leonard Azamfirei"}]},{id:"56177",title:"Nutritional Management of Esophageal Cancer Patients",slug:"nutritional-management-of-esophageal-cancer-patients",totalDownloads:1240,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"esophageal-abnormalities",title:"Esophageal Abnormalities",fullTitle:"Esophageal Abnormalities"},signatures:"Dimitrios Schizas, Irene Lidoriki, Demetrios Moris and Theodore\nLiakakos",authors:[{id:"203349",title:"Dr.",name:"Dimitrios",middleName:null,surname:"Schizas",slug:"dimitrios-schizas",fullName:"Dimitrios Schizas"},{id:"204000",title:"MSc.",name:"Irene",middleName:null,surname:"Lidoriki",slug:"irene-lidoriki",fullName:"Irene Lidoriki"},{id:"204001",title:"Dr.",name:"Demetrios",middleName:null,surname:"Moris",slug:"demetrios-moris",fullName:"Demetrios Moris"},{id:"204002",title:"Prof.",name:"Theodore",middleName:null,surname:"Liakakos",slug:"theodore-liakakos",fullName:"Theodore Liakakos"}]},{id:"46479",title:"Floating Drug Delivery Systems for Eradication of Helicobacter pylori in Treatment of Peptic Ulcer Disease",slug:"floating-drug-delivery-systems-for-eradication-of-helicobacter-pylori-in-treatment-of-peptic-ulcer-d",totalDownloads:2046,totalCrossrefCites:86,totalDimensionsCites:196,book:{slug:"trends-in-helicobacter-pylori-infection",title:"Trends in Helicobacter pylori Infection",fullTitle:"Trends in Helicobacter pylori Infection"},signatures:"Yousef Javadzadeh and Sanaz Hamedeyazdan",authors:[{id:"94276",title:"Prof.",name:"Yousef",middleName:null,surname:"Javadzadeh",slug:"yousef-javadzadeh",fullName:"Yousef Javadzadeh"},{id:"98229",title:"Dr.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Hamedeyazdan",slug:"sanaz-hamedeyazdan",fullName:"Sanaz Hamedeyazdan"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"gastroenterology-hepatology",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/300659/marco-vinicio-ramirez-mares",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"300659",slug:"marco-vinicio-ramirez-mares"},fullPath:"/profiles/300659/marco-vinicio-ramirez-mares",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var m;(m=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(m)}()