Estimates of total water column and microphytoplankton concentrations and zooplankton abundances at selected permanently open and IOCEs within the subtropical and warm temperate biogeographic provinces along the South African coastline.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6229",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Kinetic Theory",title:"Kinetic Theory",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:'The world is governed by motions. The term kinetics partially originated from the Greek word "kinisis," which means motion. How important is motion in our life is easily understood. But, how the kinetic theories have been developed during years? Which are the new kinetic theories and updates in recent years? This question and many others can be answered with this book. Some important areas discussed in this book are the kinetic theory of gases, kinetic theory of liquids and vapors, thermodynamic aspects, transportation phenomena, adsorption-kinetic theories, linear and nonlinear kinetic equations, quantum kinetic theory, kinetic theory of nucleation, plasma kinetic theory, and relativistic kinetic theory.',isbn:"978-953-51-3801-3",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3802-0",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4066-5",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68734",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"kinetic-theory",numberOfPages:138,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"789a1f7f0e0f9f4717d6fef84d47f013",bookSignature:"George Z. Kyzas and Athanasios C. Mitropoulos",publishedDate:"February 14th 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6229.jpg",numberOfDownloads:8777,numberOfWosCitations:22,numberOfCrossrefCitations:14,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:27,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:63,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 11th 2017",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 2nd 2017",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 19th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 19th 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 19th 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"152296",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:"Z.",surname:"Kyzas",slug:"george-kyzas",fullName:"George Kyzas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/152296/images/system/152296.jpg",biography:"Dr. George Z. Kyzas is a professor in the Department of Chemistry, International Hellenic University (IHU), Greece. He studied Chemistry at the Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), Greece. He obtained his BSc, MSc, and Ph.D. in Chemical Technology from the same university where he also worked as a postdoctoral researcher. He is now working at the Department of Chemistry, International Hellenic University, Kavala, Greece, where he has been the head of the department since 2019. He is also the Director/Chair of the MSc in Cosmetic Chemistry. His research interests are the synthesis and characterization of various (majorly adsorbent) materials (inorganic, aluminates, polymers, graphenes, activated carbons, agro-food residues, nanomaterials, carbon nanotubes, etc.) for environmental applications (wastewaters treatment). Dr. Kyzas has published more than 220 scientific papers in international journals, 8 books, and 38 book chapters. He also holds three patents. He has been a guest editor for special journal issues and is the editor of Environmental Science and Pollution Research and is a reviewer for more than 200 other scientific journals. He has more than 120 announcements (invited) at international conferences. He was named in Stanford University’s list of the World’s Top 2% Scientists for 2019 and 2020. He has been awarded scholarships from the Research Committee of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (2009, 2013), the Greek State Scholarship Foundation (2013), and the Stavros Niarchos Foundation (2016). He has also participated in about twenty-five research projects.",institutionString:"International Hellenic University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"6",institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"152889",title:"Dr.",name:"Athanasios",middleName:null,surname:"Mitropoulos",slug:"athanasios-mitropoulos",fullName:"Athanasios Mitropoulos",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/152889/images/5607_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. A. Ch. Mitropoulos was born in Athens in 1957. He studied Chemistry at the University of Thessaloniki (BSc) and Physical Chemistry at the University of Bristol (MSc, PhD). In 1998, he was appointed as professor in the Department of Petroleum Engineering at the Eastern Macedonia and Thrace Institute of Technology. Since 2008, Prof. Mitropoulos is the president of the same institute. He specializes on the characterization of porous media, nanoporous materials and membranes with in situ techniques of adsorption, and small-angle X-ray scattering. He has more than 100 journal papers, book chapters, and patents. Prof. Mitropoulos is a member of the Society of Petroleum Engineers.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1393",title:"Kinematics",slug:"classical-mechanics-kinematics"}],chapters:[{id:"58948",title:"Introductory Chapter: Kinetics from Past to Future",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73591",slug:"introductory-chapter-kinetics-from-past-to-future",totalDownloads:1085,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"George Z. Kyzas and Athanasios C. Mitropoulos",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58948",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58948",authors:[{id:"152296",title:"Prof.",name:"George",surname:"Kyzas",slug:"george-kyzas",fullName:"George Kyzas"},{id:"212796",title:"Dr.",name:"Athanasios C.",surname:"Mitropoulos",slug:"athanasios-c.-mitropoulos",fullName:"Athanasios C. Mitropoulos"}],corrections:null},{id:"56964",title:"Discrete Boltzmann Modeling of Compressible Flows",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70748",slug:"discrete-boltzmann-modeling-of-compressible-flows",totalDownloads:1349,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:18,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Mathematically, the typical difference of discrete Boltzmann model (DBM) from the traditional hydrodynamic one is that the Navier-Stokes (NS) equations are replaced by a discrete Boltzmann equation. But physically, this replacement has a significant gain: a DBM is roughly equivalent to a hydrodynamic model supplemented by a coarse-grained model of the thermodynamic non-equilibrium (TNE) effects, where the hydrodynamic model can be and can also be beyond the NS. Via the DBM, it is convenient to perform simulations on systems with flexible Knudsen number. The observations on TNE are being obtaining more applications with time.",signatures:"Aiguo Xu, Guangcai Zhang and Yudong Zhang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56964",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56964",authors:[{id:"42273",title:"Prof.",name:"Aiguo",surname:"Xu",slug:"aiguo-xu",fullName:"Aiguo Xu"},{id:"110958",title:"Prof.",name:"Guangcai",surname:"Zhang",slug:"guangcai-zhang",fullName:"Guangcai Zhang"},{id:"209189",title:"Dr.",name:"Yudong",surname:"Zhang",slug:"yudong-zhang",fullName:"Yudong Zhang"}],corrections:null},{id:"58522",title:"Collective Mode Interactions in Lorentzian Space Plasma",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71847",slug:"collective-mode-interactions-in-lorentzian-space-plasma",totalDownloads:1203,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Plasmas exhibit a vast variety of waves and oscillations in which moving charged particle produce fields which ultimately give rise to particle motion. These wave-particle effects are used in the acceleration heating methods of plasma particles, and in wave generation as well. Plasmas are often manipulated with EM waves, e.g., Alfvén waves are long-wavelength modes (drift-waves) where fluid theory is most reliable, while for short wavelength modes (e.g., Kinetic Alfvén waves), collisionless effects becomes important. In this chapter, the properties of kinetic Alfvén waves are aimed to study by employing two potential theory by taking particle streaming and Weibel instability with temperature anisotropy in a Lorentzian plasma.",signatures:"Nazish Rubab and Sadia Zaheer",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58522",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58522",authors:[{id:"209551",title:"Dr.",name:"Nazish",surname:"Rubab",slug:"nazish-rubab",fullName:"Nazish Rubab"},{id:"210810",title:"Dr.",name:"Sadia",surname:"Zaheer",slug:"sadia-zaheer",fullName:"Sadia Zaheer"}],corrections:null},{id:"57137",title:"Kinetic Theory of Creep and Long-Term Strength of Metals",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70768",slug:"kinetic-theory-of-creep-and-long-term-strength-of-metals",totalDownloads:1205,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter deals with the simulation of the creep process and the effect of long-term strength of metals, notably, in both uniaxial and complex stress states. A description of a creep experiment and the simplest creep models are presented, that is, the theory of steady creep, the theory of ageing, the theory of flow and the theory of hardening. In creep process simulation, a kinetic theory based on the introduction of structural parameters characterising the state of the metal at a given time is widely used. Among such parameters, metal damage in the creep process, work of stresses on creep deformations (energy version) and concentration of an aggressive medium in the metal were studied. The coupled problem of creep and long tensile strength is also considered taking into account the mutual influence of damage accumulation and one-dimensional diffusion of the aggressive medium. The times to fracture are determined both in the presence of an aggressive medium and in the absence of one. A significant contribution of Soviet (Russian), European, American and Japanese scientists to the development of continuum damage mechanics is highlighted.",signatures:"Alexander Lokoshchenko and Leonid Fomin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57137",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57137",authors:[{id:"215612",title:"Prof.",name:"Leonid",surname:"Fomin",slug:"leonid-fomin",fullName:"Leonid Fomin"},{id:"215613",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Lokoshchenko",slug:"alexander-lokoshchenko",fullName:"Alexander Lokoshchenko"}],corrections:null},{id:"56946",title:"Kinetic Equations of Active Soft Matter",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70667",slug:"kinetic-equations-of-active-soft-matter",totalDownloads:1231,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"We consider a new approach to the description of the collective behavior of complex systems of mathematical biology based on the evolution equations for observables of such systems. This representation of the kinetic evolution seems, in fact, the direct mathematically fully consistent formulation modeling the collective behavior of biological systems since the traditional notion of the state in kinetic theory is more subtle and it is an implicit characteristic of the populations of living creatures.",signatures:"Viktor Gerasimenko",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56946",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56946",authors:[{id:"211077",title:"Prof.",name:"Viktor",surname:"Gerasimenko",slug:"viktor-gerasimenko",fullName:"Viktor Gerasimenko"}],corrections:null},{id:"56993",title:"Non-Linear Kinetic Analysis of Protein Assembly Based on Center Manifold Theory",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70750",slug:"non-linear-kinetic-analysis-of-protein-assembly-based-on-center-manifold-theory",totalDownloads:926,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This review introduces a novel mathematical description of protein assembly. Protein assembly occurs in a substantially open non-equilibrium and non-linear kinetic system. The goal of systems biology is to make predictions about such complicated systems, but few have conducted stability analysis for given systems. Particularly, simulated dynamic behaviors have not been sufficiently verified by kinetic analysis in predicting macromolecular protein interactions and assembly. The non-linearity of protein assembly kinetics is complex, and it is very difficult to determine a model of multi-protein interactions based on numerical calculation. We studied the non-linear kinetics involved in the diffusion process of proteins consisting of two or three species of macromolecules and set a novel model in which non-linearity is given by the diffusion coefficient that depends on the protein concentration. By making the diffusion coefficient concentration-dependent, non-linearity leads to a simple system model. Protein assembly is initiated by monomeric protein interactions and regulated by cofactors such as guanidine triphosphate (GTP) or adenosine triphosphate (ATP) binding to the monomer. This cofactor concentration promotes the dynamic behavior of protein assembly and can be treated as an order parameter. Further, kinetic stability analysis in the center manifold theory (CMT) is introduced for analyzing the behavior of the system around the critical state. Although CMT has not been sufficiently applied for stability analysis of protein assembly systems, this theory predicts the dynamic behavior of the assembly system around the critical point using concentration as a cofactor. Protein assembly theory will provide a novel framework for nonlinear multi-parametric analysis.",signatures:"Tatsuaki Tsuruyama",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56993",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56993",authors:[{id:"94907",title:"Prof.",name:"Tatsuaki",surname:"Tsuruyama",slug:"tatsuaki-tsuruyama",fullName:"Tatsuaki Tsuruyama"}],corrections:null},{id:"57376",title:"Plasma Kinetic Theory",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70843",slug:"plasma-kinetic-theory",totalDownloads:1778,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The description of plasma using fluid model is mostly insufficient and requires the consideration of velocity distribution which leads to kinetic theory. Kinetic theory of plasma describes and predicts the condition of plasma from microscopic interactions and motions of its constituents. It provides an essential basis for an introductory course on plasma physics as well as for advanced kinetic theory. Plasma kinetics deals with the relationship between velocity and forces and the study of continua in velocity space. Plasma kinetics mathematical equations provide aid to the readers in understanding simple tools to determine the plasma dynamics and kinetics as described in this chapter. Kinetic theory provides the basics and essential introduction to plasma physics and subsequently advanced kinetic theory. Plasma waves, oscillations, frequencies, and applications are the subjects of kinetic theory. In this chapter, mathematical formulations essential for exploring plasma kinetics are compiled and described simplistically along with a precise discussion on basic plasma parameters in simple language with illustrations in some cases.",signatures:"Kashif Chaudhary, Auwal Mustapha Imam, Syed Zuhaib Haider Rizvi\nand Jalil Ali",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57376",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57376",authors:[{id:"176684",title:"Dr.",name:"Kashif Tufail",surname:"Chaudhary",slug:"kashif-tufail-chaudhary",fullName:"Kashif Tufail Chaudhary"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6408",title:"Novel Nanomaterials",subtitle:"Synthesis and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f3585d338d78e4d31c200d9991b03692",slug:"novel-nanomaterials-synthesis-and-applications",bookSignature:"George Z. Kyzas and Athanasios C. 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Within these three zones, there are 258 functional estuaries of which 71% can be categorised as intermittently open/closed (IOCEs) or temporary open/closed estuaries [1, 2]. Intermittently open/closed systems experience periodic isolation from the ocean, usually during periods of drought or no river inflow, during which a sand berm develops across the mouth of the estuary [2, 3]. Following periods of high rainfall (>100 mm in a month) and freshwater run-off, the volume of water in the estuary rises until it exceeds the height of the sandbar [1, 2, 3]. It is at this stage that breaching usually occurs, with a consequent drastic drop in water level exposing large areas of substratum [2, 4]. During the subsequent period, the estuary will be tidally dominated until such time that long-shore drift contributes to the reformation of the sandbar at the mouth of the system.
\nThe geographic extent of the three biogeographical zones along the South African coastline (after Whitfield 1992b).
A link to the marine environment can also be established through the overtopping of marine waters across the sand bank at the mouth of the estuary during winter storms or during spring high tides [2, 3]. In addition to altering the physico-chemical properties (temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen) in the lower reaches of these systems, these events represent important recruitment opportunities for marine breeding invertebrates and vertebrates, mainly ichthyofauna into these systems [5, 6].
\nThere are two main types of ICOEs found along the southern African coastline, non-perched estuaries, which predominate in the subtropical zone and perched estuaries which are found along the east and west coast of the country [2, 7] (Figure 2). Perched estuaries have an average surface water level exceeding that of the marine environment [2, 7]. Non-perched systems are the more common system with the average surface water level similar to that of the marine environment [7]. Generally, lower salinities are observed in perched systems due to the reduced frequency of occurrence over washing events with the dominant source of water being freshwater run-off [7]. Moreover, when a perched system breaches, it drains rapidly and will not experience tidal ebbing due to its height above the marine high water mark [7, 8]. Non-perched systems are tidally dominated following a breach event until mouth closure (Figure 3). The intrusion of marine waters into the estuary depends on numerous factors, including tide range, freshwater inflow rates, and the morphology of the channel [7, 8, 9].
\nImages of an intermittently open/closed estuary under open conditions (a–c), closed conditions (d–f) and the mouth of the estuary under open conditions (g–i). Photographs courtesy of G Tweddle.
Hydrodynamics of perched and non-perched intermittently open/closed estuary along the southern African coastline.
The mouth dynamics of IOCEs play a key role in the overall ecosystem functioning of these systems. Intermittent breaching of the sand barriers of these systems leads to rapid changes in the physico-chemical environment, which in turn triggers major biological responses, including the out- and in-recruitment of estuarine and marine breeding invertebrates and vertebrates [2, 3]. The breaching process can also cause significant geomorphological changes because the strong breach outflows can scour large quantities of accumulated sediments from an estuary [2, 3, 9].
\nDuring closed conditions, the water temperatures in IOCEs are predominantly determined by regional climate and season and range between 18 and 30°C [7, 10, 11, 12]. Under closed conditions, salinities in IOCEs exhibit greater stability than in larger permanently open counterparts due to the lack of tidal influence [2, 12, 13]. Following rainfall, changes in salinity may be much as 30 over the course of a few days or weeks depending on freshwater input and over-washing events [12]. Mesohaline conditions (5–18) generally predominate during the closed phase, although limnetic conditions (0.1–0.5) may be recorded during periods of high rainfall [2, 3, 12, 14], while hypersaline (>40) conditions may occur during drought periods or high evaporation [1]. During the closed phase of these systems, the water column demonstrates little horizontal or vertical stratification due the reduced freshwater inflow as a result of their generally small catchment areas (<50km2), shallow depth (generally <2 m), and strong coastal winds which facilitate the mixing of the water column [12, 14].
\nThe total chlorophyll-
Estuary | \nBiogeographic region | \nPelagic chl-a conc. (μg L−1) | \nMicrophytbenthic conc. (mg chl-a m−2) | \nZooplankton abundances (ind m−3) | \n
---|---|---|---|---|
Mpenjati [15] | \nSubtropical | \n0.14–15.40 | \n19.9–616.0 | \n8.3 × 103–8.0 × 104 | \n
Mdloti [16] | \nSubtropical | \n0.89–111.10 | \nND | \nND | \n
Mngazi [17] | \nSubtropical | \nND | \n30–568 | \nND | \n
Nyara [18] | \nWarm temperate | \n0.01–4.10 | \n170–200 | \n1.8 × 103–2.03 × 104 | \n
East Kleinemonde [19] | \nWarm temperate | \n0.12–6.19 | \nND | \nND | \n
Kasouga [12] | \nWarm temperate | \n0.29–8.01 | \n3.87–209.9 | \n1.06 × 103–6.1 × 104 | \n
Great Fish [20] | \nWarm temperate | \n0.40–21.80 | \nND | \nND | \n
Kariega [21] | \nWarm temperate | \n0.64–1.13 | \n13.6–43.8 | \n0.9–1.6 × 103 | \n
Sundays [22] | \nWarm temperate | \n8.6–22.4 | \nND | \n1.0 × 103–5.5 × 104 | \n
Swartkops [23] | \nWarm temperate | \n4.1–8.6 | \nND | \nND | \n
Kromme [24] | \nWarm temperate | \nND | \nND | \n1.7 × 103–1.2 × 104 | \n
Estimates of total water column and microphytoplankton concentrations and zooplankton abundances at selected permanently open and IOCEs within the subtropical and warm temperate biogeographic provinces along the South African coastline.
ND = no data
The total zooplankton abundance and biomass values recorded in IOCEs during the closed phase generally exceeds those levels recorded in the larger permanently open estuaries within the same biogeographic region (Table 1) [3, 12, 29, 30]. The elevated zooplankton biomass values during closed periods are thought to be sustained by the substantial microphytobenthic stocks in these systems. Due to the limited number of marine species recorded and the virtual absence of typical estuarine zooplankton in these systems [2, 3, 31], the zooplankton communities are dominated by a few but, highly abundant hardy species, mainly copepods of the genera
Macrofaunal community composition within southern African IOCEs also demonstrates reduced diversity and is almost exclusively dominated by estuarine species [36, 37]. The low diversity can in part be attributed to the poor representation of marine breeding species to the total macrofaunal community and reduced habitat availability (submerged macrophytes and different sediment types) [36, 37]. In the virtual absence of any distinct horizontal gradients in salinity within these systems, sediment type, habitat availability, predation, and the activity of ecosystem engineers have been identified as important in determining the distribution of macrofauna within these systems [36, 37].
\nDue to the virtual absence of sheltered bays and increased food availability, southern African IOCEs represent important nursery areas for a large variety of marine breeding fish species [38, 39, 40]. The ichthyofaunal community structure, like the other components of the food web within these systems, is strongly determined by mouth status [38, 41, 42, 43
The marine environment off the coast of South Africa is dominated by the western boundary Agulhas Current on the south-eastern seaboard and the cooler eastern boundary Benguela Current on the west coast (Figure 1). Like many other regions of the world, the characteristics of these currents are beginning to demonstrate the effects of global warming [47, 48, 49, 38, 39]. Sea surface temperatures (SSTs) within the Agulhas Current have increased by 1.5°C over the past four decades due to the intensification of the current caused by an increase in trade and westerly winds in the southern Indian Ocean, which have been associated with increased wind stress and curl [47]. By contrast, SSTs along the west coast have decreased resulting from the increased frequency and intensity of coastal upwelling due to upwelling favourable southerly winds [47, 49]. The warming of the Agulhas Current waters has through thermal expansion contributed to a rise in sea levels, estimated at approximately 2.74 mm y−1 [50], while increased wind stress has resulted in an increase in wave height (5 cm per decade), since the mid 1950s [51].
\nGlobal climate models predict that the observed changes in SST is likely to contribute to wetter conditions along the south coast of South Africa, while dryer conditions are expected along the eastern and western seaboards [52]. Moreover, global warming will be associated with an overall shortening of the wet season along the south-eastern seaboard and an increased frequency of occurrence of extreme weather events (rainfall, floods and maximum temperatures) within the region [49, 52, 53]. Regional investigations have demonstrated that the warming of marine waters along the south-eastern seaboard of southern Africa has coincided with a range expansion of warmer subtropical zone fish species into estuaries in warm temperate ecozone along the coastline [39, 49]. At the same time, there has been a concurrent decrease (10–13%) in the contribution of warm temperate species to the total fish catches within the transition zone between the two ecozones contributing to an overall decline in fish diversity within the region [39, 49]. Global climate change has probably resulted in geographic shift in the ecozone along the southern African coastline which is likely to influence connectivity and gene flow within the major phylogeographic zones between the warm temperate and subtropical ecozones [54]. It is unclear whether the observed change will be associated with a reduction in total biomass of fish within these systems, although such changes likely have knock-on effects on the importance of these systems as feeding grounds for flying birds and a source of renewable resources [55].
\nThe impact of global climate change on the ecosystem functioning of IOCE is difficult to predict, reflecting the complex interaction between the marine and terrestrial environments. There is, however, anecdotal evidence to suggest that the impact of global climate change on the ecosystem functioning of IOCE along the South African coastline will demonstrate strong regional variability. Recent work on Intermittently Closed and Open Lakes and Lagoons (ICOLLs) along the coast of New South Wales, Australia [56] suggests that in sand deposition environments, a rise in sea level associated with climate change will increase height of the sand berm that separates the estuary from the marine environment. Such conditions are common to the warm temperate ecozone of South Africa [49]. The increase in berm height coupled with the reduction in rain season is likely to result in IOCE’s being separated from the marine environment for extended periods of time. Prolonged mouth close in IOCEs is associated with a dramatic decline in species diversity and zooplankton biomass, reflecting reduced recruitment opportunities of marine breeding species into these systems (Figure 4) [57]. The prolonged mouth closure contributed to hypersaline conditions (salinity >40) prevailing throughout the system which was associated with decrease in the areal extent of the submerged macrophytes within the system [57]. Physiological constraints resulting from the increase temperatures and salinities and the loss of habitat (mainly submerged macrophytes) likely further contributed to the decline is species diversity observed within the systems [57, 58]. Under prolonged mouth closure, particularly during drought conditions, high evaporation rates may further increase the salinity within these systems. Under such conditions, IOCE food webs suffer a catastrophic collapse reflecting the physiological constraints of the flora and fauna within the system. Although recent models suggest that global climate change has been associated with increase in wave height, suggesting that over-wash events are likely to be more frequent; these events contribute little to the recruitment of marine breeding species into these systems [6, 35].
\nPredicted changes in the abundance and diversity within southern African temporarily open/closed estuaries in response to breaching (A) and prolonged mouth close (B) as a result of to global warming. Blue triangle = diversity; open triangle = biomass.
The reduced recruitment of fish into IOCE resulting from extended mouth closure may have unexpected consequences on the food web structure of these systems. Recent studies have demonstrated that the predation impact of juvenile fish, through trophic cascades, contributed to plankton food web stability within IOCE [33]. In the absence of the predators, total water column chlorophyll-a concentrations were reduced reflecting increased grazing activity by smaller heterotrophs [33, 44]. The reduced recruitment of fish into IOCEs is likely to have implications on community structure and the energy flow within these systems. Further studies are, however, required to fully appreciate the impact of changes in recruitment of the food web structure of these systems.
\nWith regard to the IOCEs along the southern coastline of South Africa, it is likely that the projected increase in rainfall for the region coincides with the increased frequency of occurrence of breaching events, which would contribute to higher species diversity within these systems as a result of extended recruitment opportunities for marine breeding species into these systems [3]. On the other hand, frequent breaching will prevent the build-up of biomass, thus likely resulting in reduced abundances of selected components of the food web (Figure 4). Furthermore, the anticipated extreme flood events will likely contribute to deep mouth breaching resulting in these systems having a connection to the sea for extended periods of time.
\nFunds and facilities for this chapter were provided by Rhodes University.
\nThe booming global businesses have largely facilitated the cross-border flow of goods, but meanwhile are threatened by the dramatically increased intellectual property (IP) crimes nowadays. According to the study by Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the value of counterfeit and pirated products is amounted to USD 464 billion in 2019, equal to 2.5% of world trade and more than half of the total value is carried by containerships between countries [1, 2]. The illicit trade hits company profits and nation tax revenue and endangers public health when pharmaceuticals and medical equipment are involved. For these reasons, advanced technologies that combat fake products demand prompt development to ensure reliable flow of goods while maintain its convenience.
Anti-counterfeiting idea was early raised by Philadelphia printer Benjamin Franklin in the 1700s [3], at that time colonies in North America were troubled by the circulation of counterfeit bills. Franklin deliberately misspelled Pennsylvania in the printed bills to baffle less-literate criminals. Meanwhile, he engraved the fine detail of copper on the leaf vein at the back of each bill, making these bills hard to be reproduced by counterfeiters. The unique copper engraving created by blocky lead printer has been regarded as a prototype for contemporary anti-counterfeiting patterning technologies. Since the 1950s, the development of holograms [4, 5, 6, 7], ink printing [8, 9, 10, 11], and exquisite laser engraving [12, 13, 14] have offered practical solutions to protect the market from malicious third parties.
Halide perovskites as an emerging family of semiconductor materials have achieved notable success in photovoltaics and other optoelectronics over the past decade [15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20]. The intriguing photophysical property of perovskites, such as widely tunable bandgaps [21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26], high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) [27, 28, 29], and narrow emission width [30, 31, 32], are making them promising candidates for fabricating luminescent security tags. Meanwhile, the solution/ink processability of perovskites imparts them feasibility with a variety of printing technologies, enabling high-throughput generation of customized labels with enhanced encoding capacity and lowered processing cost [33, 34, 35].
Here, we give a retrospect to the recent advances of halide perovskite-based materials for anti-counterfeiting applications. Low-dimensional perovskites and double perovskites that are structural analogs to three-dimensional (3D) ones as well as other perovskite-like materials are included in the discussion. We summarize the patterning techniques that can lead to precise control of tag fabrication at high dim either flat surface or closed space. The luminescent security tags of perovskites are categorized by different encryption principles, with detailed phase transformation or compositional variation of materials being provided for each chromic case. Integration of luminescent properties that gives rise to multimodal anti-counterfeiting is discussed in respect of goods being strictly confidential. We then survey the special optical readout of security tags that is enabled by the exciton relaxation behavior and carrier dynamic of perovskites.
Taking advantage of the high PLQY of halide perovskites, security information in a luminescent tag can be easily and rapidly identified by the human eye or spectrum. The excitation-dependent emission of perovskites can also be tuned from the monochromatic to broadband white light [36, 37, 38], giving an added complexity to the optical readout of tags. Combined with versatile encryption and decryption strategies, the security level of an individual tag can be enhanced multidimensionally and output in a simplified digital form [39]. The anti-counterfeiting mechanism of security tags during the flow of goods is illustrated in Figure 1, where the authentication is implemented by the communication between preloaded database and third parties.
Anti-counterfeiting mechanism of security tags during the flow of goods.
Perovskite mineral (calcium titanium oxide, CaTiO3) was discovered in the Ural Mountains by German mineralogist Gustav Rose in 1839 [40]. The crystal structure of perovskite oxide was not determined by X-ray diffraction until nearly a century later [41] and was proved to comprise three fundamental phases, i.e. cubic, tetragonal, and orthorhombic based on the rigid 3D lattice. Halide perovskites share the similar crystal structure to perovskite oxide, of which the compounds were first synthesized in the late nineteenth century by H. L. Wells [42]. Typically, 3D perovskites (defined by a chemical formula of ABX3, where A is a monovalent cation, B is a divalent cation, and X is a halide anion) have direct bandgaps that can be widely tuned by altering the composition of A- and B-site cations and halide anions [21, 24, 43, 44]. Besides, 3D perovskites normally feature low exciton binding energy (
Two-dimensional (2D) perovskites feature corner-sharing metal-halide octahedra intercalated by the bulky cations. Emission spectra of 2D perovskites can be structurally correlated with the interlayer spacing, quantum well (QW) thickness, and its distribution [45, 46]. Strong electron-photon coupling that originated from the deformable lattice was previously demonstrated for some 2D perovskite single crystals, which introduces permanent trap states [47]. The self-trapped excitons (STEs) were later revealed to be a type of transient defect driven by the electron-photon coupling and will contribute to the broadband emission of 2D perovskites [48, 49]. Further lowering the dimensionality of 2D perovskites leads to one-dimensional (1D) and zero-dimensional (0D) perovskites whose octahedra are shared by edge or face. STEs can also be responsible for the broadband emission of these materials with large Stokes shift [50, 51, 52, 53]. The white light or dual−/multiband emissions under different excitations are favorable for those luminescent tags that demand a high security level.
Double perovskites are defined by a chemical formula of A2BB’X6, where B is a monovalent cation and B′ is a trivalent cation and feature a rock salt arrangement of BX6 and B’X6 octahedra. In addition, A2B(IV)X6 compounds are also grouped as double perovskites because of their vacancy-ordered structure [54, 55]. The phase-pure double perovskites usually have room-temperature (RT) indirect bandgaps and exhibit band-to-band or downshifting emissions that can be strongly influenced by the specific metal dopants [55, 56, 57, 58, 59]. The in-depth reason was ascribed to lattice distortion since metal dopants will basically affect the length and angle of B − X − B′ bonds and hence change the electronic wave function coupling of metal cations [60].
Halide perovskites possess a high compatibility with printing techniques, since both the precursor solution and synthesized colloidal nanocrystals (NCs) can serve as inks. Using CsPbX3:Mn2+ (X = Cl, Br, I) NCs inks, Wang et al. [34] previously reported the fabrication of various patterns by screen, inkjet, and roll-to-roll printing techniques on flexible substrate (e.g. paper, polyethylene terephthalate, and banknotes). The patterns showed fluorescence as response to 254-nm and 365-nm ultraviolet (UV) light, and the CsPbBr3:Mn2+-based on maintained bright fluorescence after continuous UV irradiation for 60 days. Shi et al. [61] demonstrated an
Nanoscale 3D printing technique was recently reported to fabricate perovskite nanopixels with programmed vertical height, location, and emission characteristics [35], which overcomes the low-resolution problem of conventional printing techniques. The authors of this study used femtoliter meniscus to guide the out-of-plane growth of MAPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) crystals from precursor solution, enabling ultrahigh integration density of red, green, and blue (RGB) nanopixel arrays with spacing of ~5 μm while maintaining its lateral resolution (Figure 2a). Numbers can be encoded for each discrete height of nanopixels and thus adds an additional level for encryption. Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) printing as another advanced printing technique was also reported to fabricate high-resolution CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) dot arrays with full-color display (Figure 2b) [62]. The size of a single dot was precisely controlled by the frequency and peak values of pulse voltage for precursor solution, and a minimum size of 5 μm can be achieved.
(a) Schematic illustration of 3D printing of perovskite nanopixels. (b) Schematic illustration of EHD printing technique for perovskite patterning. (c) Representative laser processing system for perovskite patterning. Reprinted with permission from ref. [
Laser beam was previously used to trigger the ultrafast crystallization of perovskite for both patterning and photovoltaic applications [64]. Figure 2c shows a typical laser processing system for perovskite patterning. Without any heat treatment, Zhang et al. [63] demonstrated the fabrication of CsPbBr3/CsPb2Br5-polymer nanocomposites fluorescent pattern by 532-nm femtosecond laser irradiation. Localized crystallization of perovskite was observed in the irradiated pathway, which was accompanied by the laser-induced polymerization of γ-butyrolactone solvent. The width of perovskite line was lowered down to 1.2 μm, and both the crystal quality and luminescent intensity can be fine-tuned by the power and moving speed of laser beam. In addition, laser engraving was introduced to directly create patterns on CsPbBr3 microplates [65]. The hidden security information provides a guidance for encryption on a miniaturized pattern.
Most recently, Sun et al. [66] reported the use of 3D lithography technique to fabricated separated CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) NCs in glass matrix. The strong thermal accumulation at the laser-irradiated region of borophosphate glass leads to local pressure and temperature above the liquidus of materials, which induces liquid nanophase separation of glass and perovskite. By tailoring the parameters of pulse duration, repetition rate, pulse energy, and irradiation time, the emission color of pattern was tuned from blue to red under 405-nm excitation. Perovskite NCs in glass matrix exhibited notable phase stability against long-term UV irradiation, organic solution, and high temperature. The patterns were used for both 3D multicolor and dynamic holographic displays, showing huge potential for stereoscopic optical storage and authentication. Accordingly, we provide an overall assessment of existing printing and laser processing techniques for perovskite security tags in Table 1.
Approach | Technique | Dimensionality | Advantage | Disadvantage |
---|---|---|---|---|
Printing | Handwriting [67] | 2D | Easy fabrication, low processing cost | Low-resolution display |
Screen, inkjet, and roll-to-roll printing [34, 61] | 2D | High-throughput fabrication, large-area display | Only available for liquid precursors | |
Electrohydrodynamic printing [62] | 2D | High-resolution display | Conductive substrate required | |
Meniscus-guided printing [35] | 3D | Multidimensional display | Delicate mechanical control of pipet | |
Laser processing | Laser annealing [63, 64] | 2D | Ultrafast fabrication, high-resolution display | Heavy crystallization impact from laser beam |
Laser engraving [33, 65] | 2D | High-resolution display | Flat pattern required | |
Lithography [66] | 3D | Holographic display, high encoding capacity | High-energy laser source required, sophisticated optical paths and machines |
Technical assessment of patterning methods.
With the assistance of advanced patterning techniques, the intriguing luminescent properties found on perovskites can be transformed into security information for encryption and decryption of tags. Normally, these tags are invisible under visible light but can emit light under UV, visible, or near-infrared (NIR) excitations. In this section, we provide an overview of encryption principle of perovskite security tags, including pattern, thermochromism, solvatochromism, photochromism, and multimodal luminescence. Other optical readout, such as long-lived emission (afterglow) phenomenon and carrier lifetime gating, are discussed as special encryption methods for delicate authentication of goods. Figure 3 shows the representative cases of encryption principles being reported over the past few years.
Timeline of pioneering works with new encryption principles being reported for perovskite security tags.
Shape design of a pattern is a fundamental approach to encode the security data relative to the complexity of contours. Printing or laser processing techniques have been developed to create customized pattern shapes whose resolution now reach a few micropixels or below. Lin et al. [33] raised the concept of clonable shape, while unclonable texture for anti-counterfeiting tags is based on CsPbBr3 patterns. A large amount of patterns that grown on laser-engraved lyophilic 1
The vertical height of a single perovskite pixel can be also encoded as specific numbers [35], which is regarded as a complementary encryption strategy to lateral shape design of a pattern (Figure 4a and b). 3D confocal PL imaging was applied to recognize the height variation of perovskite pixels with the height interval of 5 μm. The height values were further converted into binary information matrix for digitalized decryption. As we have mentioned in Section 2.2, the pattern design at three dimensionalities enabled by 3D lithography technique allows more complex encryption on a security tag (Figure 4c–e) [66]. Random 3D luminescent patterns can therefore be spatially and temporally identified, offering an innovative platform for smart authentication of goods.
(a) Tilt-view SEM image of as-printed perovskite nanopixel arrays. (b) Multicolor display of perovskite nanopixel arrays with different halide components under UV light. (c) Multicolor pattern with CsPbClxBr3 − x nanophases in glass under UV light. (d) 3D microhelix arrays of CsPbClxBr3 − x under UV light. (e) Dynamic holographic display of as-patterned “ZJUUSST” characters under 532-nm light. Reprinted with permission from ref. [
Halide perovskites, especially organic–inorganic hybrid ones, feature considerably large thermal expansion coefficients [68, 69]. The thermochromic property of perovskites was first observed in thin film due to the phase transition between transparent hydrated phase (MA4PbI6·2H2O) and dark perovskite phase (MAPbI3) [70]. This phenomenon can be reversible by exposing perovskite film to ambient moisture at RT or heating condition at 60°C repeatably and was explored as the switchable photovoltaic performance for perovskite solar cells. The discoloration mechanism was recently developed for smart window applications based on hydrated MAPbClxI3 − x [71]. Similarly, Lin et al. [72] demonstrated the reversible thermochromic property of CsPbBrxI3 − x film coupled with dynamic transition of RT non-perovskite phase and high-temperature perovskite phase, which is also switched by the moisture and thermal annealing.
Above cases show the thermochromic phenomena of perovskites in the presence of moisture but may not be applicable to anti-counterfeiting tags that are fully encapsulated. Taking advantage of the inverse temperature crystallization (ITC) of hybrid perovskites, Bastiani et al. [73] reported the chromatic inks with wide color variation that depend on the halide constituent of perovskite precipitate. The RT yellow inks turned to orange, red, and black when temperature reached 60°C, 90°C, and 120°C, corresponding to the extrapolated absorption edges of MAPbBr2.7I0.3 at 597 nm, MAPbBr2.4I0.6 at 615 nm, and MAPbBr1.8I1.2 at 651 nm, respectively. The thermochromic behavior of perovskite inks showed consecutive cycling between RT and 60°C for several times.
The reversible thermochromic phenomena was also observed in diphasic perovskite material (CsPbBr3/Cs4PbBr6) wrapped by silica nanosphere [74]. The strong RT PL emission (at 525 nm) of composited patterns gradually decreased when temperature was elevated and almost disappeared at 150°C. Temperature-dependent PL spectra revealed the relatively low activation energy (
Solvatochromism refers to chromic behavior of materials as response to water or other organic solvents. As we mentioned in Section 2.3.2, hybrid perovskites feature hydrochromism due to the formation of hydrated or non-perovskite phases in moisture atmosphere [70, 72]. Reversibly decomposition-induced hydrochromism was recently reported for CsPbBr3 NCs confined in mesoporous silica nanospheres (MSNs) [78]. Orthorhombic CsPbBr3 will decompose into nonluminescent tetragonal CsPb2Br5 and CsBr in the presence of water, and the dissolved CsBr component can be confined in MSNs. As a result, the green emission pattern turned to dark in moisture condition and recovered when water was removed (Figure 5a). Similar hydrochromic mechanism was also reported for CsPbBr3/Cs4PbBr6 nanocomposites, which maintained about half of its initial PL intensity after 10 wetting-drying cycles [80]. Cs3Cu2I5 as lead-free perovskite-like material was recently exploited for hydrochromism-based encryption and decryption of security tags [81, 82, 83]. Water functions as a switch of phase transition between blue emission Cs3Cu2I5 and yellow emission CsCu2I3 under UV excitation. Combined with water-resistant polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) coating layer, moreover, the microarray patterns can be tailored for dual-color emission toward various shapes and characters in moisture atmosphere [82].
(a) Reversible hydrochromism of CsPbBr3 pattern under 365-nm UV light and the corresponding phase transformation. (b) Reversible DMF-induced solvatochromism of InCl6(C4H10SN)4·Cl:Sb3+ pattern under 365-nm UV light and the corresponding phase transformation. Reprinted with permission from refs. [
Besides water, methanol (MeOH) was previously demonstrated capable to trigger the solvatochromism of MAPbBr3 NCs that are converted from lead-based metal–organic framework (MOF) [84]. The authors of this study found that MeOH impregnation can remove the organic perovskite species while leave lead ions in MOF matrix. The green emission of pattern under UV excitation therefore quickly quenched after impregnation but can be recovered by loading MABr solution (10 mg mL−1 in
Solvatochromism can also be induced by new phase formation where solvent molecules are incorporated into perovskite lattice [79]. The 0D InCl6(C4H10SN)4·Cl:Sb3+ showed red-shifted emission peak from 550 nm to 580 nm and 600 nm when being exposed to ethanol (EtOH) and
Photochromic property has been found in a variety of organics and organic–metal complexes in the case of light-mediated configuration change of molecules [87]. By anchoring the diarylethene (DAE) derivative onto CsPbBr3 QDs surface, Mokhtar et al. [88] observed the reversible photoswitchable luminescence of QDs-DAE hybrids. The open-ring isomer of DAE underwent cyclization under UV light and quickly turned off the green emission of printed pattern, while the green emission can be switched on again by exposing the pattern to visible light for DAE cycloreversion (Figure 6a). Similar photochromic behavior was reported for DAE derivative whose triethoxysilane (TEOS) moiety is altered by alkyl amine [90]. Following this strategy, a majority of photochromic molecules may be introduced as the surfactant to achieve the photochromism of perovskite QDs/NCs.
(a) Photoswitchable cyclization and cycloreversion of DAE surfactant and the resultant photochromism of pattern based on CsPbBr3-DAE hybrids. (b) UV irradiation-induced reversible halide exchange at CsPbCl1.5Br1.5/MYE interface and the photochromism of QR code patterned by CsPbCl1.5Br1.5/MYE composites. Reprinted with permission from refs. [
Photochromism also occurs under the circumstance of photoinduced compositional variation of perovskites. The emission color of CsPbCl1.5Br1.5 NCs that confined in macroporous Y2O3:Eu3+ (MYE) changed from red to green under continuous UV irradiation, which was explained by the halide migration between perovskite NCs and MYE matrix [89]. The small
The bandgap of perovskites is structurally dependent on the QW thickness; in this view, photochromism can be achieved in dimensionality-mixed perovskites whose QW thickness and distribution are self-adapted to light stimulus. The emission behavior of layered FAn + 2PbnBr3n + 2 (FA = formamidinium) was recently studied with respect to its structural transformation under light irradiation [92]. The authors of this study demonstrated the UV damage to perovskite that can convert wide-bandgap 2D phase to narrow-bandgap 3D phase. Accordingly, perovskite film showed emission color changed from blue to green as response to the elongated irradiation time. The metastable 2D phase can meanwhile be transformed back by dark storage, showing reversible photochromism that is applicable for anti-counterfeiting patterns.
Unlike unidirectional authentication methods, multimodal luminescence of perovskites allows the encryption and decryption to be conducted through multiple excited sources. Xu et al. [74] first demonstrated the triple-modal anti-counterfeiting of CsPbBr3@Cs4PbBr6/SiO2 composites in 2017, since the as-patterned codes showed reversible and switchable luminescence to heating, UV, and NIR irradiation. In addition, the dual-color emission of green and red of MAPbBr3@Eu-MOF composites was reported under 365-nm and 254-nm UV lamp [93], respectively, where the red emission under 254-nm excitation primarily comes from the photon upconversion (UC) of Eu-MOF species (Figure 7a and b). Solvatochromism was also observed for the composites, and the written pattern on paper showed reversible green emission via water and MABr treatment. Notably, the UC luminescent component of perovskites can be further tuned by rational doping of lanthanides [94].
(a) The dependence of PL spectra of MAPbBr3@Eu-MOF composites on the UV excitation wavelength. (b) Hydrochromism of “USTB” characters based on MAPbBr3@Eu-MOF composites and the MABr-induced recovery under 254-nm and 365-nm UV light. (c) Photographs of Cs2Ag0.6Na0.4InCl6:Yb3+/Er3+/Bi3+ (RE-1) under different excitations. (d) XEL, DS-PL, and UC-PL spectra of RE-1. (e) Photographs of RE-1 pattern under visible and 365 nm UV light. Reprinted with permission from refs. [
Overcoming the limited response range of conventional perovskite materials, the excitation source of Yb3+/Er3+/Bi3+ co-doped Cs2Ag0.6Na0.4InCl6 double perovskite was reported to be extended to X-ray, as a complementary to UV and NIR [58]. Bi3+ ions were demonstrated to reduce the structural disorder, promote the exciton localization, and lead to strong Jahn-Teller effect that would benefit both UC and X-ray excited luminescence (XEL) (Figure 7c and d). The as-synthesized double-perovskite single crystals were ground and dispersed in organic solvent for ink printing, and the patterns showed exceptional luminescent stability in thermal heating (up to 400°C), moisture, and high-dosage radiation conditions (Figure 7e). The combination of X-ray excited luminescence (XEL), downshifting (DS), UC luminescence, and other routine encryption methods enhance the confidential level of tags considerably, which offers a reliable solution for customized authentication of high-value products.
Some special optical readout of perovskites can be transformed into security information for anti-counterfeiting applications. Here, we exemplify the encryption principles of patterns based on afterglow phenomenon and carrier lifetime gating. The RT afterglow of perovskites was first reported for 2D PEA2PbCl4 (PEA = phenylethylammonium) perovskite doped with 1,8-naphthalimide (NI) spacers [95]. The as-printed pattern on paper showed UV-excited white emission in nitrogen atmosphere that comprises blue fluorescence from perovskite and yellow phosphorescence from NI organic cations. After UV light off, however, the blue fluorescence (PLQY: 25.6%) quenched quickly, while the yellow phosphorescence (PLQY: 56.1%) can maintain for a few seconds. This property caused the yellow afterglow of pattern that can be identified by both spectrum and human eye. Wei et al. [96] recently found the RT greenish afterglow of 0D BAPPIn1.996Sb0.004Cl10 (BAPP = C10H28N4) perovskite-like material after UV light off, where the relaxation of excitons from BAPP organic cations were demonstrated to be responsible for the afterglow (Figure 8a–d). For CsPbBr3 NCs doped by lanthanide ions (Ln3+), the persistent time of afterglow is even up to 1800 s [98]. In addition, X-ray-induced afterglow was also reported for 0D Cs4EuX6 (X = Br, I) perovskite single crystals, despite the case did not involve anti-counterfeiting applications [99].
(a) Molecular configuration of BAPP4+ cation and crystal structure of BAPPIn2Cl10. (b–d) Photographs of BAPPIn1.996Sb0.004Cl10 pattern under visible light, 365-nm UV light, and 365-nm UV light off (afterglow), respectively. (e) FLIM image and (f) time-correlated single-photon counting fluorescence lifetime imaging (TCSPC-FLI) image of tag patterned by CsPbBr3 and {en}FAPbBr3 NCs inks. (g) Fast-lifetime histograms of as-patterned inks and (h) binarization of lifetime for QR code generation. Reprinted with permission from refs. [
The carrier lifetime of perovskites is influenced by a variety of factors, among which the composition of perovskite can be the deterministic one. The EHD-printed security tags were reported to be encrypted based on the different carrier lifetime of CsPbBr3 and hollowed {en}FAPbBr3 NCs, which can then be decrypted by either fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) or time-of-flight fluorescence-lifetime imaging (ToF-FLI) (Figure 8e–h) [97]. These two imaging techniques enabled machine-readable lifetime of QR code that cannot be readily decoded by routine methods. Moreover, the system is highly reconfigurable due to the compositional versatility of perovskite NCs. The enhancement and Purcell factors of CsPbClxBr3 − x QDs that coupled to plasmonic silver cavity were also extracted for the encryption of QR code, where the factors are defined by the relationship among excitation efficiency, light extraction efficiency, quantum efficiency, and radiative rate [100].
We hereby briefly discuss the current challenges encountered by perovskite fluorescent tags prior to their real-world applications, including the potential overuse of toxic lead, the poor durability, and many clonable functions that can be easily reproduced by counterfeiters. Possible solutions are also provided with respect to each challenging case.
Lead’s toxicity has been widely recognized due to its damage to the nervous system of biological individuals. Therefore, lead-based wastes are now under strict control in many developed countries. Despite perovskite security tags made by lead compounds feature many intriguing fluorescent properties, they can be highly risky when adhere to daily goods and cause potential lead leakage. Alternatively, more environmental-friendly perovskites (e.g. tin-, antimony-, bismuth-, and copper-based) can be developed to replace lead-based ones while maintaining the bright luminescence and high processability of tags [55, 57, 58, 79, 82, 83, 96].
The phase stability of halide perovskites, especially 3D ones, can be susceptible to environmental perturbations and hence fail to work during long term or repeated authentication. Lowering down the dimensionality of perovskites as well as composite strategies enable more robust perovskite phase, yet the stability of fluorescent tags can hardly rival the simple-patterned tags (e.g. QR code). Advanced sealing techniques alleviate this problem by isolating perovskites from environment; however, they are limit for those tags that need direct exposure to atmosphere, chemicals, or solvents. Inert matrix has been demonstrated to enhance the durability of both common and special perovskite fluorescent tags. Beside glass, silica, and polymers [66, 82, 101], other durable matrix materials remain to be exploited.
Single-mode perovskite fluorescent tags work as response to certain stimulus, making their functions clonable by commercial phosphors or other functionalized luminescent materials. A safer communication between users and server database requires physically unclonable functions (PUFs) that generated by irregular encryption and decryption methods. In this view, multimodal anti-counterfeiting that combines two or more encoding and decoding pathways (see Section 2.3) is prompt to be developed for highly confidential security tags. In addition, authentication based on the digital readout of sophisticated machines can also fulfill the demands of PUFs [97, 100].
Increasingly rich encryption principles have been exploited for halide perovskite-based security tags owning to their intriguing luminescent properties as response to a wide range of stimuli. Apart from the existing cases, the mechanochromism upon mechanical stress as well as the magnetochromism under altered magnetic field can be studied for perovskites with the aim of further enriching the diversity of authentication methods [102, 103]. Perovskite memristors as a new rising technology was also demonstrated to deliver switching electronic signals relative to the charged defects and halide motions inside the materials, providing an additional solution toward the design of PUF system [104]. All these unique optical and digital readout may overcome the limit of conventional clonable tags such as QR codes, watermarks, and raised print.
Future development of perovskite security tags is supposed to follow the taxonomy of predominant PUFs, including high encoding capacity, tunable security level, logically/physically reconfigurable functions, and switchable access between private and public. Based on the rational screening strategy of perovskite materials, micro- and nanoscale patterning techniques allow these functions to be multidimensionally integrated in a minimized tag, making security information more robust against third parties. Halide perovskites are bound to play a more important role in anti-counterfeiting arena and contribute to future smart flow of goods in a more fair and orderly global market.
YH thanks the support by National Ten Thousand Talent Program for Young Topnotch Talent.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
"Open access contributes to scientific excellence and integrity. It opens up research results to wider analysis. It allows research results to be reused for new discoveries. And it enables the multi-disciplinary research that is needed to solve global 21st century problems. Open access connects science with society. It allows the public to engage with research. To go behind the headlines. And look at the scientific evidence. And it enables policy makers to draw on innovative solutions to societal challenges".
\n\nCarlos Moedas, the European Commissioner for Research Science and Innovation at the STM Annual Frankfurt Conference, October 2016.
",metaTitle:"About Open Access",metaDescription:"Open access contributes to scientific excellence and integrity. It opens up research results to wider analysis. It allows research results to be reused for new discoveries. And it enables the multi-disciplinary research that is needed to solve global 21st century problems. Open access connects science with society. It allows the public to engage with research. To go behind the headlines. And look at the scientific evidence. And it enables policy makers to draw on innovative solutions to societal challenges.\n\nCarlos Moedas, the European Commissioner for Research Science and Innovation at the STM Annual Frankfurt Conference, October 2016.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"about-open-access",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"The Open Access publishing movement started in the early 2000s when academic leaders from around the world participated in the formation of the Budapest Initiative. They developed recommendations for an Open Access publishing process, “which has worked for the past decade to provide the public with unrestricted, free access to scholarly research—much of which is publicly funded. Making the research publicly available to everyone—free of charge and without most copyright and licensing restrictions—will accelerate scientific research efforts and allow authors to reach a larger number of readers” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\\n\\nIntechOpen’s co-founders, both scientists themselves, created the company while undertaking research in robotics at Vienna University. Their goal was to spread research freely “for scientists, by scientists’ to the rest of the world via the Open Access publishing model. The company soon became a signatory of the Budapest Initiative, which currently has more than 1000 supporting organizations worldwide, ranging from universities to funders.
\\n\\nAt IntechOpen today, we are still as committed to working with organizations and people who care about scientific discovery, to putting the academic needs of the scientific community first, and to providing an Open Access environment where scientists can maximize their contribution to scientific advancement. By opening up access to the world’s scientific research articles and book chapters, we aim to facilitate greater opportunity for collaboration, scientific discovery and progress. We subscribe wholeheartedly to the Open Access definition:
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\\n\\nOAI-PMH
\\n\\nAs a firm believer in the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the Open Access Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH Version 2.0). Read more
\\n\\nLicense
\\n\\nBook chapters published in edited volumes are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (CC BY 3.0). IntechOpen upholds a very flexible Copyright Policy. There is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their work. All Monographs/Compacts are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). Read more
\\n\\nPeer Review Policies
\\n\\nAll scientific works are Peer Reviewed prior to publishing. Read more
\\n\\nOA Publishing Fees
\\n\\nThe Open Access publishing model employed by IntechOpen eliminates subscription charges and pay-per-view fees, enabling readers to access research at no cost. In order to sustain operations and keep our publications freely accessible we levy an Open Access Publishing Fee for manuscripts, which helps us cover the costs of editorial work and the production of books. Read more
\\n\\nDigital Archiving Policy
\\n\\nIntechOpen is committed to ensuring the long-term preservation and the availability of all scholarly research we publish. We employ a variety of means to enable us to deliver on our commitments to the scientific community. Apart from preservation by the Croatian National Library (for publications prior to April 18, 2018) and the British Library (for publications after April 18, 2018), our entire catalogue is preserved in the CLOCKSS archive.
\\n\\nOpen Science is transparent and accessible knowledge that is shared and developed through collaborative networks.
\\n\\nOpen Science is about increased rigour, accountability, and reproducibility for research. It is based on the principles of inclusion, fairness, equity, and sharing, and ultimately seeks to change the way research is done, who is involved and how it is valued. It aims to make research more open to participation, review/refutation, improvement and (re)use for the world to benefit.
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\\n\\nWe aim at improving the quality and availability of scholarly communication by promoting and practicing:
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The Open Access publishing movement started in the early 2000s when academic leaders from around the world participated in the formation of the Budapest Initiative. They developed recommendations for an Open Access publishing process, “which has worked for the past decade to provide the public with unrestricted, free access to scholarly research—much of which is publicly funded. Making the research publicly available to everyone—free of charge and without most copyright and licensing restrictions—will accelerate scientific research efforts and allow authors to reach a larger number of readers” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\n\nIntechOpen’s co-founders, both scientists themselves, created the company while undertaking research in robotics at Vienna University. Their goal was to spread research freely “for scientists, by scientists’ to the rest of the world via the Open Access publishing model. The company soon became a signatory of the Budapest Initiative, which currently has more than 1000 supporting organizations worldwide, ranging from universities to funders.
\n\nAt IntechOpen today, we are still as committed to working with organizations and people who care about scientific discovery, to putting the academic needs of the scientific community first, and to providing an Open Access environment where scientists can maximize their contribution to scientific advancement. By opening up access to the world’s scientific research articles and book chapters, we aim to facilitate greater opportunity for collaboration, scientific discovery and progress. We subscribe wholeheartedly to the Open Access definition:
\n\n“By “open access” to [peer-reviewed research literature], we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\n\nOAI-PMH
\n\nAs a firm believer in the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the Open Access Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH Version 2.0). Read more
\n\nLicense
\n\nBook chapters published in edited volumes are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (CC BY 3.0). IntechOpen upholds a very flexible Copyright Policy. There is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their work. All Monographs/Compacts are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). Read more
\n\nPeer Review Policies
\n\nAll scientific works are Peer Reviewed prior to publishing. Read more
\n\nOA Publishing Fees
\n\nThe Open Access publishing model employed by IntechOpen eliminates subscription charges and pay-per-view fees, enabling readers to access research at no cost. In order to sustain operations and keep our publications freely accessible we levy an Open Access Publishing Fee for manuscripts, which helps us cover the costs of editorial work and the production of books. Read more
\n\nDigital Archiving Policy
\n\nIntechOpen is committed to ensuring the long-term preservation and the availability of all scholarly research we publish. We employ a variety of means to enable us to deliver on our commitments to the scientific community. Apart from preservation by the Croatian National Library (for publications prior to April 18, 2018) and the British Library (for publications after April 18, 2018), our entire catalogue is preserved in the CLOCKSS archive.
\n\nOpen Science is transparent and accessible knowledge that is shared and developed through collaborative networks.
\n\nOpen Science is about increased rigour, accountability, and reproducibility for research. It is based on the principles of inclusion, fairness, equity, and sharing, and ultimately seeks to change the way research is done, who is involved and how it is valued. It aims to make research more open to participation, review/refutation, improvement and (re)use for the world to benefit.
\n\nOpen Science refers to doing traditional science with more transparency involved at various stages, for example by openly sharing code and data. It implies a growing set of practices - within different disciplines - aiming at:
\n\nWe aim at improving the quality and availability of scholarly communication by promoting and practicing:
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Due to rapid depletion of agricultural areas and soil quality by means of ever-increasing population and an excessive addition of chemical fertilizers, a rehabilitated attention is a need of the hour to maintain sustainable approaches in agricultural crop production. Biochar is the solid, carbon-rich material obtained by pyrolysis using different biomasses. It has been widely documented in previous studies that, the crop growth and yield can be increased by using biochar. This chapter exclusively summarizes the properties of biochar, its interaction with soil microflora, and its role in plant growth promotion when added to the soil.",book:{id:"7305",slug:"biochar-an-imperative-amendment-for-soil-and-the-environment",title:"Biochar",fullTitle:"Biochar - An Imperative Amendment for Soil and the Environment"},signatures:"Jyoti Rawat, Jyoti Saxena and Pankaj Sanwal",authors:null},{id:"46355",doi:"10.5772/57469",title:"Phytoremediation of Soils Contaminated with Metals and Metalloids at Mining Areas: Potential of Native Flora",slug:"phytoremediation-of-soils-contaminated-with-metals-and-metalloids-at-mining-areas-potential-of-nativ",totalDownloads:8598,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:87,abstract:null,book:{id:"3854",slug:"environmental-risk-assessment-of-soil-contamination",title:"Environmental Risk Assessment of Soil Contamination",fullTitle:"Environmental Risk Assessment of Soil Contamination"},signatures:"Paulo J.C. 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With an increasing understanding of clay structure, montmorillonite is realized viable for an enhanced performance in a variety of materials and products in the areas of catalysis, food additive, antibacterial function, polymer, sorbent, etc. Significant development in the use and application of montmorillonite is seen in recent time. This chapter provides an overview of montmorillonite, structure, and properties and particularly discusses its recent utilization in important materials. Montmorillonite is introduced in terms of its natural sources, chemical structure, physical and chemical properties, and functional utilization. The important physical and chemical properties are summarized as particle and layered structure, molecular structure and cation exchange effect, barrier property, and water sorption. This is followed by the important functional utilizations of montmorillonite based on the effects of its chemical structure. The important functional utilization of montmorillonite includes food additive for health and stamina, for antibacterial activity against tooth and gum decay, as sorbent for nonionic, anionic, and cationic dyes, and the use as catalyst in organic synthesis. The environment concerns, to date, do not indicate the adversity for particles used as additive. Studies will be useful which are clearly based on any montmorillonite structure to describe environmental effects.",book:{id:"6561",slug:"current-topics-in-the-utilization-of-clay-in-industrial-and-medical-applications",title:"Current Topics in the Utilization of Clay in Industrial and Medical Applications",fullTitle:"Current Topics in the Utilization of Clay in Industrial and Medical Applications"},signatures:"Faheem Uddin",authors:[{id:"228107",title:"Prof.",name:"Faheem",middleName:null,surname:"Uddin",slug:"faheem-uddin",fullName:"Faheem Uddin"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"46032",title:"Soil Contamination, Risk Assessment and Remediation",slug:"soil-contamination-risk-assessment-and-remediation",totalDownloads:14030,totalCrossrefCites:22,totalDimensionsCites:62,abstract:null,book:{id:"3854",slug:"environmental-risk-assessment-of-soil-contamination",title:"Environmental Risk Assessment of Soil Contamination",fullTitle:"Environmental Risk Assessment of Soil Contamination"},signatures:"Muhammad Aqeel Ashraf, Mohd. Jamil Maah and Ismail Yusoff",authors:[{id:"25185",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Aqeel",middleName:null,surname:"Ashraf",slug:"muhammad-aqeel-ashraf",fullName:"Muhammad Aqeel Ashraf"},{id:"101988",title:"Dr.",name:"Ismail",middleName:null,surname:"Yusoff",slug:"ismail-yusoff",fullName:"Ismail Yusoff"},{id:"169931",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohd Jamil",middleName:null,surname:"Maah",slug:"mohd-jamil-maah",fullName:"Mohd Jamil Maah"},{id:"169932",title:"Dr.",name:"Ng Tham",middleName:null,surname:"Fatt",slug:"ng-tham-fatt",fullName:"Ng Tham Fatt"}]},{id:"71931",title:"Open Pit Mining",slug:"open-pit-mining",totalDownloads:1767,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Open pit mining method is one of the surface mining methods that has a traditional cone-shaped excavation and is usually employed to exploit a near-surface, nonselective and low-grade zones deposits. It often results in high productivity and requires large capital investments, low operating costs, and good safety conditions. The main topics that will be discussed in this chapter will include an introduction into the general features of open pit mining, ore body characteristics and configurations, stripping ratios and stripping overburden methods, mine elements and parameters, open pit operation cycle, pit slope angle, stability of mine slopes, types of highwall failures, mine closure and reclamation, and different variants of surface mining methods including opencast mining, mountainous mining, and artisan mining.",book:{id:"8620",slug:"mining-techniques-past-present-and-future",title:"Mining Techniques",fullTitle:"Mining Techniques - Past, Present and Future"},signatures:"Awwad H. Altiti, Rami O. Alrawashdeh and Hani M. 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The first stage contains the area recognition, its limitation to the target, and elimination of external factors until defining a geothermal zone with characteristics to be commercially exploited. The main studies and analysis that can be applied during the exploration stage are listed, and the major indicator to continue with the project or suspend is the prefeasibility report. The major risks in the exploration stage are due to studies that are carried out on the surface; at this stage, the costs can be considered low. The main results of the exploration are the selection of sites to drill three or four initial wells. Each well provides a direct overview of the reservoir: depth, production thicknesses, thermodynamic parameters, and production characteristics. The drilling of three to four exploratory wells is recommended, as far as there is certainty of the feasibility of the project, and the development of the field begins with drilling of sufficient wells to feed the plant. In this stage, the cost increases, but the risks decrease.",book:{id:"7504",slug:"renewable-geothermal-energy-explorations",title:"Renewable Geothermal Energy Explorations",fullTitle:"Renewable Geothermal Energy Explorations"},signatures:"Alfonso Aragón-Aguilar, Georgina Izquierdo-Montalvo,\nDaniel Octavio Aragón-Gaspar and Denise N. Barreto-Rivera",authors:[{id:"258358",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Aragón-Aguilar",slug:"alfonso-aragon-aguilar",fullName:"Alfonso Aragón-Aguilar"}]},{id:"65070",title:"Biochar: A Sustainable Approach for Improving Plant Growth and Soil Properties",slug:"biochar-a-sustainable-approach-for-improving-plant-growth-and-soil-properties",totalDownloads:6979,totalCrossrefCites:61,totalDimensionsCites:101,abstract:"Soil is the most important source and an abode for many nutrients and microflora. Due to rapid depletion of agricultural areas and soil quality by means of ever-increasing population and an excessive addition of chemical fertilizers, a rehabilitated attention is a need of the hour to maintain sustainable approaches in agricultural crop production. Biochar is the solid, carbon-rich material obtained by pyrolysis using different biomasses. It has been widely documented in previous studies that, the crop growth and yield can be increased by using biochar. This chapter exclusively summarizes the properties of biochar, its interaction with soil microflora, and its role in plant growth promotion when added to the soil.",book:{id:"7305",slug:"biochar-an-imperative-amendment-for-soil-and-the-environment",title:"Biochar",fullTitle:"Biochar - An Imperative Amendment for Soil and the Environment"},signatures:"Jyoti Rawat, Jyoti Saxena and Pankaj Sanwal",authors:null},{id:"39170",title:"Study of Impacts of Global Warming on Climate Change: Rise in Sea Level and Disaster Frequency",slug:"study-of-impacts-of-global-warming-on-climate-change-rise-in-sea-level-and-disaster-frequency",totalDownloads:6708,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:32,abstract:null,book:{id:"2206",slug:"global-warming-impacts-and-future-perspective",title:"Global Warming",fullTitle:"Global Warming - Impacts and Future Perspective"},signatures:"Bharat Raj Singh and Onkar Singh",authors:[{id:"26093",title:"Dr.",name:"Bharat Raj",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"bharat-raj-singh",fullName:"Bharat Raj Singh"},{id:"118426",title:"Prof.",name:"Onkar",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"onkar-singh",fullName:"Onkar Singh"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"10",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82272",title:"Landslide Movement Monitoring with InSAR Technologies",slug:"landslide-movement-monitoring-with-insar-technologies",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105058",abstract:"Synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) is a technology that has been widely used in many areas, such as topographic mapping, land and resource survey, geological exploration, disaster prevention and mitigation, volcanic and seismic monitor and so on. Landslide, as a representative geohazard, include a wide range of phenomena involving downhill ground movement. InSAR, a technology which can measure surface deformation at the millimeter level over serveral days or years, is suitable to detect landslides with chronical and widespread movements. In this chapter, we introduce main process methods of InSAR data, including Persistent Scatter Interferometry (PSInSAR) and Distributed Scatter Interferometry (DSInSAR). A study area, Daguan County Town, one of the most landslide-prone areas in China is induced to demonstrate the practicability of InSAR in detecting landslides. Combined InSAR results with geological, geotechnical and meterological data, the distribution of landslide in Daguan County in spatial and temporal dimensions would be displayed. We also coupling numerical modeling and InSAR for characterizing landslide movements under multiple loads. The numerical results revealed that body loads dominated the cumulative downhill movements by squeezing water and air from voids, and precipitation caused seasonal movements with the direction perpendicular to the slope surface.",book:{id:"10950",title:"Landslides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10950.jpg"},signatures:"Peifeng Ma, Yifei Cui, Weixi Wang, Hui Lin, Yuanzhi Zhang and Yi Zheng"},{id:"82823",title:"The Metropolitan Transformation of Ioannina City from 1940 to 2015",slug:"the-metropolitan-transformation-of-ioannina-city-from-1940-to-2015",totalDownloads:5,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105884",abstract:"The chapter presents the urban and regional changes in the city of Ioannina, Greece. This city is located in the periphery of Epirus, which is in the western Balkans, Eastern Europe. The chapter examines, with the tools of aerial photos and QGIS software, the spatial transformation of Ioannina city from 1940 to 2015. Map science is a field through which the users could observe and compare maps from past to future. The plans and the planning were formed under the values, standards, and fundamentals of the mosaic of politics, good practices, urban rules, and citizen level. The urban space has already changed until nowadays. The chapter examines the reasons for urban politics and social–economic moments that became the epitome of these urban and regional changes. The results show the comparative spatial study from each historical period.",book:{id:"11488",title:"GIS and Spatial Analysis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11488.jpg"},signatures:"Efthymios-Spyridon Georgiou"},{id:"83032",title:"Introductory Chapter: Solar Photovoltaic Energy",slug:"introductory-chapter-solar-photovoltaic-energy",totalDownloads:7,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106259",abstract:null,book:{id:"9862",title:"Solar Radiation - Measurements, Modeling and Forecasting for Photovoltaic Solar Energy Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9862.jpg"},signatures:"Mohammadreza Aghaei, Amir Nedaei, Aref Eskandari and Jafar Milimonfared"},{id:"82963",title:"Evolution of Radio Source Components and the Quasar/Galaxy Unification Scheme",slug:"evolution-of-radio-source-components-and-the-quasar-galaxy-unification-scheme",totalDownloads:4,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106244",abstract:"In this work, a theoretical model is developed for explanation of temporal evolution of extragalactic radio sources via beaming, orientation effects and asymmetries. Equation of the form D≈P±q1+z−m is used to account for the D ∼ P/z relation. Also, D≈D01+z−1+z1+z2 accounted properly for Ω0=1 cosmology than the Ω0=0 counterpart in linear size versus redshift of radio sources. Similarly, D=Dc1∓lnPPc1/2 model explained redshift-luminosity relationship of extragalactic radio sources. The results from the regression analyses are q = +0.003 (r = 0.04) for sources with z < 1 and q = −1.59 (r = −0.6) for all z≥1 sources. A critical linear size, Dc of 316kpc which matches the maximum theoretical linear size, Dmax of 0.15D0 at a critical redshift zc∼1 and a critical luminosity Pc=26.33WHz−1 are obtained. The indication of all these results is that the linear size of radio sources evolves up to a certain limit in D–P plane and thereafter decreases with increasing luminosity as predicted in this work.",book:{id:"11737",title:"Astronomy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11737.jpg"},signatures:"Costecia Ifeoma Onah, Augustine A. Ubachukwu and Finbarr C. Odo"},{id:"82981",title:"Wood Quality and Pulping Process Efficiency of Elite Eucalyptus spp. Clones Field-Grown under Seasonal Drought Stress",slug:"wood-quality-and-pulping-process-efficiency-of-elite-eucalyptus-spp-clones-field-grown-under-seasona",totalDownloads:9,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106341",abstract:"The objective of the present study is to evaluate the wood quality of five elite Eucalyptus spp. clones at 4 years of age from a clonal test installed in a region of seasonal drought stress in central-western Brazil focusing on pulp production. A total of 25 trees were systematically felled and disks and logs were obtained along the trunk. Wooden disks were used for density and fiber analyses and the logs were converted into chips for application in the pulping process. For the denser genotype, clone D (E. grandis x E. urophylla x Eucalyptus tereticornis), a thicker cell wall associated to thinner fibers results in a negative effect on the fiber quality. In contrast, clone B (Eucalyptus pellita x E. grandis), which has relatively inferior pulping performance, displayed the lowest wood density associated to wider lumen and fibers. The best growth performances in response to acclimatization and adaptation to the site strongly influences the pulp productivity, which is identified as the parameter of greatest variance between genotypes, and highlighting clone E (E. grandis x E. urophylla).",book:{id:"11840",title:"Arid Environment - Perspectives, Challenges and Management",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11840.jpg"},signatures:"Deborah Rodrigues de Souza Santos, Camila Sarto, Rafael Fernandes dos Santos, Júlia Lôbo Ribeiro Anciotti Gil, Carlos de Melo e Silva-Neto, Regina Maria Gomes, Evandro Novaes, Carlos Roberto Sette-Junior, Mario Tomazello-Filho, Rafael Tassinari Resende and Matheus Peres Chagas"},{id:"82957",title:"The Socio-Economic Factors of the Covid-19 Pandemic in Turkey: A Spatial Perspective",slug:"the-socio-economic-factors-of-the-covid-19-pandemic-in-turkey-a-spatial-perspective",totalDownloads:9,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106048",abstract:"This study investigates the role of various socioeconomic determinants and vaccination rates in the spread of Covid-19 in a spatial setting in Turkey. For this aim, we employ the 41 sub-indicators of Life Index in Provinces data provided by the Turkish Statistical Institute which is obtained based on the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Better Life Index approach. Our results indicate no global interactions in the transmission process of the disease among Turkish provinces. This means that the infection burden in the neighboring province does not significantly affect the infection burden of a given state. Yet, we show that vaccination rates and the median age of a neighboring province significantly affect the number of total cases in a given province. We find that as the vaccination rates of a neighboring province rise, the number of total cases in a given province also increases. This finding can be attributed to the “neighbor–reliant immunity” concept. It seems that people with vaccine hesitancy toward Covid-19 feel safer without a vaccine when their neighbors are mostly vaccinated. Last, people with a higher satisfaction rate with their health status are more likely to catch the disease due to underestimation of negative consequences.",book:{id:"11488",title:"GIS and Spatial Analysis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11488.jpg"},signatures:"Sevgi Eda Tuzcu and Esra Satıcı"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:118},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:91,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:333,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:144,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:125,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:23,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 17th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:33,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",slug:"mehmet-aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mehmet Emin Aydin is a Senior Lecturer with the Department of Computer Science and Creative Technology, the University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. His research interests include swarm intelligence, parallel and distributed metaheuristics, machine learning, intelligent agents and multi-agent systems, resource planning, scheduling and optimization, combinatorial optimization. Dr. Aydin is currently a Fellow of Higher Education Academy, UK, a member of EPSRC College, a senior member of IEEE and a senior member of ACM. In addition to being a member of advisory committees of many international conferences, he is an Editorial Board Member of various peer-reviewed international journals. He has served as guest editor for a number of special issues of peer-reviewed international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the West of England",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"82526",title:"Deep Multiagent Reinforcement Learning Methods Addressing the Scalability Challenge",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105627",signatures:"Theocharis Kravaris and George A. 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Kleczyk, Karin Hayes and Rajesh Mehta",slug:"evaluating-similarities-and-differences-between-machine-learning-and-traditional-statistical-modelin",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11422.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81791",title:"Self-Supervised Contrastive Representation Learning in Computer Vision",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104785",signatures:"Yalin Bastanlar and Semih Orhan",slug:"self-supervised-contrastive-representation-learning-in-computer-vision",totalDownloads:59,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:11,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7723",title:"Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:"Applications in Medicine and Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7723.jpg",slug:"artificial-intelligence-applications-in-medicine-and-biology",publishedDate:"July 31st 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"a3852659e727f95c98c740ed98146011",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Artificial Intelligence - Applications in Medicine and Biology",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. 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He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. 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He previously worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Ben-Gurion University of Negev, Israel; University of the Free State, South Africa; and Central University of Technology Bloemfontein, South Africa. He obtained his Ph.D. in Organic Chemistry from Nagaoka University of Technology, Japan. He has published more than seventy-four journal articles and attended several national and international conferences as speaker and chair. Dr. Kendrekar has received many international awards. He has several funded projects, namely, anti-malaria drug development, MRSA, and SARS-CoV-2 activity of curcumin and its formulations. He has filed four patents in collaboration with the University of Central Lancashire and Mayo Clinic Infectious Diseases. 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He worked as a Executive Research & Development @ Cadila Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Ahmedabad. He received DBT-postdoc fellow @ Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore under the supervision of Prof. P. Balaram, later he moved to NIH-postdoc researcher at Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA, after his return from postdoc joined NITK-Surthakal as a Adhoc faculty at department of chemistry. Since from August 2013 working as a Associate Professor, and in 2016 promoted to Profeesor in the School of Basic Sciences: Department of Chemistry and having 20 years of teaching and research experiences.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rani Channamma University, Belagavi",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/158492/images/system/158492.jpeg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Yusuf Tutar conducts his research at the Hamidiye Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences, Turkey. He is also a faculty member in the Molecular Oncology Program. He obtained his MSc and Ph.D. at Oregon State University and Texas Tech University, respectively. He pursued his postdoctoral studies at Rutgers University Medical School and the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIDDK), USA. His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",biography:"Martins Emeje obtained a BPharm with distinction from Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, and an MPharm and Ph.D. from the University of Nigeria (UNN), where he received the best Ph.D. award and was enlisted as UNN’s “Face of Research.” He established the first nanomedicine center in Nigeria and was the pioneer head of the intellectual property and technology transfer as well as the technology innovation and support center. Prof. Emeje’s several international fellowships include the prestigious Raman fellowship. He has published more than 150 articles and patents. He is also the head of R&D at NIPRD and holds a visiting professor position at Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria. He has a postgraduate certificate in Project Management from Walden University, Minnesota, as well as a professional teaching certificate and a World Bank certification in Public Procurement. 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He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics for two years at the Cancer Research Institute of Human Medical University in China. In 2001, he went to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) in USA, where he was a post-doctoral researcher and focused on mass spectrometry and cancer proteomics. Then, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor of Neurology, UTHSC in 2005. He moved to the Cleveland Clinic in USA as a Project Scientist/Staff in 2006 where he focused on the studies of eye disease proteomics and biomarkers. He returned to UTHSC as an Assistant Professor of Neurology in the end of 2007, engaging in proteomics and biomarker studies of lung diseases and brain tumors, and initiating the studies of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) in cancer. In 2010, he was promoted to Associate Professor of Neurology, UTHSC. Currently, he is a Professor at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in China, Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM), the European EPMA National Representative in China, Regular Member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), European Cooperation of Science and Technology (e-COST) grant evaluator, Associate Editors of BMC Genomics, BMC Medical Genomics, EPMA Journal, and Frontiers in Endocrinology, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Med One. He has\npublished 116 peer-reviewed research articles, 16 book chapters, 2 books, and 2 US patents. His current main research interest focuses on the studies of cancer proteomics and biomarkers, and the use of modern omics techniques and systems biology for PPPM in cancer, and on the development and use of 2DE-LC/MS for the large-scale study of human proteoforms.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Xiangya Hospital Central South University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",middleName:null,surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038Ugi5QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:48:28.png",biography:"Biotechnologist with 15 years of research including 6 years of teaching experience. Demonstrated record of scientific achievements through consistent publication record (H index = 13, with 874 citations) in high impact journals such as Nature Communications, Oncotarget, Annals of Oncology, PNAS, and AJRCCM, etc. Strong research professional with a post-doctorate from ACTREC where I gained experimental oncology experience in clinical settings and a doctorate from IGIB where I gained expertise in asthma pathophysiology. A well-trained biotechnologist with diverse experience on the bench across different research themes ranging from asthma to cancer and other infectious diseases. An individual with a strong commitment and innovative mindset. Have the ability to work on diverse projects such as regenerative and molecular medicine with an overall mindset of improving healthcare.",institutionString:"DY Patil Deemed to Be University",institution:null},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035QxIDQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:47:01.jpg",biography:"Soumya Basu, Ph.D., is currently working as an Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India. With 16+ years of trans-disciplinary research experience in Drug Design, development, and pre-clinical validation; 20+ research article publications in journals of repute, 9+ years of teaching experience, trained with cross-disciplinary education, Dr. Basu is a life-long learner and always thrives for new challenges.\r\nHer research area is the design and synthesis of small molecule partial agonists of PPAR-γ in lung cancer. She is also using artificial intelligence and deep learning methods to understand the exosomal miRNA’s role in cancer metastasis. Dr. Basu is the recipient of many awards including the Early Career Research Award from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"354817",title:"Dr.",name:"Anubhab",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"anubhab-mukherjee",fullName:"Anubhab Mukherjee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y0000365PbRQAU/ProfilePicture%202022-04-15%2005%3A11%3A18.480",biography:"A former member of Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, USA, Dr. Anubhab Mukherjee is an ardent votary of science who strives to make an impact in the lives of those afflicted with cancer and other chronic/acute ailments. He completed his Ph.D. from CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India, having been skilled with RNAi, liposomal drug delivery, preclinical cell and animal studies. He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. Ltd. and heads the Hyderabad R&D center of the organization.",institutionString:"Esperer Onco Nutrition Pvt Ltd.",institution:null},{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/319365/images/system/319365.png",biography:"Manash K. Paul is a scientist and Principal Investigator at the University of California Los Angeles. He has contributed significantly to the fields of stem cell biology, regenerative medicine, and lung cancer. His research focuses on various signaling processes involved in maintaining stem cell homeostasis during the injury-repair process, deciphering the lung stem cell niche, pulmonary disease modeling, immuno-oncology, and drug discovery. He is currently investigating the role of extracellular vesicles in premalignant lung cell migration and detecting the metastatic phenotype of lung cancer via artificial intelligence-based analyses of exosomal Raman signatures. Dr. Paul also works on spatial multiplex immunofluorescence-based tissue mapping to understand the immune repertoire in lung cancer. Dr. Paul has published in more than sixty-five peer-reviewed international journals and is highly cited. He is the recipient of many awards, including the UCLA Vice Chancellor’s award and the 2022 AAISCR-R Vijayalaxmi Award for Innovative Cancer Research. He is a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and an editorial board member for several international journals.",institutionString:"University of California Los Angeles",institution:{name:"University of California Los Angeles",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals. He is currently working on the protective activity of phenolic compounds in disorders associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329248",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Faheem",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"md.-faheem-haider",fullName:"Md. Faheem Haider",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329248/images/system/329248.jpg",biography:"Dr. Md. Faheem Haider completed his BPharm in 2012 at Integral University, Lucknow, India. In 2014, he completed his MPharm with specialization in Pharmaceutics at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India, in 2018. He was selected for the GPAT six times and his best All India Rank was 34. Currently, he is an assistant professor at Integral University. Previously he was an assistant professor at IIMT University, Meerut, India. He has experience teaching DPharm, Pharm.D, BPharm, and MPharm students. He has more than five publications in reputed journals to his credit. Dr. Faheem’s research area is the development and characterization of nanoformulation for the delivery of drugs to various organs.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",middleName:"Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329795/images/system/329795.png",biography:"Dr. Mohd Aftab Siddiqui is an assistant professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India, where he obtained a Ph.D. in Pharmacology in 2020. He also obtained a BPharm and MPharm from the same university in 2013 and 2015, respectively. His area of research is the pharmacological screening of herbal drugs/natural products in liver cancer and cardiac diseases. He is a member of many professional bodies and has guided many MPharm and PharmD research projects. Dr. Siddiqui has many national and international publications and one German patent to his credit.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"8",type:"subseries",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11404,editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",slug:"adriano-andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",biography:"Dr. Adriano de Oliveira Andrade graduated in Electrical Engineering at the Federal University of Goiás (Brazil) in 1997. He received his MSc and PhD in Biomedical Engineering respectively from the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU, Brazil) in 2000 and from the University of Reading (UK) in 2005. He completed a one-year Post-Doctoral Fellowship awarded by the DFAIT (Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada) at the Institute of Biomedical Engineering of the University of New Brunswick (Canada) in 2010. Currently, he is Professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (UFU). He has authored and co-authored more than 200 peer-reviewed publications in Biomedical Engineering. He has been a researcher of The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq-Brazil) since 2009. He has served as an ad-hoc consultant for CNPq, CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), FINEP (Brazilian Innovation Agency), and other funding bodies on several occasions. He was the Secretary of the Brazilian Society of Biomedical Engineering (SBEB) from 2015 to 2016, President of SBEB (2017-2018) and Vice-President of SBEB (2019-2020). He was the head of the undergraduate program in Biomedical Engineering of the Federal University of Uberlândia (2015 - June/2019) and the head of the Centre for Innovation and Technology Assessment in Health (NIATS/UFU) since 2010. He is the head of the Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering (UFU, July/2019 - to date). He was the secretary of the Parkinson's Disease Association of Uberlândia (2018-2019). Dr. Andrade's primary area of research is focused towards getting information from the neuromuscular system to understand its strategies of organization, adaptation and controlling in the context of motor neuron diseases. His research interests include Biomedical Signal Processing and Modelling, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation Engineering, Neuroengineering and Parkinson's Disease.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343"},editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",slug:"hitoshi-tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",slug:"marcus-vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",slug:"ramana-vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:18,paginationItems:[{id:"83115",title:"Fungi and Oomycetes–Allies in Eliminating Environmental Pathogens",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106498",signatures:"Iasmina Luca",slug:"fungi-and-oomycetes-allies-in-eliminating-environmental-pathogens",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Animal Welfare - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11579.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82991",title:"Diseases of the Canine Prostate Gland",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105835",signatures:"Sabine Schäfer-Somi",slug:"diseases-of-the-canine-prostate-gland",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82773",title:"Canine Transmissible Venereal Tumor: An Infectious Neoplasia in Dogs",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106150",signatures:"Chanokchon Setthawongsin, Somporn Techangamsuwan and Anudep Rungsipipat",slug:"canine-transmissible-venereal-tumor-an-infectious-neoplasia-in-dogs",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82797",title:"Anatomical Guide to the Paranasal Sinuses of Domestic Animals",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106157",signatures:"Mohamed A.M. 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