Number of medicinal species and families from south American countries.
\r\n\tThe purpose of this book is to provide the readers with an understanding of the characteristics of the crisis itself, recognize the wide range and multi-layer of the crisis from a real situation, give ideas on how to minimize the damage, and find ways to increase resilience in the future. To adapt to the rapidly and diversely changing world, the necessary experience and appropriate management for all kinds of crisis issues will be discussed as well. At the same time, it is intended to suggest elements such as verified scientific and empirical knowledge and applicable technologies; more effective risk management operation; modeling of the risks, manuals, management plans, and strategies.
\r\n\t
The term “demographic transition” was introduced more than 70 years ago to refer the process of changing from a traditional demographic model identified with high levels of mortality and birthrate to another one characterized by a fall on these indicators.
Between these conditions two phases can be identified: during the first one the growth rate of the population increases like a consequence of the decrease of the mortality, and during the second phase a deceleration of the population growth can be observed because of the decrease of fertility. Among the causes of this change of profile in the population we can find the process of industrialization, economic modernization, urbanization and the social and cultural changes.
The increase on life expectancy and the exposition to unhealthy lifestyles have modified the main causes of the morbidity and mortality, increasing the prevalence of non transmissible diseases. The first causes of mortality now fall in chronic degenerative diseases like diabetes
One of the best indicators of the improvement of the health of a population is ageing which is an intrinsic process of the demographic transition. The decline of the birthrate and the progressive rise of the life expectancy impact directly on the composition of the age groups of the population, reducing the number of persons in the younger age groups and expanding the segment of more advanced age groups.
The birthrate and mortality of the world population have decreased considerably particularly during the second half of the last century. The birthrate decreased between 1950-1955 and 2005-2010 from 37.0 to 20.0 births per 1000 persons [1]; while the mortality changed from 19.1 deaths per 1000 persons to 8.1 during the same period[2]. This transformation is known as demographic transition and has provoked a progressive increase of the size of the world population as well as its aging.
Migration can also affect aging in different ways, for example massive emigration due to circumstances like getting a better job, improving quality of life, or other motivations can reduce the number of young people, which can increase the ageing population [3].
The proportion of the world population over 60 years of age, of the most developed countries, will be increasing 1% per year before 2050 and it is expected to have increased 45% by mid-century, going from 287 millions in 2013 to 417 millions in 2050. In other words, 8% of the current population is 60 years old or more, but this proportion will be duplicated by 2050, reaching 19% that year[4].
The increase in life expectancy of the general population and particularly of the elderly around the world, should be considered like a success for humanity. The advance in preventive and curative technology of many diseases, coupled with the low exposure to risky conditions, increases the expectation to reach the elderly in better health conditions to live an adequate old age [3]. The increase in the life expectancy of the population poses a major challenge for public health, especially when we are going through a period in which poverty persists in those countries facing developing problems generating a bigger pressure on the already burdened health systems.
Aging is a continuous universal and irreversible process that can lead to a progressive lost of the ability to adapt. In healthy old individuals, many physiological functions are maintained, but when they are placed under stress, a loss of the functional reserve is revealed.
Aging is not a condition that is necessarily associated with disease and dependency, but it is a fact that the accumulative effect of multiple exposures and the unfavorable psychological, physical and social conditions increase the risk of older people to get sick [5]. It starts during the early years of the adult life, but it manifests some decades later, when people are called old. One unfair way to define elderness is to affirm that it starts with the age of retirement (60 or 65), but physiologically individuals get older in a different rate and some persons live more than 80 years. In developed countries, a person is considered old when he/she reaches the age of 65 years or more, but in developing countries 60 is considered as the starting point [6]
The countries with a more advanced stage of demographic transition recognize the need to evaluate the models for provision of health services for the elderly and achieve the maintenance of the pension systems and sanitary assistance despite all the requirements of the fast growing segment of older people in the population. However, the difficulties in the attention of the sanitary, social and economical needs may vary considerably by region. A common principle for the action is the need to focus on health promotion and the reduction of the dependency of elders.
Daily, seniors face risk situations that threaten their integrity and can alter the functions and structures of their body, if this happens, they face their environment in a different way and frequently the environmental and personal factors can force them to limit their activities. Therefore the functioning or disability of the individual must be seen as the result of the interaction between the health condition and the environment. Although different geographic, social or economical factors contribute to the functional dependency of seniors, chronic diseases are one of the main factors that impact this functioning and can even be its direct cause; this has been demonstrated in some previous studies in different populations. [7,8,9]
The aging process can affect the individual and social development, as well as the relative well-being of the younger persons. Among the factors with the greatest repercussion are the pension and retirement systems, the active population and its participation, the arrangements with the family and home, the intra-family transfers from one generation to other and the health condition of seniors. The importance of each one of these aspects can vary and depends of the demographic regimens and the institutional idiosyncrasy of every country. All countries in different levels and in different moments will have to include the topic of the repercussion of aging of the population in their priority issues on the health public and economic field.
The analysis of the oral health of elders has taken interest recently due to the accelerated changes on the demographic structure. Old people have poorer oral health, they seek oral health services less, and lose more teeth due to chronic conditions, they represent an important part of the health budget. [11, 12, 13].
The knowledge of the main problems of oral health of this population, is valuable in the planning of effective strategies that optimize the programs and has a positive effect in oral and general health. Among the main problems that affect the oral health there are:
In the oral mucosa of old people there may be atrophy of the epithelium, decrease of the keratin and number of cells of the connective tissue, an increase of the intercellular substance and decrease in the oxygen consume. When there is a lack of elasticity of the mucosa with dryness and atrophy, hyperkeratosis can be found. The oral mucosa can present changes related to local factors that are acquired through the course of life like malnutrition, systemic diseases, the use of pharmacological drugs, unhealthy habits and others that can cause the thinning of the mucosa, making it smooth, dry and more permeable to harmful substances. Oral squamous cell carcinoma and pemphigoid carcinoma are almost exclusive of the elderly. [14,15]
Complete or partial prosthesis is the most common treatment for tooth loss. Tooth loss has a deep emotional meaning; it symbolically reveals ageing and weakness. It is important to point out that in developing countries the oral care for the elderly has focused on dental extraction, and is the principal cause of the low number of remaining teeth. [16, 17]
Although the number of persons keeping their natural dentition has grown considerably during the last decades, the mean number of remaining teeth may vary according to the school level and the income. Thus it is pertinent to study tooth loss like a social issue according to the social determinants of health, since individuals with lowest school levels tend to a major loss of teeth [18].
Denture stomatitis is one of the most frequent diseases that affect the oral tissues in denture wearers. [19] The prevalence of denture stomatitis is from 11 to 67% [20] and there are some factors involved like:
The prevalence of denture stomatitis has been strongly correlated with hygiene [21,22]. The surface of the prosthesis can be a reservoir for plaque that conforms an ecosystem with a particular pH that can be influenced by the diet, saliva and other factors [23].
This is caused by maladjusted prosthetic devices and bad habits in their use [19, 20].
The presence of plaque promotes the colonization of fungi species like candida on the prosthetic surface or the mucosa [19,20,22]. The Candida fungi, mainly the genre
The typical lesions of oral candidiasis are white plaques that are easy to remove on the oral, oropharyngeal and palatal mucosa; in some cases there is angular cheilitis as well. The predisposing factors are xerostomy, treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics, the use of inhaled corticosteroids and alterations of the cellular immunity [25,26].
When candidiasis infection is associated with old removable prosthetics or maladjusted devices, it can induce the formation of denture stomatitis [27,28]. The treatment for the condition is the eradication of the local factors and therefore the prosthetic devices must be removed a long period, good hygiene conditions should be kept as well as using mouth rinses and antifungal medication.
The diet of the elderly is characterized for being very limited since the lack of a denture in good conditions avoids eating fresh fruits and vegetables or raw food. The diet is regularly is composed of canned food, which can cause vitamin deficiencies and therefore hematological deficit [29]
Caries can be considered an infectious disease caused by multiple factors: biologic, social, economical, cultural and environmental. Its formation and development is conditioned by the lifestyle of the individual. It affects the crown and root of the teeth and in the absence of dental attention it can cause the loss of the tooth and it constitutes a source of infection for the organism.
This disease occurs on the dental structures in contact with the microbial deposits (biofilm) and due to the imbalance between the tooth substance and the plaque surrounding fluid, there is a loss of minerals on the dental surface which leads to located destruction of the hard tissues.
The prevalence of dental caries in developed countries has decreased because a high sector of the old population has access to dental services promoting a major use of dental prevention measures, this allows, that the individuals keep a higher number of functional teeth [18,30]
The other kind of caries, root caries, is very common in the elderly since it is a consequence of the gingival recession. The root surface, composed by cementum and dentin is more susceptible to the oral environment than the crown surface composed by enamel and dentin [31,32]
The reported prevalence of root caries is from 24 to 37% in some populations [33]. Almost all the published studies reporting incidence have included old people from public institutions, patients with periodontal disease, participants of some clinic studies and some communities, however they have reported to 10 to 40% incidence [32,34].
Loss of periodontal attachment, low salivary flow, presence of caries in the past, cognitive impairment, use of some kind of medication, low scholar level, high number of cariogenic microorganisms, and the lack of dental attention are among the most studied risk factors for root caries [35].
Periodontal disease constitutes one of the main causes of tooth loss [16]. Traditionally it was accepted that the loss of epithelial attachment and alveolar bone was caused by the periodontal changes related to the ageing process, however nowadays the theory indicates that is not like that.
The periodontum reacts to ageing in two ways: if there is low hygiene, the plaque accumulation affects the periodontal tissues causing gingivitis and in some susceptible patients the retraction of the gingival tissue, formation of gingival pockets and dental loss. However in some old patients there can be tissue recovery with a minimal change on the marginal gingival, narrowness of the periodontal ligament, firm adherence of the teeth, and accumulation of cementum [14,36]
Saliva is a complex exocrine secretion, important for the maintenance of the homeostasis of the oral cavity. The salivary functions in relation with the flow and molecular composition (proteins, glycoproteins and phosphoproteins) are well known: the protection of the oral tissues against desiccation and the environmental attacks, the modulation of the desmineralization-remineralization processes, the lubrication of the occlusal surfaces and the maintenance of the ecological balance [37].
The protection of the salivary flow in the elderly can be reduce because of the medical prescription of some drugs for the treatment of certain conditions in this age group like depression or other systemic conditions like hypertension [38,39].
Although it has not been well demonstrated, a physiological decrease of the salivary flow may occur with aging, however it seems that structural alterations may occur in some salivary glands, concretely submandibular and minor glands, however, despite all these conditions the global functioning and the salivary volume is not modified.
The cause of the xerostomy or the decrease on the salivary flow is more related to the existence of some diseases like hypertension, diabetes
This disease is related with aging, since nearly 95% of the cases take place in people 40 years of age and older and the mean age of the diagnosis is around 60. It is estimated that half of the cases of cancer are in people 65 years of age. [42,43,44].
The etiology of oral cancer and precancerous lesions is multiple. The most common cited factors are: tobacco and alcohol consumption, genetics, nutrition, the presence of some virus, radiations and occupational risks in addition to use of maladjusted dental prostheses, destroyed teeth by caries or trauma and low oral hygiene.
Most of these factors have an accumulative effect with time, and due to this effect, many authors affirm that age is the main risk factor for the development of oral cancer [44,45]. The early detection of the malignant lesions is fundamental for providing the best prognosis of this disease.
Pain is often a manifestation of the oral problems reflected on other facial structures like the orbital frontal region that can be confounded with classic headache.
Sometimes, pain appears like a consequence of the degenerative phenomena of the structures that support the oral cavity (bones, joints muscles and others). Among these phenomena we can find osteoarthritis and osteoporosis of the jaw, or disorders on the temporomandibular jaw that can cause pain, snaps and the added locking of joint function like limitation to the mouth opening and difficulty for chewing [46].
The temporomandibular dysfunction is frequent in old people and it is characterized by constant pain on the periauricular area, otic pain that can increase while the patient is chewing, or in patients with bruxism, when they clench teeth consciously or unconsciously during stress [47,48].
It is clear that oral health problems affect the general condition of old people. Many systemic diseases have specific signs in the mouth that allow the diagnosis. Among them we can find genetic diseases, systemic infections, immune alterations, neoplasms, nutritional problems, connective tissue diseases, gastrointestinal diseases, renal diseases, cardiovascular diseases, endocrine diseases, dermatologic diseases, neurologic diseases and skeletal diseases. There are also some medications that can affect the consistency and characteristics of the saliva and that can alter the texture of the tongue, or affect the gingiva [36,37,48,49,50]
Among the conditions related to periodontal disease and the cardiovascular system we can find bacterial endocarditis, myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, thrombosis, coronary heart disease and varicose veins [51].
The links between periodontal disease and respiratory diseases can be established only if the defensive mechanisms fail. The most commonly associated conditions are the bacterial pneumonia, bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung abscesses [52,53,54].
The bacteria create their own ecological niches on different surfaces of the mouth like teeth, gingival sulcus, dorsal area of the tongue and oral and pharyngeal mucosa using the saliva and crevicular fluid like their main nutritional source, and through bacteremia, derive in systemic processes. The sepsis is the responsible for the beginning and progression of diverse inflammatory diseases like arthritis, peptic ulcers and appendicitis [54]
Pneumonia is the infection of the lung parenchyma caused by several infectious agents that include bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses. Bacteria of the oral flora like
The relationship between quality of life and oral health has been understood like a multidimensional concept that reports the aspects concerning to oral health including the functional, social and pshycological aspect of the individuals [57,58,59,60].
One of the major contributions of dentistry is to improve and maintain the quality of life of the person since most oral diseases and their consequences have an impact on the performance of daily activities [36].
The contemporary concepts of health suggest that oral health could be defined as the physical, psychological and social wellbeing in relation to the dental status as well as the hard and soft tissues of the oral cavity and not only absence of disease [36]. This definition proposes that the measure of oral health not only has to take into account oral indexes that measure the presence or severity of a pathology (physical well-being) but it must also complemented with social and pshycological measures [36,60,61].
Traditionally, the methods used to estimate oral health, have been limited to clinic indicators or oral indexes, and the presence or absence of disease. This view leaves out all the subjective measures, in other words the perception of the persons about their oral health status.
This view about oral health related quality of life (OHRQOL) promotes the knowledge of the origin and behavior of the oral diseases, largely because the social factors and the environment are the main causes of these diseases and some interventions can be applied [62,63,64]).
In elder people, the self-perception of oral health can be affected by the perception of other personal values, like the belief that some pains and disabilities are unavoidable because of the ageing. These ideas can lead to the over and under estimation of the oral health condition. The available information about self-perception is subjective, and for this reason the perception about how oral health affects the quality of life must be evaluated according to instruments that have been adapted and validated on specific populations.
The dental status in old people has a repercussion on their ability to perform daily activities affecting their quality of life with a bigger impact on some activities such as eating, speaking and pronunciation [61]
The existing subjective measures on oral health as well as the focus on oral health cannot provide data that helps the decision makers to allocate the resources related with improving the oral health of the elderly, however they can give an idea about the degree of affection for the individual and populations [62].
Oral health problems among old people are caused mainly by the accumulation of sequels that the null assistance to the dental services has left as well as the lack of self-care in this age group.
The most common affections are the tooth loss, coronal and root caries, periodontal diseases, lesions derivated from the use of defective prosthesis and temporomandibular joint pain. Besides, this group, can also present oral cancer and oral manifestations of other systemic diseases. These conditions are associated with pain when chewing, a frequent reason of consultation in primary care.
It is important to continue studying the convergence of sociodemographic information with the oral health diagnosis, to determine the therapeutic needs and the factors that make it difficult to access the dental services and to design adequate interventions to solve the most common oral health problems of this group of the population.
Public and private oral health services must prevent the onset of diseases that can produce serious effects on quality of life of the elderly.
In Peru 80% of the population uses phytotherapy as a medicinal resource, 76% of population insured by EsSalud (a health system for state employees) are willing to receive treatment with medicinal plants, and about 90,000 insured people per year, use complementary medicine (CM) services in 83 CM care centers In addition, despite of being a multi-diverse country, no attention has been paid to the development of medicinal plants value chain, pointing out as some of the greatest challenges, the proper registration of these plants, the protection of their biodiversity, investment in research and the guarantee of quality and safety when being used [1].
On the other hand, the growing demand of medicinal plants has generated problems regarding their future availability, because most of them are collected from nature (minimal cultivation), without any type of adequate management guaranteeing the long-term sustainability of the extraction and the
Cajamarca region’s land (Peru) is an important area for the collection, production, use and market of medicinal plants with pre-Inca heritage and is part of the Northern Peruvian
Inventories of medicinal species by countries in South America are insipient and the estimates indicate about 23,403 species (Table 1), from 50,000 to 80,000 medicinal species (flowered) estimated for the world [14]. These approaches leave many questions to be resolved in the future. For example, it is estimated that Peru has 1400 medicinal species [15]. Then, the estimate was more than 3000 species with this use, and 774 medicinal species in current use were described with 343 pharmacological actions [5]. In South America, Colombia is the country that has best documented the medicinal species used in their pharmacopeia and has established strategies and guidelines for their knowledge, conservation and sustainable use [6].
Country | No. species | No. families | Source |
---|---|---|---|
Peru | > 3000 | nd | [5] |
Colombia | 2404 | 202 | [6] |
Ecuador | 3118 | 206 | [7] |
Bolivia | 3000 | 102 | [8] |
Chile | 781∆ | nd | [9] |
Brazil | 1500● | 148 | [10] |
Argentina | 9000◊ | nd | [11] |
Paraguay | 600 | nd | [12] |
Uruguay | 249◙ | nd | [13] |
Number of medicinal species and families from south American countries.
It refers to edible wild plants only, which are also medicinal. Detailed information exists for 120 species.
Includes species which there is information on use and pharmacology.
Chemical, pharmacological and toxicological studies: 121.
Species on sale in authorized stores. The informal sale of these herbs is prohibited in this country.
nd: no data.
South America cities continue to use medicinal plants, as their first alternative in health treatment; however, in few cases complete studies were done on markets supply (Table 2). Exits a lack of studies on the subject in most of South American cities. A comparative study in three countries (Colombia, Peru and Bolivia) indicates that only 4% of species and 1% of genera in the markets are shared [16].
City/country | No. species | No. families | Source |
---|---|---|---|
Valencia, Carabobo, Venezuela | 84 | 45 | [16] |
Caracas Venezuela | 164 | 72 | [17] |
Pernambuco, Brazil | 169 | 70 | [18] |
Cuarto Río, Córdova, Argentina | 125 | 48 | [19] |
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 376 | 94 | [20] |
La Paz and El Alto, Bolivia | 163 | 58 | [21] |
Loja, Ecuador* | 160 | 57 | [22] |
Bogota, Colombia | 409 | nd | [23] |
Number of medicinal species and families in markets in South America cities.
33 traditional markets in the province of Loja, southern Ecuador were included.
nd: no data.
We do not have a complete vision of the agribusiness for medicinal plants in Peru because the studies in these cities’ markets are still incomplete (Table 3). The few studies are focused mainly to identify the species marketed and to establish their use. The issue has not been addressed from the perspective and concept of the value chain [33, 34]. Commercialization of medicinal plants in Quero and Masma Chicche communities (approximately 3500 to 4800 masl), Masma Chicche district, province of Jauja, department of Junín was studied following the route of the gatherers - growers and the other actors in the chain to the cities of Jauja and Lima. Through interviews and direct observation, it was determined the links in the chain that includes gatherers-producers, intermediaries, processors (small, medium and large), retailers and consumers. In addition, it was found that the chain has added a little value, it mainly offers primary transformation products (creams, extracts, flours and syrups) made with artisanal methods. There are no formal relationships between the actors in the chain, most of the plants are collected and cultivation is incipient [25].
City | No. species | No. families | Source |
---|---|---|---|
Corongo | 70 | 32 | [24] |
Jauja | 45 | nd | [25] |
Cusco | 152 | 45 | [26] |
Ayacucho | 66 | 30 | [27] |
Huaraz, Yungay and Carhuaz | 178* | 44 | [28] |
Cajabamba | 123 | 49 | [29] |
Trujillo and Chiclayo | 400 | 118 | [30] |
Cajamarca | 470 | 129 | [31, 32] |
Registries of medicinal species and families in markets of cities in Peru.
incluyó pequeñas comunidades.
nd: no data.
Studies of medicinal plants, carried out with semi-structured interviews and direct observation, in the commercial town of Ayacucho (highlands of Peru, approximately 240,000 inhabitants) highlight the presence of 66 species, between cultivated and wild. The most important volume sales corresponded to matico, manzanilla and ortiga. The species with the highest cultural value were ruda macho (
The most in-depth studies on medicinal plants in the Peruvian markets were carried out in the north of Peru and correspond to the RW Bussmann group. In one of them [35], through collections made in the fields, markets and the house of healers in northern Peru (Piura, Lambayeque, La Libertad, Cajamarca and San Marín), 510 species from 126 families (83% native) of medicinal plants used to treat 20 groups of diseases were identified. This study not only shows a 2000-year timeline of healing culture in this region, but also the importance of the mountains of Cajamarca and particularly the surroundings of the city of Cajamarca as a supplier of medicinal plants for these markets. The following studies aimed to establish the relationship between the plants found in the Trujillo and Chiclayo markets and the collection and storage sites [36, 37], as well as the relationship between collection and cultivation of medicinal plants and the supply of these markets [38].
Subsequent research analyzes the relationship between the market, healers, vendors and collectors and the sustainability of the use of medicinal plants in northern Peru [30]. A meticulous review of the species used in northern Peru and southern Ecuador, with all their changes since the colonial era, was also made [4]. After more than a decade of work, one of the latest studies [39] points out that the increase in the demand for phytosanitary products does not increase their cultivation. On the contrary, its greatest threat is the disturbance of high ecosystems and calls into question the sustainability of the cultivation, use and market of medicinal species. Likewise, it is estimated that the value of medicinal species in the markets of northern Peru is 1.2 million USD/year. Recently, other studies on this topic were summarized in Cajamarca, focused on specific geographic areas and the ethnobotany of species [40, 41].
Cajamarca is located in the north of Peru, in South America. It is the center of a large region, made up of the departments of Tumbes, Piura, Lambayeque, La Libertad, Amazonas and San Martín. This region is considered a
Cajamarca city, capital of the department, is located at 2700 masl and 859 km from Lima, the capital of Peru. It was important since Inca times and here the meeting between European and Andean culture took place in 1532. Currently it has a population of 225,800 inhabitants and its immediate surroundings are made up of 12 eminently rural districts. The city of San Marcos is the capital of the province of the same name (with seven rural districts), located 62 km from the city of Cajamarca, it has an approximate population of 9500 inhabitants [42].
Our team carries out research on medicinal species in the Cajamarca city market since 2003 and we have observed the changes that have occurred in the last two decades [31, 40, 41, 43, 44]. Among other aspects, the market for medicinal plants has grown significantly. Thus, in 2003 the city was supplied with 305 species (94 botanical families) and in 2018, 470 medicinal species were on market (129 botanical families). Here it is included eight new medicinal species incorporated into the market over the past two decades:
The city receives fresh, dried and processed medicinal plants from the mountains, coast and rainforest. A significant part of the fresh plants come from the communities of the surrounding districts. In this report we refer in a special way to this part of plants, with an emphasis on stockpiling to supply the coastal markets. The value chain (Figure 2) of these plants collected on the heights of Cajamarca, until it reaches local consumers or other cities is informal, with actors loosely connected and which, prevailing interest from the wholesale stockers of the Coast. The links involved are described below.
Scheme of the informal value chain of medicinal plants collected in the city of Cajamarca, Peru.
The
No technical criteria related to the conservation and sustained use of the species are applied, nor is it necessary to have a State collection permit. The collectors say that “it was always like this.” Even when the promotion and sustainable use of medicinal plants, in harmony with the environmental, social, health and economic interests of the Nation, is legally regulated [45]; so far, the State has no direct intervention in this matter.
The
The gatherers-producers come from the Cajamarca district and districts surrounding the city of Cajamarca such as Baños del Inca, Llacanora, Jesús, Chetilla, Magdalena, Llacanora, Namora and La Encañada; belonging the same province. The main communities where the collection is carried out are Pariamarca, Huambocancha, La Laguna, Jesús, San Juan, Chotén, Chigdén, Higuerón, Yumagual, Gavilán, Huayllapampa, Agocucho, Cumbico, El Cumbe, La Encañada (several communities), Huanico, Baños del Inca (several communities), Cerrillo, Chetilla (several communities), Otuzco (several communities), Miraflores, Huacataz, La Colpa, Cruz Blanca, Llacanora (several communities), Porcón, Porconcillo, Chamis, Aylambo, Choropunta, Secsemayo and Tual. These communities are included in the Yunga Alta, Quechua and Jalca regions, between 2200 to 4200 masl (with a predominance in Quechua, 2300–3500 masl). The gatherers-stockers, who bring medicinal plants directly to the coastal markets, from certain communities, are excluded. For example, those that are on the coastal route such as San Juan, Chigdén, Yumagual, Higuerón, Chotén. This collection and direct shipment also occur in the capitals of districts like Jesus, Llacanora, Namora and Matara.
Although collection and stockpiling of medicinal plants has been developed for several decades in these areas, currently its main threat is metallic and non-metallic mining, since 66% of the territory of this province is under concession to this activity [49]. For now, three major centers of collection and storage (Combayo, La Encañada and Chanta Alta) stopped working, because they are mining areas. Other factors are the expansion of the agricultural frontier, overcollection, overgrazing and the burning of natural vegetation (an ancestral practice of the peasants that has the purpose of promoting the regrowth of the vegetation that serves as pasture).
The first study on the gather of fresh medicinal plants in the market town of Cajamarca was made early in the decade of 2000 [43] when the city had 125,000 inhabitants and began a stage characterized by revaluation of traditional medicine and the consumption of organic products. Sixty-six species were collected for the local and coastal market, coming from the communities near the city, with an average of 5702 kg/month.
Five years later, the ambulatory marketing of medicinal plants was observed on Revilla Pérez de Cajamarca street and two types of vendors were identified; the unskilled who arrived every day and sold, in addition to medicinal plants, other plants (spices, vegetables, ornamentals and fodder) and; the specialized ones, who arrived on Mondays and Thursdays and only bought and sold medicinal plants. The latter were the stockers who collected large quantities to send to the coastal markets. They observed 42 stored species (34 native), 26 collected, not cultivated. The most common were manzanilla, orégano, culantro (
A recent evaluation of the collection indicates that in the city of Cajamarca 57 medicinal species are stored, in the fresh state (28 families) (Table 4), which are then transported to Chiclayo and Trujillo. Sixty five percent of the species are native to the Andes, there was prevalence (46%) of leaves as part used; 25 are cultivated and 14 are wild; the others share wild-weed and cultivated-weed states, so that most are collected [31, 40].
Species | Vulgar name | Family | Origin | Biological state | Used part | Region |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ajenjo | Asteraceae | I | S, C | Leaf | Q | |
Alcachofa | Asteraceae | N | C | Leaf, Inflorescence | Y, Q | |
Ambarina | Caprifoliaceae | I | C | Inflorescence | Q | |
Anis del campo | Asteraceae | N | S, C | Foliage | Q | |
Apio | Apiaceae | I | C | Leaf | Y, Q | |
Berro | Brassicaceae | I | S | Foliage | Q, J | |
Bolsa de pastor | Brassicaceae | N | S, A | Foliage | Q | |
Borraja | Boraginaceae | I | C, A | Leaf, flower | Q | |
Carqueja | Asteraceae | N | C | Leaf | Q | |
Cedrón | Verbenaceae | I | C | Leaf | Q | |
Chamcua/ muña | Lamiaceae | N | S, C | Leaf, stem | Q, J | |
Chochocón | Bromeliaceae | N | S, C | Leaf, stem | Q | |
Ciprés | Cupresaceae | I | C | Foliage | Q, J | |
Cola de caballo | Equisoceae | N | S | Foliage | Q, J | |
Cucharilla | Proteaceae | N | S | Leaf | Y, Q | |
Culantrillo | Pteridaceae | N | S | Leaf | Q, | |
Culen | Fabaceae | N | S, C | Leaf | Q | |
Cuti cuti | Aspleniaceae | N | S | Plant | Q | |
Cuti cuti blanco | Pteridaceae | N | S, C | Leaf | Q | |
Diente de león | Asteraceae | I | C, A | Foliage | Q | |
Escorzonera* | Asteraceae | N | C | Flower | Q, J | |
Eucalipto | Myrtaceae | N | C | Leaf | Q | |
Floripondio rojo | Solanaceae | N | C | Flower, leaf | Q | |
Hierba luisa | Poaceae | I | C | Leaf | Y, Q | |
Hinojo | Apiaceae | I | C | Leaf, stem | Q | |
Ishpingo amarillo | Asteraceae | N | S | Leaf, stem | Q, J | |
Ishpingo blanco | Asteraceae | N | S | Leaf, stem | Q, J | |
Llanten | Plantaginaceae | I | S, A | Leaf | Y, Q | |
Malva grande | Malvaceae | N | C | Foliage | Q | |
Manzanilla | Asteraceae | I | C | Foliage | Q | |
Matico | Piperaceae | N | S, C | Leaf | Q | |
Mejorana | Lamiaceae | I | C | Leaf | Q | |
Menta | Lamiaceae | I | C | Leaf | Q, Y | |
Moradilla | Amaranthaceae | N | C | Foliage | Q | |
Nogal | Juglandaceae | N | C | Leaf | Q | |
Orégano | Lamiaceae | I | C | Leaf | Q | |
Ortiga* | Urticaceae | N | S, A | Foliage | Q | |
Paja blanca | Plantaginaceae | N | S, A | Leaf | Q | |
Panizara | Lamiaceae | N | S, A | Plant | Q | |
Pasuchaca | Geraniaceae | N | S | Leaf | J | |
Perejil | Apiaceae | I | C | Leaf, stem | Q, Y | |
Pie de perro | Fabaceae | N | S | Foliage | Q | |
Pimpinella | Rosaceae | I | C, A | Foliage | Q | |
Romerito | Calceolariaceae | N | S | Leaf | J | |
Romero | Lamiaceae | I | C | Leaf | Q | |
Ruda | Rutaceae | I | C | Leaf, flower | Q, Y | |
Rumilanche | Myrtaceae | N | S | Leaf | Q | |
Sangrenaria | Linaceae | I | C, A | Seed | Q | |
Sauco | Adoxaceae | N | C | Leaf | Q, J | |
Siempre viva | Bromeliaceae | N | S | Leaf | Q | |
Supiquewa | Lamiaceae | N | S, A | Foliage | Q | |
Taya | Fabaceae | N | S, C | Fruit, leaf | Y, Q | |
Toronjil | Lamiaceae | I | C | Leaf | Y, Q | |
Trinidad | Anacardiaceae | N | S | Leaf | Q | |
Valeriana* | Caprifoliaceae | N | S | Root-rhizome | J | |
Vira vira* | Asteraceae | N | C | Foliage | J | |
Yacón | Asteraceae | N | C | Leaf, root | Q |
List of medicinal plants collected in the city of Cajamarca, Peru: 2017–2018.
C: cultivated; S: wild; A: arvense. N: native, I: Introduced. Y: Yunga, Q: Quechua, J: Jalca.
Species of the Quechua region (2300–3500 masl) are predominant (47%), only four are exclusive to Jalca. List does not include Jalca species as chinchimalí (
If we take into account the 10 most collected species, during a day, a gather can collect 180 bundles of manzanilla, 80 bundles of valeriana, 60 bundles of pie de perro and so on, up to a minimum of 35 bundles of menta [31, 40]. So, in order to gather significant quantities, a buying and selling system is established, between gatherers, where each one seeks his objective at the end of the day. The first two species have not changed in their relative importance compared to 2003 (Table 5). However, the following eight species have varied in their relative importance and none is repeated. This situation is explained by the changes in the demand for the species and also by the new collection and shipping points for the coast. Other studies are not comparable, as they paid more attention to the most common species that are sold daily for local consumption, in which, prevail food species as perejil, ruda, paico (
2003 | 2018 |
---|---|
Manzanilla | Manzanilla |
Valeriana | Valeriana |
San pedro | Pie de perro |
Eucalipto | Ciprés |
Berro | Escorzonera |
Laurel | Apio |
Flor blanca | Supiquehua |
Manzanilla macho ( | Alcachofa |
Chinchimalí | Nogal |
Andacushma | Menta |
An evaluation carried out between 2017 and 2018, in the 18 local stockers, indicated that the total volume of 57 collected species, means 407.03 t/ year of fresh product, more than five times of the collection in 2003. The gather-producer sold at 0.43 ± 0.14 soles / bundle and the Cajamarca stocker sold in Chiclayo at 1.22 ± 0.26 soles / bundle, obtaining a gross profit of 0.79 ± 0.18 soles /bundle. It is to say, the monetary value in the gather-producer of Cajamarca is 500145.93 soles/ year (US $ 143308.29/year) and the monetary value in the wholesale of Chiclayo is 1419018.67 soles (US $. 406595.60. Therefore, the value of fresh medicinal plants collected in Cajamarca, means 33.9% of the total trade, estimated by Bussmann (2013) in the markets of Trujillo and Chiclayo.
In this value chain, the least favored agent is the gather-producer, who in some cases is also a local gather. However, their tenure in business for more than 10 years indicates that these agents have attractive incomes. Our inquiries through friendly conversations with gatherers in the city of Cajamarca, indicate that the stockers put into play various strategies that ensure profitable economic income, every time they take or send their products to the coastal markets: they arrange orders from buyers interested in certain species, they direct their attention to the species with the highest demand and whose prices remain more stable, without neglecting to offer diversity; they do not store and do not travel if the market is not good, due to the entry of plants from other areas; they are attentive to the rise in demand and prices of certain species.
This perception is different from that reported by other authors [37], who followed a gather – stocker (Julia) from Chigdén (San Juan district), 37 kilometers from the city of Cajamarca, to the Chiclayo market (Moshoqueque) and estimated that after working for 3 days (from gather and purchase), in the best case (it sold everything) it earned 6.45 US dollars (22.51 soles) and in the worst case scenario (it sold below the average) it earned 2.80 US dollars (9.77 soles). Two questions arise here: Is this a representative case of what happens regularly to gatherers-stockers? And, would it make sense to Julia and her 20 colleagues who did the same, to continue in this business when their earnings are at the indicated level?
Species that achieved best prices (2017–2018) were valeriana and taya, followed by ambarina, bolsa de pastor, alcachofa, apio, manzanilla, orégano, hierba luisa y culén. The last five have dual purpose, are medicinal and both aromatic and, used in teas. The species that generally have the lowest price are eucalipto, ciprés, rumilanche and trinidad. The average sale price of each bundle may be temporarily distorted, due to the rise in the price of a certain product. For example, at one point in the evaluation, the price of the bundle of fresh yacon leaf, paid to the producer, reached S/. 10 and the coast stocker sold it by S/. 25/bundle.
If the plants are already in the warehouses of the wholesale stockers of the coast one part goes to supply the local markets of the same cities and another, to the markets of other cities such as Lima, Piura, Sullana and Tumbes. A third part is directed to primary transformers and laboratories.
In this activity there are two types of small businesses: One sells only laboratory processed products and the other, sells processed products and additionally offers artisan preparations, according to the condition indicated by the client. Processed products can also enter markets through the herbalist’s posts and peddlers. The sale of processed products has grown enormously and there are new ventures in distribution and retail sale, and even courses are offered for local entrepreneurs for this purpose.
In Peru, the DIGEMID (General Directorate of Medicines, Supplies and Drugs) is the entity in charge of registering, re-registering, modifying, denying, suspending or canceling the sanitary registration of pharmaceutical products, as well as carrying out the control and sanitary surveillance of the same; in application of Law No. 29459 (2009) on Pharmaceutical Products, Medical Devices and Health Products. Supreme Decree 016-2011-SA (2011) contains its rules. The DIGEMID grants the registration as medicine, to the processed products, which are attributed, at least, a proven therapeutic property, which must appear on the label, in addition to the professional (pharmaceutical chemist) responsible. On the other hand, according to Peruvian legislation [51], natural therapeutic resources have been classified in (1)
The consumer as the final link in the chain has variable behavior, according to their economic power, social position, culture and knowledge. The main type is the one that, when faced with a condition, resorts, in the first instance, to herbs and natural products in general. Buy fresh or dried herbs to prepare at home, guided by his own knowledge or following the recommendations of a neighbor, family member or herbalist. The second type is one that, when faced with a condition, buys and consumes syrups or extracts of artisan preparation, in a peddler or health food store. This guy is increasing, due to the way of life in the city: lack of time to prepare his remedy (and their food) and because these preparations are cheap. The third type is one who cares for his health and prevent disease through natural products processed with a certain level of assurance, which shows through the brand or label of formal laboratories. He is the typical middle-class client, who goes to naturist centers. The fourth type is the one who, when faced with a condition, for which he has not found a solution, goes to the healer or shaman. He may or may not participate in an allowance, but receives a prescription, which must be applied in the time and in the indicated way.
The market for medicinal plants in the city of San Marcos, unlike the market in the city of Cajamarca, is a center for the collection of plants dried under natural environmental conditions (approximately 13–14% humidity). This was studied in two stages: The first between June and December 2017 [31], through semi-structured interviews with four wholesale stockers, direct observation of the collection process in two stockers and, dialogs with gatherers, stockers and a transporter of medicinal plants.
The second stage was carried out between October 2018 and January 2019 in 15 communities of the four most important districts, where the collection is carried out; located between 2250 and 3423 masl (Yunga Alta and Quechua regions). The districts of Chancay, Ichocán and Eduardo Villanueva were not included (it is estimated that in these districts there are at least 10 more communities where collection is carried out). Twenty-two gatherers −12 women- (out of an estimated total of 45) and 11 local stockers −6 women- were included. Semi-structured interviews and direct observation were conducted with two wholesale stockers, and two gatherers were accompanied in their work of collecting and drying plants. More than 50% of the gatherers and stockers were over 50 years old 77% of gatherers had complete or incomplete primary education and; 59% of the stockers had between 4 and more than 6 years in this activity [52].
Collection is carried out in wild areas (which are also grazing), except in three cases (eucalipto, nogal y aliso) it is carried out around the cultivated fields. This dependence on wild areas and the lack of technical criteria on the rates and good collection practices mean that the main threats to the sustainability of the supply are overgrazing, the burning of natural vegetation, the overcollection, expansion of the agricultural frontier and mining [34, 53] --21% of the province’s territory was under concession -- [49].
The collected plants are taken home, where they are dried in the shade, until the humidity is balanced with the ambient humidity. In tests carried out with eucalipto y cola de caballo, it was found that the weight losses in drying are 60% and 70%, respectively. In the informal value chain described by the species collected in this market (Figure 3), a new destination is added, in relation to the plants collected in the city of Cajamarca. This is the market of the city of Nueva Cajamarca, in the department of San Martín (Figure 1
Diagram of the informal value chain of medicinal plants collected in the city of San Marcos, Cajamarca, Peru.
In this market 37 species belonging to 20 botanical families are collected. Three are trees and the rest are herbs (18) and shrubs (16). Five are introduced from other continents and the rest are native to the Andes. Three are cultivated and the difference, wild. In 65% of cases the leaf is used. All, except one, come from the Quechua region (Table 6). Fifteen of these species are the same as those collected in the city of Cajamarca, but in a fresh state.
Species | Vulgar name | Family | Origin | Biological state | Part used | Region |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aliso | Betulaceae | N | C | Leaf | Q | |
Amaro o Amarro | Asteraceae | N | S | Leaf | Q | |
Anís | Asteraceae | I | S | Foliage | Q | |
Cola de caballo | Equisoceae | N | S | Leaf | Q | |
Culén | Fabaceae | N | S | Leaf | Q | |
Minthostachys mollis (Benth.) Griseb.* | Chancua | Lamiaceae | N | S | Leaf | Q |
Chilca, Chilca negra | Asteraceae | N | S | Leaf | Q | |
Dominio | A diantaceae | N | S | Leaf | Q | |
Escoba amarga | Asteraceae | N | S | Foliage | Q | |
Eucalipto | Myrtaceae | I | C | Leaf | Q | |
Flor blanca | Amaranthaceae | N | S | Flower | Y | |
Ishpingo Amarillo | Asteraceae | N | S | Foliage | Q | |
Ishpingo blanco | Asteraceae | N | S | Plant | Q | |
Lanche | Myrtaceae | N | S | Leaf | Q | |
Laurel de campo | Myricaceae | N | S | Leaf | Q | |
Lengua del ciervo, calaguala | Polypodiaceae | N | S | Stem | Q | |
Mangle | Primulaceae | N | S | Leaf | Q | |
Maqui maqui | Araliaceae | N | S | Leaf | Q | |
Matico | Piperaceae | N | S | Leaf | Q | |
Mogo mogo | Piperaceae | N | S | Leaf | Q | |
Muca, popa amarilla | Viscaceae | N | S | Leaf | Q | |
Nogal | Juglandaceae | N | C | Leaf | Q | |
Olvido | Clethraceae | N | S | Leaf | Q | |
Panizara | Lamiaceae | N | S | Leaf | Q | |
Pie de perro | Fabaceae | N | S | Foliage | Q | |
Pul | Asteraceae | N | S | Leaf | Q | |
Purenrosa | Ericaceae | N | S | Flower, leaf | Q | |
Romero blanco | Lamiaceae | N | S | Leaf | Q | |
Rumilanche | Myrtaceae | N | S | Leaf | Q | |
Suelda con suelda | Ephedraceae | N | S | Foliage | Q | |
Te de indio, romero de jalca | Lamiaceae | N | S | Leaf | Q | |
Trencilla | Lycopodiaceae | N | S | Plant | Q | |
Trinidad, tres hojas | Anacardiaceae | I | S | Leaf | Q | |
Valeriana | Caprifoliaceae | N | S | Root-rhizome | Q | |
Vira vira | Asteraceae | N | S | Foliage | Q | |
Zarcilleja hoja grande | Melastomataceae | I | S | Leaf | Q | |
Zarcilleja hoja chica | Melastomataceae | I | S | Leaf | Q |
List of medicinal plants collected in the province of San Marcos (Cajamarca): 2019.
Also collected as fresh plants in the market town of Cajamarca.
In the first stage of the study, the total collected volume was calculated by direct observation and the daily purchase records of the four wholesale stockers. In the second stage, we worked with two wholesale stockers and the volume collected by the other two was estimated, based on shipments to the coast. The four stockers compile 510.33 tons / year, of the 37 species. The ten species with the highest collection volumes (t/year) were: pul (83.8), flor blanca (76.9), purenrosa (62.5), lanche (42.8), pie de perro (39.5), chancua (39.0), romero blanco (35.7), zarcilleja (15.0), ishpingo (14.2) y chilca (12.4). However, the species with the best market prices (S./kg) were té de indio (12.6), flor blanca (6.4), pul (3.0), pie de perro (2.0), rumilanche (1.6), escoba amarga (1.6), lanche (1.5) y; chancua, chilca y purenrosa (1.4). Price distortions were also presented, for example, in February - 2018, the price paid to the gatherer of pie de perro rose from 2 to 12 soles/kg, due to the demand for a company of Lima.
The volumes of medicinal plants collected in San Marcos (510.33 t/year), at the gatherer - producer level, mean 724672.86 soles (US $. 207642.65), if sold to a primary stocker and 882876.09 soles (US $. 252973.09), if sold directly to the wholesale stocker of San Marcos. On the other hand, at the level of the wholesale stocker of the Coast (when he sells to the other agents of the chain) means 1388105.76 soles (US $. 397738.04). This implies 33.1% of the value of medicinal plants in the Trujillo and Chiclayo markets [39].
The observation made in the cities of Cajamarca and San Marcos, between June and July 2020, at a time when the pandemic has not ceased, indicated the following: In the city of Cajamarca, the stockpiling for shipments to the coast was paralyzed, but the gatherers worked during the quarantine to supply the city, which increased demand and achieved better prices. The weight of each bundle fell by approximately 50% and the price paid to the gatherer-producer rose from 0.35 to 1.00 soles. Also, the retail sale price rose from 0.5 to 1.50 soles/bundle. The species with the highest demand were eucalipto, matico and cascarilla –leaf-- (
Inventories of medicinal plants in the countries of South America are incomplete. Similarly, studies on species that supply markets and their commercialization are incomplete.
The department of Cajamarca (Peru) is an important center for the collection, production, use and commercialization of medicinal plants of pre-Inca origins. Currently, the capital city (Cajamarca) is supplied with 470 medicinal species, most of them wild and native to the Andes. In this city there are various intermediaries in the market for medicinal plants, of which one of the most important is the stocker that supplies the markets of the Coast.
The two informal value chains that are developed in this area make minimal quality control, add little value to the products and the predominant actors are the local and coastal wholesale stockers (Chiclayo and Trujillo). Gatherer-producers are informal, without organization, for whom the sale of medicinal plants is a secondary activity in the generation of economic income. The transformation is a growing area and the transforming companies and formal laboratories face the problem of the adulteration and counterfeiting of their products. The consumer of the cities uses products with little security and guarantee.
Most medicinal plants are collected from the Quechua region, few are cultivated, and the main threat in Cajamarca is mining. Others are agricultural expansion, overgrazing, burning of natural vegetation, and overcollection. In San Marcos, the threats in order of importance are overgrazing, burning of natural vegetation, agricultural expansion, and overharvesting and mining.
The commercial value of the plants collected in Cajamarca (fresh) and in San Marcos (dry) is equivalent to US $ 804,333.64 (67% of the market value of the plants sold in the Trujillo and Chiclayo markets).
In the first 3 months of the COVID-19 pandemic, there were no shipments to the coast, from both markets. Demand increased in the city of Cajamarca, especially for eucalipto, matico y cascarilla. Other species with high demand were ortiga, ciprés, manzanilla, romero, kion, limón y ajo. The weight of bundles fell by 50% and prices rose by more than 200%. In San Marcos, when the stockpile was restarted, the main demand was matico, eucalipto y manzanilla.
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Dweiri",authors:[{id:"94433",title:"Prof.",name:"Amin",middleName:null,surname:"Chaabane",slug:"amin-chaabane",fullName:"Amin Chaabane"},{id:"233200",title:"Dr.",name:"Sharfuddin",middleName:"Ahmed",surname:"Khan",slug:"sharfuddin-khan",fullName:"Sharfuddin Khan"},{id:"233201",title:"Prof.",name:"Fikri",middleName:null,surname:"Dweiri",slug:"fikri-dweiri",fullName:"Fikri Dweiri"}]},{id:"59528",title:"Supply Chain Innovation with IoT",slug:"supply-chain-innovation-with-iot",totalDownloads:1558,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"In this chapter, we first describe and analyze the evolution of supply chain and the history of IoT technologies’ development briefly. And then, we conduct a systematic research on the characteristics of supply chain system in IoT context and analyze how to realize the innovation of supply chain system in IoT context in detail, and on this basis, we propose the architecture of cold chain traceability system. Furthermore, through the decision-making process model for supply chain disruption and establishment of knowledge management system in IoT environment, the competences needed for improving supply chain resilience is reinforced. In the end, a case study is conducted to illustrate the availability and robustness of traceability system in the food supply chan.",book:{id:"6562",slug:"multi-criteria-methods-and-techniques-applied-to-supply-chain-management",title:"Multi-Criteria Methods and Techniques Applied to Supply Chain Management",fullTitle:"Multi-Criteria Methods and Techniques Applied to Supply Chain Management"},signatures:"Yu Cui",authors:[{id:"229350",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Yu",middleName:null,surname:"Cui",slug:"yu-cui",fullName:"Yu Cui"}]},{id:"47847",title:"Quantifying the Supply Chain Resilience",slug:"quantifying-the-supply-chain-resilience",totalDownloads:3057,totalCrossrefCites:18,totalDimensionsCites:25,abstract:null,book:{id:"4570",slug:"applications-of-contemporary-management-approaches-in-supply-chains",title:"Applications of Contemporary Management Approaches in Supply Chains",fullTitle:"Applications of Contemporary Management Approaches in Supply Chains"},signatures:"A.P. Barroso, V.H. Machado, H. Carvalho and V. Cruz Machado",authors:[{id:"18263",title:"Prof.",name:"Helena",middleName:null,surname:"Carvalho",slug:"helena-carvalho",fullName:"Helena Carvalho"},{id:"19465",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Paula",middleName:null,surname:"Barroso",slug:"ana-paula-barroso",fullName:"Ana Paula Barroso"},{id:"22439",title:"Prof.",name:"Virgínia Helena",middleName:null,surname:"Machado",slug:"virginia-helena-machado",fullName:"Virgínia Helena Machado"},{id:"22440",title:"Prof.",name:"Virgílio",middleName:null,surname:"Cruz Machado",slug:"virgilio-cruz-machado",fullName:"Virgílio Cruz Machado"}]},{id:"17143",title:"Supply Chain Quality Management",slug:"supply-chain-quality-management",totalDownloads:11872,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:null,book:{id:"274",slug:"supply-chain-management-pathways-for-research-and-practice",title:"Supply Chain Management",fullTitle:"Supply Chain Management - Pathways for Research and Practice"},signatures:"Lynn A. Fish",authors:[{id:"36989",title:"Dr.",name:"Lynn",middleName:null,surname:"Fish",slug:"lynn-fish",fullName:"Lynn Fish"}]},{id:"17152",title:"Advanced Supply Chain Planning Systems (APS) Today and Tomorrow",slug:"advanced-supply-chain-planning-systems-aps-today-and-tomorrow",totalDownloads:10739,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:null,book:{id:"274",slug:"supply-chain-management-pathways-for-research-and-practice",title:"Supply Chain Management",fullTitle:"Supply Chain Management - Pathways for Research and Practice"},signatures:"Luis Antonio de Santa-Eulalia, Sophie D’Amours, Jean-Marc Frayret, Cláudio César Menegusso and Rodrigo Cambiaghi Azevedo",authors:[{id:"33605",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"de Santa-Eulalia",slug:"luis-antonio-de-santa-eulalia",fullName:"Luis Antonio de Santa-Eulalia"},{id:"34023",title:"Prof.",name:"Sophie",middleName:null,surname:"D'Amours",slug:"sophie-d'amours",fullName:"Sophie D'Amours"},{id:"34024",title:"Prof.",name:"Jean-Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Frayret",slug:"jean-marc-frayret",fullName:"Jean-Marc Frayret"},{id:"34025",title:"Mr",name:"Claudio",middleName:"Cesar",surname:"Menegusso",slug:"claudio-menegusso",fullName:"Claudio Menegusso"},{id:"34026",title:"Prof.",name:"Rodrigo",middleName:"Cambiaghi",surname:"Azevedo",slug:"rodrigo-azevedo",fullName:"Rodrigo Azevedo"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"446",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82344",title:"Supply Chain: A Modeling-Based Approach for Cyber-Physical Systems",slug:"supply-chain-a-modeling-based-approach-for-cyber-physical-systems",totalDownloads:3,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105527",abstract:"Within the frame of this chapter, the author focuses on the distribution processes of green supply chain solutions and describes a potential mathematical model, taking environmental aspects into consideration. The first part of the chapter includes a systematic literature review. Based on the identified research gap, a new mathematical model is described, which makes it possible to describe last-mile logistics processes from an environmental point of view. The functional model of the distribution system includes the potential of Industry 4.0 technologies, which makes it possible to gather real-time information from the distribution process and use real-time status information for a sophisticated design and operation. The mathematical model of this approach defines an NP-hard optimization problem; therefore, heuristic optimization algorithm is supposed to solve the design and operation tasks of the green distribution problem. As the computational results show, cyber-physical systems increase the performance of green supply chain solutions and have a great impact on operational cost. As the numerical example shows, the integrated approach resulted in a 5.3% cost reduction in transportation operations.",book:{id:"11263",title:"Supply Chain - Recent Advances and New Perspectives in the Industry 4.0 Era",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11263.jpg"},signatures:"Ágota Bányai"},{id:"82191",title:"Open Innovation Strategies on New Product and Process Development Prospects: A Case of the Automotive Component Manufacturers in South Africa",slug:"open-innovation-strategies-on-new-product-and-process-development-prospects-a-case-of-the-automotive",totalDownloads:6,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105035",abstract:"Competition between South African Automotive Component Manufacturers ACMs has focused on activities associated with supply chain management such as transporting raw materials and finished products. However, these activities are non-value, adding, so they are an area of relative opportunities for cost reduction; hence new product development presents a significant boost to competitiveness. This chapter\\'s primary goal is to determine which open innovation practices can benefit ACMs in developing new products and processes by using a sample survey of 10 ACMs in the automotive manufacturing industry in South Africa. The study adopted a quantitative methodology approach using a 5 Likert structured questionnaire. Data were collected from 33 respondents, including owners, senior and junior managers of ACMs. The results identified that idea generation positively influences the Open Innovation activity of seeking new outside applications for internally developed innovations, knowledge, tools and ideas on new product development. The significant implications are that ACMs should improve their dynamic capabilities to turn ideas generated into new innovative products to remain competitive. This chapter contributes to the existing knowledge by suggesting a contextualised impact of open innovation strategy on sustainable new product development of ACMs in South Africa.",book:{id:"11263",title:"Supply Chain - Recent Advances and New Perspectives in the Industry 4.0 Era",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11263.jpg"},signatures:"Arthur Mzwandile Gonyora and Pfano Mashau"},{id:"81340",title:"Sustainable and Efficient City Logistics",slug:"sustainable-and-efficient-city-logistics",totalDownloads:31,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104413",abstract:"This article is discussing the basic trend and challenges in city logistics operations. The role of each actor in city logistics has been highlighted. The actors have enabled city logistics to generates the main benefits for the city logistics operations need to focus. Critical trends and challenges that contributed towards city logistics development has shown that city logistics efficiency need to be addressed to ensure sustainable impact to the cities. Different approaches in making the city logistics operations were implemented to ensure that the customers get their possession according to the stipulated time. The usage of new technology has also assisted in enhancing the efficiency of city logistics deliveries. By providing the right strategies, the objective of achieving sustainable city logistics can be obtained.",book:{id:"11263",title:"Supply Chain - Recent Advances and New Perspectives in the Industry 4.0 Era",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11263.jpg"},signatures:"Shahrin Nasir"},{id:"81222",title:"Industry 4.0: The Tenets of the Next Generation of Supply Chain Management",slug:"industry-4-0-the-tenets-of-the-next-generation-of-supply-chain-management",totalDownloads:27,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102979",abstract:"The supply chain industry is at the crossroads of the business revolution through the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR), impacting business activities across industries. The transformative elements of 4IR offer individual consumers, corporations, and governments unprecedented opportunities to link, collaborate, process, and manage rising consumer and business data to boost decision-making, efficiency, and productivity. Evidence shows that have applied a mix of collaborative and innovative technologies to internal and external activities to manage supply chain disruptions. The groundbreaking technological advancements paved the way for the supply industry to shift supply business prototypes from traditional supply chain models to supply web models. The shift has helped firms resolve national and global supply chain disruptions. The present chapter introduces the Supply Web (SW) concept and its distinctive tenets by adding to the growing body of the evolving Industry 4.0 field, knowledge to help advance the field. The author calls on governments, the global supply industry, and academia to consider embracing the new SW paradigm evolving under 4IR to help resolve societal and consumer challenges emerging in the 21st Century.",book:{id:"11263",title:"Supply Chain - Recent Advances and New Perspectives in the Industry 4.0 Era",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11263.jpg"},signatures:"Andre T. Mayounga"},{id:"80946",title:"Industry 4.0 Technologies Impact on Supply Chain Sustainability",slug:"industry-4-0-technologies-impact-on-supply-chain-sustainability",totalDownloads:53,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102978",abstract:"A supply chain is a network that links technology, activities, resources and organisations involved in the manufacturing and distribution of product and services. Supply Chain Operations Reference model (SCOR) defines basic processes of the supply chain (SC) into five categories as Plan, Source, Make, Delivery and Return. The search for a more sustainable production and consumption system is so relevant today that the United Nations (UN) have selected it as one of their paramount societal objectives for sustainable development. The implementation of sustainability in production and consumption processes aims to mitigate negative pressures on the ecosystem generated by products, services, and transportation. Industry 4.0 (I40) technologies have sparked interest in recent years. The advanced digital technologies of I40 such as big data analytics (BDA), artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), internet of things (IoT) and sensors, block chain technology (BCT), robotic systems (RS), cloud computing (CC), cyber-physical system (CPS), additive manufacturing (AM) /3D printing (3D), virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), autonomous vehicles (AV), and drones have found applications in many processes of manufacturing, logistics and SC. The benefits are sustainability, efficiency, cost reduction, transparency, traceability, and collaboration. In addition to benefits, I40 implementation is not free from challenges.",book:{id:"11263",title:"Supply Chain - Recent Advances and New Perspectives in the Industry 4.0 Era",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11263.jpg"},signatures:"Mohammad Akhtar"},{id:"80711",title:"Enhancing the Resilience of Sustainable Supplier Management through Combination with Lean and Audit",slug:"enhancing-the-resilience-of-sustainable-supplier-management-through-combination-with-lean-and-audit",totalDownloads:44,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102465",abstract:"Industry 4.0 has positive effect on the enhancing of the resilience. However, if the resilience can be promoted by lean and auditing environment priority, after further combine with industry 4.0 environment, the resilience will become stronger. Even though, two research questions should be verified priority: How do manufacturers make good use of pull production and employee involvement under lean practices that can strengthen supplier management robustness and enhance the prevention ability of resilience? Why does the combination of lean practices with an audit mechanism strengthen the produce synergy to prevent and control opportunistic behaviour by suppliers? PLS and the Sobel test were applied to survey data from 231 Chinese manufacturers to test and verify research questions. Pull production and employee involvement can enhance responsible purchasing, emergency-response, manufacturing process coupling, and further strengthen supplier management robustness, further enhance the prevention ability of resilience in dealing with opportunistic behaviour. In addition, enhancing manufacturing process coupling has the indirect effect of strengthening emergency-response ability. The audit mechanism can control the dysfunctional behaviour of the supplier, further guiding cooperation with the practice of pull production and employee involvement; in addition, audits also trigger the supplier’s trade-off mindset in terms of risk and profit maintenance.",book:{id:"11263",title:"Supply Chain - Recent Advances and New Perspectives in the Industry 4.0 Era",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11263.jpg"},signatures:"Ping-Kuo Chen, Qiu-Rui He and Xiang Huang"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:11},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 29th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:32,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11410,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11411,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11413,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11414,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:10,paginationItems:[{id:"82380",title:"Evolution of Parasitism and Pathogenic Adaptations in Certain Medically Important Fungi",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105206",signatures:"Gokul Shankar Sabesan, Ranjit Singh AJA, Ranjith Mehenderkar and Basanta Kumar Mohanty",slug:"evolution-of-parasitism-and-pathogenic-adaptations-in-certain-medically-important-fungi",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11400.jpg",subseries:{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82367",title:"Spatial Variation and Factors Associated with Unsuppressed HIV Viral Load among Women in an HIV Hyperendemic Area of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105547",signatures:"Adenike O. 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He is an academic staff member of the Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Selçuk University, Turkey. He manages several studies on sperms and embryos and is an editorial board member for several international journals. His studies include sperm cryobiology, in vitro fertilization, and embryo production in animals.",institutionString:"Selçuk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine",institution:null},{id:"90846",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Bozkurt",slug:"yusuf-bozkurt",fullName:"Yusuf Bozkurt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/90846/images/system/90846.jpg",biography:"Yusuf Bozkurt has a BSc, MSc, and Ph.D. from Ankara University, Turkey. He is currently a Professor of Biotechnology of Reproduction in the field of Aquaculture, İskenderun Technical University, Turkey. His research interests include reproductive biology and biotechnology with an emphasis on cryo-conservation. He is on the editorial board of several international peer-reviewed journals and has published many papers. Additionally, he has participated in many international and national congresses, seminars, and workshops with oral and poster presentations. He is an active member of many local and international organizations.",institutionString:"İskenderun Technical University",institution:{name:"İskenderun Technical University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61139",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Tkachev",slug:"sergey-tkachev",fullName:"Sergey Tkachev",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61139/images/system/61139.png",biography:"Dr. Sergey Tkachev is a senior research scientist at the Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Russia, and at the Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia. He received his Ph.D. in Molecular Biology with his thesis “Genetic variability of the tick-borne encephalitis virus in natural foci of Novosibirsk city and its suburbs.” His primary field is molecular virology with research emphasis on vector-borne viruses, especially tick-borne encephalitis virus, Kemerovo virus and Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus, rabies virus, molecular genetics, biology, and epidemiology of virus pathogens.",institutionString:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institution:{name:"Russian Academy of Sciences",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/310962/images/system/310962.jpg",biography:"Amlan K. Patra, FRSB, obtained a Ph.D. in Animal Nutrition from Indian Veterinary Research Institute, India, in 2002. He is currently an associate professor at West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences. He has more than twenty years of research and teaching experience. He held previous positions at the American Institute for Goat Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA, and Free University of Berlin, Germany. His research focuses on animal nutrition, particularly ruminants and poultry nutrition, gastrointestinal electrophysiology, meta-analysis and modeling in nutrition, and livestock–environment interaction. He has authored around 175 articles in journals, book chapters, and proceedings. Dr. Patra serves on the editorial boards of several reputed journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"53998",title:"Prof.",name:"László",middleName:null,surname:"Babinszky",slug:"laszlo-babinszky",fullName:"László Babinszky",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/53998/images/system/53998.png",biography:"László Babinszky is Professor Emeritus, Department of Animal Nutrition Physiology, University of Debrecen, Hungary. He has also worked in the Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Wageningen, Netherlands; the Institute for Livestock Feeding and Nutrition (IVVO), Lelystad, Netherlands; the Agricultural University of Vienna (BOKU); the Institute for Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Austria; and the Oscar Kellner Research Institute for Animal Nutrition, Rostock, Germany. In 1992, Dr. Babinszky obtained a Ph.D. in Animal Nutrition from the University of Wageningen. His main research areas are swine and poultry nutrition. He has authored more than 300 publications (papers, book chapters) and edited four books and fourteen international conference proceedings.",institutionString:"University of Debrecen",institution:{name:"University of Debrecen",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"201830",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",middleName:"Sanchez",surname:"Davila",slug:"fernando-davila",fullName:"Fernando Davila",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201830/images/5017_n.jpg",biography:"I am a professor at UANL since 1988. My research lines are the development of reproductive techniques in small ruminants. We also conducted research on sexual and social behavior in males.\nI am Mexican and study my professional career as an engineer in agriculture and animal science at UANL. Then take a masters degree in science in Germany (Animal breeding). Take a doctorate in animal science at the UANL.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"309250",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Quaresma",slug:"miguel-quaresma",fullName:"Miguel Quaresma",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/309250/images/9059_n.jpg",biography:"Miguel Nuno Pinheiro Quaresma was born on May 26, 1974 in Dili, Timor Island. He is married with two children: a boy and a girl, and he is a resident in Vila Real, Portugal. He graduated in Veterinary Medicine in August 1998 and obtained his Ph.D. degree in Veterinary Sciences -Clinical Area in February 2015, both from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro. He is currently enrolled in the Alternative Residency of the European College of Animal Reproduction. He works as a Senior Clinician at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of UTAD (HVUTAD) with a role in clinical activity in the area of livestock and equine species as well as to support teaching and research in related areas. He teaches as an Invited Professor in Reproduction Medicine I and II of the Master\\'s in Veterinary Medicine degree at UTAD. Currently, he holds the position of Chairman of the Portuguese Buiatrics Association. He is a member of the Consultive Group on Production Animals of the OMV. He has 19 publications in indexed international journals (ISIS), as well as over 60 publications and oral presentations in both Portuguese and international journals and congresses.",institutionString:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",institution:{name:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",biography:"Rita Payan Carreira earned her Veterinary Degree from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1985. She obtained her Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"283019",title:"Dr.",name:"Oudessa",middleName:null,surname:"Kerro Dego",slug:"oudessa-kerro-dego",fullName:"Oudessa Kerro Dego",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/283019/images/system/283019.png",biography:"Dr. Kerro Dego is a veterinary microbiologist with training in veterinary medicine, microbiology, and anatomic pathology. Dr. Kerro Dego is an assistant professor of dairy health in the department of animal science, the University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee. He received his D.V.M. (1997), M.S. (2002), and Ph.D. (2008) degrees in Veterinary Medicine, Animal Pathology and Veterinary Microbiology from College of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; College of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, the Netherlands and Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada respectively. He did his Postdoctoral training in microbial pathogenesis (2009 - 2015) in the Department of Animal Science, the University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee. Dr. Kerro Dego’s research focuses on the prevention and control of infectious diseases of farm animals, particularly mastitis, improving dairy food safety, and mitigation of antimicrobial resistance. Dr. Kerro Dego has extensive experience in studying the pathogenesis of bacterial infections, identification of virulence factors, and vaccine development and efficacy testing against major bacterial mastitis pathogens. Dr. Kerro Dego conducted numerous controlled experimental and field vaccine efficacy studies, vaccination, and evaluation of immunological responses in several species of animals, including rodents (mice) and large animals (bovine and ovine).",institutionString:"University of Tennessee at Knoxville",institution:{name:"University of Tennessee at Knoxville",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",biography:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi received University degree from the Faculty of Agrarian Science in Argentina, in 1983. Also he received Masters Degree and PhD from Córdoba University, Spain. He is currently a Professor at the Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, at the Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery. He teaches diverse courses in the field of Animal Reproduction and he is the Director of the Veterinary Farm. He also participates in academic postgraduate activities at the Veterinary Faculty of Murcia University, Spain. His research areas include animal physiology, physiology and biotechnology of reproduction either in males or females, the study of gametes under in vitro conditions and the use of ultrasound as a complement to physiological studies and development of applied biotechnologies. Routinely, he supervises students preparing their doctoral, master thesis or final degree projects.",institutionString:"Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Spain",institution:null},{id:"125292",title:"Dr.",name:"Katy",middleName:null,surname:"Satué Ambrojo",slug:"katy-satue-ambrojo",fullName:"Katy Satué Ambrojo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/125292/images/system/125292.jpeg",biography:"Katy Satué Ambrojo received her Veterinary Medicine degree, Master degree in Equine Technology and doctorate in Veterinary Medicine from the Faculty of Veterinary, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University in Valencia, Spain. She is a Full Professor at the Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery at the same University. She developed her research activity in the field of Endocrinology, Hematology, Biochemistry and Immunology of horses. She is a scientific reviewer of several international journals : American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Comparative Clinical Pathology, Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, Reproduction in Domestic Animals, Research Veterinary Science, Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, Livestock Production Science and Theriogenology. Since 2014, she has been the Head of the Clinical Analysis Laboratory of the Hospital Clínico Veterinario from the Faculty of Veterinary, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University.",institutionString:"CEU-Cardenal Herrera University",institution:{name:"CEU Cardinal Herrera University",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"309529",title:"Dr.",name:"Albert",middleName:null,surname:"Rizvanov",slug:"albert-rizvanov",fullName:"Albert Rizvanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/309529/images/9189_n.jpg",biography:'Albert A. Rizvanov is a Professor and Director of the Center for Precision and Regenerative Medicine at the Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University (KFU), Russia. He is the Head of the Center of Excellence “Regenerative Medicine” and Vice-Director of Strategic Academic Unit \\"Translational 7P Medicine\\". Albert completed his Ph.D. at the University of Nevada, Reno, USA and Dr.Sci. at KFU. He is a corresponding member of the Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation. Albert is an author of more than 300 peer-reviewed journal articles and 22 patents. He has supervised 11 Ph.D. and 2 Dr.Sci. dissertations. Albert is the Head of the Dissertation Committee on Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Genetics at KFU.\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9427-5739\nWebsite https://kpfu.ru/Albert.Rizvanov?p_lang=2',institutionString:"Kazan Federal University",institution:{name:"Kazan Federal University",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"210551",title:"Dr.",name:"Arbab",middleName:null,surname:"Sikandar",slug:"arbab-sikandar",fullName:"Arbab Sikandar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210551/images/system/210551.jpg",biography:"Dr. Arbab Sikandar, PhD, M. Phil, DVM was born on April 05, 1981. He is currently working at the College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences as an Assistant Professor. He previously worked as a lecturer at the same University. \nHe is a Member/Secretory of Ethics committee (No. CVAS-9377 dated 18-04-18), Member of the QEC committee CVAS, Jhang (Regr/Gen/69/873, dated 26-10-2017), Member, Board of studies of Department of Basic Sciences (No. CVAS. 2851 Dated. 12-04-13, and No. CVAS, 9024 dated 20/11/17), Member of Academic Committee, CVAS, Jhang (No. CVAS/2004, Dated, 25-08-12), Member of the technical committee (No. CVAS/ 4085, dated 20,03, 2010 till 2016).\n\nDr. Arbab Sikandar contributed in five days hands-on-training on Histopathology at the Department of Pathology, UVAS from 12-16 June 2017. He received a Certificate of appreciation for contributions for Popularization of Science and Technology in the Society on 17-11-15. He was the resource person in the lecture series- ‘scientific writing’ at the Department of Anatomy and Histology, UVAS, Lahore on 29th October 2015. He won a full fellowship as a principal candidate for the year 2015 in the field of Agriculture, EICA, Egypt with ref. to the Notification No. 12(11) ACS/Egypt/2014 from 10 July 2015 to 25th September 2015.; he received a grant of Rs. 55000/- as research incentives from Director, Advanced Studies and Research, UVAS, Lahore upon publications of research papers in IF Journals (DR/215, dated 19-5-2014.. He obtained his PhD by winning a HEC Pakistan indigenous Scholarship, ‘Ph.D. fellowship for 5000 scholars – Phase II’ (2av1-147), 17-6/HEC/HRD/IS-II/12, November 15, 2012. \n\nDr. Sikandar is a member of numerous societies: Registered Veterinary Medical Practitioner (life member) and Registered Veterinary Medical Faculty of Pakistan Veterinary Medical Council. The Registration code of PVMC is RVMP/4298 and RVMF/ 0102.; Life member of the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Alumni Association with S# 664, dated: 6-4-12. ; Member 'Vets Care Organization Pakistan” with Reference No. VCO-605-149, dated 05-04-06. :Member 'Vet Crescent” (Society of Animal Health and Production), UVAS, Lahore.",institutionString:"University of Veterinary & Animal Science",institution:{name:"University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"311663",title:"Dr.",name:"Prasanna",middleName:null,surname:"Pal",slug:"prasanna-pal",fullName:"Prasanna Pal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311663/images/13261_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Dairy Research Institute",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Rutland has also written popular science books for the public. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"283315",title:"Prof.",name:"Samir",middleName:null,surname:"El-Gendy",slug:"samir-el-gendy",fullName:"Samir El-Gendy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRduYQAS/Profile_Picture_1606215849748",biography:"Samir El-Gendy is a Professor of anatomy and embryology at the faculty of veterinary medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt. Samir obtained his PhD in veterinary science in 2007 from the faculty of veterinary medicine, Alexandria University and has been a professor since 2017. Samir is an author on 24 articles at Scopus and 12 articles within local journals and 2 books/book chapters. His research focuses on applied anatomy, imaging techniques and computed tomography. Samir worked as a member of different local projects on E-learning and he is a board member of the African Association of Veterinary Anatomists and of anatomy societies and as an associated author at local and international journals. Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6180-389X",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Alexandria University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"246149",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Kubale",slug:"valentina-kubale",fullName:"Valentina Kubale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246149/images/system/246149.jpg",biography:"Valentina Kubale is Associate Professor of Veterinary Medicine at the Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. Since graduating from the Veterinary faculty she obtained her PhD in 2007, performed collaboration with the Department of Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. She continued as a post-doctoral fellow at the University of Copenhagen with a Lundbeck foundation fellowship. She is the editor of three books and author/coauthor of 23 articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals, 16 book chapters, and 68 communications at scientific congresses. Since 2008 she has been the Editor Assistant for the Slovenian Veterinary Research journal. She is a member of Slovenian Biochemical Society, The Endocrine Society, European Association of Veterinary Anatomists and Society for Laboratory Animals, where she is board member.",institutionString:"University of Ljubljana",institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"258334",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Fonseca-Alves",slug:"carlos-eduardo-fonseca-alves",fullName:"Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/258334/images/system/258334.jpg",biography:"Dr. Fonseca-Alves earned his DVM from Federal University of Goias – UFG in 2008. He completed an internship in small animal internal medicine at UPIS university in 2011, earned his MSc in 2013 and PhD in 2015 both in Veterinary Medicine at Sao Paulo State University – UNESP. Dr. Fonseca-Alves currently serves as an Assistant Professor at Paulista University – UNIP teaching small animal internal medicine.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Paulista",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"245306",title:"Dr.",name:"María Luz",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia Pardo",slug:"maria-luz-garcia-pardo",fullName:"María Luz Garcia Pardo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/245306/images/system/245306.png",biography:"María de la Luz García Pardo is an agricultural engineer from Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain. She has a Ph.D. in Animal Genetics. Currently, she is a lecturer at the Agrofood Technology Department of Miguel Hernández University, Spain. Her research is focused on genetics and reproduction in rabbits. 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Dr. Şentürk currently works as an professor of Biochemistry in the Department of Basic Pharmacy Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ağri Ibrahim Cecen University, Turkey. \nDr. Şentürk published over 120 scientific papers, reviews, and book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists. \nHis research interests span enzyme inhibitor or activator, protein expression, purification and characterization, drug design and synthesis, toxicology, and pharmacology. \nHis research work has focused on neurodegenerative diseases and cancer treatment. 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He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,series:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry"}}},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 29th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfPublishedBooks:32,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/81926/images/system/81926.png",institutionString:"Suez Canal University",institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/300088",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"300088"},fullPath:"/profiles/300088",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()