Typical agarose gel concentration for resolving DNA fragments.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6302",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Herbal Medicine",title:"Herbal Medicine",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Herbal medicine is a multidisciplinary compilation of topics in herbal medicine that are designed to enlighten all who have a stake in healthcare. In light of the current trends and popularity of herbal medicine, cultural/societal differences and perception, and the relationship with modern healthcare this book presents selected topics to ensure that necessary information on herbal medicine in healthcare is provided. Apart from clarifying certain important complexities and misconceptions on herbal medicine, a general overview of herbal medicine, uses of herbs in the management of diseases, plant secondary metabolites, analytical techniques, applications in stem cell research, use as leads for conventional drug compound development, and research and development of herbal medicines for healthcare are among the major discussions in this book.",isbn:"978-1-78984-783-3",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-782-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-386-4",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69412",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"herbal-medicine",numberOfPages:314,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"b70a98c6748d0449a6288de73da7b8d9",bookSignature:"Philip F. Builders",publishedDate:"January 30th 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6302.jpg",numberOfDownloads:49729,numberOfWosCitations:137,numberOfCrossrefCitations:141,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:2,numberOfDimensionsCitations:312,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:2,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:590,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 23rd 2017",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 13th 2017",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 9th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 8th 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 6th 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"182744",title:"Dr.",name:"Philip",middleName:null,surname:"Builders",slug:"philip-builders",fullName:"Philip Builders",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/182744/images/5533_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Philip Fafowora Builder is a Nigerian born on 12th February 1968 in Ibadan. He attended Baptist Day Primary School Jos and Command Secondary School Jos, Plateau State Nigeria. He obtained the Bachelor of Pharmacy degree (B. Pharm.) from the University of Jos, in 1991 and, Master of Pharmacy (M. Pharm) and Doctor of Philosophy (Ph. D- Pharmaceutics) degrees from University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria in 1997 and 2008 respectively. He worked as a research fellow in the Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Raw Materials Development (NIPRD), Abuja, Nigeria from 2002 to 2016. His is currently an Associate Professor and the Head of Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kaduna State University, Kaduna State, Nigeria. He has published several research articles and review papers in many peer review journals as well as book chapters. He has also received several academic awards among which are: Best Graduating Student Forensic Pharmacy, University of Jos, Nigeria 1991; University of Nigeria Vice Chancellor’s Price for Best Ph. D Student, Department of Pharmaceutics, 2008. His areas of research interest are: development of novel biopolymers for drug delivery, dosage form design of conventional drugs and herbal medicines, nano-particulate drug delivery systems, stability and quality assessment of herbal medicines and conventional drugs.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"991",title:"Herbalism",slug:"herbalism"}],chapters:[{id:"62180",title:"Introductory Chapter: Introduction to Herbal Medicine",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78661",slug:"introductory-chapter-introduction-to-herbal-medicine",totalDownloads:2470,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Philip F. Builders",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62180",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62180",authors:[{id:"182744",title:"Dr.",name:"Philip",surname:"Builders",slug:"philip-builders",fullName:"Philip Builders"}],corrections:null},{id:"61866",title:"Plants Secondary Metabolites: The Key Drivers of the Pharmacological Actions of Medicinal Plants",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76139",slug:"plants-secondary-metabolites-the-key-drivers-of-the-pharmacological-actions-of-medicinal-plants",totalDownloads:9039,totalCrossrefCites:61,totalDimensionsCites:153,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The vast and versatile pharmacological effects of medicinal plants are basically dependent on their phytochemical constituents. Generally, the phytochemical constituents of plants fall into two categories based on their role in basic metabolic processes, namely primary and secondary metabolites. Primary plant metabolites are involved in basic life functions; therefore, they are more or less similar in all living cells. On the other hand, secondary plant metabolites are products of subsidiary pathways as the shikimic acid pathway. In the course of studying, the medicinal effect of herbals is oriented towards the secondary plant metabolites. Secondary plant metabolites played an important role in alleviating several aliments in the traditional medicine and folk uses. In modern medicine, they provided lead compounds for the production of medications for treating various diseases from migraine up to cancer. Secondary plant metabolites are classified according to their chemical structures into various classes. In this chapter, we will be presenting various classes of secondary plant metabolites, their distribution in different plant families and their important medicinal uses.",signatures:"Rehab A. Hussein and Amira A. El-Anssary",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61866",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61866",authors:[{id:"212117",title:"Dr.",name:"Rehab",surname:"Hussein",slug:"rehab-hussein",fullName:"Rehab Hussein"},{id:"221140",title:"Dr.",name:"Amira",surname:"El-Anssary",slug:"amira-el-anssary",fullName:"Amira El-Anssary"}],corrections:null},{id:"59405",title:"Ergastic Crystal Studies for Raw Drug Analysis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74278",slug:"ergastic-crystal-studies-for-raw-drug-analysis",totalDownloads:1192,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Phytochemical constituents are distributed in various parts of plants and their localization is indicative of their therapeutic properties. Ergastic crystals such as calcium oxalate crystals are also found in almost all plant parts, which is an anti–nutrient as the dietary oxalates contributes to human ailments. Several of the medicinally useful plants contain these crystals and consumption of such plant materials in raw form can cause health problems in humans. Ergastic crystals can be an important diagnostic tool for the identification of raw drug as in Costus pictus a medicinal spiral ginger commonly called Insulin plant is devoid of cuboidal crystal but its related Costus speciosus leaves possess characteristic cuboidal shaped crystal in its leaf mesophyll. Gene manipulation technology may be promising in removing such deleterious genes or introduction of altered bio-chemicals to nullify such effects for the future generation.",signatures:"Thara K. Simon and Justin R. Nayagam",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59405",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59405",authors:[{id:"211486",title:"Dr.",name:"Justin",surname:"R Nayagam",slug:"justin-r-nayagam",fullName:"Justin R Nayagam"},{id:"220837",title:"Dr.",name:"Thara",surname:"K Simon",slug:"thara-k-simon",fullName:"Thara K Simon"}],corrections:null},{id:"58422",title:"Guidelines for the Development of Herbal-Based Sunscreen",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72712",slug:"guidelines-for-the-development-of-herbal-based-sunscreen",totalDownloads:1626,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Sun protection is a complex topic, which involves various classes of compounds. The photoprotective effectiveness of a sunscreen involves many biological activities, such as ultraviolet (UV) radiation filter properties and antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimutagenic effects. Formulation strategy is also a key factor. Several studies have examined the role of natural molecules as photoprotective compounds, and a considerable number of commercially available sunscreens contain herbal extracts but not as sunfilters. Indeed, the process of evaluation of UV-filtering and photoprotective activity of herbal compounds presents certain specific difficulties and needs in vitro and in vivo studies. Nowadays, no natural compound or vegetal extract has been approved by any country as official UV filter for sunscreen. With these premises, the aim of this chapter is to define a set of tests, which can help to evaluate the efficacy of an herbal extract in the field of sun protection; in other words, we propose a rational approach to the discovery of natural UV-filtering extract and molecules. The following electronic databases have been used as a source of information: SciFinder, PubMed, Google Scholar, ISI-Web of Science, and Scopus.",signatures:"Piergiacomo Buso, Matteo Radice, Anna Baldisserotto, Stefano\nManfredini and Silvia Vertuani",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58422",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58422",authors:[{id:"212100",title:"Prof.",name:"Stefano",surname:"Manfredini",slug:"stefano-manfredini",fullName:"Stefano Manfredini"},{id:"212101",title:"BSc.",name:"Piergiacomo",surname:"Buso",slug:"piergiacomo-buso",fullName:"Piergiacomo Buso"},{id:"212102",title:"Prof.",name:"Matteo",surname:"Radice",slug:"matteo-radice",fullName:"Matteo Radice"},{id:"212103",title:"Prof.",name:"Silvia",surname:"Vertuani",slug:"silvia-vertuani",fullName:"Silvia Vertuani"},{id:"220809",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",surname:"Baldisserotto",slug:"anna-baldisserotto",fullName:"Anna Baldisserotto"}],corrections:null},{id:"58270",title:"Toxicity and Safety Implications of Herbal Medicines Used in Africa",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72437",slug:"toxicity-and-safety-implications-of-herbal-medicines-used-in-africa",totalDownloads:3450,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:40,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The use of herbal medicines has seen a great upsurge globally. In developing countries, many patronize them largely due to cultural acceptability, availability and cost. In developed countries, they are used because they are natural and therefore assumed to be safer than allopathic medicines. In recent times, however, there has been a growing concern about their safety. This has created a situation of ambivalence in discussions regarding their use. Some medicinal plants are intrinsically toxic by virtue of their constituents and can cause adverse reactions if inappropriately used. Other factors such as herb-drug interactions, lack of adherence to good manufacturing practice (GMP), poor regulatory measures and adulteration may also lead to adverse events in their use. Many in vivo tests on aqueous extracts largely support the safety of herbal medicines, whereas most in vitro tests on isolated single cells mostly with extracts other than aqueous ones show contrary results and thus continue the debate on herbal medicine safety. It is expected that toxicity studies concerning herbal medicine should reflect their traditional use to allow for rational discussions regarding their safety for their beneficial use. While various attempts continue to establish the safety of various herbal medicines in man, their cautious and responsible use is required.",signatures:"Merlin L.K. Mensah, Gustav Komlaga, Arnold D. Forkuo, Caleb\nFirempong, Alexander K. Anning and Rita A. Dickson",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58270",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58270",authors:[{id:"190435",title:"Dr.",name:"Caleb",surname:"Firempong",slug:"caleb-firempong",fullName:"Caleb Firempong"},{id:"212111",title:"Dr.",name:"Gustav",surname:"Komlaga",slug:"gustav-komlaga",fullName:"Gustav Komlaga"},{id:"217045",title:"Dr.",name:"Arnold Forkuo",surname:"Donkor",slug:"arnold-forkuo-donkor",fullName:"Arnold Forkuo Donkor"},{id:"217049",title:"Prof.",name:"Merlin Lincoln Kwao",surname:"Mensah",slug:"merlin-lincoln-kwao-mensah",fullName:"Merlin Lincoln Kwao Mensah"},{id:"217488",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander K.",surname:"Anning",slug:"alexander-k.-anning",fullName:"Alexander K. Anning"},{id:"223959",title:"Prof.",name:"Akosua Rita",surname:"Dickson",slug:"akosua-rita-dickson",fullName:"Akosua Rita Dickson"}],corrections:null},{id:"58431",title:"Application of Herbal Medicine as Proliferation and Differentiation Effectors of Human Stem Cells",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72711",slug:"application-of-herbal-medicine-as-proliferation-and-differentiation-effectors-of-human-stem-cells",totalDownloads:1685,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"One of the main streams of traditional medicine is herbal medicine; a wide range of medicinal plants and their individual parts are used for therapy. Though not scientifically validated, this traditional medicine practice is much popular in countries such as India, China and Sri Lanka and in many other countries in South, Southeast and Eastern Asia due mainly to its healing capabilities. More recently, scientists initiated the chemical analyses of these medicinal plants, obtaining invaluable results. The latest addition to such investigations is studies on effects of herbal extracts on different types of stem cells. An extensive summary of such reported studies is presented in this chapter, mainly categorizing these into proliferation stimulatory effects on stem cells and inhibitory effects on cancer stem cells (CSCs), where both properties are beneficial in cell therapy procedures. At present, standardizing the products and limited knowledge on the mechanisms of action and pathways of these have critically limited the use of herbal extracts in therapeutics. However, we believe that in the near future scientists would be focusing on herbal remedies to replace the use of synthetic stimulants and cancer drugs to overcome the disadvantages of these, such as toxicity, side effects and exorbitant costs.",signatures:"Preethi Vidya Udagama and Vindya Udalamaththa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58431",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58431",authors:[{id:"181671",title:"Prof.",name:"Preethi",surname:"Udagama",slug:"preethi-udagama",fullName:"Preethi Udagama"},{id:"214245",title:"Ms.",name:"Vindya",surname:"Udalamaththa",slug:"vindya-udalamaththa",fullName:"Vindya Udalamaththa"}],corrections:null},{id:"61138",title:"Herbal Medicine Use during Pregnancy: Benefits and Untoward Effects",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76896",slug:"herbal-medicine-use-during-pregnancy-benefits-and-untoward-effects",totalDownloads:4253,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:13,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The use of herbal medicine has been on an increase over time. The most commonly used herbs are ginger, cranberry, valerian, raspberry leaf, chamomile, peppermint, thyme, fenugreek, green tea, sage, anise, garlic and bitter kola. The use of herbal medicine during pregnancy is associated with educational status of women, income level of household and age of women. Herbal medicines were used during pregnancy to treat nausea and vomiting, reduce the risk of preeclampsia, shorten labour and treat common cold and urinary tract infection. Using herbal medicine occasionally causes trouble. Heartburn, pre-mature labour, miscarriage, increase in blood flow, abortion and allergic reactions are the common troubles of herbal medicine use during pregnancy. Using herbal medicine during the first trimester and the third trimester is unsafe for the foetus. Pregnant women should talk to health professionals before consuming any herbal medicines. The unfortunate consequences of using herbal medicine during pregnancy need further study for various herbs. Therefore, clinical trial research should be done to identify unfortunate consequences of herbal medicine use during pregnancy.",signatures:"Tariku Laelago",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61138",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61138",authors:[{id:"211130",title:null,name:"Tariku",surname:"Ersado",slug:"tariku-ersado",fullName:"Tariku Ersado"}],corrections:null},{id:"58513",title:"Plant-Derived Medicines with Potential Use in Wound Treatment",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72813",slug:"plant-derived-medicines-with-potential-use-in-wound-treatment",totalDownloads:2699,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:15,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The skin is among the largest and one of the most important organs in the human body. It represents the first line of defence of the body; provides protection from mechanical impacts of the environment, limits the influence of variations in the temperature, prevents entrance of chemicals and microorganisms and restricts radiation effect. Skin damage affects all skin functions; therefore, wounds can compromise patient’s well-being, self-image, working capacity and independence. Due to all mentioned, a good wound management is necessary not only for the individual but also for the community. Herbal medicines have been used to accelerate wound healing since ancient times. Recently, scientists have been able to employ scientific methods to prove efficacy of many of these herbs and to get a better understanding of mechanisms of their actions. The popularity of herbal medicines may be explained by the perception that herbs cause minimal adverse effects. Preparations from traditional medicinal plants in wound management involve disinfection, debridement and the provision of suitable environment for natural healing process. In this chapter, the field of wound healing is briefly introduced. Further, the crucial information regarding plants, which are effectively used as wound healing agents in traditional medicine are gathered.",signatures:"Tina Maver, Manja Kurečič, Dragica Maja Smrke, Karin Stana\nKleinschek and Uroš Maver",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58513",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58513",authors:[{id:"142060",title:"Prof.",name:"Uroš",surname:"Maver",slug:"uros-maver",fullName:"Uroš Maver"},{id:"175361",title:"Dr.",name:"Karin",surname:"Stana Kleinschek",slug:"karin-stana-kleinschek",fullName:"Karin Stana Kleinschek"},{id:"227392",title:"Dr.",name:"Tina",surname:"Maver",slug:"tina-maver",fullName:"Tina Maver"},{id:"227393",title:"Prof.",name:"Manja",surname:"Kurečič",slug:"manja-kurecic",fullName:"Manja Kurečič"},{id:"227394",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragica Maja",surname:"Smrke",slug:"dragica-maja-smrke",fullName:"Dragica Maja Smrke"}],corrections:null},{id:"58115",title:"Plant-Based Ethnopharmacological Remedies for Hypertension in Suriname",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72106",slug:"plant-based-ethnopharmacological-remedies-for-hypertension-in-suriname",totalDownloads:1804,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Hypertension is the most important modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and renal diseases which are together among the most frequent causes of morbidity and mortality in the world. Despite the availability of a wide range of effective medicines, many individuals suffering from hypertension use plant-derived preparations for treating their disease. The choice for these alternatives is often associated with the closer relationship of such approaches to specific social, cultural, and religious perceptions about health and disease. However, in most cases, the scientific evidence for clinical efficacy of such medications is scant. The Republic of Suriname is a middle-income country in South America with a relatively high prevalence of hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases. This country harbors descendants of all continents, all of whom have preserved their cultural customs including their ethnopharmacological traditions. As a result, many Surinamese are inclined to treat their diseases including hypertension as they have done for centuries, that is, with plant-based preparations. This chapter has compiled the plants used for treating hypertension in Suriname; extensively evaluates 15 commonly used plants for potential efficacy on the basis of available phytochemical, mechanistic, preclinical, and clinical literature data; and closes with conclusions about their potential usefulness against the disease.",signatures:"Dennis R.A. Mans, Angela Grant and Nicholaas Pinas",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58115",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58115",authors:[{id:"193905",title:"Dr.",name:"Dennis",surname:"R.A. Mans",slug:"dennis-r.a.-mans",fullName:"Dennis R.A. Mans"},{id:"219349",title:"BSc.",name:"Angela",surname:"Grant",slug:"angela-grant",fullName:"Angela Grant"},{id:"224838",title:"MSc.",name:"Nicholaas",surname:"Pinas",slug:"nicholaas-pinas",fullName:"Nicholaas Pinas"}],corrections:null},{id:"64851",title:"Herbal Medicines in African Traditional Medicine",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80348",slug:"herbal-medicines-in-african-traditional-medicine",totalDownloads:14559,totalCrossrefCites:33,totalDimensionsCites:58,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"African traditional medicine is a form of holistic health care system organized into three levels of specialty, namely divination, spiritualism, and herbalism. The traditional healer provides health care services based on culture, religious background, knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs that are prevalent in his community. Illness is regarded as having both natural and supernatural causes and thus must be treated by both physical and spiritual means, using divination, incantations, animal sacrifice, exorcism, and herbs. Herbal medicine is the cornerstone of traditional medicine but may include minerals and animal parts. The adjustment is ok, but may be replaced with –‘ Herbal medicine was once termed primitive by western medicine but through scientific investigations there is a better understanding of its therapeutic activities such that many pharmaceuticals have been modeled on phytochemicals derived from it. Major obstacles to the use of African medicinal plants are their poor quality control and safety. Traditional medical practices are still shrouded with much secrecy, with few reports or documentations of adverse reactions. However, the future of African traditional medicine is bright if viewed in the context of service provision, increase of health care coverage, economic potential, and poverty reduction. Formal recognition and integration of traditional medicine into conventional medicine will hold much promise for the future.",signatures:"Ezekwesili-Ofili Josephine Ozioma and Okaka Antoinette Nwamaka\nChinwe",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64851",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64851",authors:[{id:"191264",title:"Prof.",name:"Josephine",surname:"Ozioma Ezekwesili-Ofili",slug:"josephine-ozioma-ezekwesili-ofili",fullName:"Josephine Ozioma Ezekwesili-Ofili"},{id:"211585",title:"Prof.",name:"Antoinette",surname:"Okaka",slug:"antoinette-okaka",fullName:"Antoinette Okaka"}],corrections:null},{id:"59484",title:"Herbal Medicine",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72816",slug:"herbal-medicine",totalDownloads:2465,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:10,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Herbal medicine has gained cumulative popularity in today’s medical practice. These treatments are the synthesis of therapeutic experiences of generations of traditional physicians for over hundreds of years. However, most of these applications are unorthodox, with over 80% of the world’s population depending on some form of traditional medicine. The increase in the use of herbal products is due to their cultural acceptability, availability, affordability, efficacy and safety claims. This upsurge has led to the improvements in the quality and analysis of herbal products to be made with clinical research advancements in their safety and efficacy. The World Health Organization has recognized the importance of herbal medicine to the health of many people. Therefore, developing guidelines to evaluate herbal medicine by using modern control procedures and applying suitable standards. The current review aims to describe the present state and the projected future of herbal medicine.",signatures:"Nontokozo Z. Msomi and Mthokozisi B.C. Simelane",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59484",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59484",authors:[{id:"193091",title:"Dr.",name:"Mthokozisi",surname:"Simelane",slug:"mthokozisi-simelane",fullName:"Mthokozisi Simelane"},{id:"195504",title:"Ms.",name:"Nontokozo",surname:"Msomi",slug:"nontokozo-msomi",fullName:"Nontokozo Msomi"}],corrections:null},{id:"58960",title:"Powerful Properties of Ozonated Extra Virgin Olive Oil",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73211",slug:"powerful-properties-of-ozonated-extra-virgin-olive-oil",totalDownloads:1815,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Extra virgin olive oil has been mainly produced and consumed in Mediterranean countries since ancient times; olive oil is one of the principal ingredients in the Mediterranean diet, and it constitutes the main source of nutritional fat. Aside from the high nutritional content of olive oil, it is also known for its cosmetic and therapeutic properties. In 1956, Thiers obtained satisfactory results in the treatment of scleroderma, stating that olive oil and its derivatives could be considered “a new group of therapeutic agents.” Hincky reported the beneficial properties of olive oil in the treatment of dry, senescent and sensitive skins. This has opened a new perspective for the use of the olive fruit, thus contributing to the increase in research about new applications. One such application is ozonized olive oil, which combines the properties of ozone with those of olive oil, to obtain a peerless compound. The composition of olive oil makes it a suitable vehicle for cutaneous absorption, as it is able to stabilize ozone, which is a highly reactive molecule. The oxidant power of ozone has interesting effects on microorganism and on wound healing.",signatures:"Elisabetta Carata, Bernardetta Anna Tenuzzo and Luciana Dini",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58960",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58960",authors:[{id:"103116",title:"Prof.",name:"Luciana",surname:"Dini",slug:"luciana-dini",fullName:"Luciana Dini"},{id:"206595",title:"Dr.",name:"Bernardetta Anna",surname:"Tenuzzo",slug:"bernardetta-anna-tenuzzo",fullName:"Bernardetta Anna Tenuzzo"},{id:"206596",title:"Dr.",name:"Elisabetta",surname:"Carata",slug:"elisabetta-carata",fullName:"Elisabetta Carata"}],corrections:null},{id:"58339",title:"Taraxacum Genus: Potential Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71619",slug:"taraxacum-genus-potential-antibacterial-and-antifungal-activity",totalDownloads:1717,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Plants have been used in traditional medicine for centuries as antibacterial and antifungal agents. Taraxacum spp., commonly known as dandelion, is a well-known herbal remedy with a long history; however, limited scientific information is available to explain its traditional use. This review aims to provide current information and a general overview of the available literature concerning the antibacterial and antifungal properties of the Taraxacum genus to support its potential as a powerful herbal medicine. Though Taraxacum has demonstrated that it is capable of inhibiting the growth of a wide range of bacteria and fungi, the technical aspects of methodology lack standardization, and, therefore, the overall results of processing are difficult to compare between studies. Phytochemical composition and antimicrobial activity in Taraxacum are neither directly related, nor does the published data provide sufficient information for identifying the group of unique extraction conditions that are optimal against specific microorganisms. Antimicrobial research indicates that this plant is a promising species for treating several common infections in humans, animals, and plants.",signatures:"María Eugenia Martínez Valenzuela, Katy Díaz Peralta, Lorena\nJorquera Martínez and Rolando Chamy Maggi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58339",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58339",authors:[{id:"165784",title:"Dr.",name:"Rolando",surname:"Chamy",slug:"rolando-chamy",fullName:"Rolando Chamy"},{id:"219869",title:"MSc.",name:"María Eugenia",surname:"Martínez",slug:"maria-eugenia-martinez",fullName:"María Eugenia Martínez"},{id:"219871",title:"Dr.",name:"Katy",surname:"Díaz",slug:"katy-diaz",fullName:"Katy Díaz"},{id:"219872",title:"Dr.",name:"Lorena",surname:"Jorquera",slug:"lorena-jorquera",fullName:"Lorena Jorquera"}],corrections:null},{id:"58560",title:"Taraxacum Genus: Extract Experimental Approaches",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72849",slug:"taraxacum-genus-extract-experimental-approaches",totalDownloads:957,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter presents factors or considerations to be taken into account when selecting the procedure or method for obtaining extracts and bioactive compounds. The genus Taraxacum has proved to have several interesting properties and there are numerous techniques and bioassays used to test the antimicrobial properties of extracts. However, the extraction process is crucial to optimize the final biological outcomes. Extraction procedures that until now have been used are simple and inexpensive, however, we wanted to report a series of studies that group valuable results, which could be useful for future studies, enhancing the research carried out by authors from all over the world and also allowing the interrelated study of this genus.",signatures:"María Eugenia Martínez Valenzuela, Katy Díaz Peralta, Lorena\nJorquera Martínez and Rolando Chamy Maggi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58560",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58560",authors:[{id:"165784",title:"Dr.",name:"Rolando",surname:"Chamy",slug:"rolando-chamy",fullName:"Rolando Chamy"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5612",title:"Aromatic and Medicinal Plants",subtitle:"Back to Nature",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ccf7987200bfc541e2e56bb138de86f3",slug:"aromatic-and-medicinal-plants-back-to-nature",bookSignature:"Hany A. 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High quality pelts are produced from Swakara sheep of Namibia, although there are other pelt-producing sheep breeds. Swakara is a fat-tailed sheep that is very hardy and well adapted to arid conditions and mainly kept for the production of pelts [3, 4, 5, 6], though it may also be reared for meat and wool. Originating from Uzbekistan in Central Asia, and imported into Namibia in 1907 (as Karakul sheep then) [3], the intensive research and strategic breeding programmes which were subjected to Karakul sheep in Namibia has resulted in the production of a unique breed named Swakara in Namibia [6]. Swakara pelt production is an exclusive industry that produces outstanding quality pelts characterised by short hair, exceptional patterns and better hair texture [7]. The main product produced from Swakara pelt is high quality leather apparel of various colours that is sought after in the fashion industry. Other accessories, such as hand bags, carpets, shoes, car seat covers, belts are processed.
Wool fibre is made up of three main structures: the cortex, cuticle, and in some coarse wools, the medulla [8]. The cortical cells comprise 90% of the wool fibre, and are responsible for the major physical properties of wool fibre [9]. The cortex consists of the microfibrils, made up of keratin intermediate-filament proteins (KRTs) and embedded in a matrix of keratin intermediate-filament-associated proteins (KAPs) [8, 10, 11] through disulphide cross-linkages [12, 13]. The matrix consists of KAPs, and is divided into three groups based on their amino acid compositions; high-sulphur (HS), ultra-high sulphur (UHS) and high-glycine-tyrosine (HGT) KAPs [8, 14].
The HS KAPs occur at relatively high concentrations in the paracortex when compared to the orthocortex [15], and are encoded by five multigenes families referred to as KRTAP1.n, KRTAP2.n, KRTAP3.n, KRTAP11.n and KRTAP13.n [12]. The HS KAPs are highly conserved at both the amino acid and nucleotide sequence levels [16]. However, there is a consecutively repeated decapeptide unit (QTSCCQPTSI), which varies in its frequency between the HS KAPs [17]. This decapeptide occurs between four times in the KRTAP1.1, three times in the KRTAP1.2, twice in the KRTAP1.3 and five times in the KRTAP1.4 protein [18]. The KAP1.n family is composed of four known proteins, referred to as KAP1.1, KAP1.2, KAP1.3 and KAP1.4, previously referred to as B2A, B2B, B2C and B2D, respectively. The genes that code for the proteins making up the KAPl.n family lack introns and they usually occur in gene clusters [19]. The majority of genes coding for the KAPs have a conserved 18-bp sequence that varies slightly, immediately 5′ to the initiation codon [20, 21]. This suggests that KAPs evolved from a common ancestor, and that their expression may have elements in common.
The KRTAP1.1 gene has been mapped to ovine chromosome 11, clustering with other KRTAP genes [22]. KRTAP1.1 has been reported to be polymorphic in Romney sheep breed of New Zealand [18, 23]; Merino sheep breed of New Zealand [24, 25] and Swakara sheep breed of Namibia [26].
Furthermore, the region spanning the KRTAP1.1/KRTAP1.3/KRT33A loci on ovine chromosome 11 has been associated with variation in wool staple strength in Romney sheep [27].
A number of typing methods have been developed to detect polymorphism in genes that code for traits of economic importance in sheep. These methods are used depending on the specific gene being studied, and the resources available to researchers. In this chapter, the PCR – Applied Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) typing method used to detect polymorphism in the KRTAP1.1 gene is reviewed. Other techniques used to identify polymorphism in keratin genes include PCR - Single strand conformational polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) and PCR - Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP).
Many studies have described genetic variation within genes that code for the KRTs and the KAPs using PCR-SSCP, including those of Gong
Similarly, many studies have described genetic variation within genes that code for the KRTs and the KAPs using PCR-RFLP. The RFLP patterns were obtained by cutting the KAP1.3 locus defining a 598 bp amplimer using
Developed by Kary Mullis in 1983, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a molecular biology technique that is used to produce relatively large numbers of DNA molecules from very small quantity or poor quality. The reaction involves the amplification of a specific segment of the template DNA. A very important requirement is that the sequence of nucleotides on either side of the sequence of interest must be known, so that primers on either side of the sequence of interest can be designed [40]. Primers are short, single-stranded DNA sequence, typically about 18–30 nucleotides in length, that are used as a starting point in DNA synthesis and define the region of the DNA to be amplified. Primers are also referred to as oligonucleotides. In addition to the template DNA and primers, other ingredients needed for the PCR reactions are the DNA polymerase, all four deoxyribonucleotides (dNTP) and magnesium ion (Mg2+). The DNA polymerase used is usually
Gel electrophoresis is a technique by which charged molecules are separated according to their size, by moving through a gel while an electric current is being applied [41]. Agarose is a macromolecular substance that is derived from the cell walls of a number of genera of red algae, such as
The speed that the DNA travels through a gel is inversely proportional to the size of the DNA. A molecular weight marker (MM) also known as DNA marker or size standard is often included on the gel to give an indication of the fragment size. The fragments in the MM are of a known length, and can therefore be used to approximate the size of the fragments in the samples.
Smaller molecules migrate through the gel more quickly than large DNA molecules, as they are less physically restrained by the gel matrix and therefore travel further than larger fragments that migrate more slowly and will therefore travel a shorter distance. As a result, the molecules are separated by size.
Agarose gel electrophoresis can be affected by the following factors:
The size of DNA molecule
The percentage of agarose, which affects the sieving of the DNA molecules.
The voltage applied during the electrophoresis, which cause the DNA molecules to move.
The type of agarose
The electrophoresis buffer.
To make a gel, agarose powder is mixed with a running buffer and heated to a high temperature until all of the agarose powder has melted. The most common gel buffers are TBE buffer (89 mM Tris, 89 mM orthoboric acid, 2 mM Na2EDTA) and TAE (Tris-acetate-EDTA).The main difference between the two buffers is that TAE buffer has better conductivity than TBE. Therefore, DNA fragments migrate faster in TAE buffer than TBE. Nonetheless, TBE buffer supports better agarose cross-linkage, and better resolution of large DNA fragments is obtained better in TBE buffer and better resolution of smaller DNA fragments in TAE buffer.
The molten gel is left to cool down, and then poured into a gel casting tray before it solidifies. To make wells for the sample, a “comb” is placed at one end of the casting tray. The gel is left to set for about 30 minutes, and the comb is removed. The gel is placed in a gel box, also called electrophoresis tank and can be used immediately, or wrapped in plastic wrap and stored at 4 °C until use [43]. Enough running buffer is added into the tank to cover the surface of the gel. It is important to note that the same running buffer is used as the one used to prepare the gel [43].
The DNA samples are mixed with loading dyes (0.25% bromophenol blue, 0.25% xylene cyanol, 30% glycerol) prior to loading them into the wells of a gel. The loading dyes have three main functions; firstly, they add density to the sample, allowing it to sink into the gel. Secondly, they provide colour and therefore helps to track how far DNA sample has travelled, and finally, they move at standard rates through the gel, allowing for the estimation of the distance that DNA fragments have migrated. Agarose gel electrophoresis is the most effective way of separating DNA fragments of varying sizes ranging from 100 to 25,000 bp [43]. Table 1 shows the typical agarose gel concentration used to resolve DNA fragments. It is worth noting that base pairs less than 500 are better separated using polyacrylamide gel, with gel percentage between eight to 20%.
DNA fragment (bp) | Agarose gel percentage (%) |
---|---|
1000–30,000 | 0.5 |
800–12,000 | 0.7 |
500–10,000 | 1.0 |
400–7,000 | 1.2 |
200–3,000 | 1.5 |
100–2,000 | 2.0 |
Typical agarose gel concentration for resolving DNA fragments.
After the electrophoresis is complete, the molecules in the gel can be stained with an appropriate dye to make them visible. This may be performed either with Ethidium bromide (EtBr) to a concentration of 0.5–1 μg/ml, silver staining, or coomassie blue dye. Though other methods may also be used to visualise the separation, EtBr is the most common reagent used to stain DNA in agarose gels. It works by intercalating itself in the DNA molecule in a concentration dependent manner. This allows for an estimation of the amount of DNA in any particular DNA band based on its intensity [43].
To visualise the DNA, the gel is stained with a fluorescent dye that binds to the DNA, and is placed on an ultraviolet transilluminator which will show up the stained DNA as bright bands. EtBr is the most common reagent used to stain DNA in agarose gels. When exposed to ultraviolet light, electrons in the aromatic ring of the EtBr molecule are activated. EtBr works by intercalating itself in the DNA molecule in a concentration dependent manner. This allows for an estimation of the amount of DNA in any particular DNA band based on its intensity.
KRTAP1.1 primers were designed by Itenge-Mweza
PCR amplifications was performed by process discussed by Itenge-Mweza
KRTAP1.1 amplicons visualised by electrophoresis in 2% SeaKem® LE agarose (FMC Bioproducts) gels, and a photograph was taken for records [24]. A study by Rogers
A study by Itenge-Mweza
Length polymorphism within the KRTAP1.1 amplimer, separated in a 2% agarose gel electrophoresis at a constant 10 Vcm−1 for 90 min. Lane 1 contains a molecular weight marker (MM) [
Comparison of KRTAP1.1 alleles a, B and C (GenBank accession numbers AY835603 - AY835605, respectively) with [
Three length polymorphism alleles within the KRTAP1.1 gene were identified by Nyoni
A major difference between the KRTAP1.1 alleles is the insertion/deletion of a 30 bp nucleotide, which produces a decapeptide (QPTSIQTSCC) in the gene [24]. Interestingly, it was reported by [22, 23, 41] that the inserted/deleted decapeptide is the same as the consecutively repeated decapeptide unit of the other HS KAPs (KRTAP1.2, KRTAP1.3 and KRTAP1.4. The number of alleles reported in the KRTAP1.2, KRTAP1.3 and KRTAP1.4 genes are two, ten and nine alleles, respectively.
It is not yet clear as to why KRTAP1.1 would have an inserted/deleted decapeptide unit. However, the decapeptide contains two cysteine amino acids. The supply of cysteine is limiting to wool growth [44]. Itenge-Mweza
Other than KRTAP1.1, there are other wool genes that have been reported to contain length polymorphism due to a change in the number of repeat sequences. These include trichohyalin (an important wool follicle protein) [45], and the Type II keratins genes [46, 47].
Genetic variation within the genes which make up the structural component of wool fibre can be further exploited to determine as to whether such variation impacts on wool quality. The presence of genetic variation within genes that code for the proteins involved in the structural components of wool fibre offers opportunities for the development of gene markers affecting wool quality traits.
The author wish to greatly acknowledge the National Commission on Research, Science and Technology (NCRST) for the financial support with the Swakara Project.
The stretchable knitted structures play an important role in body comfort and fit. The knitted structures allow wearer the freedom of movement with least resistance due to their stretchability and elasticity [1, 2]. Regular physical activity is important to maintain consistency in human health. To achieve comfort and functional support during various activities such as walking, stretching, jogging, athletes and sports persons use sports clothing [3, 4]. Stretch properties represent a significant mechanical property of clothing material that influences clothing pressure. Stretch properties are measured as the percentage of fabric stretch and fabric growth, and recovery [5, 6, 7].
Basically, two types of category are normally available in sportswear stretch cloths: First is comfort stretch range of about 20–30% and other power stretch cloth range approximately 30–50%. The basic designs are used for high-active sportswear garments in elasticity and compression cloths.
The power stretch cloths need to have more extensibility and quicker recovery performance [8, 9, 10, 11, 12].
The high-compression clothes are more utilized medical compression garments and sportswear cloths sectors. Study on the evaluation of elastic recovery of cotton-knitted fabrics was conducted [13, 14, 15, 16]. It is found that length of these cloths is different to a more extent value. As per information, fabric elongation is different from single-structure knit fabric in lengthwise ranging 3–6%, with double cloth knit having lengthwise 3–50%. Elongation in single-structure knit fabric is of widthwise 3–180% and double cloth knit elongation in widthwise of 6–155%. It is elastic recovery different from single-structure knit lengthwise to other structures. According to author, single-knit lengthwise elastic recovery is of range 100–56%, double cloth knit lengthwise elastic recovery is of range 100–57%, and single-structure knit elastic recovery widthwise is found 100–56%, double cloth knit widthwise elasticity recovery is of range 100–30% that is basically found in knit cloths [13, 14, 15, 16, 17].
Plain knit had more elongation and growth as compared with double knit. The growth after 30 seconds or relaxation was observed to be 36% and plain knit stretched more under load and after the load was released that exhibited more growth than the double knit. The stretch of knit fabrics is affected more by the cover factor than by the yarn diameter, loop length, loop density or the shape of the loop [18]. Spandex is widely used in sportswear for its superior stretch and recovery properties. Dynamic elastic repossession can assess the immediate apparel response due to body movement; the elastic bare-plaited fabric is found to have higher dynamic elastic recovery than cloth knitted from lycra core spun. The basic phenomena are essential use in stretch and recovery of the cloth to pressure generated by compression apparel. It is found that knitted fabric in normal stretch and recovery performance as compared to compression sportswear garment. Therefore, Lycra is used in knit cloths in blend with other fibres for proper utilization of stretchability and elasticity recovery properties in sportswear garments [19, 20].
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of the stretch, growth fabric and recovery properties of polyester-spandex-blended, micro-polyester and 100% polyester-knitted fabric. These works could facilitate the design and development of sportswear with the required stretch and recovery properties.
In this study, three different filament yarns—polyester, micro-polyester, blend of polyester-spandex and non-circular cross section were used to prepare samples. The knitted structures—single jersey, interlock and rib fabrics were produced on weft-circular knitting machine (Table 1).
Sample | Fabric structure | Wpcm | Cpcm | Stitch density (loop/cm2) | Areal density (g/m2) | Thickness (mm) | Loop length (cm) | Tightness factor (Tex1/2/cm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PET/spandex | Plain | 14.17 | 20.83 | 295.16 | 115 | 0.57 | 0.39 | 8.53 |
Rib | 16.12 | 24.13 | 388.97 | 155 | 0.65 | 0.32 | 10.74 | |
Interlock | 19.31 | 26.18 | 527.54 | 178 | 0.81 | 0.26 | 12.80 | |
Micro-PET | Plain | 17.28 | 15.43 | 266.63 | 105 | 0.50 | 0.39 | 8.53 |
Rib | 16.12 | 20.14 | 324.65 | 144 | 0.58 | 0.31 | 10.74 | |
Interlock | 22.67 | 17.12 | 388.11 | 161 | 0.68 | 0.26 | 12.80 | |
100% PET | Plain | 17.12 | 13.21 | 226.15 | 98 | 0.41 | 0.39 | 8.53 |
Rib | 15.32 | 20.82 | 318.91 | 136 | 0.52 | 0.32 | 10.74 | |
Interlock | 22.15 | 16.83 | 372.78 | 155 | 0.62 | 0.26 | 12.80 |
Geometrical properties of knitted fabrics.
*Wpcm—wale per centimetre, Cpcm—course per centimetre, * PET—polyester, * all three fabrics are made from 100 deniers polyester tex 11.11.
The knitted fabric was conditioned in standard atmospheric condition of 65+/−2% RH and 27+/−2°C temperature and the samples are in condition for 24 hours before testing. The stretch and recovery property tester was using the ASTM D 2594-2004 (2008) standard.
One-way ANOVA (Minitab 17 statistics software) tests were used to determine the significant difference between the stretch and elastic recovery properties of fabrics. In order to infer whether the parameters were significant or not,
The fabric details measured were as follows: wales per inch (wpi), course per inch (cpi), linear density of yarn (denier), fabric mass per unit area (g/m2) and fabric thickness (mm). The wpi and cpi were measured according to the ASTM D-3887 Standard. Yarn linear density and fabric mass per unit area were measured according to ASTM D 1059-01 and ASTM D 3776 M-09a standard respectively by using an electronic weighing balance. Thickness testing was carried out as per BS EN ISO 9073-2 using the electronic thickness tester at 0.25-KPa pressure. For each sample, 30 readings were taken to get the result at 95% confidence level.
ASTM D 2594-2004 (2008) standard test method for stretch properties of knitted fabric was applied under the form-fitting standards as sample size 18.3 cm in wale direction and 21.5 cm in course direction positions and 4.54 kgf weight apply in the Fabric specimen of the lower bench marks were calculated after 60 s and 1 h. Stretch percentage points to test the stretch and elastic recovery of the experimental samples are as shown in Figures 1 and 2.
Stretch and recovery setup assembly.
Fabric stretch equipment.
Stretch, growth and recovery percentages were calculated by Eqs. (1)–(3) given below:
where A: the distance marked between the upper and bottom parts of the fabric; B: the distance between the marked points after holding the sample for 5 min with 4.54 Kgf load; C: the distance between the marked points after 5-min relaxation.
Figures 3 and 4 and show knit specimen changes in weight and thickness. The heavier weight of knit specimen was, the thicker its thickness was in descending order ‘interlock structure polyester-spandex, micro-polyester and 100% polyester-knitted fabric’, ‘rib structure polyester-spandex, micro-polyester and 100% polyester-knitted fabric’, ‘plain structure polyester-spandex, micro-polyester and 100% polyester-knitted fabric’. Thickness and weight of specimen were influenced by density change caused by reducing and increasing fabric size. Thus, high density caused by floating in course-wise causes more knitted fabric weight gain than by loop overlapping.
Fabric weight comparison on knit structure.
Fabric thickness comparison on knit structure.
Figure 5 and Tables 2 and 3 indicate that the stretch value decreased in rib and interlock structure-knitted fabrics and direction except for wale-wise and course-wise as compared with plain structure fabrics. The plain structure fabrics have higher-stretch (%) polyester-spandex blend because lycra filament yarn have more stretch properties compared with other polyester and micro-polyester yarn [1].
Stretch comparison on knit structure.
Type of fabric | Structure | Fabric stretch and recovery properties | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | B | C | D | E | F | ||
Polyester-spandex blende knitted | Plain | 90.28 | 55.71 | 64.78 | 42.71 | 28.14 | 34.87 |
Polyester-spandex blende knitted | Interlock | 70.14 | 29.07 | 35.85 | 33.25 | 19.85 | 20.11 |
Polyester-spandex blende knitted | Rib | 80.21 | 38.57 | 51.21 | 39.51 | 22.42 | 27.31 |
Micro-polyester knitted | Plain | 78.85 | 45.21 | 47.85 | 30.12 | 16.42 | 17.91 |
Micro-polyester knitted | Interlock | 56.21 | 20.22 | 25.56 | 22.14 | 12.34 | 12.87 |
Micro-polyester knitted | Rib | 64.85 | 33.28 | 35.61 | 30.81 | 14.78 | 16.83 |
100% Polyester knitted | Plain | 82.12 | 52.27 | 55.22 | 35.14 | 20.15 | 25.12 |
100% Polyester knitted | Interlock | 59.85 | 25.12 | 31.09 | 27.37 | 13.57 | 14.85 |
100% Polyester knitted | Rib | 68.24 | 35.41 | 39.17 | 28.15 | 18.89 | 22.01 |
Mean value of stretch and recovery test results.
Stretch properties | Degree of freedom df | Sum of square value SS | Mean square value MS | Factual | Fcritical | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | 9 | 5019.4 | 557.7 | 5.413 | 2.261 | 0.000 |
B | 9 | 5728.4 | 636.4 | 3.167 | 2.261 | 0.006 |
C | 9 | 6006.0 | 667.3 | 2.910 | 2.261 | 0.010 |
D | 9 | 1284.1 | 385.5 | 2.813 | 2.261 | 0.013 |
E | 9 | 1082.1 | 140.33 | 2.442 | 2.261 | 0.040 |
F | 9 | 2205.2 | 245.03 | 5.536 | 2.261 | 0.023 |
One-way ANOVA of stretch and recovery properties of sportswear-knitted fabric structures.
The interlock structure three-knitted fabric showed a sharp decrease, while rib interlock structure three-knitted fabric had relatively small decrease. It seems that the material effect by stretch properties added to the reducing cause by yarn floating in the fabric structure, which held the loops reduced the stretch value of the fabric. The stretch value in course-wise is influenced by yarn floating rather than loop overlapping, while stretch value in wale-wise is caused by loop overlapping versus yarn floating [10].
Table 3 shows the ANOVA statistical analysis results at 5% significance level. Stretch and elastic recovery properties of the sportswear-knitted fabrics show significant difference between them (course-wise stretch (%): Factual = 5.432 and wale-wise stretch (%): Factual = 2.813 in comparison with Fcritical = 2.26) at degree of freedom 9.
There was significant value change on knit structure and direction in elastic recovery as shown in Figures 6 and 7. The recovery value gap among knitted specimen was lower at 1 h than at 60 sec. The stretch loops bent and restricted by the external force loop of stretch take on a form of stability and shape retention in cover time [11, 12, 13].
Elastic recovery 60 sec on knit structure fabric.
Elastic recovery 1 h on knit structure fabric.
The ANOVA results show in Table 3 that with respect to stretch properties after 60 sec %, there is a significant difference between the knitted fabric course-wise recovery after 60 sec %, degree of freedom 9. [Factual = 3.16 > Fcritical = 2.26 (
It was found from Table 3, ANOVA results show that there is a significant difference between the course-wise recovery after 1 h %, value of knitted fabrics [Factual = 2.91 > Fcritical = 2.26 (
The followings conclusions are derived from the above experimental work and given below:
The elastic and recovery sportswear apparels are basically connected to the fabric material interface with the body, and these basically depend on how material stretch and recovery performance apparel structure perform. In this research study, basically focus should be on for the apparel size, stretch, elasticity of material properties. Apparel cloths have compression-knitted properties with different structures such as plain, interlock and rib and have analysed the correlation with type of materials.
It is concluded that the plain structure polyester-spandex blend fabric is preferable than micro-polyester and 100% polyester fabric with respect to stretch and elastic recovery characteristics due to its quick recovery, which enhances the power of the performance.
This chapter proposed an appropriate knit structure and arrangement approach in consideration of fabric size and stretch properties of high-stretch knitted fabric and correlation with type of fibre.
This chapter provides meaningful market data for the effective development of more diverse garment-related product along with the localization of manufacturing for functional and sports garment.
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Firstenberg"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10207",title:"Sexual Abuse",subtitle:"An Interdisciplinary Approach",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e1ec1d5a7093490df314d7887e0b3809",slug:"sexual-abuse-an-interdisciplinary-approach",bookSignature:"Ersi Kalfoğlu and Sotirios Kalfoglou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10207.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"68678",title:"Dr.",name:"Ersi",middleName:null,surname:"Kalfoglou",slug:"ersi-kalfoglou",fullName:"Ersi Kalfoglou"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10914",title:"Effective Elimination of Structural Racism",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f6a2562646c0fd664aca8335bc3b3e69",slug:"effective-elimination-of-structural-racism",bookSignature:"Erick Guerrero",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10914.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"294761",title:"Dr.",name:"Erick",middleName:null,surname:"Guerrero",slug:"erick-guerrero",fullName:"Erick Guerrero"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:301,seriesByTopicCollection:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],seriesByTopicTotal:3,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"42656",doi:"10.5772/55538",title:"Conceptual Frameworks of Vulnerability Assessments for Natural Disasters Reduction",slug:"conceptual-frameworks-of-vulnerability-assessments-for-natural-disasters-reduction",totalDownloads:10042,totalCrossrefCites:18,totalDimensionsCites:75,abstract:null,book:{id:"3054",slug:"approaches-to-disaster-management-examining-the-implications-of-hazards-emergencies-and-disasters",title:"Approaches to Disaster Management",fullTitle:"Approaches to Disaster Management - Examining the Implications of Hazards, Emergencies and Disasters"},signatures:"Roxana L. Ciurean, Dagmar Schröter and Thomas Glade",authors:[{id:"163703",title:"Prof.",name:"Thomas",middleName:null,surname:"Glade",slug:"thomas-glade",fullName:"Thomas Glade"},{id:"164141",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Roxana",middleName:"Liliana",surname:"Ciurean",slug:"roxana-ciurean",fullName:"Roxana Ciurean"},{id:"164142",title:"Dr.",name:"Dagmar",middleName:null,surname:"Schroeter",slug:"dagmar-schroeter",fullName:"Dagmar Schroeter"}]},{id:"58010",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72304",title:"Fourth Industrial Revolution: Current Practices, Challenges, and Opportunities",slug:"fourth-industrial-revolution-current-practices-challenges-and-opportunities",totalDownloads:6445,totalCrossrefCites:44,totalDimensionsCites:70,abstract:"The globalization and the competitiveness are forcing companies to rethink and to innovate their production processes following the so-called Industry 4.0 paradigm. It represents the integration of tools already used in the past (big data, cloud, robot, 3D printing, simulation, etc.) that are now connected into a global network by transmitting digital data. The implementation of this new paradigm represents a huge change for companies, which are faced with big investments. In order to benefit from the opportunities offered by the smart revolution, companies must have the prerequisites needed to withstand changes generated by “smart” system. In addition, new workers who face the world of work 4.0 must have new skills in automation, digitization, and information technology, without forgetting soft skills. This chapter aims to present the main good practices, challenges, and opportunities related to Industry 4.0 paradigm.",book:{id:"6291",slug:"digital-transformation-in-smart-manufacturing",title:"Digital Transformation in Smart Manufacturing",fullTitle:"Digital Transformation in Smart Manufacturing"},signatures:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Raffaele Cioffi and Federico\nZomparelli",authors:[{id:"161682",title:"Prof.",name:"Fabio",middleName:null,surname:"De Felice",slug:"fabio-de-felice",fullName:"Fabio De Felice"},{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"},{id:"205141",title:"Dr.",name:"Federico",middleName:null,surname:"Zomparelli",slug:"federico-zomparelli",fullName:"Federico Zomparelli"},{id:"208748",title:"Dr.",name:"Raffaele",middleName:null,surname:"Cioffi",slug:"raffaele-cioffi",fullName:"Raffaele Cioffi"}]},{id:"35715",doi:"10.5772/38693",title:"The Role and Importance of Cultural Tourism in Modern Tourism Industry",slug:"the-role-and-importance-of-cultural-tourism-in-modern-tourism-industry",totalDownloads:41085,totalCrossrefCites:31,totalDimensionsCites:62,abstract:null,book:{id:"2298",slug:"strategies-for-tourism-industry-micro-and-macro-perspectives",title:"Strategies for Tourism Industry",fullTitle:"Strategies for Tourism Industry - Micro and Macro Perspectives"},signatures:"Janos Csapo",authors:[{id:"118766",title:"Dr.",name:"János",middleName:null,surname:"Csapó",slug:"janos-csapo",fullName:"János Csapó"}]},{id:"38973",doi:"10.5772/51460",title:"Risk Management in Construction Projects",slug:"risk-management-in-construction-projects",totalDownloads:102568,totalCrossrefCites:36,totalDimensionsCites:59,abstract:null,book:{id:"2175",slug:"risk-management-current-issues-and-challenges",title:"Risk Management",fullTitle:"Risk Management - Current Issues and Challenges"},signatures:"Nerija Banaitiene and Audrius Banaitis",authors:[{id:"139414",title:"Dr.",name:"Nerija",middleName:null,surname:"Banaitiene",slug:"nerija-banaitiene",fullName:"Nerija Banaitiene"},{id:"149658",title:"Dr.",name:"Audrius",middleName:null,surname:"Banaitis",slug:"audrius-banaitis",fullName:"Audrius Banaitis"}]},{id:"40977",doi:"10.5772/53885",title:"The Emergence of Scientific Reasoning",slug:"the-emergence-of-scientific-reasoning",totalDownloads:4554,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:59,abstract:null,book:{id:"654",slug:"current-topics-in-children-s-learning-and-cognition",title:"Current Topics in Children's Learning and Cognition",fullTitle:"Current Topics in Children's Learning and Cognition"},signatures:"Bradley J. Morris, Steve Croker, Amy M. Masnick and Corinne Zimmerman",authors:[{id:"154336",title:"Prof.",name:"Bradley",middleName:null,surname:"Morris",slug:"bradley-morris",fullName:"Bradley Morris"},{id:"154337",title:"Prof.",name:"Steve",middleName:null,surname:"Croker",slug:"steve-croker",fullName:"Steve Croker"},{id:"154338",title:"Prof.",name:"Amy",middleName:null,surname:"Masnick",slug:"amy-masnick",fullName:"Amy Masnick"},{id:"154339",title:"Prof.",name:"Corinne",middleName:null,surname:"Zimmerman",slug:"corinne-zimmerman",fullName:"Corinne Zimmerman"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"58890",title:"Philosophy and Paradigm of Scientific Research",slug:"philosophy-and-paradigm-of-scientific-research",totalDownloads:14074,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:17,abstract:"Before carrying out the empirical analysis of the role of management culture in corporate social responsibility, identification of the philosophical approach and the paradigm on which the research carried out is based is necessary. Therefore, this chapter deals with the philosophical systems and paradigms of scientific research, the epistemology, evaluating understanding and application of various theories and practices used in the scientific research. The key components of the scientific research paradigm are highlighted. Theories on the basis of which this research was focused on identification of the level of development of the management culture in order to implement corporate social responsibility are identified, and the stages of its implementation are described.",book:{id:"5791",slug:"management-culture-and-corporate-social-responsibility",title:"Management Culture and Corporate Social Responsibility",fullTitle:"Management Culture and Corporate Social Responsibility"},signatures:"Pranas Žukauskas, Jolita Vveinhardt and Regina Andriukaitienė",authors:[{id:"179629",title:"Prof.",name:"Jolita",middleName:null,surname:"Vveinhardt",slug:"jolita-vveinhardt",fullName:"Jolita Vveinhardt"}]},{id:"74550",title:"School Conflicts: Causes and Management Strategies in Classroom Relationships",slug:"school-conflicts-causes-and-management-strategies-in-classroom-relationships",totalDownloads:2328,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Conflicts cannot cease to exist, as they are intrinsic to human beings, forming an integral part of their moral and emotional growth. Likewise, they exist in all schools. The school is inserted in a space where the conflict manifests itself daily and assumes relevance, being the result of the multiple interpersonal relationships that occur in the school context. Thus, conflict is part of school life, which implies that teachers must have the skills to manage conflict constructively. Recognizing the diversity of school conflicts, this chapter aimed to present its causes, highlighting the main ones in the classroom, in the teacher-student relationship. It is important to conflict face and resolve it with skills to manage it properly and constructively, establishing cooperative relationships, and producing integrative solutions. Harmony and appreciation should coexist in a classroom environment and conflict should not interfere, negatively, in the teaching and learning process. This bibliography review underscore the need for during the teachers’ initial training the conflict management skills development.",book:{id:"7827",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",fullTitle:"Interpersonal Relationships"},signatures:"Sabina Valente, Abílio Afonso Lourenço and Zsolt Németh",authors:[{id:"324514",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sabina",middleName:"N.",surname:"Valente",slug:"sabina-valente",fullName:"Sabina Valente"},{id:"326375",title:"Prof.",name:"Abílio Afonso",middleName:"Afonso",surname:"Lourenço",slug:"abilio-afonso-lourenco",fullName:"Abílio Afonso Lourenço"},{id:"329177",title:"Dr.",name:"Zsolt",middleName:null,surname:"Németh",slug:"zsolt-nemeth",fullName:"Zsolt Németh"}]},{id:"58969",title:"Corruption, Causes and Consequences",slug:"corruption-causes-and-consequences",totalDownloads:27687,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:15,abstract:"Corruption is a constant in the society and occurs in all civilizations; however, it has only been in the past 20 years that this phenomenon has begun being seriously explored. It has many different shapes as well as many various effects, both on the economy and the society at large. Among the most common causes of corruption are the political and economic environment, professional ethics and morality and, of course, habits, customs, tradition and demography. Its effects on the economy (and also on the wider society) are well researched, yet still not completely. Corruption thus inhibits economic growth and affects business operations, employment and investments. It also reduces tax revenue and the effectiveness of various financial assistance programs. The wider society is influenced by a high degree of corruption in terms of lowering of trust in the law and the rule of law, education and consequently the quality of life (access to infrastructure, health care). There also does not exist an unambiguous answer as to how to deal with corruption. Something that works in one country or in one region will not necessarily be successful in another. This chapter tries to answer at least a few questions about corruption and the causes for it, its consequences and how to deal with it successfully.",book:{id:"6487",slug:"trade-and-global-market",title:"Trade and Global Market",fullTitle:"Trade and Global Market"},signatures:"Štefan Šumah",authors:[{id:"228073",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:null,surname:"Sumah",slug:"stefan-sumah",fullName:"Stefan Sumah"}]},{id:"55499",title:"Human Resources Management in Nonprofit Organizations: A Case Study of Istanbul Foundation for Culture and Arts",slug:"human-resources-management-in-nonprofit-organizations-a-case-study-of-istanbul-foundation-for-cultur",totalDownloads:2399,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The aim of this study is to investigate the efficiency and importance of human resources management in nonprofit organizations. The understanding was included to the literature as personnel management at the beginning of the twentieth century and it turned into an approach as human resources management in the 1980s. It could be observed that many organizations, which deem the human as the most critical stakeholder, adopt a traditional way of personnel management in operating human resources. The employees play a key role in the success of an organization. For this reason, subjects such as recruitment, training, development, career management, performance appraisal, occupational health, and safety are the fundamental functions of human resources management. The study examines to what extent these roles are evaluated through a case study. The subject matter of the study is the most powerful culture and art foundation in Turkey. Compared to many other nonprofit organizations, the foundation actively performs a variety of services within a year worldwide. The fact that the total number of employees might rise up to 800, including the field personnel, indicates the need of a good functioning human resources management. The human resources practices of the foundation are examined and evaluated within that scope.",book:{id:"5826",slug:"issues-of-human-resource-management",title:"Issues of Human Resource Management",fullTitle:"Issues of Human Resource Management"},signatures:"Beste Gökçe Parsehyan",authors:[{id:"189113",title:"Dr.",name:"Beste",middleName:null,surname:"Gokce Parsehyan",slug:"beste-gokce-parsehyan",fullName:"Beste Gokce Parsehyan"}]},{id:"59152",title:"Marketing Strategies for the Social Good",slug:"marketing-strategies-for-the-social-good",totalDownloads:1669,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Social network sites (SNS) have proven to be a good environment to promote and sell goods and services, but marketing is more than creating commercial strategies. Social marketing strategies can also be used to promote behavioral change and help individuals transform their lives, achieve well-being, and adopt prosocial behaviors. In this chapter, we seek to analyze with a netnographic study, how SNS are being employed by nonprofits and nongovernment organizations (NGOs) to enable citizens and consumers to participate in different programs and activities that promote social transformation and well-being. A particular interest is to identify how organizations are using behavioral economic tactics to nudge individuals and motivate them to engage in prosocial actions. By providing an understanding on how SNS can provide an adequate environment for the design of social marketing strategies, we believe our work has practical implications both for academicians and marketers who want to contribute in the transformation of consumer behavior and the achievement of well-being and social change.",book:{id:"6583",slug:"marketing",title:"Marketing",fullTitle:"Marketing"},signatures:"Alicia De La Pena",authors:[{id:"196878",title:"Dr.",name:"Alicia",middleName:null,surname:"De La Pena",slug:"alicia-de-la-pena",fullName:"Alicia De La Pena"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"4",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"83075",title:"Practices and Challenges of Community Services at Debre Markos University, Ethiopia: A Case Study",slug:"practices-and-challenges-of-community-services-at-debre-markos-university-ethiopia-a-case-study",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105896",abstract:"Universities are the main actors that deliver community service in Ethiopia. Community service is among the three pillars of the university’s business along with teaching and research tasks. Employing a qualitative case study design, this research inspects the practices of community services against the ascribed principles and identifes the pitfalls of community service in Debre Markos University. Both primary and secondary data were collected. Primary data were collected through key informants interviews, semistructured interviews, and non-participant observation. Thirteen participants, five through key informant interview and eight through a semistructured interview were addressed. Participants were purposively selected from both the university and the nearby community. Lecturers, vice-presidents, and directors have participated in the interview. Articles, books, different reports, newspapers, and magazines were reviewed and used as sources of secondary data. Thematic data analysis technique was employed to analyze the primary data, and document analysis was used to analyze the data gained from secondary sources. The results show that, though community service is rendered since 2006 at Debre Markos University, there are still limitations in adhering to the principles of community service. These include shortage of budget, low level of University-Industry Linkage (UIL), less commitment of the staff, and the low level of monitoring and evaluation.",book:{id:"11602",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg"},signatures:"Adane Mengist"},{id:"83053",title:"Apologies in L2 French in Canadian Context",slug:"apologies-in-l2-french-in-canadian-context",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106557",abstract:"This article presents the results of an analysis of apology strategies in native and non-native French in Canadian context. The data used were obtained through a Discourse Completion Task questionnaire that was completed by a group of native French speakers (FL1) and a group of learners of French as a second language (FL2). The goal was to identify and compare pragmatic and linguistic choices made by both groups when apologizing in three different situations. Several differences and similarities emerged between the two groups regarding the use of exclamations to introduce apologies, direct apologies, indirect apologies, and supportive acts. For instance, it was found that the FL1 speakers used “expressions of regret”, “offers of apology” 15 and “requests for forgiveness” to apologize directly, while the FL2 speaking informants used 16 only “expressions of regret” and “offers of apology”. While the respondents of both groups 17 mostly chose “offers of repair” to apologize indirectly, they displayed divergent preferences 18 regarding the use of other indirect apology strategies. Differences were also documented 19 with respect to the use of intensification devices in direct apologies and the use of supportive acts. Implications of the findings for L2 French pedagogy were also discussed.",book:{id:"11480",title:"Second Language Acquisition - Learning Theories and Recent Approaches",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11480.jpg"},signatures:"Bernard Mulo Farenkia"},{id:"83049",title:"An Ethnographic Study on Sense of a Community: The “Awramba” Experience",slug:"an-ethnographic-study-on-sense-of-a-community-the-awramba-experience",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105953",abstract:"The study was conducted on “Awramba” Community who are living in “Amhara” region, south “Gondor” Zone, Ethiopia. The general objective of this study was to capture an understanding of sense of community in “Awramba” community. The study tried to answer the following questions: How the community was established? What are the criteria to be part of the community? What are the shared values of social practice that has survived for the test of time? What is the historical background of the “Awramba” Community? The researcher used realist ethnography method to achieve the above objective and to answer the questions. In-depth interview and observational guide techniques were applied to collect reliable data for the study. The observation and in-depth interview data were analyzed qualitatively. The study showed the following themes: Membership criteria of the community are based on adhering to the community norm. They have a strong sense of community based on shared story, cooperative work, marriage and mourning values, religious view, gender equality, commitment to be honest, and solving their problem by themselves. The emotional connection of the “Awramba” community is strengthened by their common celebration of the yearly anniversary of New Year and scheduled meeting.",book:{id:"11429",title:"Sustainability, Ecology, and Religions of the World",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11429.jpg"},signatures:"Nassir-Maru Yesuf"},{id:"83027",title:"Coping Strategies and Meta-Worry in Adolescents’ Adjustment during COVID-19 Pandemic",slug:"coping-strategies-and-meta-worry-in-adolescents-adjustment-during-covid-19-pandemic",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106258",abstract:"With the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, several limitations and stressful changes have been introduced in adolescent’s daily life. Particularly, Italian teenagers were the first among western populations to experience fears of infection, home confinement, and social restrictions due to a long lockdown period (10 weeks). This study explores the role of coping strategies (task-oriented, emotion-oriented, and avoidance coping) and meta-beliefs about worry as vulnerability factors associated with adolescents’ anxiety. A community sample of adolescents (N = 284, aged 16–18 y.o.) answered questionnaires assessing anxiety symptoms (RCMAS-2), meta-cognitive beliefs and processes about worry (MCQ-C), and coping strategies (CISS). Results show that 37% of participants report clinically elevated anxiety. Emotion-centered coping predicted higher anxiety, whereas task-centered coping resulted associated with decreased anxiety. Cognitive monitoring about their own worry contributes, but to a lesser extent, to higher levels of anxiety. The implications for the intervention are discussed, especially the need to enhance the coping skills of adolescents and mitigate the stress of the COVID-19 pandemic, which could last for a long time.",book:{id:"10671",title:"Adolescences",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10671.jpg"},signatures:"Loredana Benedetto, Ilenia Schipilliti and Massimo Ingrassia"},{id:"83023",title:"Gestational Tryptophan Fluctuation Underlying Ontogenetic Origin of Neuropsychiatric Disorders",slug:"gestational-tryptophan-fluctuation-underlying-ontogenetic-origin-of-neuropsychiatric-disorders",totalDownloads:5,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106421",abstract:"Neuropsychiatry underlies personality development and social functioning. Borderline personality disorder exhibits high trait aggression and is associated with tryptophan hydroxylase polymorphisms. The acute tryptophan depletion reduces plasma and cerebrospinal fluid tryptophan availability and brain serotonin concentrations, leading to alterations in personality and trait-related behaviors. Tryptophan is essential for fatal neurodevelopment and immunomodulation in pregnancy. Gestational tryptophan fluctuation induced by maternal metabolic disorders or drug administrations may account for the maternal-fetal transmission determining neurogenesis and microbial development, consequentially shaping the long-standing patterns of thinking and behavior. However, it is not possible to assess the gestational tryptophan exposure effects on fetal brain and gastrointestinal system in humans for ethical reasons. The maternal–fetal microbe transmission in rodents during gestation, vaginal delivery, and breastfeeding is inevitable. Chicken embryo may be an alternative and evidence from the chicken embryo model reveals that gestational tryptophan fluctuation, i.e., exposed to excessive tryptophan or its metabolite, serotonin, attenuates aggressiveness and affects peer sociometric status. This chapter discusses the gestational tryptophan fluctuation as a risk factor of personality disorders in offspring and the prevention of personality disorders by dietary tryptophan control and medication therapy management during pregnancy.",book:{id:"11782",title:"Personality Traits - The Role in Psychopathology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11782.jpg"},signatures:"Xiaohong Huang, Xiaohua Li and Heng-Wei Cheng"},{id:"83014",title:"Culture: A Pillar of Organizational Sustainability",slug:"culture-a-pillar-of-organizational-sustainability",totalDownloads:3,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106523",abstract:"Sustainability is a concern that permeates all levels of society and is premised on meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. 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