Extent and distribution of salt affected soils in India.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\\n\\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\\n\\nLaunching 2021
\\n\\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\\n\\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\\n\\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\\n\\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\\n\\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\\n\\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\\n\\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/132"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'With the desire to make book publishing more relevant for the digital age and offer innovative Open Access publishing options, we are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format: IntechOpen Book Series.
\n\nDesigned to cover fast-moving research fields in rapidly expanding areas, our Book Series feature a Topic structure allowing us to present the most relevant sub-disciplines. Book Series are headed by Series Editors, and a team of Topic Editors supported by international Editorial Board members. Topics are always open for submissions, with an Annual Volume published each calendar year.
\n\nAfter a robust peer-review process, accepted works are published quickly, thanks to Online First, ensuring research is made available to the scientific community without delay.
\n\nOur innovative Book Series format brings you:
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\n\nLaunching 2021
\n\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\n\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\n\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\n\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\n\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\n\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\n\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\n\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\n\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5112",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"A Textbook of Advanced Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Volume 3",title:"A Textbook of Advanced Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery",subtitle:"Volume 3",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Advanced oral and maxillofacial surgery encompasses a vast array of diseases, disorders, defects, and deformities as well as injuries of the mouth, head, face, and jaws. It relates not only to treatment of impacted teeth, facial pain, misaligned jaws, facial trauma, oral cancers, jaw cysts, and tumors but also to facial cosmetic surgery and placement of dental and facial implants. This specialty is evolving alongside advancements in technology and instrumentation. Volume 1 has topped 132,000 chapter downloads so far, and Volume 2 is being downloaded at the same pace! Volume 3 is basically the sequel to Volumes 1 and 2; 93 specialists from nine countries contributed to 32 chapters providing comprehensive coverage of advanced topics in OMF surgery.",isbn:"978-953-51-2591-4",printIsbn:"978-953-51-2590-7",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-7303-8",doi:"10.5772/61140",price:169,priceEur:185,priceUsd:219,slug:"a-textbook-of-advanced-oral-and-maxillofacial-surgery-volume-3",numberOfPages:836,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"9155af3479cbb41b2af5fc7e333d238f",bookSignature:"Mohammad Hosein Kalantar Motamedi",publishedDate:"August 31st 2016",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5112.jpg",numberOfDownloads:77025,numberOfWosCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitations:28,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:57,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:86,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 15th 2015",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 15th 2015",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 13th 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"March 24th 2016",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 30th 2016",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"90148",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad Hosein",middleName:"Kalantar",surname:"Motamedi",slug:"mohammad-hosein-motamedi",fullName:"Mohammad Hosein Motamedi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/90148/images/system/90148.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mohammad Hosein Kalantar Motamedi is a Professor of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at the Trauma Research Center, BMSU, and attending faculty of OMF Surgery at the Azad University of Medical Sciences, Tehran. He received his American Diploma from Pennington High School, in Pennington, VA, USA (honor student) and his Iranian Diploma from Hurr High School in Tehran (honor student). After graduation he was accepted at the University of Houston, Texas, USA where he studied predent. Two years later he transferred to the University of Tehran College of dentistry where he received his Doctorate of Dental Surgery Degree (DDS). He completed his Residency in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at SBUMS from 1987-1991, and was valedictorian of the National Board Exams in 1991. In 1995 he completed his fellowship at the University of Basel, Switzerland; he obtained full Professorship in 2007. He has published 25 books, 61 international conferences proceedings, supervised 63 doctorate dissertations, and published 185 papers indexed in PUBMED with an h-index of 21. He is Editor-in-Chief of TRAUMA MONTHLY journal and one of the founders of the BMSU Trauma Research Center and more recently the Craniomaxillofacial Research Center. He was granted 1st place prize at the Bagher Alum National Research Festival in 2010 and awarded 2nd Place Prize at the 16th International Razi Research Festival on Medical Sciences. The Iranian Society of OMF Surgeons awarded him “Most Published” in 2009 and 2010, and he was chosen for membership in the National Elite Foundation. In 2013 he was accepted in the Academy of Medical Sciences and he is listed in the Marquis Book \\'Who’s Who in the World” (1999-2020).",institutionString:"BMSU and AUMS",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"7",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"5",institution:{name:"Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1149",title:"Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery",slug:"oral-and-maxillofacial-surgery"}],chapters:[{id:"51850",title:"Antimicrobial Therapy and Surgical Management of Odontogenic Infections",doi:"10.5772/63317",slug:"antimicrobial-therapy-and-surgical-management-of-odontogenic-infections",totalDownloads:4209,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Dentoalveolar infections include a wide range of conditions from localized abscesses to deep-neck space infections or more severe cases of necrotizing fasciitis. Odontogenic infections and emergencies are a significant part of an oral and maxillofacial surgeon’s daily practice. On a daily basis, an oral surgeon needs to be prepared to deal with any infection-related emergencies ranging from a toothache, localized vestibular abscess to deep head and neck abscesses. Management of these odontogenic infections could propose a challenge due to complex microbiology of the odontogenic infection and the potential for advancement to a life-threatening emergency. It is crucial that the oral and maxillofacial surgeon has knowledge of anatomic boundaries and fascial spaces to be able to make an accurate diagnosis and perform prompt surgical management. For the patient, odontogenic infections may carry high incidence of morbidity and mortality if not treated promptly. Management of patient with an odontogenic infection is a multifaceted approach involving (1) an examination and assessment of the patient, (2) identifying the source of the infection, (3) anatomic considerations, (4) surgical intervention, (5) administration of the appropriate antimicrobial therapy, and (6) referral to an appropriate provider if indicated. This chapter provides the clinician with a better understanding of diagnosis and pharmacological management as well as surgical treatment of patients with odontogenic infections.",signatures:"Robert Pellecchia, Curtis Holmes, Golaleh Barzani and Francesco R.\nSebastiani",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51850",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51850",authors:[{id:"177670",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",surname:"Pellecchia",slug:"robert-pellecchia",fullName:"Robert Pellecchia"},{id:"185973",title:"Dr.",name:"Golaleh",surname:"Barzani",slug:"golaleh-barzani",fullName:"Golaleh Barzani"}],corrections:null},{id:"50951",title:"Complications of Antibiotic Therapy and Introduction of Nanoantibiotics",doi:"10.5772/63907",slug:"complications-of-antibiotic-therapy-and-introduction-of-nanoantibiotics",totalDownloads:2306,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Oral and maxillofacial surgeons play a major role in therapy, preventing morbidity, mortality from odontogenic and non-odontogenic maxillofacial infections; therefore, it is essential to have knowledge of current advancements in microbiological diagnosis and antibiotic therapy for odontogenic maxillofacial infections. Fortunately, we live in an era where antibiotics are readily available to prevent and treat against infections. The exact cause should be determined once the specific antibiotic is prescribed; additionally, the empirical, definitive treatments, side effects, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antibacterial agents have to be considered.",signatures:"Esshagh Lasemi, Fina Navi, Reza Lasemi and Niusha Lasemi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50951",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50951",authors:[{id:"166999",title:"Dr.",name:"Fina",surname:"Navi",slug:"fina-navi",fullName:"Fina Navi"},{id:"184969",title:"Dr.",name:"Niusha",surname:"Lasemi",slug:"niusha-lasemi",fullName:"Niusha Lasemi"}],corrections:null},{id:"50504",title:"Shared Medical and Virtual Surgical Appointments in Oral Surgery",doi:"10.5772/63011",slug:"shared-medical-and-virtual-surgical-appointments-in-oral-surgery",totalDownloads:1704,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Access to care and patient satisfaction are primary objectives in most, if not all, surgical practices. With current healthcare reform and implementation of The Affordable Care Act of 2010, surgeons are more frequently being challenged by their administrative counterparts to improve clinical efficiency and quality of care while maintaining current profit margins. This chapter describes two non-traditional, innovative concepts that can be incorporated into full scope, oral and maxillofacial surgery practices in order to allow more efficient delivery of care while maintaining quality. The two programs outlined herein are shared medical appointments (SMAs) and virtual surgical appointments (VSAs). These programs, when implemented in a busy academic or group private practice, have the potential to allow for efficient delivery of care while simultaneously improving patient satisfaction.",signatures:"Alexandra Radu and Michael P. Horan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50504",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50504",authors:[{id:"177463",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",surname:"Horan",slug:"michael-horan",fullName:"Michael Horan"},{id:"185307",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandra",surname:"Radu",slug:"alexandra-radu",fullName:"Alexandra Radu"}],corrections:null},{id:"51339",title:"Cranial Nerves and Nerve Surgery in the Oral and Maxillofacial Region",doi:"10.5772/63080",slug:"cranial-nerves-and-nerve-surgery-in-the-oral-and-maxillofacial-region",totalDownloads:1782,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The head and neck surgeon is confronted with cranial nerves in the course of operations and he or she must know the anatomy and the ways to treat complications should they happen. In this chapter we focus on the subject of cranial nerves and begin with the history and anatomy and then to individual nerves and maladies of these nerves and complications of surgical procedures involving these nerves.",signatures:"Shahram Nazerani and Tina Nazerani",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51339",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51339",authors:[{id:"164036",title:"Prof.",name:"Shahram",surname:"Nazerani",slug:"shahram-nazerani",fullName:"Shahram Nazerani"},{id:"177355",title:"Dr.",name:"Tina",surname:"Nazerani",slug:"tina-nazerani",fullName:"Tina Nazerani"}],corrections:null},{id:"51195",title:"Surgical Repair of Trigeminal Nerve Injuries",doi:"10.5772/64059",slug:"surgical-repair-of-trigeminal-nerve-injuries",totalDownloads:2132,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"This chapter reviews the relevant surgical anatomy, clinical indications, and timing for surgical repair of the inferior alveolar and lingual nerve injuries. It will also present state-of- the-art reconstructive surgery and examine the factors influencing success as well as the scientific literature for outcome studies after surgical repair.",signatures:"Ahmad Alshadwi and Mohammed Nadershah",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51195",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51195",authors:[{id:"177472",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammed",surname:"Nadershah",slug:"mohammed-nadershah",fullName:"Mohammed Nadershah"},{id:"177473",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",surname:"Alshadwi",slug:"ahmed-alshadwi",fullName:"Ahmed Alshadwi"}],corrections:null},{id:"51308",title:"Headaches, Migraine, and TMJ Pain Management: Medical and Surgical Intervention",doi:"10.5772/63381",slug:"headaches-migraine-and-tmj-pain-management-medical-and-surgical-intervention",totalDownloads:1940,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The main objective of this chapter is to introduce to the readers the issue of head and neck pain, temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders, clicking, headaches, migraines, and neck discomfort that are likely to present in the clinic with similar signs and symptoms. This chapter deals with the introduction, clinical examination, investigation, and the use of splint therapy, muscle complex injection therapy with botox and prolotherapy, TMJ lavage, arthrocentesis, and TMJ surgery to treat such patients.",signatures:"Mazen Almasri",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51308",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51308",authors:[{id:"150413",title:"Dr.",name:"Mazen Ahmad",surname:"Almasri",slug:"mazen-ahmad-almasri",fullName:"Mazen Ahmad Almasri"}],corrections:null},{id:"51216",title:"Drug-Refractory Trigeminal Neuralgia: Treatment via Botulinum Toxin Type A",doi:"10.5772/63258",slug:"drug-refractory-trigeminal-neuralgia-treatment-via-botulinum-toxin-type-a",totalDownloads:1578,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a disorder characterized by severe abrupt lancinating pains, limited to areas of distribution of the fifth cranial nerve—the trigeminal nerve. Numerous modals have been used to reduce or alleviate the intensity and frequency of pain. Drug therapy with anticonvulsive drugs is still the first choice. Migraine and occipital neuralgia have been treated via botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A). Symptoms of TN (pain duration, initiating factors, affected nerve branch, frequency of attacks, and severity of pain) are assessed before injections, and evaluated 1 week, 1 month, and 6 months after injection of 50 U reconstituted BTX-A solution in the trigger zones. Patients generally improve with regard to frequency and severity of pain attacks and in many, the pain is completely eradicated and there is no need for further medication. In some patients, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may be needed to alleviate pain attacks. All patients develop higher pain thresholds after injections. Complications of BTX therapy include transient paresis of the facial nerve. BTX-A therapy is a minimally invasive method that can play a role in treating TN before other more invasive therapies, i.e., radiofrequency and surgery, are sought. In this chapter, we discuss the indication and method to treat TN via BTX-A in patients refractory to medical treatment.",signatures:"Behnam Bohluli, Mohammad Hosein Kalantar Motamedi, Misaq\nHeydari and Milad Heydari",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51216",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51216",authors:[{id:"179449",title:"Dr.",name:"Misaq",surname:"Heydari",slug:"misaq-heydari",fullName:"Misaq Heydari"},{id:"180188",title:"Dr.",name:"Behnam",surname:"Bohlouli",slug:"behnam-bohlouli",fullName:"Behnam Bohlouli"},{id:"180189",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad Hosein",surname:"Kalantar Motamedi",slug:"mohammad-hosein-kalantar-motamedi",fullName:"Mohammad Hosein Kalantar Motamedi"},{id:"180190",title:"Dr.",name:"Milad",surname:"Heydari",slug:"milad-heydari",fullName:"Milad Heydari"}],corrections:null},{id:"51270",title:"Anesthesia and Sedation",doi:"10.5772/63539",slug:"anesthesia-and-sedation",totalDownloads:1818,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Anxiety control and patient comfort are integral components of everyday oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMFS) practice. Moderate sedation, deep sedation (DS), and general anesthesia (GA) have been successfully administered by and in the offices of oral and maxillofacial surgeons (OMSs) and their anesthesia teams for more than 50 years. The goal of moderate sedation, DS, or GA in the OMFS office is to establish an environment in which patients are comfortable and cooperative while allowing the surgeon to safely perform the operation. This requires meticulous care in which the practitioner balances the depth of sedation and level of responsiveness while maintaining a patent airway, proper and adequate ventilation, and optimal cardiovascular hemodynamics. The record of safety among OMSs with this form of outpatient anesthesia is exemplary. The impressive morbidity and mortality statistics support the concept that the OMFS anesthesia team model is a safe, efficient, and cost‐effective model for office‐based ambulatory surgical‐anesthesia care. Safe anesthesia practice depends on various items, including goals of anesthesia, selecting the proper patient, anesthetic technique utilized, drug regimen selection, monitoring, anesthetic team (staff and anesthesia provider) training, and the team's preparedness to handle unanticipated complications and medical/anesthetic emergencies.",signatures:"Jeffrey A. Elo and Ho‐Hyun Sun",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51270",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51270",authors:[{id:"177626",title:"Dr.",name:"Jeffrey",surname:"Elo",slug:"jeffrey-elo",fullName:"Jeffrey Elo"},{id:"184302",title:"Dr.",name:"H. Brian",surname:"Sun",slug:"h.-brian-sun",fullName:"H. Brian Sun"}],corrections:null},{id:"51741",title:"Management of Inherited, Acquired, and Iatrogenically Induced Coagulopathies in Oral Surgery",doi:"10.5772/63724",slug:"management-of-inherited-acquired-and-iatrogenically-induced-coagulopathies-in-oral-surgery",totalDownloads:2079,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Hemostasis is the process of cessation of blood loss. Alterations of the hemostatic pathways can result in a hypercoagulable or hypocoagulable state resulting in thrombosis or hemorrhage. Common defects in hemostasis and their management, specifically the hypocoagulable state, are discussed as these defects often result in increased perioperative blood loss, which can result in compromised patient outcomes.",signatures:"Paul Bermudez, Maximillian Beushausen and Michael P. Horan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51741",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51741",authors:[{id:"177463",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",surname:"Horan",slug:"michael-horan",fullName:"Michael Horan"},{id:"185308",title:"Dr.",name:"Maximillian",surname:"Beushausen",slug:"maximillian-beushausen",fullName:"Maximillian Beushausen"},{id:"185309",title:"Dr.",name:"Paul",surname:"Bermudez",slug:"paul-bermudez",fullName:"Paul Bermudez"}],corrections:null},{id:"51834",title:"Common Skin Lesions of the Face",doi:"10.5772/63426",slug:"common-skin-lesions-of-the-face",totalDownloads:2047,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Skin lesions are common and range from acute inflammatory dermatoses, such as urticaria, to malignant melanoma, which may be life-threatening. When confronting skin diseases, it is important that the maxillofacial surgeon collaborate with both the dermatologist and pathologist. The clinical history, gross appearance, and course of any disease are as important as the microscopic findings. In this chapter, we discuss the more common skin lesions of the face.",signatures:"Taghi Azizi, Nader Zarinpour and Kambiz Hasrak",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51834",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51834",authors:[{id:"166841",title:"Dr.",name:"Taghi",surname:"Azizi",slug:"taghi-azizi",fullName:"Taghi Azizi"},{id:"184290",title:"Dr.",name:"Nader",surname:"Zarrinpour",slug:"nader-zarrinpour",fullName:"Nader Zarrinpour"},{id:"184297",title:"Dr.",name:"Kambiz",surname:"Hasrak",slug:"kambiz-hasrak",fullName:"Kambiz Hasrak"}],corrections:null},{id:"50190",title:"Ridge Augmentation Techniques in Preprosthetic Implant Surgery",doi:"10.5772/63003",slug:"ridge-augmentation-techniques-in-preprosthetic-implant-surgery",totalDownloads:2596,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Rehabilitation of missing teeth with dental implant-supported restorations has become a predictable treatment option in dentistry. The stability of hard and soft tissues around the implant is fundamental for long-term success. However, due to factors such as trauma, oncologic diseases, and missing teeth, vertical and horizontal bone loss is expected, and the available bone may not be suitable for optimum implant placement. Ridge augmentation procedures are applied to increase in the volume of the deficient sites for implant treatment. Autogenous block bone augmentation and guided bone regeneration (GBR) are two surgical approaches for implant placement. Autogenous bone is widely used for augmentations because of its osteogenic potential. A myriad of biomaterials, including xenografts, allografts, alloplasts, and composite grafts, are available for GBR. The aim of this chapter is to provide a brief summary of these methods and to discuss the advantages and pitfalls of ridge augmentation techniques.",signatures:"Bahattin Alper Gultekin, Erol Cansiz and Serdar Yalcin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50190",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50190",authors:[{id:"142533",title:"Dr.",name:"Alper",surname:"Gultekin",slug:"alper-gultekin",fullName:"Alper Gultekin"},{id:"177392",title:"Dr.",name:"Erol",surname:"Cansiz",slug:"erol-cansiz",fullName:"Erol Cansiz"},{id:"178376",title:"Prof.",name:"Serdar",surname:"Yalcin",slug:"serdar-yalcin",fullName:"Serdar Yalcin"}],corrections:null},{id:"50669",title:"Bone Regeneration in Implant Dentistry: Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells",doi:"10.5772/63346",slug:"bone-regeneration-in-implant-dentistry-role-of-mesenchymal-stem-cells",totalDownloads:2026,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter focuses on a review of the activity of non-embryonic mesenchymal stem cells used to regenerate jaw bones in dentistry. Recent research of non-embryonic stem cells provides new possibilities for noninvasively obtaining new autologous bone from stem cells provided by various tissues from the same patient. Disaggregation of biologic tissue harvested from the patients during surgery permits extraction of stem cells from a small sample of connective tissue obtained from the patient’s lingual mucosa or from the postextraction surgical site where the endosseous implant will be inserted.",signatures:"Ruggero Rodriguez y Baena, Silvana Rizzo, Antonio Graziano and\nSaturnino Marco Lupi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50669",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50669",authors:[{id:"177333",title:"Prof.",name:"Ruggero",surname:"Rodriguez Y Baena",slug:"ruggero-rodriguez-y-baena",fullName:"Ruggero Rodriguez Y Baena"},{id:"180442",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",surname:"Graziano",slug:"antonio-graziano",fullName:"Antonio Graziano"},{id:"180443",title:"Prof.",name:"Silvana",surname:"Rizzo",slug:"silvana-rizzo",fullName:"Silvana Rizzo"},{id:"180446",title:"Dr.",name:"Saturnino",surname:"Lupi",slug:"saturnino-lupi",fullName:"Saturnino Lupi"}],corrections:null},{id:"50420",title:"Novel Techniques in Dentoalveolar and Implant Surgery",doi:"10.5772/62879",slug:"novel-techniques-in-dentoalveolar-and-implant-surgery",totalDownloads:1833,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The topics of this chapter can help manage or prevent several common intraoperative problems facing clinicians during dentoalveolar and implant surgery. Three novel techniques are presented: (1) a technique for the stabilization of mucoperiosteal flaps following exposure of an impacted tooth requiring the apical repositioning of the gingival flap to allow for bonding of an orthodontic bracket, (2) a technique for the management of bone loss after tooth extraction and immediate dental implant placement, and (3) a technique to repair maxillary sinus membrane perforations during sinus lifting for implant placement.",signatures:"Mohammad Hosein Kalantar Motamedi and Ali Hassani",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50420",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50420",authors:[{id:"90148",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad Hosein",surname:"Motamedi",slug:"mohammad-hosein-motamedi",fullName:"Mohammad Hosein Motamedi"}],corrections:null},{id:"51133",title:"State-of-the-Art Immediate Implant Therapy",doi:"10.5772/63254",slug:"state-of-the-art-immediate-implant-therapy",totalDownloads:1631,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Implantology is the newest major branch of dentistry and one that is rapidly becoming more and more important. A subject that was ridiculed 40 years ago is now transforming dentistry. Implantology gives hope for the end-stage edentulous patient unable to wear dentures. It enables those facing loss of a tooth to avoid bridgework or removable partial dentures. It is often simpler, faster, and far more effective over the long term to replace a failing tooth with an implant with a restoration than to do a root canal, post-core, and crown. This chapter discusses immediate implant therapy, which greatly reduces surgical interventions and shortens total treatment time, while preserving the alveolar structures which are rapidly lost when a tooth is extracted.",signatures:"Peter R. Hunt and Laura M. Ceccacci",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51133",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51133",authors:[{id:"177469",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",surname:"Hunt",slug:"peter-hunt",fullName:"Peter Hunt"},{id:"184301",title:"BSc.",name:"Laura",surname:"Ceccacci",slug:"laura-ceccacci",fullName:"Laura Ceccacci"}],corrections:null},{id:"50505",title:"Guided Bone Regeneration Technique Using Hyaluronic Acid in Oral Implantology",doi:"10.5772/63101",slug:"guided-bone-regeneration-technique-using-hyaluronic-acid-in-oral-implantology",totalDownloads:1830,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Guided bone regeneration is a term used to describe the use of the barrier membranes to enhance complete osteogenesis by preventing the rapid ingrowth of fibroblasts into a bony defect and promoting the migration of osteogenic cells from adjacent bony edges or bone marrow into the defect in an unimpeded fashion. Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a glycosaminoglycan of the general formula (C14H22NO11)n and is an essential component of the extracellular matrix in connective tissue, which is found in abundance in the alveolar environment. The most important function of HA is its involvement in tissue healing and repair. It has been shown that HA stimulates cell proliferation, migration and angiogenesis, re-epithelialization and proliferation of basal keratinocytes and reduces collagen and scar tissue formation. This text presents our clinical experiences and outcomes following HA applications in various implant surgery procedures. According to our clinical outcomes, HA is a highly promising material for improving therapeutic outcomes for oral implantology.",signatures:"Fatih Özan, Metin Şençimen, Aydın Gülses and Mustafa Ayna",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50505",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50505",authors:[{id:"29060",title:"Dr.",name:"Aydin",surname:"Gulses",slug:"aydin-gulses",fullName:"Aydin Gulses"},{id:"68607",title:"Dr.",name:"Metin",surname:"Sencimen",slug:"metin-sencimen",fullName:"Metin Sencimen"},{id:"177645",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Fatih",surname:"Özan",slug:"fatih-ozan",fullName:"Fatih Özan"},{id:"177975",title:"Dr.",name:"Mustafa",surname:"Ayna",slug:"mustafa-ayna",fullName:"Mustafa Ayna"}],corrections:null},{id:"50900",title:"Management of the Oroantral Fistula",doi:"10.5772/63403",slug:"management-of-the-oroantral-fistula",totalDownloads:5680,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Communication between the maxillary sinus and oral cavity is a common complication in oral surgery. It results mainly from maxillary premolar and molar extractions when the sinus floor is close to the tooth apex. It can also occur after an infection involving the maxillary teeth, invasion of the sinus cavity by a cyst or carcinoma, trauma, the Caldwell-Luc operation, or other dentoalveolar or implant procedures. Openings smaller than 2 mm may heal spontaneously, whereas larger openings require surgical treatment. An oroantral fistula (OAF) may develop as a complication of dental extractions, as a result of infection, or as sequelae of radiation therapy, trauma, and removal of maxillary cysts or tumors. Various techniques have been examined for the closure of oroantral communications. However, the most common question is how to provide better healing of the defect area and the donor site. In this chapter, etiology, clinical features, medical and surgical managements of OAFs, and advantages and disadvantages of different closure methods of closure techniques are discussed in this chapter.",signatures:"Guhan Dergin, Yusuf Emes, Cagrı Delilbası and Gokhan Gurler",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50900",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50900",authors:[{id:"178412",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guhan",surname:"Dergin",slug:"guhan-dergin",fullName:"Guhan Dergin"},{id:"178414",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",surname:"Emes",slug:"yusuf-emes",fullName:"Yusuf Emes"},{id:"178418",title:"Prof.",name:"Cagrı",surname:"Delilbası",slug:"cagri-delilbasi",fullName:"Cagrı Delilbası"},{id:"178421",title:"Dr.",name:"Gokhan",surname:"Gurler",slug:"gokhan-gurler",fullName:"Gokhan Gurler"}],corrections:null},{id:"50217",title:"Treatment of Oral Fistulas",doi:"10.5772/63015",slug:"treatment-of-oral-fistulas",totalDownloads:2729,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The term “fistula” can be defined as an improper connection between different body compartments. It can occur in different parts of the body. Although, fistulae mostly develop due to untreated chronic infections, traumatic injuries and congenital deformities, specific infections or diseases, and post-surgical healing abnormalities can also cause fistula formation. Although, there is a general classification system made by the World Health Organization to identify fistulae, specifically, in this chapter oral fistulae are divided into four different categories, namely dentoalveolar, oroantral, oronasal and orocutaneous fistulae. The diagnosis and the treatment protocols for oral fistulas are described using this specific classification and with additional new techniques introduced for the correction of the lesions. Conventional surgical methods also are summarized. The importance of the radiological examination is emphasized and the practitioners are informed of possible complications.",signatures:"Erol Cansiz, Alper Gultekin, Melek Koltuk and Sirmahan Cakarer",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50217",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50217",authors:[{id:"142533",title:"Dr.",name:"Alper",surname:"Gultekin",slug:"alper-gultekin",fullName:"Alper Gultekin"},{id:"177392",title:"Dr.",name:"Erol",surname:"Cansiz",slug:"erol-cansiz",fullName:"Erol Cansiz"},{id:"66265",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sirmahan",surname:"Cakarer",slug:"sirmahan-cakarer",fullName:"Sirmahan Cakarer"},{id:"184229",title:"Dr.",name:"Melek",surname:"Koltuk",slug:"melek-koltuk",fullName:"Melek Koltuk"}],corrections:null},{id:"50587",title:"Applications of the Buccal Fat Pad in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery",doi:"10.5772/63133",slug:"applications-of-the-buccal-fat-pad-in-oral-and-maxillofacial-surgery",totalDownloads:2898,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The buccal fat pad (BFP) has become more and more popular in oral and maxillofacial surgery. Originally, it was described as an anatomic structure without any obvious function; it was even considered to be a surgical nuisance. Nowadays, the most reported application of the BFP is the closure of oroantral communications. In this chapter, different aspects of the BFP such as its applications, anatomy, physiology, and complications are explained.",signatures:"Ali Hassani, Solaleh Shahmirzadi and Sarang Saadat",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50587",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50587",authors:[{id:"163066",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ali",surname:"Hassani",slug:"ali-hassani",fullName:"Ali Hassani"},{id:"165825",title:"Dr.",name:"Sarang",surname:"Saadat",slug:"sarang-saadat",fullName:"Sarang Saadat"},{id:"184305",title:"Dr.",name:"Solaleh",surname:"Shahmirzadi",slug:"solaleh-shahmirzadi",fullName:"Solaleh Shahmirzadi"}],corrections:null},{id:"50366",title:"Treatment Protocol for Skeletal Class III Malocclusion in Growing Patients",doi:"10.5772/63095",slug:"treatment-protocol-for-skeletal-class-iii-malocclusion-in-growing-patients",totalDownloads:2379,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Maxillary deficiency in growing patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion can be treated by either extraoral or intraoral appliances. Extraoral appliances include face mask, reverse chin cup, reverse headgear, and protraction headgear. Intraoral appliances include tongue appliance, fixed tongue appliance, tongue plate, Frankel III, miniplate in combination with Class III elastics, and miniscrew in combination with Class III elastics. Herein, we demonstrate our experience and treatment results in these patients.",signatures:"Jamilian Abdolreza, Khosravi Saeed and Darnahal Alireza",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50366",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50366",authors:[{id:"171777",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdolreza",surname:"Jamilian",slug:"abdolreza-jamilian",fullName:"Abdolreza Jamilian"},{id:"171873",title:"Dr.",name:"Alireza",surname:"Darnahal",slug:"alireza-darnahal",fullName:"Alireza Darnahal"},{id:"179980",title:"MSc.",name:"Saeed",surname:"Khosravi",slug:"saeed-khosravi",fullName:"Saeed Khosravi"}],corrections:null},{id:"51198",title:"Advances in Management of Class II Malocclusions",doi:"10.5772/63348",slug:"advances-in-management-of-class-ii-malocclusions",totalDownloads:3309,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Although mandibular advancement by bilateral sagittal split osteotomy seems to be a good mandibular treatment option to treat skeletal class II malocclusion, it is less stable than setback; relapse depends on a wide range of patient‐centered and surgeon‐centered factors relating to the skill and experience of the surgeon, proper seating of the condyles, the exact amount of mandibular advancement, the tension of the muscles and soft tissues, the mandibular plane angle, and the patient's age. In fact, patients with low and high mandibular plane angles have increased vertical and horizontal relapses, respectively. Nonsurgical management of class II malocclusion may be an option by which to effectively manage such cases. The present chapter discusses different treatment modalities for clinical management of class II malocclusion in growing and non‐growing patients.",signatures:"Azita Tehranchi, Hossein Behnia, Farnaz Younessian and Sahar\nHadadpour",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51198",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51198",authors:[{id:"167304",title:"Dr.",name:"Azita",surname:"Tehranchi",slug:"azita-tehranchi",fullName:"Azita Tehranchi"}],corrections:null},{id:"50971",title:"Computer-Aided Designed/Computer-Aided Manufactured and Conventional Techniques in Maxillofacial Reconstruction with Free Fibula Flaps",doi:"10.5772/63205",slug:"computer-aided-designed-computer-aided-manufactured-and-conventional-techniques-in-maxillofacial-rec",totalDownloads:1322,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"We treated 26 patients via vascularized osteocutaneous fibula flaps for maxillofacial osseous reconstruction between September 2012 and October 2015. The CAD/CAM technique was attempted for all patients needing bony maxillofacial reconstructions. The time interval from deciding to use the CAD/CAM technique and receiving the hardware depended on the capacity of the CAD/CAM providing companies. It usually takes between 3 and 4 weeks. Hence, the CAD/CAM technique was not used for patients with rapid tumor growth or pathologic fractures of the mandible. In these urgent cases, surgery could not be delayed and the conventional technique was used. In the abovementioned time period, 11 patients underwent osseous reconstruction using CAD/CAM and 15 patients using the conventional technique. Data were collected and evaluated according to demographics, medical history, number of bone segments, and complications. Time measurements of virtual planning sessions, flap harvesting, flap ischemia, tourniquet inflation, total reconstruction, and overall operating times were additionally recorded.",signatures:"Jan Rustemeyer, Aynur Sari-Rieger, Alexander Busch, Alex\nMelenberg and Lutz Günther",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50971",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50971",authors:[{id:"159569",title:"Prof.",name:"Jan",surname:"Rustemeyer",slug:"jan-rustemeyer",fullName:"Jan Rustemeyer"},{id:"182177",title:"Dr.",name:"Aynur",surname:"Sari-Rieger",slug:"aynur-sari-rieger",fullName:"Aynur Sari-Rieger"},{id:"182180",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Busch",slug:"alexander-busch",fullName:"Alexander Busch"},{id:"182181",title:"Dr.",name:"Alex",surname:"Melenberg",slug:"alex-melenberg",fullName:"Alex Melenberg"},{id:"182182",title:"Dr.",name:"Lutz",surname:"Günther",slug:"lutz-gunther",fullName:"Lutz Günther"}],corrections:null},{id:"51018",title:"Three-Dimensional Printing: A Novel Technology for Use in Oral and Maxillofacial Operations",doi:"10.5772/63315",slug:"three-dimensional-printing-a-novel-technology-for-use-in-oral-and-maxillofacial-operations",totalDownloads:3079,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Three-dimensional (3D) printing is cited as “a novel, fascinating, future builder technology” in many papers and articles. Use of this technology in the field of medicine and especially oral and maxillofacial surgery is expanding. The type of manufacturing systems, materials, cost-effectiveness, and also bio-printing, with studies from around the world today, make this field a “hot-topic” in reconstructive and regenerative surgery. This chapter evaluates the latest updates and scientific uses of 3D printing.",signatures:"Seied Omid Keyhan, Sina Ghanean, Alireza Navabazam, Arash\nKhojasteh and Mohammad Hosein Amirzade Iranaq",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51018",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51018",authors:[{id:"171838",title:"Dr.",name:"Seied Omid",surname:"Keyhan",slug:"seied-omid-keyhan",fullName:"Seied Omid Keyhan"},{id:"171875",title:"Dr.",name:"Arash",surname:"Khojasteh",slug:"arash-khojasteh",fullName:"Arash Khojasteh"},{id:"177601",title:"Dr.",name:"Sina",surname:"Ghanean",slug:"sina-ghanean",fullName:"Sina Ghanean"},{id:"177602",title:"Dr.",name:"Alireza",surname:"Navabazam",slug:"alireza-navabazam",fullName:"Alireza Navabazam"},{id:"184772",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad Hosein",surname:"Amirzade-Iranaq",slug:"mohammad-hosein-amirzade-iranaq",fullName:"Mohammad Hosein Amirzade-Iranaq"}],corrections:null},{id:"50970",title:"Concepts in Management of Advanced Craniomaxillofacial Injuries",doi:"10.5772/63738",slug:"concepts-in-management-of-advanced-craniomaxillofacial-injuries",totalDownloads:2371,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The authors present a sequencing assessment of patients who were victims of traumatic deformities of the craniomaxillofacial complex. To that end, the authors highlight the eight steps worthy of particular attention, namely (1) clinical history and photographic documentation; (2) clinical assessment; (3) assessment through image and diagnostic exams; (4) planning of the treatment; (5) bases for the three-dimensional reconstruction of the face; (6) reconstruction sequence of multiple facial fractures; (7) support measures; and (8) complications. The proposed assessment sequence allows the oral and maxillofacial surgeon or craniomaxillofacial surgeon to assess the degree of impairment of traumatic deformity, which contributes in a significant way to the decision-making process of the treatment.",signatures:"Sylvio Luiz Costa de Moraes, Alexandre Maurity de Paula Afonso,\nBruno Gomes Duarte, Maiolino Thomaz Fonseca Oliveira, Darceny\nZanetta-Barbosa, Gabriel Pires Pastore, Luciano Mauro Del Santo\nand Daniel Falbo Martins de Souza",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50970",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50970",authors:[{id:"166564",title:"Dr.",name:"Sylvio Luiz",surname:"De Moraes",slug:"sylvio-luiz-de-moraes",fullName:"Sylvio Luiz De Moraes"}],corrections:null},{id:"51822",title:"Reconstruction of TMJ with Prosthesis Joint",doi:"10.5772/63804",slug:"reconstruction-of-tmj-with-prosthesis-joint",totalDownloads:2173,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and the associated muscles turn possible mandibular movements as a complex engineering appliance that may be affected by signs and symptoms such as pain, including in head and neck areas, abnormal jaw movement and clicking or crepitus sounds, classified as temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Some procedures such as discopexy, eminectomy, or arthroplasties, which we consider conservative, can result in ankylosis, even resorption and joint degeneration, limiting surgical options to treat TMJ. The alloplastic prosthesis becomes an option. Total joint reconstruction using prosthesis becomes the treatment choice during the following conditions: previous surgeries including autogenous grafts fail; presence of arthritic diseases; fibrous or bony ankylosis; tumors involving the TMJ; loss of vertical posterior mandible dimension by other TMJ pathologies; and previous prosthetic joint fail. The use of TMJ prosthesis, when compared to other reconstructive procedures, provides immediate function, reducing the duration of surgery and hospitalization time. Disadvantages of the TMJ prosthesis include high cost, prosthesis failure, functional mandibular movements loss, such as protrusion and laterality, and limited fit of stock prosthesis.",signatures:"José Thiers Carneiro Junior, Dênis Pimenta e Souza, Diogo Souza\nFerreira Rubim de Assis, Paulo Hemerson de Moraes and Francisco\nde Sousa Neves Filho",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51822",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51822",authors:[{id:"177330",title:"Ph.D.",name:"José",surname:"Carneiro Junior",slug:"jose-carneiro-junior",fullName:"José Carneiro Junior"},{id:"179423",title:"Mr.",name:"Francisco",surname:"Filho",slug:"francisco-filho",fullName:"Francisco Filho"},{id:"184165",title:"Dr.",name:"Dênis",surname:"Souza",slug:"denis-souza",fullName:"Dênis Souza"},{id:"184166",title:"Dr.",name:"Diogo",surname:"Assis",slug:"diogo-assis",fullName:"Diogo Assis"},{id:"184167",title:"Prof.",name:"Paulo",surname:"Moraes",slug:"paulo-moraes",fullName:"Paulo Moraes"}],corrections:null},{id:"51276",title:"Use of Intra-Oral Osmotic Self-Inflating Tissue Expanders for Bone Reconstruction and Rehabilitation of the Jaws",doi:"10.5772/63059",slug:"use-of-intra-oral-osmotic-self-inflating-tissue-expanders-for-bone-reconstruction-and-rehabilitation",totalDownloads:1651,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Reconstruction of oral and maxillofacial defects is challenging. Insufficient soft tissues may render hard tissue reconstruction problematic. Several surgical techniques have been used over time to address this issue; these techniques are usually complicated and unpredictable. Soft tissue expansion is a physiological process that leads to the formation of new cells and growth of tissue and allows for soft tissue with similar color, texture and function to that of the adjacent tissues. In this article we present the applications of osmotic tissue expanders in facilitating bone graft augmentation. OSMED (Ilmenau, Germany) self-inflating tissue expanders were used prior to bone augmentation in our patients. After making a 1.5 cm full thickness incision, a sub-periosteal tunnel was prepared and the tissue expander was implanted sub-periosteally. The tissue expanders were removed approximately 6–10 weeks later in the course of augmentation surgery. In all patients after the use of the tissue expander, sufficient soft tissue was available for primary, tension-free, wound closure and there was no need for local or regional flap techniques. No complications such as infection, necrosis, or graft loss occurred and the functional and esthetic outcomes were acceptable. Use of this tissue expander prior to bone augmentation was effective in facilitating bone graft augmentation.",signatures:"Farzin Sarkarat, Farshid Kavandi, Rouzbeh Kahali and Mohammad\nHosein Kalantar Motamedi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51276",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51276",authors:[{id:"166975",title:"Dr.",name:"Farshid",surname:"Kavandi",slug:"farshid-kavandi",fullName:"Farshid Kavandi"}],corrections:null},{id:"51365",title:"Complications of Orthognathic Surgery",doi:"10.5772/64035",slug:"complications-of-orthognathic-surgery",totalDownloads:2540,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Orthognathic surgery is a common approach for treatment of maxillofacial deformities. Sagittal split ramus osteotomy (SSRO) is one of the most common techniques used to treat various mandibular deformities. A LeFort I osteotomy is suggested in deformities of the maxilla and can be used along with SSRO or intra‐oral vertical ramus osteotomy (IVRO).The aim of orthognathic surgery is to improve function and facial appearance; this benefits the patient psychologically and socially. Common complications which may occur in orthognathic surgery include vascular disease, temporomandibular joints (TMJ) problems, nerve damage, infection, bone necrosis, periodontal disease, vision impairment, hearing problems, hair loss, and neuropsychiatric problems. Rarely complications could be fatal. Because of the wide range of complications the surgeon should keep prevention protocols in mind and be prepared to treat them should they occur. In this chapter, common complications of various osteotomies in the mandible and maxilla are discussed.",signatures:"Reza Tabrizi and Hassan Mir Mohammad Sadeghi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51365",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51365",authors:[{id:"171716",title:"Dr.",name:"Reza",surname:"Tabrizi",slug:"reza-tabrizi",fullName:"Reza Tabrizi"}],corrections:null},{id:"50747",title:"Osteotomies in Orthognathic Surgery",doi:"10.5772/63345",slug:"osteotomies-in-orthognathic-surgery",totalDownloads:4005,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Orthognathic surgery is mostly performed to correct developmental or acquired oral and maxillofacial skeletal deformities (OMSDs). During the past three decades, significant advances in surgical osteotomy techniques and instrumentation have been developed and carried out in orthognathic surgery. However, the basic surgical principles have more or less remained unchanged. At the same time, numerous surgical techniques have been developed and refined and used by surgeons in the field of oral and maxillofacial surgery. These techniques have treatment of the most complex dentofacial deformities with confidence. Additionally, it has been possible to predict the results of the treatment. Although the initial surgical techniques for correction of anterior mandibular open bite were reported as early as the late 1800s, widespread use of currently acceptable techniques began in the middle of the last century. Detailed surgical planning is essential for a successful outcome. The treatment involves an accurate treatment plan, correct type of instruments for a specific procedure, a thorough surgical routine, and adherence to the guidelines for each routine. Although similar orthognathic surgical techniques are used, there are multiple important differences related to each osteotomy. It is essential for the surgeon to understand these differences in order to provide an effective and safe surgical care for the patient with facial anomalies. Choosing an optimal method of osteotomy depends on many factors, including the indication for treatment, the goal of therapy, patient profile, underlying medical conditions, and the magnitude of surgical movement. The major objective of this chapter is to provide practical guidelines and principles of osteotomies and commonly used techniques. These guidelines are based on a review of the current literature and the author's personal experience. The chapter focuses on the history of orthognathic surgery, anatomical considerations, indications for different osteotomies, and the surgical technique for each osteotomy. Techniques such as the Le Fort I, II, III osteotomies, segmental osteotomies of the maxilla, bilateral sagittal split osteotomy (BSSO), bilateral vertical osteotomy (BVO) genioplasty, segmental osteotomy of the mandible, and the chin wing osteotomy are described.",signatures:"Hossein Kashani and Lars Rasmusson",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50747",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50747",authors:[{id:"177581",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Hossein",surname:"Kashani",slug:"hossein-kashani",fullName:"Hossein Kashani"},{id:"178021",title:"Prof.",name:"Lars",surname:"Rasmusson",slug:"lars-rasmusson",fullName:"Lars Rasmusson"}],corrections:null},{id:"50616",title:"Facelift: Current Concepts, Techniques, and Principles",doi:"10.5772/63150",slug:"facelift-current-concepts-techniques-and-principles",totalDownloads:2495,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The effects of aging on skin, including thinning and loss of muscle tone, result in a flabby or drooping appearance of the face. The demands of an attractive appearance and smooth skin are wanted all around the world. There are a lot of factors which influence the choice of rejuvenation techniques, including anatomy of the facial skeleton, the severity of aging changes, social and economic status of the patient, and structure of the skin. Facelifting is a facial rejuvenation procedure in which by dissection of subcutaneous layers and different suturing techniques we are able to stretch the skin and make the patient look younger. This chapter presents the technique, current concepts, complications, and indications of facelift surgery.",signatures:"Fereydoun Pourdanesh, Mohammad Esmaeelinejad, Seyed\nMehrshad Jafari and Zahra Nematollahi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50616",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50616",authors:[{id:"172188",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",surname:"Esmaeelinejad",slug:"mohammad-esmaeelinejad",fullName:"Mohammad Esmaeelinejad"},{id:"172300",title:"Dr.",name:"Fereydoun",surname:"Pourdanesh",slug:"fereydoun-pourdanesh",fullName:"Fereydoun Pourdanesh"},{id:"177381",title:"Dr.",name:"Zahra (Linda)",surname:"Nematollahi",slug:"zahra-(linda)-nematollahi",fullName:"Zahra (Linda) Nematollahi"},{id:"180480",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehrshad",surname:"Jafari",slug:"mehrshad-jafari",fullName:"Mehrshad Jafari"}],corrections:null},{id:"50952",title:"Basics of Facial Transplantation: Surgical Principles and Management of Risks",doi:"10.5772/63538",slug:"basics-of-facial-transplantation-surgical-principles-and-management-of-risks",totalDownloads:1826,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Facial transplantation offers an alternative approach towards restoring gross facial disfigurement. Since its advent in 2005, the surgical principles have become continually refined depending on the nature of the injury and anatomical requirements posed by the recipients. Owing to the complex nature of the procedure, it bears a number of different risks. These have included graft rejection from alloimmune responses, complications from the effects of immunosuppression and risk of mortality; in addition, there is an inherent predisposition for the development of psychological complications. This chapter outlines the stepwise process of conducting a facial transplantation with emphasis on key surgical principles. It also provides details with case examples of how to minimize complications associated with the procedure.",signatures:"Shafiq Rahman, Kumaran Shanmugarajah, Shehan Hettiaratchy\nand Peter Butler",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50952",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50952",authors:[{id:"93140",title:"Prof.",name:"Peter",surname:"Butler",slug:"peter-butler",fullName:"Peter Butler"},{id:"177646",title:"Dr.",name:"Shafiq",surname:"Rahman",slug:"shafiq-rahman",fullName:"Shafiq Rahman"},{id:"179013",title:"Mr.",name:"Kumaran",surname:"Shanmugarajah",slug:"kumaran-shanmugarajah",fullName:"Kumaran Shanmugarajah"},{id:"179015",title:"Prof.",name:"Shehan",surname:"Hettiaratchy",slug:"shehan-hettiaratchy",fullName:"Shehan Hettiaratchy"}],corrections:null},{id:"51340",title:"Management of Common Complications in Rhinoplasty and Medical Rhinoplasty",doi:"10.5772/63130",slug:"management-of-common-complications-in-rhinoplasty-and-medical-rhinoplasty",totalDownloads:2835,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Rhinoplasty is considered among the most challenging aesthetic operations because many variables have to be taken into consideration to achieve an optimal aesthetic and functional result. This implies that complications are always waiting around the corner. It is of prime importance to know the main minor and major complications related to the procedure to be able to prevent and treat them promptly when required. Septorhinoplasty is a delicate and difficult procedure, which requires accurate anatomical knowledge and important clinical experience. Nevertheless, complications can affect both inexperienced and expert surgeons. Thus, the most frequent complications of rhinoplasty should be known and adequately prevented when possible.",signatures:"Sebastian Torres and Tito Marianetti",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51340",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51340",authors:[{id:"177686",title:"M.D.",name:"Sebastian",surname:"Torres Farr",slug:"sebastian-torres-farr",fullName:"Sebastian Torres Farr"},{id:"177687",title:"Dr.",name:"Tito",surname:"Marianetti",slug:"tito-marianetti",fullName:"Tito Marianetti"}],corrections:null},{id:"51170",title:"Complications in Esthetic Surgery",doi:"10.5772/63371",slug:"complications-in-esthetic-surgery",totalDownloads:2246,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Facial plastic and reconstructive surgery is a remarkably diverse specialty, ranging from maxillofacial trauma and reconstruction to facial rejuvenation, rhinoplasty, cleft surgery, microvascular surgery, facial cosmetic procedures, and pain control. It is unique among surgical specialties due to changing trends, racial, and regional ethnic preferences that influence what is considered an esthetic result.",signatures:"Seied Omid Keyhan, Mohammad Ali Asayesh, Arash Khojasteh and\nM. Hosein Amirzade Iranaq",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51170",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51170",authors:[{id:"171838",title:"Dr.",name:"Seied Omid",surname:"Keyhan",slug:"seied-omid-keyhan",fullName:"Seied Omid Keyhan"},{id:"184772",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad Hosein",surname:"Amirzade-Iranaq",slug:"mohammad-hosein-amirzade-iranaq",fullName:"Mohammad Hosein Amirzade-Iranaq"},{id:"177621",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Ali",surname:"Asayesh",slug:"m.-ali-asayesh",fullName:"M. Ali Asayesh"},{id:"185024",title:"Dr.",name:"Arash",surname:"Khojasteh",slug:"arash-khojasteh",fullName:"Arash Khojasteh"}],corrections:null},{id:"51697",title:"Advances in Craniofacial Surgery",doi:"10.5772/63739",slug:"advances-in-craniofacial-surgery",totalDownloads:1990,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Calvaria development initiates by growth from primary ossification centers meeting each other to form suture sites. The term craniosynostosis describes premature fusion of one or more of the calvarial sutures. Deformities are usually observable during the first few months of the newborn’s life. The premature fusion of sutures could produce intracranial pressure elevation and consequently lead to abnormal neurocognitive = neurologic development. Patients with craniosynostosis require surgical plans containing multiple surgical staging. In the following chapter, we present our experience in surgical treatment of children with various craniosynostosis syndromes.",signatures:"Hamid Mahmoud Hashemi, Farnoosh Mohammadi and Shiva\nSolahaye Kahnamouii",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51697",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51697",authors:[{id:"171688",title:"Dr.",name:"Shiva",surname:"Solahaye Kahnamouii",slug:"shiva-solahaye-kahnamouii",fullName:"Shiva Solahaye Kahnamouii"},{id:"177524",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamid",surname:"Mahmood Hashemi",slug:"hamid-mahmood-hashemi",fullName:"Hamid Mahmood Hashemi"},{id:"179026",title:"Dr.",name:"Farnoush",surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"farnoush-mohammadi",fullName:"Farnoush Mohammadi"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2988",title:"A Textbook of Advanced Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b5d9f2be309d43646fca5ce2cd1e3d19",slug:"a-textbook-of-advanced-oral-and-maxillofacial-surgery",bookSignature:"Mohammad Hosein Kalantar Motamedi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2988.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"90148",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad Hosein",surname:"Motamedi",slug:"mohammad-hosein-motamedi",fullName:"Mohammad Hosein Motamedi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4553",title:"A Textbook of Advanced Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery",subtitle:"Volume 2",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af81386d06d6e1495f564629f833620",slug:"a-textbook-of-advanced-oral-and-maxillofacial-surgery-volume-2",bookSignature:"Mohammad Hosein Kalantar Motamedi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4553.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"90148",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad Hosein",surname:"Motamedi",slug:"mohammad-hosein-motamedi",fullName:"Mohammad Hosein Motamedi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"390",title:"Sarcoidosis",subtitle:"Diagnosis and Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f65cbeeb961a79c37a7fc9ed5cb7e8d",slug:"sarcoidosis-diagnosis-and-management",bookSignature:"Mohammad Hosein Kalantar Motamedi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/390.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"90148",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad Hosein",surname:"Motamedi",slug:"mohammad-hosein-motamedi",fullName:"Mohammad Hosein Motamedi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7168",title:"Sarcoidosis and Granulomatosis",subtitle:"Diagnosis and Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"af4ff1c85383b3aa8131e3475e235654",slug:"sarcoidosis-and-granulomatosis-diagnosis-and-management",bookSignature:"Mohammad Hosein K. 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Importantly, security control now must deal with circumstances over which there is largely no control or expectation of avoiding their impact. Computer security, as it has evolved, shares a similarity with liability assurance: they each face a threat environment that is known in a very general way and can face attacks over a broad spectrum of sources. However, the exact details or even time or certainty of an attack are unknown until an incident occurs.
\r\n\tThe purpose of this book is to discuss some of the critical security challenges in today’s computing world and to discuss mechanisms for defending against those attacks by using classical and modern approaches to cryptography and other security solutions. With this objective, the book invites contributions from researchers in the field of cryptography and its applications in network security. Some illustrative topics of interest (but not limited to) are cryptography algorithms, authentication, authorization, integrity, confidentiality, privacy, security in wireless networks, security in wireless local area networks, wireless sensor networks, wireless ad hoc networks, vehicular ad hoc networks, security and privacy in the Internet of Things. Privacy of information, Blockchains, and Machine Learning in Security are three additional topics that the book will also deal with.
Pulses are one of the food crops that address the challenge of global food security and climate changes, as well as contribute to healthy diets. In recognition of the importance of pulses for human well-being, year 2016 was declared as the International Year of Pulses by the UN General Assembly. Pulses are a subgroup of legumes belonging to Leguminosae family and its seeds are edible FAO [1]. All legumes are sometimes not categorized as pulses e.g., oil producing soybean (
Domestic production of domestic pulses in different states of India with percent distribution of each legume. Source [
The Legume family consists of important food grain, oilseed, forage, and agro forestry species. The domestication of legumes by humans dates back to Neolithic times. Chickpea is one of the seven Neolithic founder crops of the near East [5]. Some of the earliest domesticated legumes include: lentil ~9000 years [6], beans and soybean (~3000 year) [7, 8]. Legumes include ~750 genera and ~18,000 species [9, 10]. Legumes form an important part of human daily diet especially in several developing and some developed countries and therefore sometimes legumes are considered as poor man’s meat. Pulses contain various amino acids and also have medicinal properties and hence, are consumed as Dal, the easily available source of protein. In addition to the nutrient rich seed/grain, plant parts like leaves, pod coats etc. are used as animal fodder e.g., moong bean, lobia, urad bean and gram. These plants are also used as green organic manure to maintain soil health and fertility.
\nLegumes are under explored crops in comparison to staple cereal crops like wheat, rice and maize and hence are prioritized over pulses in most of the crop improvement programs. In addition to that pulses being sensitive to biotic and abiotic stresses, farmers have reduced their cultivating due to low yield potentials. Hence, keeping these facts in view, it is required to pay more attention for sustainable production of pulses in arid and semi-arid regions.
\nIndia will face intense pressure on its land and water resources in agriculture because of diversion of resources to domestic, industrial and other sectors of economy and the likely degradation of these resources, having to feed 1.6 billion people by 2050. Ever increasing demand for good quality land and water resources in the domestic and industrial sectors has already generated enhanced interest in the utilization of salt affected soils. While salt affected soils currently constitute 6.74 M ha in different agro-ecological regions, the area is likely to increase to 16.2 M ha by 2050. Thus, salt affected soils represent an opportunity that can be exploited to increase agricultural production and productivity to ensure national food and nutritional security. The distribution of salt affected soils occurs mostly in arid and semi-arid regions although such soils may exist in every climatic region including a good area of irrigated lands. In addition, the coastal salinity is another big challenge. Hence, the diversity of soil properties in different agro-climatic conditions requires different approaches to reclaim and maintain the soil properties.
\nThe dynamics in the global pulses sector are ever changing and keeping pace with them is much like running on a treadmill. For the past few decades, India has been trying its best to make pulses more and more accessible to its citizens given the rapid drop over the previous few decades. On the other side, there is increased interest in vegetarianism, healthier diets, apart from falling real incomes following slowing economies and the relative lower cost of protein through pulses, all of which increase demand in countries like US and China. There is an increased “return to traditional foods” in African countries like Egypt and Morocco that are adding to the demand mainly import demand. From 2005 when Spain was the second largest importer, followed by Italy and Mexico, in 2012, the profile of importing countries had moved to China, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Egypt and then Spain. The cheaper access to proteins that pulses provide is clearly important in this age of tough economies.
\nPulses import basket now has mainly dry peas resembling palm oil in edible oils. Yet the record domestic chana production and 40% correction in chana price have not been able to compete with peas. Similar is with Pigeon Peas. India traditionally imported dry peas mainly from Canada, but now cheaper imports from Russia, Ukraine and France are also keeping the prices under pressure making it difficult to keep Chana and Pigeon peas competitive. None of the steps taken in the recent years seem to have paid off in terms of better farmer remuneration, or better availability and better prices for consumers. The only real solution to this problem is increasing domestic production to the extent that over 90–95% of the demand is met internally and the imports are supplemental to ensure prices are not volatile. It requires policies that encourage better technologies, better quality, better post-harvest management and better distribution of the pulses.
\nIn the current season chana, moong, tur and urad have all seen production increase with increases in acreages and excellent weather. This may be a good opportunity to also open exports and see if farmer incomes and long term acreages increase with these measures as against the known vicious cycle of acreages decreasing after a season of good production following the crash in prices led precisely by the high production. It may take a few years for the prices to settle and farmers to become globally integrated, but the time has indeed come to take this leap of faith [12].
\nA big monetary loss created due to soil salinity in India. About 175 M ha (53%) land is degraded by various means from a total of 329 M ha of land in the country. Ministry of Agriculture, GOI stated that 7.61 M ha of land is salt affected in India which ranges from 8.56 M ha to 10.9 M ha. Majorily saline—alkali and water-logging problems occur in Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, parts of Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu (Table 1). Total salt affected soils in India are 1,710,673 ha with maximum in Gujarat followed by Rajasthan (Figure 2) while Coastal saline soils are 1,246,136 ha with maximum in Gujarat followed by West Bengal and Orissa.
\nSr. no. | \nState | \nSaline soil (ha) | \nAlkali soil (ha) | \nCoastal saline soil (ha) | \nTotal (ha) | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | \nAndhra Pradesh | \n0 | \n196,609 | \n77,598 | \n274,207 | \n
2 | \nA & N islands | \n0 | \n0 | \n77,000 | \n77,000 | \n
3 | \nBihar | \n47,301 | \n105,852 | \n0 | \n153,153 | \n
4 | \nGujarat | \n1,218,255 | \n541,430 | \n462,315 | \n2,222,000 | \n
5 | \nHaryana | \n49,157 | \n183,399 | \n0 | \n232,556 | \n
6 | \nJ & K | \n0 | \n17,500 | \n0 | \n17,500 | \n
7 | \nKarnataka | \n1307 | \n148,136 | \n586 | \n150,029 | \n
8 | \nKerala | \n0 | \n0 | \n20,000 | \n20,000 | \n
9 | \nMaharashtra | \n177,093 | \n422,670 | \n6996 | \n606,759 | \n
10 | \nMadhya Pradesh | \n0 | \n139,720 | \n0 | \n139,720 | \n
11 | \nOrissa | \n0 | \n0 | \n147,138 | \n147,138 | \n
12 | \nPunjab | \n0 | \n151,717 | \n0 | \n151,717 | \n
13 | \nRajasthan | \n19,557 | \n179,371 | \n0 | \n374,942 | \n
14 | \nTamil Nadu | \n0 | \n354,784 | \n13,231 | \n368,015 | \n
15 | \nUttar Pradesh | \n21,989 | \n1,346,971 | \n0 | \n1,368,960 | \n
16 | \nWest Bengal | \n0 | \n0 | \n441,272 | \n441,227 | \n
\n | Total | \n1,710,673 | \n3,788,159 | \n1,246,136 | \n6,744,968 | \n
Extent and distribution of salt affected soils in India.
Distribution of salt affected soils in India.
Thus briefly following reasons can be assigned for salinization of the soils:
Non-systematic irrigation with more than required irrigation cycles
Evapotranspiration in arid conditions leads to accumulation of salts in the top layer
Seepage in perennial river basins/irrigation sources causes water logging conditions
Heavy use of chemical fertilizers containing chlorides, sulfates etc.
Poor drainage conditions.
Use of saline groundwater: the areas where no other source of water is available, irrigation with highly saline groundwater leads to accumulation of salts in plant root surrounding environment. This problem is more prone in soils with poor drainage.
Saline seeps is a major problem in areas with change in land use pattern, when natural forests are being used for cropping system or following a fallow season in green lands or some change in farming system. This problem mainly found in Australia, North America and some other countries. The impermeable horizontal layers intercept the percolating water passing through saline sediments and then transport laterally to landscape depressions which brings about soil salinization [13].
Other important sources for creating salinity are sea tidal waves, transport of salt sprays through wind or underground aquifers. Another procedure of salinization includes exchange of soluble salts between sea and land through marine sediments uplifting on earth’s surface. In arid or semi-arid regions, the lowest level of rainfall equal to evapotranspiration also brings salinization by accumulation of salts in the root zone of plants.
Generally soluble salts move from higher levels to lower levels and this localized movement of salts also builds a significant level of salinity. Salts from moist to dry and watered fields to adjacent dry fields create salinity. The industrial/commercial developmental activities like laying of roads or rail tracks also create salinization specifically in areas where natural drainage is restricted due to these activities.
In rainfed areas, management of unirrigated lands is a major problem specifically when cropping is done in such fields. Dryland salinity is a worldwide threat to available cultivable land and water resources in countries including. Great Plains region of North America, Iran, Afghanistan, India, western Australia, Thailand and Canada and South Africa and probably some other countries. Such dryland saline spots are most commonly known as saline seeps, occurring frequently from marginal saline to extreme saline lands without any cultivation.
\nThere are two major approaches to improving and sustaining productivity in a saline environment-either modifying the environment to suit the plant or modifying the plant to suit the environment [14]. The farmers very well know the adverse effects of soil salinity in terms of reduced plant growth and yields. Since the saline area is increasing day by day, the farmers are shifting to various other alternates like change of cropping pattern, green manuring, dairying etc. along with use of open drainages and mulching. Although it is difficult to manage saline soils through any chemical amendment, the only precautionary method is to use good quality water and grow salt tolerant varieties of crops.
\nThe consideration of various studies on soil salinity have led to only a single observation for timely implementation of corrective measures to stop further salinization and conversion of fertile soils to waste lands. This approach cannot be achieved by a single adaptation, it needs to be a cumulative effort to spread the awareness about soil sustainability and enhanced crop production. In the coming time the concept of soil management and sustainability should be the one of the important issue to be taken care of or we have to bear the low crop productivity (www.nabard.org).
\nMost crops do not grow well on soils that contain salts. Homeostasis of ions is disturbed in the cell due to high salt concentration in the rhizosphere, thereby, creating water deficit under salt stress conditions. This leads to abbreviations in structure and function of various proteins. Under such circumstances, a signaling pathway is activated in the cell to synthesize the metabolites, proteins or enzymes involved directly in scavenging free radicals and maintaining the ionic flux through osmoregulation. Detoxification of free radicals is an important defense mechanism under salt stress. Pulses in general are the most salt sensitive crops. One reason is that salt causes a reduction in the rate and amount of water that the plant roots can take up from the soil. In legumes, salt stress imposes a significant limitation of productivity related to the adverse effects on the growth of the host plant, the root-nodule bacteria, symbiotic development and finally the nitrogen fixation capacity. Also, some salts are toxic to plants when present in high concentration. Some legumes plants are more tolerant to a high salt concentration than others e.g., lentils are more tolerant than soybean and chickpea. Recently, few salt tolerant chickpea lines have been identified for survival at early seedling stage in saline soils with EC of irrigation water from 3 to 12 dS/m [15]. Earlier, pea genotypes have been categorized as sensitive, moderately tolerant or tolerant to salinity based on physiological and biochemical expressions of salt tolerance [16].
\nThe most potential technologies in pulse production include improved crop establishment and management practices, integrated soil fertility and pest management practices, etc., which enhance not only the productivity and profitability but also warrant environmental and social sustainability besides nutritional security [17]. Role of pulses in maintaining sustainability is very wide since pulses are an important component of crop rotations, requiring very less fertilizers than other crops. Legumes are beneficial part of the rotational crops to maintain soil fertility.
\nGood soil management practices for crop rotation also includes pulses with different crops like wheat, barley, oats, oilseeds such as canola, flax, sunflowers, etc. The nitrogen fixing ability of pulses enriches the soil quality and fertility and hence leading to enhanced productivity in subsequent crop rotations. Soil health in also improved through pulses as they feed soil microbes. Even the crop residue of pulses contains different amino acids and bio-chemicals than non-legumes. This diversity in soil composition provides better protection against disease-causing microbes and thus helps crops to thrive under adverse conditions. The number and diversity of soil microbes is markedly increased with intercropping of pulses [17, 18]. An environment of ‘live’ soil with diversity of soil micro-organisms is considered best for crops because these micro-organisms enhance the nutrient uptake rate and efficiency in different soils. Additionally, the abundance of diverse soil micro-organisms ‘crowd out’ the disease-causing bacteria and fungi, and thus protects the plants.
\nPulses are considered as low carbon footprint crops since they use half energy inputs than other crops. Soil bacteria are utilized for nitrogen fixation from air which replaces additional requirement of nitrogen fertilizers in pulse crops. Nitrogen enriches the soil in different forms like fertilizer, manure or crop residue, then most part of it is converted into a powerful greenhouse gas, nitrous oxide. Globally, nitrous oxide represents around 46% of the greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture and is almost 300 times more potent than carbon dioxide (CO2) [19]. As nitrogen fertilizers are related directly with greenhouse gas emissions therefore, pulses have lower carbon footprint than other crops due to their nitrogen-fixing ability. Nitrogen is manufactured from natural gas and is the most needed fertilizer in crop production. The unique feature of pulses is that they take nitrogen from the air directly and fix at their own, hence, application of nitrogen as fertilizer in pulses is minimal in comparison to other crops.
\nThe nitrogen fixation property of pulses reduces the footprint of other crops in the soil adding to the food production cycle. In a study on durum wheat, it was found that carbon footprint was reduced by 17% in durum wheat when preceded by chickpeas or lentils, nitrogen-fixing crops, than preceded by a cereal crops. The impact of pulse-pulse intercropping with wheat system was much stronger than traditional cereal-cereal-durum rotation by reducing the carbon footprint of durum wheat up to 34%.
\nThe water requirement of pulses is also very less i.e., 1/2 to 1/10 of water in comparison to other protein rich crops [20]. Few pulses are well adapted to dry climates and hence can be produced better under dry/drought conditions, e.g., peas and lentils roots absorb less water from a lower depth. The water available in deep soil is, in this way, used by next crop, thereby increasing the water use efficiency of the entire cropping system.
\nLegumes have long been recognized and valued as “soil building” crops. Growing legumes improves soil quality through their beneficial effects on soil biological, chemical and physical conditions. When properly managed, legumes will:
Enrich the soil N power with increased reserved organic matter
Enhance soil biological activity with improved soil structure
Increase soil aeration with reduced soil erosion
Improve water-holding capacity of soil
These improvement factors depend on legume type, remaining plant residue left over in soil along with environmental conditions.
\nThe legumes crops that are capable of fixing large amounts of nitrogen under good moisture conditions, can significantly improve the nitrogen supply for succeeding crops when grown annually. Annual grain legumes are normally grown for grain production along with green manure crops. The selection of legume type and variety mainly depends on minimum support price of the crop, including the climatic adaptability to that particular area (e.g., few varieties of chickpea and lentil are more drought-tolerant than faba bean and pea), adaphic factors, disease tolerance, etc. The effect of perennial forage legumes on soil quality is generally to greater extent and for longer duration than of annual pulse crops. The root structure and growth habit generally determines the amounts of nitrogen fixed by grain legumes and the shallow roots of pulses with short growth cycle become a limitation for their influence on soil physical conditions. However, during the growth of grain legumes, considerable amounts of nitrogen are leaked from roots into the soil. Also, the residues from these crops have a higher nitrogen content than cereal straw and they break down more readily, releasing nitrogen into the soil. Thus, cereal crops that follow grain legumes require less N fertilizer.
\nBiennial forage legumes e.g., sweet clover, yellow-flowered type is preferred by farmers. It is more drought-tolerant, shorter, and finer stemmed and leaved. These characteristics make it a more palatable livestock feed and easier to incorporate as green manure. Sweet clover is one of the most suitable crops for use as a green manure. This helps in recovery of soil moisture reserves and residue decomposition during the partial fallow period. Sweet clover is very well suitable on moderately saline soils or soils that have poor structure due to very low levels of organic matter. An experiment on wheat with sweet clover green manure in rotation for 3 years at Indian thin black soils yielded significantly more than with crop rotations with fertilized crops or fellow lands [21, 22]. Although unfertilized green manure-wheat-wheat rotation also yielded highest during the initial years of this study.
\nPerennial forage legumes also add humus and soil nutrients in addition to fixing nitrogen. Again, the selection of perennial legume depends mostly on the usefulness of crop and soil type.
\nAlfalfa is a well-known legume tolerant to drought, moderate salinity, winter hardy along with high yields which is widely grown over diverse range of adaphic conditions. Neutral to slightly alkaline soils favor the production and persistence of alfalfa but acidic soils (pH less than 6.0) limit the production severely. The drought tolerance of alfalfa is due to deep root system and hence it grows best on well-drained soils. It cannot grow well on soils with poor drainage and hence is flooding intolerant.
\nRed clover, a perennial legume, has growth cycle shorter than alfalfa and therefore included in short duration intercropping system. Since, it is well adapted to diverse soil types, it is grown mostly for seed and feed in the moist areas. Red clover is sensitive towards salinity or drought but tolerance level to acidic soils is more than alfalfa.
\nForage legumes have deep root system and longer growth period thus have greater capacity for nitrogen fixation and hence improve soil quality more effectively. Biennial and perennial forage legumes add more nitrogen and organic matter in second year after under seeding in cereals in wet areas. Regular green manuring with forage legumes on degraded soils with typically low organic matter contents, adds more nitrogen and organic matter to the soil. It was found that yield of 12 successive wheat crops increased significantly than a non-legume system on a Gray soil in Northern Alberta. The reason may be addition of nutrients and nitrogen to soil from the deep-rooted legume improved soil quality. The benefit of using forage legumes as green manure enriched soil organic matter with nitrogen and readily decomposable plant residue. This also enhances the production of soil microbes and thus, fastens the nutrients availability. It was found [23] that deep-rooted perennial legumes take up phosphorus from the subsoil although available phosphorus is mostly found in the 0–6 inch depth and not below than 2-foot depth. Thus, green manuring with these legumes increases availability of soil nutrients.
\nIn an experiment at Saskatchewan, it was observed that tillage was easier with lower power requirements on soils following a perennial legume crop than after cereal grains. The reason may be improved soil structure with more porosity due to readily decomposable soil organic matter leftover by legumes. As a result, the water holding capacity of soil is increased and it becomes more friable and less erosive and easier to till.
\nForage legumes also have the tendency to reduce salinity problems. Alfalfa uses excessive water through its deep roots and thus deep penetration of roots improves the internal soil drainage. A study at Outlook with irrigated alfalfa plowed-down in late fall or early spring indicated that the following cereal crop required little nitrogen fertilizer, while the second cereal required two-thirds of its usual amount (Henry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon).
\nIn view of above facts, key insights and findings from the literature and case studies across the three pillars of sustainability, environmental, social and economic impacts of pulses are summarized below.
\nNitrogen fixation: the unique role of pulses in the global nitrogen cycle is due to their property of fixing atmospheric nitrogen in soils. The intercropping of pulses with traditional crops reduces fertilizer requirements of soil in subsequent crop cycles by actively fixing nitrogen in the soil. The leftover nitrogen in the soil also increases the productivity in subsequent crops. Hence, the benefit of pulses observed in different cropping systems to enhance the soil properties and crop productivity is a matter of an ever-evolving science.
\nThe changing patterns in traditional planting methods of maize and bean affect the nitrogen balance in cropping systems in Sub-Saharan Africa. It was found that, intercropping of cowpea with maize and groundnut enhanced the nitrogen benefits. Also, modified strip-cropping of cowpea and sorghum altered to traditional farming practices prevented the nutrient losses in the dry savannahs of Nigeria and Niger. The environmental benefits of pulses are prominent in terms of their nitrogen fixation abilities, reduction in fertilizer nitrogen requirements and nutritional enrichment (protein content) of succeeding cereal crop strong. Related benefits of the reduced synthetic nitrogen fertilizers requirements in cropping systems, when pulses are added in rotations, include the reduced emissions and energy use associated with the production, use and disposal of fertilizers.
\nIn the twentieth century, the negative effects of human impacts on the global nitrogen cycle are mainly due to increased and imbalanced fertilizer use and fossil fuel combustion causing severe water pollution and high emissions of N2O. It has been observed that nitrogen fertilizer use has increased by roughly 800% from 1960 to 2000, which is almost half of that being used for wheat, rice, and maize production [24]. Synthetic fertilizers provided close to half of all the nutrients received by crops globally during the mid-1990s, demonstrating both a large dependency on synthetic fertilizers, but also inefficient management of nitrogen in global agriculture [25]. Cereal crops such as wheat, rice and maize typically only utilize 40% of fertilizer applied, leading to significant waste and environmental impacts such as eutrophication of coastal waters and creation of hypoxic zones [24].
\nIt was observed that field pea, lupin or faba bean fulfilled about 70% of nitrogen requirements from atmospheric nitrogen with an average of 19 kg of nitrogen fixed per ton of pulse shoot dry matter during 2001–2013. The study was conducted across the geographic range of southern and central New South Wales, Mallee and Wimmera in Victoria, and the high rainfall zone of south-eastern South Australia [26]. The two most important interventions to decrease nitrogen requirement are systematic crop rotation including pulses/legumes into maize-based systems and optimizing the timing of application with balanced amounts of fertilizer [24]. Biological nitrogen fixation is a crucial alternative source of nitrogen, and can be enhanced along with other integrated nutrient management strategies such as animal manure and other biosolids, and recycling the nutrients contained in crop residues [27].
\nConservation tillage: changes in tillage practices have had a significant effect on shifting conventional cereal-based cropping systems to more diversified crop rotations that utilize pulses or oilseeds and that result in less soil disturbance. Long-standing patterns of monoculture cereal cropping resulted in pest and disease outbreaks and erosion, and fallowing led to increased soil salinity and loss of soil nitrogen and water. The nitrogen fixation capability of pulses is the greatest environmental benefit into cereal-fallow rotations thereby reducing fertilizer nitrogen requirements in the current and succeeding crop along with improved soil capacity to supply nitrogen. Farmers in Saskatchewan changed the tillage requirements by managing herbicide practices leading to reduced rates of applications.
\nChanges in tillage practices have been an important part of shifts from conventional cropping systems, based on grain production, to more diversified crop rotations utilizing pulses or oilseeds. Importantly, implementing conservation tillage practices has often involved introduction of pulses and oilseeds into grain-based crop rotations. Many studies have demonstrated the nitrogen fixation benefits of conservation- or no-tillage, with pulse and oilseed bean nodulation improving after multiple years of no-till and nitrogen fixation rates increasing (moderated by changes in rainfall patterns) [28].
\nProductivity vs. area expansions: Addition of pulses into different crop rotations increases the efficiency of any production system and hence increases the overall crop yields by reducing the need of expanded production area.
\nIn Sub-Saharan Africa to improve the production rate for accomplishment of the food and feed demands is very crucial as maximum pulse production, although relatively low, occurs in rainfed areas with minimal inputs. It is estimated that the requirement of pulses (mainly cowpeas and beans) is expected to increase up to 155% till 2050. However, there are some examples which indicate enhanced production rates i.e., the yield of cowpea is increased at a greater proportion than the hectares planted in Ghana. This reflects the efficiency of production system due to supply of better quality seeds and improved varieties, cost-effectiveness for farmers, increased demands for better markets.
\nClimate change mitigation and adaptation: In crop rotation system, due to lower fertilizer requirement, pulses can aid in lowering GHG emissions. In Western Canadian cropping systems, about 70% of non-renewable energy used is due to nitrogen fertilizers specifically. SK, research at Swift Current, evaluated net GHG emission in four cropping systems (fallow-wheat-wheat, fallow-flax-wheat, lentil-wheat and continuous wheat). They observed the lentil-wheat system as the most efficient in GHG emissions due to the lower requirement of nitrogen fertilizer by wheat. In addition, increased nitrogen availability results into enhanced biomass production.
\nNutrition and disease: the food consumption per capita may decline in developed countries by 2024, but in developing countries the demand will increase primarily based on increase in protein consumption. Globally, the contents of human diet shifted to more energy-dense foods containing highly saturated fats which are very risky for developing obesity, diet-related diseases like diabetes, coronary heart disease and cancer, etc. Along with the fruits and vegetables, pulses and legumes are important diet rich in micronutrients for healthy choices. Pulses help to control cardiovascular disease, increasing gut health and healthy nutrition. The global consumption level of pulses is declining, specifically in developing countries e.g., in 1963 pulse consumption in China was 30 g per capita per day which declined significantly to only 3 g per capita by 2003 [29].
\nThe total caloric consumption is expected to increase at global level. The rate of food consumption in developed countries is in stagnant growth whereas it is significantly increasing in developing countries, as indicted by OECD/FAO Agricultural Outlook to 2024, reflecting increase in protein consumption. The rate of consumption of cereals is expected to increase about 390 Mt by 2024, which suggest that cereals will remain most consumed agricultural product [30]. India provides a counterpoint to China, as pulses there provide an increasing source of protein, now accounting for almost 13% of overall protein intake [31]. India is the largest pulse producer and consumer, and the country grows the largest varieties of pulses in the world, accounting for about 32% of the area and 26% of world production. The increased pulse crop yield from 0.63 t/ha in 2007–2008 to 0.79 t/ha in 2012–2013 is a measure of efficient production system. Along-with this, the annual yield growth is likely to overtake in production area. However, the production of pulses in India is still below the global average as the Indian needs for the pulses are increasing, causing more import, which is expected to grow about 5.1 Mt by 2023 [31].
\nNutrition and food security: food security may be best defined as: “a situation comprising of all people always having access to safe, sufficient and nutritious food fulfilling their all food preferences and dietary needs to run a normal, active and healthy life in all good physical, social and economic environment [32]. Pulses add minerals, vitamin B, proteins as well as essential amino acid like lysine to cereals making it protein-rich. A number of new methods, in manufacturing food products, are being used now days to increase production and use of pulse protein fractions.
\nGender: gender aspect of pulse production relates primarily to women’s involvement in pulse production commercially, to feed families, and to benefit from income derived from pulse sales.
\nReduced reliance on fossil fuels and lower fuel costs: Pulses and oilseeds are commonly used in crop rotations where conservation of tillage practices has been adopted. By adopting no-till practices, the farmers are expected to see the long-standing economic benefits in terms of lesser degradation of soil, air and water with reduced consumption of fossil fuels.
\nIndia is the largest consumer of pulses, but government subsidies and price controls in the agricultural sector created distortions that affected domestic production. In 1990s, government removed the import restrictions and lowered the tariffs on agricultural products which resulted into reversal of protectionist policies of 1970s and 1980s. The external trade in all major crops was regulated except basmati rice and durum wheat, and government agencies were authorized for all the imports. However, the import tariffs on pulses were considered differently which were gradually reduced and ultimately eliminated by 1996. The hope of augmented imports due to liberalization of domestic pulse market also could not be materialized rather; total pulse imports share in merchandise trade fell down after liberalization [33]. Minimum support prices are an important part of the policy decision to stabilize commodity prices, improve the economic viability of farming in India, this also enhance food security by diversification into oilseeds, pulses, livestock and fish. However, the MSP for pulses did not give the same trend as that of rice. During 2008–2009, prices for pulses were increased at a rate higher than for food grains, but the area covered under pulses not increased proportionally and this resulted into pulse cultivation risks. If we compare this case with paddy crop cultivation such risks are not associated, and the farmers are also assured for procurement by government agencies [31].
\nPulses not only increase nitrogen supply [34] but also increase the meat production if used in livestock production systems. By 2050, demand for meat may increase to 200 MT per annum, with corresponding demand for livestock feed [35]. Field pea is being promoted as enriched source of protein and energy in cattle feed in the northern Great Plains of the US and Canada since it is easily digestible by cattle, but the starch fermentation and ruminal protein degradation rates are slower than for other common feeds. Dry matter intake by cows is also increased using field pea in livestock feed ration acting as a binding agent for pelleting formula feeds [36].
\nSignificant economic benefits have been recorded in investment policies in pulse crop research. Across four CGIAR centers, the CGIAR Research Program on Grain Legumes, a global alliance coordinating efforts estimated that the net present value of gross benefits of its legume research and extension was US$ 4.5 billion in 2012, nearly to US$ 535 million per year. During 2014–2020, proposed activities by CGIAR program included legume research to address food security through increased availability of food (over 8 MT), nutrition security from more availability of protein, and environmental benefits through biological nitrogen fixation (a fertilizer cost saving of US$ 418 million). In South and South-East Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, where most of the world’s poorest communities are located, the CGIAR estimated more than 50% of the projected economic benefits through legume research and extension [37, 38].
\nDrought prone areas having lowest rainfall 300–450 mm/year are best suited for cultivation of drought-tolerant pulses including lentils, Bambara beans and pigeon peas. Normal crops cannot survive and produce under such adverse conditions. The benefit of these drought-tolerant legumes is their adaptability towards such harsh environments by deep-root systems surviving in water scare regions and thus improves the crop productivity in marginal environments. Using locally adapted pulses, farmers in dry environments, can intensify their production systems in a sustainable manner where food security represents a huge challenge. Additionally appropriate policies and programs, marketing trade systems to support the marginal farmers need to be encouraged for pulses to increase the availability and consumption of drought-resistant pulses.
\nMalnutrition is a major issue in many countries and pulses can be grown in these regions to overcome the hunger threat. The food and nutritional security can be achieved to some extent with the production of pulses in these regions [39].
\nFarmers are forced to use saline water for crop irrigation in arid and semi-arid regions due to water shortage or by poor quality water. Every crop has a threshold level of salinity tolerance above which yields decrease with increasing salinity. Soluble salts accumulate in saline soils affecting plant growth at various stages and creating yield differences of crops at maturity. This requires immediate controlling measures for soil salinization and preponderance of saline water sources along with cultivation of salt resistant crops.
\nIn India, nearly 6.73 M ha area is affected with salinity and sodicity stresses covering various states of the country. Nearly 20% of the irrigated agricultural land is transforming into saline area with 1–3% per year either due to natural salinity or due to human interference. Global effects of increased salinity at agronomically important land will be visible by the middle of the twenty-first century [40, 41, 42]. Further, the arid and semiarid areas in different states are associated with saline underground water, which have to be used for irrigation purpose. The development and use of plant species that can tolerate high salt level is important for sustainable crop production on such soils and water conditions and is cost effective. This may be achieved by making use of variations in tolerance both, between and within cultivars. Low yield potential coupled with biotic and abiotic stresses has further reduced cultivation of grain legumes (chickpea and mung bean) by the farmers. Recently, realizing the significance of grain legumes in improving nutrition and the livelihood of poor farmers, more research is now being carried out for their genetic amelioration by various institutes. Though CSSRI have released a salinity tolerant desi chickpea variety (CSG 8962) in 1997, yet further improvements are required to recombine salt tolerance and high yield, which is the need of hour.
\nOmic approaches for crop improvement: the networks of genetic and environmental factors controlling various abiotic stresses are complex and hamper breeding strategies. There is a limit for traditional approaches for crop improvement; novel approaches in agriculture need to be adopted to meet the demands of an ever-growing world population. Various technological advances have led to the emergence of high throughput tools to explore and exploit plant genomes for crop improvement to counteract the aforementioned agricultural challenges. These approaches aim to explore the entire genomics to gain insights into plant molecular responses ultimately to provide specific strategies for crop improvement. Functional genomics techniques have long been adopted to unravel gene functions and the interactions between genes in regulatory networks, which can be exploited to generate improved varieties.
\nIn these contexts, exploring management strategies to use low inorganic N with suitable grain legumes would help to sustain crop productivity.
\nFuture strategies for increasing pulses productivity and production: to increase area and production of pulse crops we need crop specific and region specific approaches, which should be adopted in the overall framework of systems approach. The major thrust areas to be addressed are as follows.
Input responsive and non-lodging varieties
Biotic and abiotic stress tolerance
Super-early varieties for green grains
Machine harvestable and herbicide tolerant varieties
Nutritionally enhanced varieties
Integrated pest and disease management
Public-private partnership for sustaining chain and to minimizing post-harvest losses
Linking MSP to market prices can bridge the gap between demand and supply
Climate smart varieties
While the global pulse industry, and the pulse industry in India, successfully celebrated International Year of Pulses in 2016, let us also think about what will be done to ensure that pulses lead by example to help end hunger. The Zero Hunger Challenge and 2016 International Year of Pulses are opportunities to make a significant difference in the global fight against hunger, and to demonstrate to the world how pulses support healthy people and a healthy planet [38]. The aim of National Food Security Mission of India is to improve production of pulses and for this approximately Rs 1100 crore were distributed for during 2016–2017. The positivity of this program was executed by organizing quality seed production-cum-awareness field days highlighting the importance of quality seeds through allocation of Rs. 20.39 crore to ICAR/Agriculture Universities for increasing the availability of new pulse-variety breeder seeds. Inter cropping of pulses with other crops is being encouraged. A number of schemes have been launched for the development of agriculture and farmers’ welfare. In view of good monsoon in India, in spite of two consecutive drought years, pulse production reached 25.23 MT (2017–2018) which is still lower than the domestic demand (27.91 MT) (Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department of Agriculture & Cooperation and Department of Commerce, Govt of India). Therefore, the BRICS nations have been approached and it was commented that India would like to seek cooperation from member countries (BRICS) in helping to meet our production shortfall in crops like pulses and oilseeds.
\nLet us show the same creativity and leadership that has built a strong global community within the pulse industry and also become the leaders of a basic human right—the Right to Adequate Food. It is time to get to work. It is time for the global pulse industry to step up to the challenge!
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Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. 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He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:{name:"Association for Computing Machinery",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Vatankhah",slug:"maryam-vatankhah",fullName:"Maryam Vatankhah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Borough of Manhattan Community College",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"414879",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",slug:"mohammad-reza-akbarzadeh-totonchi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"414878",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Public University System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"426586",title:"Dr.",name:"Oladunni A.",middleName:null,surname:"Daramola",slug:"oladunni-a.-daramola",fullName:"Oladunni A. Daramola",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Technology",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"357014",title:"Prof.",name:"Leon",middleName:null,surname:"Bobrowski",slug:"leon-bobrowski",fullName:"Leon Bobrowski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bialystok University of Technology",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"302698",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yao-shan",fullName:"Yao Shan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"354126",title:"Dr.",name:"Setiawan",middleName:null,surname:"Hadi",slug:"setiawan-hadi",fullName:"Setiawan Hadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Padjadjaran University",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"125911",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jia-ching-wang",fullName:"Jia-Ching Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Central University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"332603",title:"Prof.",name:"Kumar S.",middleName:null,surname:"Ray",slug:"kumar-s.-ray",fullName:"Kumar S. Ray",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Statistical Institute",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"415409",title:"Prof.",name:"Maghsoud",middleName:null,surname:"Amiri",slug:"maghsoud-amiri",fullName:"Maghsoud Amiri",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Allameh Tabataba'i University",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. Mohan",middleName:null,surname:"Anand",slug:"p.-mohan-anand",fullName:"P. Mohan Anand",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356696",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"P.V.",middleName:null,surname:"Sai Charan",slug:"p.v.-sai-charan",fullName:"P.V. Sai Charan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"357086",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandeep K.",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"sandeep-k.-shukla",fullName:"Sandeep K. Shukla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"20",type:"subseries",title:"Animal Nutrition",keywords:"Sustainable Animal Diets, Carbon Footprint, Meta Analyses",scope:"An essential part of animal production is nutrition. Animals need to receive a properly balanced diet. One of the new challenges we are now faced with is sustainable animal diets (STAND) that involve the 3 P’s (People, Planet, and Profitability). We must develop animal feed that does not compete with human food, use antibiotics, and explore new growth promoters options, such as plant extracts or compounds that promote feed efficiency (e.g., monensin, oils, enzymes, probiotics). These new feed options must also be environmentally friendly, reducing the Carbon footprint, CH4, N, and P emissions to the environment, with an adequate formulation of nutrients.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/20.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11416,editor:{id:"175967",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",fullName:"Manuel Gonzalez Ronquillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",biography:"Dr. Manuel González Ronquillo obtained his doctorate degree from the University of Zaragoza, Spain, in 2001. He is a research professor at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico. He is also a level-2 researcher. He received a Fulbright-Garcia Robles fellowship for a postdoctoral stay at the US Dairy Forage Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA in 2008–2009. He received grants from Alianza del Pacifico for a stay at the University of Magallanes, Chile, in 2014, and from Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT) to work in the Food and Agriculture Organization’s Animal Production and Health Division (AGA), Rome, Italy, in 2014–2015. He has collaborated with researchers from different countries and published ninety-eight journal articles. He teaches various degree courses in zootechnics, sheep production, and agricultural sciences and natural resources.\n\nDr. Ronquillo’s research focuses on the evaluation of sustainable animal diets (StAnD), using native resources of the region, decreasing carbon footprint, and applying meta-analysis and mathematical models for a better understanding of animal production.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",issn:"2632-0517"},editorialBoard:[{id:"175762",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfredo J.",middleName:null,surname:"Escribano",slug:"alfredo-j.-escribano",fullName:"Alfredo J. 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