Binding Energy (BE) and surface atomic ratios as determined by XPS analysis of sulfided catalysts
\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Milestone",originalUrl:"/media/original/124"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"982",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Principles of Osteoarthritis - Its Definition, Character, Derivation and Modality-Related Recognition",title:"Principles of Osteoarthritis",subtitle:"Its Definition, Character, Derivation and Modality-Related Recognition",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This volume addresses the nature of the most common form of arthritis in humans. If osteoarthritis is inevitable (only premature death prevents all of us from being afflicted), it seems essential to facilitate its recognition, prevention, options, and indications for treatment. Progress in understanding this disease has occurred with recognition that it is not simply a degenerative joint disease. Causative factors, such as joint malalignment, ligamentous abnormalities, overuse, and biomechanical and metabolic factors have been recognized as amenable to intervention; genetic factors, less so; with metabolic diseases, intermediate. Its diagnosis is based on recognition of overgrowth of bone at joint margins. This contrasts with overgrowth of bone at vertebral margins, which is not a symptomatic phenomenon and has been renamed spondylosis deformans. Osteoarthritis describes an abnormality of joints, but the severity does not necessarily produce pain. The patient and his/her symptoms need to be treated, not the x-ray.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0063-8",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6822-5",doi:"10.5772/1487",price:159,priceEur:175,priceUsd:205,slug:"principles-of-osteoarthritis-its-definition-character-derivation-and-modality-related-recognition",numberOfPages:604,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"ede382c82c469265f558306b4fb48137",bookSignature:"Bruce M. Rothschild",publishedDate:"February 22nd 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/982.jpg",numberOfDownloads:60760,numberOfWosCitations:42,numberOfCrossrefCitations:9,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:10,numberOfDimensionsCitations:47,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:11,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:98,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 2nd 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 2nd 2011",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 7th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 6th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 4th 2011",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"68037",title:"Dr.",name:"Bruce M.",middleName:null,surname:"Rothschild",slug:"bruce-m.-rothschild",fullName:"Bruce M. Rothschild",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/68037/images/system/68037.jpg",biography:"Bruce M. Rothschild, M.D. graduated from New Jersey College of Medicine in 1973. He is a Fellow of the American College of Physicians, American College of Rheumatology and Society of Skeletal Radiology and elected to the International Skeletal Society. He has been recognized for his work in Rheumatology and Skeletal Pathology where his special interests focus on clinical-anatomic-radiologic correlation, data-based paleopathology, the evolution of inflammatory arthritis and tuberculosis and management of inflammatory arthritis. He is widely recognized for his contributions to understanding radiologic manifestations of rheumatologic disease.\r\n\r\nHe has been a Visiting Professor at universities in the US, Canada, the Caribbean, South America, Europe, the Middle East, South Africa, Asia and Australia and has been an invited lecturer at universities, hospitals and museums throughout the world. He has published over 600 papers and abstracts, including authoritative papers on the origins of rheumatoid arthritis, spondyloarthropathy, syphilis and tuberculosis, the character of bone changes in metastatic cancer, myeloma, leukemia, tuberculosis, fungal disease, renal disease, treponemal disease, rheumatoid arthritis, spondyloarthropathy, gout, calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease and hypertrophic osteoarthropathy. He is the author of 4 books and has participated in 8 Discover Channel/BBC documentaries on the origins of diseases and ancient reptiles.\r\n\r\nSince 1986, Dr. Rothschild has been Professor of Medicine at Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine in Youngstown Ohio, USA. He is also an Adjuvant Professor of Anthropology at the University of Kansas and of Biomedical Engineering at The University of Akron, Ohio, and holds Research Associateships at the Carnegie Museum and Biodiversity Institute of the University of Kansas. He was first director of the Rheumatology Division at The Chicago Medical School and a prime force behind the resurgence of data-based paleorheumatology and comparative osseous pathology.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Northeast Ohio Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1044",title:"Osteoimmunology",slug:"osteoimmunology"}],chapters:[{id:"28919",title:"Epidemiology and Biomechanics of Osteoarthritis",doi:"10.5772/28463",slug:"epidemiology-and-biomechanics-of-osteoarthritis",totalDownloads:2202,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Bruce M. Rothschild and Robert J. Woods",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/28919",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/28919",authors:[{id:"68037",title:"Dr.",name:"Bruce M.",surname:"Rothschild",slug:"bruce-m.-rothschild",fullName:"Bruce M. Rothschild"}],corrections:null},{id:"28920",title:"Symptoms, Signs and Quality of Life (QoL) in Osteoarthritis (OA)",doi:"10.5772/27015",slug:"symptoms-signs-and-quality-of-life-qol-in-osteoarthritis-oa-",totalDownloads:4501,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Keith K.W. Chan and Ricky W.K. Wu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/28920",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/28920",authors:[{id:"68572",title:"Dr.",name:"Keith K.W.",surname:"Chan",slug:"keith-k.w.-chan",fullName:"Keith K.W. Chan"},{id:"74353",title:"Dr.",name:"Ricky W.K.",surname:"Wu",slug:"ricky-w.k.-wu",fullName:"Ricky W.K. Wu"}],corrections:null},{id:"28921",title:"An Atlas-Based Approach to Study Morphological Differences in Human Femoral Cartilage Between Subjects from Incidence and Progression Cohorts: MRI Data from Osteoarthritis Initiative",doi:"10.5772/28410",slug:"an-atlas-based-approach-to-study-morphological-differences-in-human-femoral-cartilage-between-subjec",totalDownloads:1751,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Hussain Tameem and Usha Sinha",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/28921",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/28921",authors:[{id:"73791",title:"Dr.",name:"Hussain",surname:"Tameem",slug:"hussain-tameem",fullName:"Hussain Tameem"},{id:"73799",title:"Dr.",name:"Usha",surname:"Sinha",slug:"usha-sinha",fullName:"Usha Sinha"}],corrections:null},{id:"28922",title:"The Application of Imaging in Osteoarthritis",doi:"10.5772/26590",slug:"the-application-of-imaging-in-osteoarthritis",totalDownloads:3319,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Caroline B. Hing, Mark A. Harris, Vivian Ejindu and Nidhi Sofat",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/28922",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/28922",authors:[{id:"67197",title:"Dr.",name:"Nidhi",surname:"Sofat",slug:"nidhi-sofat",fullName:"Nidhi Sofat"}],corrections:null},{id:"28923",title:"Biomarkers and Ultrasound in the Knee Osteoarthrosis Diagnosis",doi:"10.5772/29611",slug:"biomarkers-and-ultrasound-in-the-knee-osteoarthrosis-diagnosis",totalDownloads:2073,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Sandra Živanović, Ljiljana Petrović Rackov and Zoran Mijušković",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/28923",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/28923",authors:[{id:"78564",title:"PhD.",name:"Sandra",surname:"Živanović",slug:"sandra-zivanovic",fullName:"Sandra Živanović"}],corrections:null},{id:"28924",title:"Biomechanics of Physiological and Pathological Bone Structures",doi:"10.5772/27001",slug:"biomechanics-of-physiological-and-pathological-bone-structures",totalDownloads:2419,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Anna Nikodem and Krzystof Ścigała",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/28924",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/28924",authors:[{id:"68529",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",surname:"Nikodem",slug:"anna-nikodem",fullName:"Anna Nikodem"},{id:"74890",title:"Dr.",name:"Krzysztof",surname:"Ścigała",slug:"krzysztof-scigala",fullName:"Krzysztof Ścigała"}],corrections:null},{id:"28925",title:"Subchondral Bone in Osteoarthritis",doi:"10.5772/28025",slug:"subchondral-bone-in-osteoarthritis",totalDownloads:3633,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"David M. Findlay",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/28925",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/28925",authors:[{id:"72479",title:"Prof.",name:"David",surname:"Findlay",slug:"david-findlay",fullName:"David Findlay"}],corrections:null},{id:"28926",title:"The Relationship Between Gait Mechanics and Radiographic Disease Severity in Knee Osteoarthritis",doi:"10.5772/28651",slug:"the-relationship-between-gait-mechanics-and-radiographic-disease-severity-in-knee-osteoarthritis",totalDownloads:2373,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Ershela L. Sims, Francis J. Keefe, Daniel Schmitt, Virginia B. Kraus, Mathew W. Williams, Tamara Somers, Paul Riordan and Farshid Guilak",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/28926",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/28926",authors:[{id:"74835",title:"Dr.",name:"Ershela L.",surname:"Sims",slug:"ershela-l.-sims",fullName:"Ershela L. Sims"},{id:"74949",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Schmitt",slug:"daniel-schmitt",fullName:"Daniel Schmitt"},{id:"120033",title:"Dr.",name:"Francis",surname:"Keefe",slug:"francis-keefe",fullName:"Francis Keefe"},{id:"120034",title:"Dr.",name:"Virginia B.",surname:"Kraus",slug:"virginia-b.-kraus",fullName:"Virginia B. Kraus"},{id:"120035",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamara",surname:"Somers",slug:"tamara-somers",fullName:"Tamara Somers"},{id:"120036",title:"Dr.",name:"Farshid",surname:"Guilak",slug:"farshid-guilak",fullName:"Farshid Guilak"},{id:"121905",title:"Mr.",name:"Mathew",surname:"Williams",slug:"mathew-williams",fullName:"Mathew Williams"},{id:"121911",title:"Mr.",name:"Paul",surname:"Riordan",slug:"paul-riordan",fullName:"Paul Riordan"}],corrections:null},{id:"28927",title:"Osteoarthritis in Sports and Exercise: Risk Factors and Preventive Strategies",doi:"10.5772/26721",slug:"osteoarthritis-in-sports-and-exercise-risk-factors-and-preventive-strategies",totalDownloads:2293,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Eduard Alentorn-Geli and Lluís Puig Verdié",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/28927",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/28927",authors:[{id:"67639",title:"Dr.",name:"Eduard",surname:"Alentorn-Geli",slug:"eduard-alentorn-geli",fullName:"Eduard Alentorn-Geli"},{id:"130337",title:"Dr.",name:"Lluís",surname:"Puig",slug:"lluis-puig",fullName:"Lluís Puig"}],corrections:null},{id:"28928",title:"Post-Traumatic Osteoarthritis: Biologic Approaches to Treatment",doi:"10.5772/26454",slug:"post-traumatic-osteoarthritis-biologic-approaches-to-treatment",totalDownloads:2260,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Sukhwinderjit Lidder and Susan Chubinskaya",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/28928",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/28928",authors:[{id:"66674",title:"Prof.",name:"Susan",surname:"Chubinskaya",slug:"susan-chubinskaya",fullName:"Susan Chubinskaya"}],corrections:null},{id:"28929",title:"The Genetics of Osteoarthritis",doi:"10.5772/27388",slug:"the-genetics-of-osteoarthritis",totalDownloads:1374,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Antonio Miranda-Duarte",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/28929",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/28929",authors:[{id:"69935",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",surname:"Miranda-Duarte",slug:"antonio-miranda-duarte",fullName:"Antonio Miranda-Duarte"}],corrections:null},{id:"28930",title:"Genetic Association and Linkage Studies in Osteoarthritis",doi:"10.5772/30451",slug:"genetic-association-and-linkage-studies-in-osteoarthritis",totalDownloads:1787,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Annu Näkki, Minna Männikkö and Janna Saarela",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/28930",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/28930",authors:[{id:"82614",title:"Dr.",name:"Janna",surname:"Saarela",slug:"janna-saarela",fullName:"Janna Saarela"},{id:"82620",title:"Dr.",name:"Minna",surname:"Männikkö",slug:"minna-mannikko",fullName:"Minna Männikkö"},{id:"82622",title:"MSc",name:"Annu",surname:"Näkki",slug:"annu-nakki",fullName:"Annu Näkki"}],corrections:null},{id:"28931",title:"Genetic Mouse Models for Osteoarthritis Research",doi:"10.5772/27835",slug:"genetic-mouse-models-for-osteoarthritis-research",totalDownloads:1700,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Jie Shen, Meina Wang, Hongting Jin, Erik Sampson and Di Chen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/28931",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/28931",authors:[{id:"71766",title:"Prof.",name:"Di",surname:"Chen",slug:"di-chen",fullName:"Di Chen"}],corrections:null},{id:"28932",title:"Cartilage Extracellular Matrix Integrity and OA",doi:"10.5772/27533",slug:"cartilage-extracellular-matrix-integrity-and-oa",totalDownloads:1718,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Chathuraka T. Jayasuriya and Qian Chen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/28932",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/28932",authors:[{id:"70485",title:"Prof.",name:"Qian",surname:"Chen",slug:"qian-chen",fullName:"Qian Chen"},{id:"120500",title:"BSc.",name:"Chathuraka",surname:"Jayasuriya",slug:"chathuraka-jayasuriya",fullName:"Chathuraka Jayasuriya"}],corrections:null},{id:"28933",title:"Biochemical Mediators Involved in Cartilage Degradation and the Induction of Pain in Osteoarthritis",doi:"10.5772/26805",slug:"biochemical-mediators-involved-in-cartilage-degradation-and-the-induction-of-pain-in-osteoarthritis",totalDownloads:2564,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Michael B. Ellman, Dongyao Yan, Di Chen and Hee-Jeong Im",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/28933",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/28933",authors:[{id:"67899",title:"Prof.",name:"Hee-Jeong",surname:"Im",slug:"hee-jeong-im",fullName:"Hee-Jeong Im"},{id:"73345",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",surname:"Ellman",slug:"michael-ellman",fullName:"Michael Ellman"},{id:"73347",title:"Mr.",name:"Dongyao",surname:"Yan",slug:"dongyao-yan",fullName:"Dongyao Yan"}],corrections:null},{id:"28934",title:"Proteases and Cartilage Degradation in Osteoarthritis",doi:"10.5772/26687",slug:"proteases-and-cartilage-degradation-in-osteoarthritis",totalDownloads:2870,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Judith Farley, Valeria C. Dejica and John S. Mort",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/28934",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/28934",authors:[{id:"67570",title:"Dr.",name:"John",surname:"Mort",slug:"john-mort",fullName:"John Mort"},{id:"75476",title:"Dr.",name:"Judith",surname:"Farley",slug:"judith-farley",fullName:"Judith Farley"},{id:"121072",title:"Dr.",name:"Valeria",surname:"Dejica",slug:"valeria-dejica",fullName:"Valeria Dejica"}],corrections:null},{id:"28935",title:"Simple Method Using Gelatin-Coated Film for Comprehensively Assaying Gelatinase Activity in Synovial Fluid",doi:"10.5772/28795",slug:"simple-method-using-gelatin-coated-film-for-comprehensively-assaying-gelatinase-activity-in-synovial",totalDownloads:1638,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Akihisa Kamataki, Wataru Yoshida, Mutsuko Ishida, Kenya Murakami, Kensuke Ochi and Takashi Sawai",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/28935",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/28935",authors:[{id:"65082",title:"Prof.",name:"Takashi",surname:"Sawai",slug:"takashi-sawai",fullName:"Takashi Sawai"},{id:"73845",title:"Dr.",name:"Wataru",surname:"Yoshida",slug:"wataru-yoshida",fullName:"Wataru Yoshida"},{id:"74025",title:"Dr.",name:"Akihisa",surname:"Kamataki",slug:"akihisa-kamataki",fullName:"Akihisa Kamataki"},{id:"75415",title:"Mrs.",name:"Mutsuko",surname:"Ishida",slug:"mutsuko-ishida",fullName:"Mutsuko Ishida"},{id:"119950",title:"Dr.",name:"Kensuke",surname:"Ochi",slug:"kensuke-ochi",fullName:"Kensuke Ochi"},{id:"119951",title:"Dr.",name:"Kenya",surname:"Murakami",slug:"kenya-murakami",fullName:"Kenya Murakami"}],corrections:null},{id:"28936",title:"Toll-Like Receptors: At the Intersection of Osteoarthritis Pathology and Pain",doi:"10.5772/27504",slug:"toll-like-receptors-at-the-intersection-of-osteoarthritis-pathology-and-pain",totalDownloads:2104,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Qi Wu and James L. Henry",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/28936",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/28936",authors:[{id:"70423",title:"Dr.",name:"James L.",surname:"Henry",slug:"james-l.-henry",fullName:"James L. Henry"},{id:"70426",title:"Dr.",name:"Qi",surname:"Wu",slug:"qi-wu",fullName:"Qi Wu"}],corrections:null},{id:"28937",title:"Anion Channels in Osteoarthritic Chondrocytes",doi:"10.5772/27585",slug:"anion-channels-in-osteoarthritic-chondrocytes",totalDownloads:1917,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Elizabeth Perez-Hernandez, Nury Perez-Hernandez, Fidel de la C. Hernandez-Hernandez and Juan B. Kouri-Flores",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/28937",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/28937",authors:[{id:"70727",title:"Dr.",name:"Elizabeth",surname:"Perez Hernandez",slug:"elizabeth-perez-hernandez",fullName:"Elizabeth Perez Hernandez"},{id:"120336",title:"Dr.",name:"Nury",surname:"Perez-Hernandez",slug:"nury-perez-hernandez",fullName:"Nury Perez-Hernandez"},{id:"120337",title:"Dr.",name:"Fidel De La Cruz",surname:"Hernandez-Hernandez",slug:"fidel-de-la-cruz-hernandez-hernandez",fullName:"Fidel De La Cruz Hernandez-Hernandez"},{id:"120405",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan B.",surname:"Kouri-Flores",slug:"juan-b.-kouri-flores",fullName:"Juan B. Kouri-Flores"}],corrections:null},{id:"28938",title:"The Cholinergic System Can Be of Unexpected Importance in Osteoarthritis",doi:"10.5772/28926",slug:"the-cholinergic-system-can-be-of-unexpected-importance-in-osteoarthritis",totalDownloads:1882,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Sture Forsgren",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/28938",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/28938",authors:[{id:"75875",title:"Dr",name:"Sture",surname:"Forsgren",slug:"sture-forsgren",fullName:"Sture Forsgren"}],corrections:null},{id:"28939",title:"Transcriptional Regulation of Articular Chondrocyte Function and Its Implication in Osteoarthritis",doi:"10.5772/27632",slug:"transcriptional-regulation-of-articular-chondrocyte-function-and-its-implication-in-osteoarthritis",totalDownloads:2159,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Jinxi Wang, William C. Kramer and John P. Schroeppel",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/28939",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/28939",authors:[{id:"70899",title:"Prof.",name:"Jinxi",surname:"Wang",slug:"jinxi-wang",fullName:"Jinxi Wang"}],corrections:null},{id:"28940",title:"TGF-β Action in the Cartilage in Health and Disease",doi:"10.5772/29243",slug:"tgf-action-in-the-cartilage-in-health-and-disease",totalDownloads:2500,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Kenneth W. Finnson, Yoon Chi and Anie Philip",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/28940",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/28940",authors:[{id:"77045",title:"Prof.",name:"Anie",surname:"Philip",slug:"anie-philip",fullName:"Anie Philip"},{id:"121335",title:"Dr.",name:"Kenneth",surname:"Finnson",slug:"kenneth-finnson",fullName:"Kenneth Finnson"},{id:"121336",title:"Ms.",name:"Yoon",surname:"Chi",slug:"yoon-chi",fullName:"Yoon Chi"}],corrections:null},{id:"28941",title:"How Important are Innate Immunity Cells in Osteoarthritis Pathology",doi:"10.5772/28354",slug:"how-important-are-innate-immunity-cells-in-osteoarthritis-pathology",totalDownloads:2740,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Petya Dimitrova and Nina Ivanovska",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/28941",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/28941",authors:[{id:"73608",title:"Dr.",name:"Nina",surname:"Ivanovska",slug:"nina-ivanovska",fullName:"Nina Ivanovska"},{id:"73945",title:"Dr.",name:"Petya",surname:"Dimitrova",slug:"petya-dimitrova",fullName:"Petya Dimitrova"}],corrections:null},{id:"28942",title:"The Role of Synovial Macrophages and Macrophage-Produced Mediators in Driving Inflammatory and Destructive Responses in Osteoarthritis",doi:"10.5772/28284",slug:"the-role-of-synovial-macrophages-and-macrophage-produced-mediators-in-driving-inflammatory-and-destr",totalDownloads:2466,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Jan Bondeson, Shane Wainwright, Clare Hughes and Bruce Caterson",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/28942",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/28942",authors:[{id:"73370",title:"Dr",name:null,surname:"Bondeson",slug:"bondeson",fullName:"Bondeson"}],corrections:null},{id:"28943",title:"Cellular Physiology of Articular Cartilage in Health and Disease",doi:"10.5772/28379",slug:"cellular-physiology-of-articular-cartilage-in-health-and-disease",totalDownloads:4517,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:12,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Peter I. Milner, Robert J. Wilkins and John S. Gibson",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/28943",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/28943",authors:[{id:"57314",title:"Dr.",name:"John",surname:"Gibson",slug:"john-gibson",fullName:"John Gibson"},{id:"57322",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",surname:"Wilkins",slug:"robert-wilkins",fullName:"Robert Wilkins"},{id:"73681",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",surname:"Milner",slug:"peter-milner",fullName:"Peter Milner"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"758",title:"Osteoporosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b52e42df6cd850721e557bedd3a4a77b",slug:"osteoporosis",bookSignature:"Yannis Dionyssiotis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/758.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"76883",title:"PhD.",name:"Yannis",surname:"Dionyssiotis",slug:"yannis-dionyssiotis",fullName:"Yannis Dionyssiotis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3516",title:"Topics in Osteoporosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1f49a9a4e5116c7ddf3398cab80470a4",slug:"topics-in-osteoporosis",bookSignature:"Margarita Valdes Flores",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3516.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"76697",title:"Dr.",name:"Margarita",surname:"Valdés-Flores",slug:"margarita-valdes-flores",fullName:"Margarita Valdés-Flores"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1986",title:"Osteoarthritis",subtitle:"Diagnosis, Treatment and Surgery",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6ea35906b7aacc34e3bd8575f43d84f",slug:"osteoarthritis-diagnosis-treatment-and-surgery",bookSignature:"Qian Chen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1986.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"70485",title:"Prof.",name:"Qian",surname:"Chen",slug:"qian-chen",fullName:"Qian Chen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3397",title:"Innovative Rheumatology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"85db4297370ece4db2a1dfb5b251bf15",slug:"innovative-rheumatology",bookSignature:"Hiroaki Matsuno",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3397.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"160511",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroaki",surname:"Matsuno",slug:"hiroaki-matsuno",fullName:"Hiroaki Matsuno"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1879",title:"Rheumatoid Arthritis",subtitle:"Treatment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7e88feb84b3258c60a4ba97cf8a692e5",slug:"rheumatoid-arthritis-treatment",bookSignature:"Andrew B. Lemmey",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1879.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63624",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrew",surname:"Lemmey",slug:"andrew-lemmey",fullName:"Andrew Lemmey"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"547",title:"Clinical and Molecular Advances in Ankylosing Spondylitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8bf676252e0fdbc6e8a72035c14cb7a",slug:"clinical-and-molecular-advances-in-ankylosing-spondylitis",bookSignature:"Jacome Bruges-Armas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/547.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"70522",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacome",surname:"Bruges Armas",slug:"jacome-bruges-armas",fullName:"Jacome Bruges Armas"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"795",title:"Rheumatoid Arthritis",subtitle:"Etiology, Consequences and Co-Morbidities",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6ca0136a9a627eabf24307a6f9c0d613",slug:"rheumatoid-arthritis-etiology-consequences-and-co-morbidities",bookSignature:"Andrew B. Lemmey",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/795.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63624",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrew",surname:"Lemmey",slug:"andrew-lemmey",fullName:"Andrew Lemmey"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"757",title:"Osteomyelitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"094be3e7b1cac239e661bdb0a1a4f83e",slug:"osteomyelitis",bookSignature:"Mauricio S. Baptista and Joao Paulo Tardivo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/757.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"85863",title:"Prof.",name:"Mauricio S.",surname:"Baptista",slug:"mauricio-s.-baptista",fullName:"Mauricio S. Baptista"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"796",title:"Challenges in Rheumatology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca562709ae69d0ab8b142124687b76d",slug:"challenges-in-rheumatology",bookSignature:"Miroslav Harjacek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/796.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63967",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",surname:"Harjacek",slug:"miroslav-harjacek",fullName:"Miroslav Harjacek"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4525",title:"Advances in Osteoporosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3d99bb4399f999199ee2db9a250884ba",slug:"advances-in-osteoporosis",bookSignature:"Yannis Dionyssiotis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4525.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"76883",title:"PhD.",name:"Yannis",surname:"Dionyssiotis",slug:"yannis-dionyssiotis",fullName:"Yannis Dionyssiotis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"65667",slug:"erratum-the-roll-of-the-entrepreneur-in-the-establishment-of-economic-equilibria",title:"Erratum - The Roll of the Entrepreneur in the Establishment of Economic Equilibria",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/65667.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65667",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65667",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/65667",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/65667",chapter:{id:"57461",slug:"the-roll-of-the-entrepreneur-in-the-establishment-of-economic-equilibria",signatures:"Er’el Granot",dateSubmitted:"April 7th 2017",dateReviewed:"August 22nd 2017",datePrePublished:"December 20th 2017",datePublished:"January 24th 2018",book:{id:"6165",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Development Tendencies and Empirical Approach",fullTitle:"Entrepreneurship - Development Tendencies and Empirical Approach",slug:"entrepreneurship-development-tendencies-and-empirical-approach",publishedDate:"January 24th 2018",bookSignature:"Ladislav Mura",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6165.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"85474",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ladislav",middleName:null,surname:"Mura",slug:"ladislav-mura",fullName:"Ladislav Mura"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"181601",title:"Prof.",name:"Er'El",middleName:null,surname:"Granot",fullName:"Er'El Granot",slug:"er'el-granot",email:"erelgranot@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Ariel University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Israel"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"57461",slug:"the-roll-of-the-entrepreneur-in-the-establishment-of-economic-equilibria",signatures:"Er’el Granot",dateSubmitted:"April 7th 2017",dateReviewed:"August 22nd 2017",datePrePublished:"December 20th 2017",datePublished:"January 24th 2018",book:{id:"6165",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Development Tendencies and Empirical Approach",fullTitle:"Entrepreneurship - Development Tendencies and Empirical Approach",slug:"entrepreneurship-development-tendencies-and-empirical-approach",publishedDate:"January 24th 2018",bookSignature:"Ladislav Mura",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6165.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"85474",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ladislav",middleName:null,surname:"Mura",slug:"ladislav-mura",fullName:"Ladislav Mura"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"181601",title:"Prof.",name:"Er'El",middleName:null,surname:"Granot",fullName:"Er'El Granot",slug:"er'el-granot",email:"erelgranot@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Ariel University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Israel"}}}]},book:{id:"6165",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Development Tendencies and Empirical Approach",fullTitle:"Entrepreneurship - Development Tendencies and Empirical Approach",slug:"entrepreneurship-development-tendencies-and-empirical-approach",publishedDate:"January 24th 2018",bookSignature:"Ladislav Mura",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6165.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"85474",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ladislav",middleName:null,surname:"Mura",slug:"ladislav-mura",fullName:"Ladislav Mura"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"12307",leadTitle:null,title:"New Insights Into Dystonia",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tMore than a hundred years have passed since Oppenheim first described the term dystonia as an alteration in muscle tone, resulting in postural abnormalities in a family proved to have an autosomal dominant movement disorder. Since that time, the definition of dystonia has slightly changed and is now recognized as a group of hyperkinetic movement disorders whose main feature is involuntary sustained muscle contraction resulting in twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal postures. In addition to this presentation, other characteristic features include gestes antagonists, mirror movements, and overflow dystonia. Dystonia has a high prevalence ranging from 15 to 30 per 100 000 of the population. This may reach up to 700 per 100 000 in the aging population over 55 years of age, which suggests that dystonia is a common neurological disorder.
\r\n\tOver the past few decades, there has been a rationalization for better classification of dystonia and paying more attention to understanding the different causes of dystonic movements from the advanced study of genetics, neurophysiology, and functional imaging in various forms of dystonia.
Environmental catalysis researchers worldwide have focused much attention on the development of catalytic systems capable of reducing the sulfur amount present in petroleum feedstocks until levels globally established by the recently enacted environmental protection laws. In this regard, the maximum sulfur content present in diesel fuel to obtain an Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD) is of 10 ppm in the European Union from the beginning of 2009 with the entry into force of the Euro V fuel standard directive. Meanwhile this limit is slightly higher in the United States, 15 ppm, regulated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (Hsu & Robinson, 2006). Thus, the development of highly active and selective HDS catalysts, capable of processing these feeds, is one of the most important problems that the petroleum industry has to face nowadays.
Transition metal sulfides (TMS) have been traditionally used as active phases in hydrotreating catalysts since they are known to be efficient systems for catalyzing hydrotreating reactions. Concretely cobalt or nickel promoted molybdenum–tungsten sulfides are well established as the active species for commercial hydrodesulfuration (HDS) catalysts and mainly porous-alumina as a support. Amelioration has been achieved by modifying the properties of these sulfide systems, although the nature of the active phase has hardly been modified during many decades (Song & Ma, 2003). One direction for current research focuses on the use of new types of supports. Studies on nickel sulfided catalysts have concluded that supports, such as Al2O3, strongly interact with Ni2+ ions avoiding their sulfidation (Gil et al., 1994). Ni2+-alumina interactions may be weakened by using carriers such as alumina-pillared compounds, where the aluminium oxide is diluted within a layered inorganic matrix inducing a permanent porosity. These materials have been used as catalysts supports in hydrotreating reaction, showing interesting results (Kloprogge et al., 1993; Occelli & Rennard, 1988). On the other hand, mesoporous silica sieves have become a real alternative to alumina due to their hexagonal array of uniform mesopores and a very high surface area, presenting potential catalytic application for reactions involving bulky molecules, including hydrodesulfurization of petroleum fractions (Corma et al., 1995; Song & Reddy, 1999). In the same way, HMS type materials have been widely studied in this type of reactions (Nava et al., 2011; Zepeda et al., 2005). The intercalation of heteroatoms such as Al, Ti, Ga or Zr into the silica framework not only improves the material stability but also generates new acid, basic or redox functions that extend their application in new fields of catalysis. Thus, zirconium doped mesoporous silica with high surface area, mild acidity and high stability (Rodríguez-Castellón et al., 2003) have shown interesting properties as a support for catalytic fuel processing in reactions such as the hydrogenation, hydrogenolysis and hydrocracking of tetralin (Eliche-Quesada et al., 2003a, 2003b, 2004, 2005). The use of SBA-15 as a support for hydrotreating catalysts has presented several advantages with regard to HMS and MCM-41 mesoporous solids, since SBA-15 material has thicker pore walls and better hydrothermal stability, which are very important properties in hydrotreating processes due to the severe reaction conditions employed (Vradman et al., 2003). Recently, Gómez Cazalilla et al. (Gómez-Cazalilla et al., 2007) have proposed a cheap sol-gel synthesis route for SBA-15 and aluminium doped SBA-15, with sodium silicate as the silica source. The resulting materials have shown interesting properties as catalyst supports in hydrotretating reactions (Gómez-Cazallila et al., 2009a, 2009,b).
Other direction for current research focuses on the use of new active phases for developing high-performance HDS catalysts. The pioneering work of Pecoraro and Chianelli (Pecoraro & Chianelli, 1981) reported the great catalytic activity of bulk transition metals sulfides (TMS). Such metals were plotted into a curve called “volcano plot” where the HDS activity per mole of metal versus the M-S bond strength was plotted, the RuS2 phase being the most active (Toulhoat et al., 1999). Nonetheless when the RuS2 phase is supported, the results found in literature are diverse. On one hand a lower activity was observed due to its reduction into metallic ruthenium under the reducing conditions employed in the catalytic test (De los Reyes, et al., 1990) and if it is supported on alumina, sulfiding temperatures higher than 773 K are required to form the RuS2 phase with pyrite-like structure, which is the true active phase for hydrotreating reactions. Nonetheless, it has been reported that Ru/γ-Al2O3 catalyst sulfided in 100% H2S at 673 K possessed about 7-fold higher thiophene conversion rates than CoMo/γ-Al2O3 when the surface of the active area is considered (Kuo et al., 1988).
Quartararo et al. (Quartararo et al., 2000) perfectly describe that there are many factors during the synthesis of ruthenium sulfide catalysts that must be taken into account for controlling their physicochemical properties, and as a consequence for achieving a good performance with this kind of catalysts. It is recommended no calcination after the incorporation of ruthenium chloride, while the sulfiding mixture should be H2S/N2 to achieve a high degree of sulfurization and avoid the reduction of the RuS2 phase formed (De los Reyes, 2007). Furthermore, the sulfiding temperature influences the catalytic behaviour (De los Reyes et al., 1991) as well as the crystallographic orientations that induce the preference toward HDS and hydrogenation (HYD) reactions. One of the main goals to reach is the stabilization of such a phase under the reaction conditions. Ishihara et al. (Ishihara et al., 1992) were the first to report the addition of alkali metals to RuS2 catalysts supported on Al2O3. The addition of NaOH did not improve the HDS reaction because of the poisoning of some sites. Nonetheless, a cesium-promoted Ru catalyst with Ru/Cs molar ratio of 1:2 exhibited HDS activities comparable to that of conventional Co-Mo catalyst (Ishihara et al., 2003). The insertion of atoms like cesium seems to enhance the number of labile sulfur atoms, aids to stabilize the RuS2 active phase as it strengths Ru-S bond of ruthenium sulfide, promotes the C-S bond scission of dibenzothiophene (DBT) and therefore the catalytic activity increases (Ishihara et al. 2004). However, if a Cs excess is present, the formation of H2S and regeneration of coordinatively unsaturated sites are prevented, which results in a decrease in the catalytic activity.
With these premises, catalysts for HDS reaction based on molybdenum, tungsten and ruthenium sulfide are described. The role of promoters and material supports on the catalytic activity are reviewed. In this regard, the support effect on HDS activity on molybdenum and tungsten sulfided catalysts promoted with nickel and cobalt are evaluated by using fluorinated alumina α-zirconium phosphate materials, zirconium doped mesoporous silica (Zr-MCM) and a commercial γ-Al2O3. Moreover the HDS activity of alternative phases such as RuS2 is also described considering not only the role of the support (MCM-41, Zr-MCM-41, γ-Al2O3, SBA-15, Zr-SBA-15 and Al-SBA-15) employed but also the addition of a stabilizing agent such as Cs and the cesium precursor salt employed. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms at 77 K, NH3-temperature-programmed desorption (NH3-TPD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), H2-temperature-programmed reduction (H2-TPRS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and DRIFT spectra of adsorbed NO.
Nickel, molybdenum and nickel-molybdenum sulfided catalysts supported on alumina-pillared α-zirconium phosphate Zr[Al3.39O1.12(OH)1.60F4.90] H0.57(PO4)2 (Mérida et al., 1996), with different loadings of Ni and Mo are described. The catalysts were tested in the thiophene HDS reaction at 673 K, using an automatic microcatalytic flow reactor under atmospheric pressure. A hydrogen flow of 50 cm3 min-1 containing 4.0 mol% thiophene was fed to the reactor. Monometallic nickel catalysts were prepared following the incipient wetness method with ethyl alcohol solutions of nickel(II) nitrate (Ni(NO3)2) and nickel metallic loadings of 4, 8 and 12 wt%, denoted as 4wt%Ni, 8wt%Ni and 12wt%Ni, respectively. A catalyst only containing molybdenum (13wt%Mo), was also synthesized with aqueous solution of ammonium molybdate [(NH4)6Mo7O24 4H2O]. Finally, another set of catalysts containing both nickel and molibdenum were prepared by successive impregnations with loadings 2.1-9 wt% and 3-13 wt% Ni-Mo. After the impregnation procedure, the catalysts were air dried at 333 K and calcined at 673 K for 5 h. In order to observe the influence of calcination temperature, 12wt%Ni catalyst was calcined at 623 K and expressed as 12wt%Ni (623 K). The precursors were sulfided at 673 K for 1 h under a flow of 60 cm3 min-1 H2S/H2 (10/90%).
The fluorinated alumina pillared α-zirconium phosphate support (Al2O3, 29.3 wt%; SBET=184 m2 g-1) displays a mixed porosity, essentially in the range of mesoporous but with a micropore contribution of ≈ 0.1 cm3 g-1, and contain acid sites, mainly of Lewis type, which are active in the dehydration of isopropyl alcohol.
Evidence for formation of metallic sulfides on the support surface was provided by XRD and XPS analyses. XRD analysis revealed the formation of NiS for monometallic nickel sulfide catalysts with a loading higher than 8 wt%, showing very weak diffraction lines, suggesting that this phase should be extremely dispersed and strongly interacting with the support. XRD patterns of Mo and NiMo catalysts only show diffraction peaks corresponding to the MoS2 phase, which are hardly visible, indicating that Ni2+ would be inserted into the structure of MoS2 forming a solid solution and for this reason it is not detected.
From XPS measurements, the Ni 2
On the other hand, the Ni 2
Catalyst Labelling | |||||||
Ni 2 | Mo 3 | Ni/Zr | Mo/Zr | S/Mo | S/Nisul | %Nisul | |
4%Ni | 855.7-851.8 | 0.50 | 1.06 | 22.6 | |||
8%Ni | 855.6-851.5 | 0.85 | 1.05 | 30.6 | |||
12%Ni | 855.3-851.3 | 1.01 | 1.47 | 34.3 | |||
12%Ni (623K) | 855.4-852.4 | 1.49 | 1.30 | 33.6 | |||
2.1-9%Ni-Mo | 852.7 | 229.1-232.3 | 0.67 | 2.98 | 1.94 | 100.0 | |
3-13%Ni-Mo | 852.8 | 229.1-232.3 | 1.16 | 3.82 | 1.98 | 100.0 | |
13%Mo | 229.2-232.3 | 3.01 | 1.68 |
Binding Energy (BE) and surface atomic ratios as determined by XPS analysis of sulfided catalysts
The catalytic performance of these systems (Ni, Mo and NiMo-AlZrP catalysts) has been evaluated in the thiophene HDS reaction. Thus, from conversion values, the pseudo-first order constant (
where,
Table 2 compiles
As can be seen, Ni-based catalysts show promising
With regards to the selectivity, it is reported in the literature (Silva-Rodrigo et al., 2004) that the reaction of thiophene with H2 over supported HDS catalysts follows two main pathways: (1) direct thiophene hydrogenation leading to tetrahydrothiophene (THT), with further C–S bonding hydrogenolysis to form butane; (2) direct C-S scission to form 1,3-butadiene which is lately hydrogenated to form butene. 1-butene and
(mol g-1·min-1) | (mol g-1·min-1) | |||||||
n-b | 1-b | 2-t-b | 2-c-b | Initial | ||||
4%Ni | - | 27.5 | 35.0 | 37.5 | 7.50 | 6.22 | - | - |
8%Ni | - | 28.0 | 36.0 | 36.0 | 9.24 | 8.16 | - | - |
12%Ni | - | 29.0 | 35.0 | 36.0 | 7.75 | 7.15 | - | - |
12%Ni (623K) | - | - | - | - | 11.39 | 8.42 | - | - |
2.1-9%Ni-Mo | 17.5 | 25.0 | 27.0 | 30.5 | 48.53 | 16.01 | 4.68 | 0.30 |
3-13%Ni-Mo | 12.0 | 18.0 | 35.0 | 35.0 | 60.37 | 21.23 | 4.34 | 0.20 |
13%Mo | 12.0 | 21.0 | 33.0 | 34.0 | 22.50 | 6.07 | 7.80 | 1.28 |
Pseudo-first-order rate constants for HDS of thiophene and selectivity values to different reaction products after 6 hours on stream
Reaction scheme of HDS of Thiophene over Ni and NiMo sulfided catalysts
The reaction products identified by gas chromatograph where
Characterization results indicated that the total sulfidation of Ni2+ ions only occurred in NiMo catalysts, where a higher dispersion of the active species was also observed. These factors explain the high activity observed in thiophene HDS reaction, assigned to the promoter effect of Ni, which in turns diminishes the hydrogenation capability of the catalyst. NiMo catalyst with the highest metallic loading, 3-13%Ni-Mo, showed the maximum activity,
The properties of Ni-Mo(W) and Co-Mo(W) catalysts supported on zirconium doped MCM-41 (Zr-MCM) are described and their activity in the HDS reaction of DBT compared with a catalyst supported on commercial γ-Al2O3. The HDS of DBT was carried out at 3.0 MPa of total pressure, H2 flow rate of 100 cm3 min-1 and weight hourly space velocities (WHSV) of 32 h-1. Thus Ni-W, Ni-Mo, Co-W and Co-Mo catalysts (W = 20 wt%; Mo= 11 wt%; Ni and Co = 5 wt%) were prepared by the incipient wetness method using mixed solutions of ammonium metatungstate (Aldrich) and nickel(II) citrate or cobalt(II) nitrate (Aldrich) in the case of Ni(Co)-W catalysts, or a mixed solution of ammonium heptamolybdate (Aldrich) and nickel(II) citrate or cobalt(II) nitrate for Ni(Co)-Mo catalysts. All materials, after impregnation with the metallic salts, were dried and calcined at 823 K for 4 h. These calcined precursors were then sulfided at 673 K with a N2/H2S (90/10%) flow of 60 cm3 min-1 for 2 h prior to the catalytic test. The catalysts are labelled as Ni(Co)(
The support chosen in this study is zirconium doped mesoporous silica (Zr-MCM) that possesses a hexagonal array of mesoporous pores (30 Å), very high surface area (SBET= 608 m2 g-1) and an induced acidity (mild strength) due to the incorporation of zirconium into the mesoporous structure that also provides higher stability (Rodríguez-Castellón et al., 2003). After impregnation-calcination-sulfidation, the mesoporous structure is not altered as observed from XRD and N2-adsorption-desorption isotherms.
Characterization results of sulfided catalyst by XRD indicate that tungsten promoted catalysts (Ni(Co)5-W20) showed not well defined diffraction peaks, pointing to a low crystalline WS2 phase; while molybdenum based catalysts (Ni(Co)5-Mo11) presented well defined diffraction peaks corresponding to the MoS2 phase. In general, nickel promoted catalysts present a better dispersion of Mo or W species as the lower intensity of MoS2 and WS2 diffraction peaks on these catalysts indicates. In no case, diffraction lines of nickel or cobalt sulfide are observed, suggesting that these phases are very dispersed or inserted into WS2 or MoS2 structure, forming a well dispersed Ni(Co)-W(Mo)-S solid solution, as it was observed before. The textural parameters of the support and the different sulfided catalysts (Table 3) reflect an important reduction of the specific surface area and pore volume after the incorporation of the active phase. This decrease could be attributed not only to the presence of particles of Ni(Co)-W(Mo)-S partially blocking the mesopores, but also to the increase in the density of the materials after the incorporation of a Ni(Co)-W(Mo)-S species.
The chemical species present on the surface of sulfided samples and their relative proportions were evaluated by XPS. The corresponding spectral parameters are included in Table 3. All sulfided catalysts present a maximum at 161.9 eV in the S 2
SBET (m2g-1)a | Vp (cm3g-1)a | dp(av) (Å)a | |||||
608 | 0.49 | 29.9 | |||||
332 | 0.25 | 24.1 | 853.6 856.4 | 32.4 36.2 | |||
276 | 0.23 | 27.2 | - | 778.5 781.3 | 32.4 36.3 | ||
271 | 0.21 | 25.9 | 853.6 856.4 | - | 228.5 229.7 | ||
241 | 0.21 | 29.2 | 778.4 781.3 | 228.4 229.9 |
Textural propertiesa from N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms at 77 K and spectral parametersb obtained by XPS analysis of sulfided catalysts
The dispersion of active phases on the sulfided catalysts was estimated from the surface atomic ratios. Table 4 compiles the Ni(Co)/(Si+Zr), Mo(W)/(Si+Zr) and S/Mo(W) atomic ratios. Ni/(Si+Zr) and Co/(Si+Zr) ratios are higher for molybdenum catalysts, showing a higher dispersion of the promoters on these catalysts (Ni(Co)-Mo). With regards to Mo(W)/(Si+Zr) atomic ratios, these are higher for nickel promoted catalysts, indicating a better superficial dispersion of these phases under the presence of nickel. The S/W atomic ratios for Ni(Co)-W catalysts are very close to 2, which is consistent with the formation of WS2 on the catalyst surface, and it is also higher for nickel promoted catalyst (Ni5-W20). Meanwhile S/Mo ratios are much more high for both catalysts, being greater for Ni5-Mo11 one. These data suggest the higher degree of sulfidation for molybdenum based catalysts, as deduced from the TPRS data (
0.115 | - | 0.110 | - | 2.53 | - | |
- | 0.089 | 0.096 | - | 1.85 | ||
0.196 | - | - | 0.090 | - | 5.43 | |
- | 0.119 | - | 0.037 | - | 4.04 |
Surface atomic ratio of sulfided catalysts obtained by XPS analysis. X = Si + Zr
The nature of sulfur species as well as their stability is determined by H2-TPRS measurements. From these experiments it is concluded that nickel promoted catalysts present a higher amount of H2S released at ca. 543 K. This removal of H2S comes from nickel or cobalt sulfide located at the edges of WS2 or MoS2 slabs forming the Ni(Co)-W(Mo)-S active phase (Magnus & Moulijn, 1994) and ascribed to the formation of coordinatively unsaturated sites (CUS) on the edge planes of the Ni(Co)-W(Mo)-S phase, being the active sites in HDS reaction. Therefore, nickel catalysts present a higher amount of active sites (CUS sites) on these catalysts. This also may explain the higher HDS activity observed for Ni5-W20 and Ni5-Mo11 catalysts (
The activity of these catalysts was evaluated in the DBT HDS model reaction. For DBT HDS, it has been proposed (Bataille et al., 2000) that the reaction proceeds through the hydrogenolysis pathway, the direct desulfurization route (DDS), leading to the production of biphenyl (BP); or by a second hydrogenation reaction pathway (HYD), in which one of the aromatic rings of dibenzothiophene is firstly prehydrogenated, forming tetrahydro (THDBT)- and hexahydro-dibenzothiophene (HHDBT), which is later desulfurized to form cyclohexylbenzene (CHB) (Scheme 2).
From conversion values and by applying equation (1), pseudo first order constants (
Reaction scheme of HDS of DBT over Ni(Co)Mo(W) sulfided catalysts: HYD: hydrogenation route; DDS: direct desulfurization route; DBT: dibenzothiophene; BP: biphenyl; THDBT: tetrahydrodibenzothiophene; HHDBT: hexahydrodibenzothiophene; CHB: cyclohexylbenzene; BCH: Bicyclohexyl; CH: Cyclohexane; B: Benzene.
Influence of reaction temperature on HDS activity. Reaction conditions T= 533-613 K; P=30 bar, WHSV=32 h-1, H2= 100 cm3 min-1
The observed activity in the DBT HDS reaction with this set of catalysts is better than those reported for other catalysts prepared by using MCM-41 as support, such as CoMo (Song & Reddy, 1999), NiMo (Grzechowiak et al., 2006) and NiMo and CoMo supported on non proton-exchanged MCM-41 (Li et al., 2003). Moreover, the comparison with a catalyst supported on a commercial support such as Al2O3 (BET surface area: 302 m2 g-1 and pore volume: 0.33 cm3 g-1), denoted as Ni5W20-Y, shows that in spite of the higher activity at lower temperatures, at higher temperatures Ni5Mo11 and Ni5W20 catalysts reach and overcome the activity reported by the Ni5W20-Y catalyst.
With regards to the selectivity shown by these catalysts, Figure 1 also plots the selectivity to the direct desulfurization product (DDS), biphenyl (BP) (Figure 1.B); and to the hydrogenation (HYD) product, cyclohexylbencene (CHB) (Figure 1.C), of the sulfided catalysts as a function of reaction temperature. It is noticeable that the product distribution markedly changes with the promoter, since the formation of the hydrogenation product, CHB, is higher for both nickel promoted catalysts. The formation of CHB increases at the expense of BP. So, whatever the active phase may be (Mo, W), the presence of Ni as a promoter leads to a considerable increase in the HYD reaction. Further, and in agreement with the thermodynamic restrictions, given that the hydrogenation reaction is exothermic, a decrease in hydrogenation activity is observed with an increase in the reaction temperature for all catalysts (Farag et al., 2000). It is generally accepted that hydrogenation and desulfurization reactions take place on separate active sites (Li et al., 2002). It is assumed that the enhancement of the HYD pathway is attributed to the strong hydrogenation properties of the Ni species, and it is proposed that hydrogenation occurs on other sites (such as Ni atoms), while the removal of the sulfur atom from the dibenzothiophene ring takes place on the Ni-Mo(W) cluster. These results are in accordance with findings by Wang et al. (Wang et al., 2002), who compared the CHB/BP selectivity ratio for a series of Ni, Mo and Ni-Mo sulfided catalysts supported on MCM-41 and established that all the Ni-Mo/MCM-41 catalysts yield a higher ratio than single Mo or Ni/MCM-41, suggesting that there is a synergetic effect between Ni and Mo sulfides in the HYD pathway during HDS. In fact, according to Whiterhurst (Whiterhurst et al., 1998), the rate constant of HDS after hydrogenation of one aromatic ring of DBT is 33 times greater than that of DDS for this kind of catalyst. The enhanced hydrogenation capability of these catalysts has been previously observed, since Ni-W sulfides supported over Zr-MCM-41 exhibit up to 44% conversion in the hydrogenation of tetralin to decalins (Eliche-Quesada et al., 2003b).
The hydrogenation properties observed for these catalysts can also be ascribed to the presence of superficial zirconium species on the surface of Zr-MCM that along with its high surface area, seem to have an influence on the dispersion and specific electronic properties of the active species. In this sense, it is proposed that the presence of smaller slabs increases the number of rim sites which are responsible for hydrogenation reaction, according to the rim-edge model for HDS reaction (Whiterhurst et al., 1998). Our results are in agreement since the catalysts showing higher hydrogenating properties, Ni promoted catalysts, present better dispersion of Ni, Mo and W as extracted from XRD and XPS. The results are quite interesting since nickel promoted catalysts (Ni-Mo(W)) supported on Zr-MCM not only present high HDS activity but also a better hydrogenation capability leading to a gas-oil with improved quality such as higher cetane number.
By contrast, HDS over Co promoted catalysts supported on Zr-MCM, Co-Mo(W) sulfided catalysts, mainly follow the route of hydrogenolysis. The introduction of Co to Mo(W)-based catalysts enhances the direct extraction of sulfur atoms from the DBT molecules. It is assumed that Co sulfide acts by extracting sulfur atoms directly from the sulfur-containing molecules. This is essentially due to the low rate of HYD of Co-Mo(W) sulfides. In conclusion, with Ni promoted catalysts (Ni-Mo(W)), the HYD pathway is dominant over the hydrogenolysis pathway in the HDS reaction of DBT, whereas the direct DDS of DBT occurs with Co-Mo(W) catalysts. The comparison with the commercial catalyst reveals that the selectivities to hydrogenation product (CHB) are higher for the Zr-MCM-derivative (Figure 1), being the selectivity to Ni5W20-Al2O3 only a half of that found for its Zr-MCM counterpart, possibly due to the higher particle size formed over Al2O3.
Supported ruthenium sulfide catalysts were studied in the hydrodesulfuration (HDS) of dibenzothiophene (DBT). The role of the support, sulfiding temperature, the presence of Cs as RuS2-stabilyizing agent, as well as the ruthenium precursor salt employed was studied. Ruthenium was incorporated by the incipient wetness impregnation procedure adding an aqueous solution of ruthenium(III) chloride (RuCl3 nH2O) to the pelletized support (0.85-1.00 mm) to obtain catalysts with 7 wt% of ruthenium. After air-dried, the samples were directly sulfided in situ at atmospheric pressure with a N2/H2S (90/10%) flow of 60 cm-3 min-1 by heating from rt. to the sulfidation temperature (Ts) (2 h) at a heating rate of 10 K min-1.
The supports employed were MCM-41 mesoporous silica (Rodríguez-Castellón et al., 2003); that doped with zirconium (Zr-MCM) (Rodríguez-Castellón et al., 2003); SBA-15 mesoporous silica (Gómez-Cazalilla et al., 2007); SBA doped with zirconium (Zr-SBA) and aluminium (Al-SBA) (Gómez-Cazalilla et al., 2007). Finally a commercial γ-Al2O3 was also employed as reference. The supports, precursor, sulfided and spent catalysts were characterized by a variety of experimental techniques in order to establish a clear catalyst performance-structure correlation.
The prepared catalysts are sulfided at 673 K and their catalytic activity evaluated in the HDS of DBT between 533 K and 613 K. The
By considering the selectivity data (Scheme 2), all the catalysts preferentially follow the DDS route, i.e., the formation of biphenyl is favoured in all cases (Figure 2). The influence of the reaction temperature reveals that its formation slightly increases with the temperature, due to thermodynamics considerations. The formation of the product coming from the HYD route, cyclohexylbenzene (CHB) decreases with the increase of the temperature (Figure 2), being the catalysts supported on Al-SBA-15 type materials, the least selective to this compound, and that supported on the commercial support, Ru-Al2O3, the catalyst with the best hydrogenating properties.
Influence of the support on the RuS2 DBT HDS activity and selectivity as a function of reaction temperature. Experimental conditions: P=30 bar, WHSV=32 h-1 and H2 flow=100 cm3 min-1.
It can be clearly seen that the presence of heteroatoms into the silica mesoporous structure affects the catalytic response of the catalyst. Thus, the presence of zirconium in MCM-41, improves the HDS activity with regards to the catalyst supported on pure MCM-41 (RuZrMCM versus RuSiMCM), and also alters the selectivity, with a greater selectivity to CHB at higher temperatures. Nonetheless, an opposite trend is observed on SBA-based catalysts, since RuSiSBA presents the highest activity values, while the incorporation of aluminium (post-synthesis) and zirconium (direct synthesis) do not provoke any amelioration, only a slight increase in the formation of hydrogenation product is observed at lower temperatures for RuZrSBA. All these data points to a different Si and Zr environment in both mesoporous supports that has a strong influence on the RuS2 phase formed after sulfidation. In this regard, the incorporation of zirconium into MCM-41 has a positive effect, since it could act as RuS2 stabiliser avoiding its reduction under the experimental conditions employed, as well as incorporating acidic functions to the catalyst that could enhance the DBT HDS reaction. Nonetheless, when using SBA-15, in spite of increasing the acidity of the material, a depletion of catalytic activity is observed and therefore suggesting that it is not the acidity but other factors those governing the catalytic behaviour of these systems.
From catalytic data previously exposed, it is observed that RuS2 phase on SBA-15 type support is more active for S-removal and that is why the influence of the sulfiding temperature has been evaluated on these systems, by comparing the HDS activity after sulfidation at 673 K and 773 K. The corresponding results are compiled in Figure 3. From this figure, the catalysts sulfided at 673 K are less active at all studied temperatures. Regarding catalysts sulfided at 773 K, those supported on Si-SBA and Zr-SBA present a similar behaviour with RuAlSBA catalyst the least active. This catalyst only shows a slight improvement at moderate temperatures after sulfiding at 773 K. With regards to the selectivity trend (data not shown here) it is only observed a slight increase of the HYD route by increasing the sulfidation temperature for RuSiSBA and RuZrSBA, what should be related to the formation of more active phase, while RuAlSBA is the most selective to BP at all studied reaction and sulfidation temperatures.
Influence of the sulfidation temperature on the catalytic behaviour of RuS2 supported on SBA-15 type materials.
In order to find a possible explanation of catalytic results, catalysts characterization was performed. In this regard, XRD patterns of sulfided catalysts at 673 K supported on MCM-41 and γ-Al2O3 did not show the characteristic diffraction peaks of RuS2, while XRD patterns of catalysts supported on SBA-15 presented such peaks at 2θ=31.8º, 45.7º and 54.2º (PDF Card Nº. 00-012-0737) at both sulfidation temperatures as observed in Figure 4.
XRD patterns of SBA supported catalysts sulfided at 673 K and 773 K.
From this figure it is noticed that by sulfiding at 673 K, a poorly crystalline ruthenium sulfide phase is formed that undergoes reduction under hydrogen hydrotreating atmosphere, as seen from XRD of spent catalyst (data not shown). Therefore a sulfidation temperature of 673 K seems to be insufficient to form stable RuS2 particles. Possibly particles with a stoichiometry of RuS2-x have been formed. These data are in agreement with the catalytic results, where the less active catalysts, RuSiMCM, RuZrMCM, Ru-Al2O3, do not show these peaks; while RuSiSBA presenting these lines better defined is the most active one. On the contrary, the catalysts sulfided at 773 K do not present the diffraction signals of metallic ruthenium after the catalytic run. Therefore, at 773 K, a greater proportion of the pyrite phase is formed, which is highly stable under reaction conditions. The presence of heteroatoms into the mesoporous structure provokes a greater interaction with the precursor and higher sulfidation temperatures are required as can be clearly seen from XRD patterns of RuZrSBA, presenting so a lower catalytic activity with regards to pure SBA.
The textural and acidic properties of the catalysts are compiled in Table 5.
SBET (m2 g-1)a | Vp (cm3 g-1)a | dp (nm)a | ||
SiMCM | 784 | 0.54 | 2.3 | 127 |
RuSiMCM | 731 | 0.48 | 2.2 | 139 |
ZrMCM | 608 | 0.49 | 3.0 | 474 |
RuZrMCM | 501 | 0.40 | 2.6 | 504 |
Al2O3 | 313 | 0.44 | 4.8 | 731 |
Ru- Al2O3 | 280 | 0.35 | 3.9 | 780 |
Si-SBA | 476 | 0.35 | 3.9 | 144 |
RuSiSBA673 | 331 | 0.25 | 3.5 | 272 |
Zr-SBA | 495 | 0.40 | 3.7 | 1081 |
RuZrSBA673 | 327 | 0.26 | 3.7 | 798 |
Al-SBA | 360 | 0.29 | 3.7 | 192 |
RuAlSBA673 | 222 | 0.18 | 3.2 | 469 |
Texturala and acidic propertiesb of supports and catalysts sulfided at 673 K
These data indicate that catalysts supported on MCM-41 present a much higher surface area and pore volume than those supported on SBA-15, although a much lower pore diameter; while the acidity values do not follow any trend. In all cases, an increase in the acidity is observed after the incorporation of RuS2. It has been reported that the acidity of ruthenium sulfided catalysts is due to the presence of different species on the surface: coordinatively unsaturated sites (CUS) that provide Lewis acidity as well as SH- groups providing Brønsted acidity (Berhault et al., 1998). It cannot be established a clear correlation between textural/acidity properties and catalytic activity, although the higher pore diameter of SBA type support could favor a better distribution of the active phase inside the channels.
Information regarding the different sulfur species present on the catalyst, the degree of sulfidation attained as well as the stability of the active phase, can be obtained from H2-TPRS profiles. Thus, the H2-TPRS patterns of sulfided ruthenium catalysts are shown in Figure 5, where H2S removal signals are depicted as a function of temperature. De los Reyes et al. (De los Reyes et al., 1991) have pointed that the reduction of ruthenium sulfide based catalysts takes place in several steps. The first H2S removal at low temperatures (T < 450 K) is due to the surface sulfur excess which is formed during the sulfidation due to the lack of hydrogen, and/or could also be due to sulfur coordinated to surface Ru. In the second H2S removal, between 450 K and 570 K, the elimination of surface sulfur anions occurs. Some authors have found that this band tends to disappear by sulfiding at higher temperatures, suggesting that this band arises from the reduction of an amorphous or poorly crystallize RuS2 phase at low sulfiding temperatures (Castillo-Villalón et al., 2008) and also ascribed to the release of labile sulfur (CUS). Finally, at T > 573 K, the elimination of bulk sulfur of the RuS2-pyrite takes place leading to metallic ruthenium (Castillo-Villalón et al., 2008; De los Reyes et al., 1991).
Catalysts supported on MCM-41 type support possess a similar H2S desorption profile, with the exception of the temperature peak at lower temperatures, that is hardly observed for RuSiMCM and a higher intensity of the second desorption peak for RuZrMCM assigned to the presence of CUS sites. The catalytic activity of these two samples is different. These results point to the presence of zirconium as responsible for such a fact. The presence of zirconium has a manifold role; it could lead to a better dispersion of ruthenium sulfide and therefore providing a higher amount of labile sulfur (CUS) according to H2-TPSR patterns. Secondly, it strengths the Ru-S bond avoiding its reduction under the experimental condition as well as the sinterization of the active phase, preserving so the active sites.
H2S desorption profiles for samples sulfided at 673 K (A and B) and samples sulfided at 773 K (C).
SBA-15 supported catalysts have also been sulfided at 773 K. By comparing the catalysts sulfided at 673 K and 773 K, in spite of presenting similar H2S bands, both the relative intensities and the peak maxima positions are different depending on the sulfidation temperature employed. In this sense, when sulfiding at 773 K the signals at T < 573 K decreases in intensity, while those at T > 573 K are more defined, what suggests that a higher amount of pyrite-type structure is formed, in accordance with previous works (De los Reyes et al., 1991) and also confirmed by XRD data. A similar profile at high temperatures has been reported by other authors (Castillo-Villalón et al., 2008), i.e., the asymmetry of this band, which can be decomposed into two contributions, is due to a surface reduction followed by bulk reduction. Castillo-Villalón et al. (Castillo-Villalón et al., 2008) have recently reported that in so far as the sulfidation temperature increases, the H2S evolving from species reduced at high temperature does, in detriment to some species that are reduced at low temperatures. Thus, by increasing the sulfidation temperature, some ruthenium sulfided species found when sulfiding at 673 K, are transformed into more stable RuS2 species when sulfiding at 773 K and that is why catalysts sulfided at 773 K present these bands more intense. Moreover, the peak maxima shift at higher temperatures, being this fact much more important in the bands at T > 573 K which are related to the reduction of RuS2-pyrite phase. The formation of highly dispersed particles, as seen from TEM images, probably strongly interacting with the support, makes necessary a higher temperature to reduce them into the ruthenium metallic form (
Regardless the material support employed, H2-TPRS profiles of catalysts sulfided at 673 K do not present the bands at high temperatures with the characteristic reduction pattern of bulk RuS2 in a pyrite-like structure. From these data, it can be concluded that at 673 K there is a great proportion of amorphous or poorly crystallize RuS2 phase that is also less stable in HDS reactions. This fact should be much more important for catalysts supported on MCM type materials. XRD of spent catalysts reveals the formation of metallic ruthenium, while the diffraction bands of RuS2 phase are not detectable. At 773 K, not only a greater formation of ruthenium sulfide in the form of pyrite but also the presence of amorphous ruthenium sulfide (intermediate temperatures) and sulfur excess on the surface (low temperature), are higher. The sample prepared on Al-SBA presents an increase in the H2S eliminated at higher temperatures, although this increment is less pronounced than for the other two samples.
Focusing on the catalysts sulfided at 773 K, which are much more active, TEM micrographs show the distribution of the active phase. Depending on the support employed, the location of RuS2 is different. In general, no large ruthenium sulfur particles have been formed. The sulfided catalysts supported on Si-SBA and Zr-SBA show spherical particles with very small size, homogenously dispersed (Figure 6.A and 6.B) and mainly located inside the structure. The location of the ruthenium sulfide particles inside the pores of the mesoporous structure is clearly observed in Figure 6.A, where an alignment of the RuS2 phase is observed. The distance between two rows corresponds to the
From TEM analysis it can be seen that the small-sized particles are inside the pores of the carriers. Nonetheless the pores are not blocked by the incorporation of ruthenium, as long as, N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms of sulfided catalysts are similar to the material support (isotherms of type IV), and only a slight decrease in the surface area is observed as a consequence of the location of RuS2 particles inside the channels.
TEM micrographs for: A) RuSiSBA773, B) RuZrSBA773 and C) RuAlSBA773
The study of spent catalysts by TEM, reveals the great stability of RuS2 particles during the test. While RuSiSBA and RuZrSBA present a homogenous distribution of small particles inside the pores, RuSiAlSBA shows a different distribution with zones presenting small and highly dispersed particles and mainly zones where agglomerates are present. Therefore, the better dispersion of the active phase is achieved when Si-SBA and Zr-SBA are used as supports.
As long as the catalytic performance of these systems is attributable to the formation of ruthenium sulfide, XPS spectra were recorded for sulfided and spent catalysts in order to elucidate the chemical state of the elements present. The Al 2
As far as spent catalysts are concerned, the Ru 3
461.3 | 463.7 | 163.0 | 0.009 | 2.5 | |
461.3 | 463.6 | 163.7 | 0.016 | 2.9 | |
460.6 | 463.4 | 163.2 | 0.095 | 3.1 | |
461.4 | 463.2 | 162.4 | 0.006 | 6.2 | |
461.4 | 463.2 | 162.3 | 0.012 | 2.4 | |
461.0 | 463.2 | 162.0 | 0.093 | 3.5 | |
461.3 | 463.5 | 162.4 | 0.004 | 7.0 | |
461.1 | 463.8 | 162.3 | 0.010 | 2.3 | |
460.8 | 463.2 | 162.0 | 0.076 | 3.4 |
Spectral parameters of RuS2 supported catalysts.
Quantitative XPS data (Table 6) show that Ru/X atomic ratio for samples supported on Al-SBA and Al2O3 are what indicates a higher concentration of active phase on the surface, while the Ru/(Si+Zr) and Ru/Si surface atomic ratios have the lowest values. From TEM analysis, catalysts supported on Si-SBA and Zr-SBA present the majority of the active phase highly dispersed and mainly located inside the pores. Since SBA porous structure possesses a wall thickness of ca. 50 Å, these particles are not detected by XPS due to the surface sensitivity nature of this technique. The lower values for RuSiSBA and RuZrSBA corroborate what observed from TEM, i.e., the preferential location of the active phase inside the pores forming small particles. The S/Ru atomic ratios showed values higher than the stochiometric one due to the presence of an excess of sulfur on the surface, H2S or SH- groups formed during sulfiding process, which is not forming the pyrite phase. The analysis of spent catalysts showed a decrease in the S/Ru atomic ratio, in accordance with all the experimental exposed here and the literature reports, i.e., surface sulfur elimination occur during the catalytic test.
To sum up, the results reported here highlights the important role that the material support plays on the stability of the active phase, i.e., SBA type mesoporous materials provide ruthenium sulfide catalysts which are more active and stable in the HDS reaction of DBT than MCM-41 mesoporous one. Characterization results reveal that the bigger pore diameter of the former could lead to a better filling of them with the ruthenium sulfide. Moreover, after the sulfidation processes the formation of RuS2 with pyrite-type structure occurs in a greater extend on SBA-15 supported catalysts that is also more stable (XRD and H2-TPSR), indicating a higher interaction of the precursor with SBA type material providing more stable RuS2 particles, specially when the catalysts are sulfided at 773 K. The presence of heteroatoms depends on the type of mesoporous material employed, an increasing acidity is always observed, however no correlation is found between acidity and catalytic activity. While the incorporation of zirconium on MCM-41 seems to stabilise the RuS2 phase and improving so the HDS behaviour; on SBA-15, no improvement is observed after heteroatoms addition, as long as Al doped support provides the least active catalysts; while Zr doped one (RuZrSBA) achieves the same level of activity than RuSiSBA only with the catalyst sulfided at 773 K. The presented data indicate that is the dispersion and distribution of the active phase what govern the catalytic behaviour of these systems and also the selectivity patterns. In this regard, the formation of small particles induces some preferential exposed planes, favouring the hydrogenation pathway as reported for other supported ruthenium sulfide catalysts (De los Reyes et al., 1991) what reveal the sensitivity to the structure of the RuS2. Our results are in agreement with this statement, being RuAlSBA with the biggest particles sizes, the catalyst that provides the lowest values of selectivity to CHB, product formed in the hydrogenation route. Ishihara et al. (Ishihara et al., 1999) suggested that ruthenium atoms located on the surface and with anion vacancy are active in HDS. Thus, the bigger ruthenium sulfide crystals lead to a lower active surface and, as a consequence, to a lower activity.
The catalytic results reported here are similar to those reported for alumina supported ruthenium sulfide–cesium catalysts with metal loadings between 4 and 12 wt% (Ishihara et al.,1999). The strong interaction of RuS2 particles with the pores leads to an equivalent performance to that obtained when alumina is doped with Cs+ ions (Ishihara et al., 2004).
The addition of Cs to RuS2 catalyst supported on Si-SBA-15 was studied in order to evaluate the role of Cs on the stabilization of RuS2 phase, as reported in the literature. The influence of cesium content and sulfiding temperature (773 K and 873 K), as well as cesium precursor salt employed (cesium hydroxide and cesium chloride), was also studied. The quantity of ruthenium was maintained constant (7 wt%) while the amount of cesium variable, with Cs/Ru molar ratios of 0.1:1, 0.5:1, and 1:1. The catalysts will be denoted to as
The catalytic results obtained for this family of catalysts in the HDS of DBT reaction is plotted in Figure 7, where
With regards to selectivity values (Scheme 2), the results obtained here show that all catalysts follow the DBT HDS reaction through the DDS route, being even biphenyl the unique reaction product found for the catalysts with higher cesium loadings, being in line with the results reported by Ishihara (Ishihara et al., 1999). It follows the order 1Cs1Ru (100%)=0.5Cs1Ru (100%) > 0.1Cs1Ru (90.9%) > RuSiSBA (69.4%). Therefore, the hydrogenation capability decreases under the presence of Cs. Only the catalyst with a 0.1Cs:1Ru molar ratio presented a CHB selectivity of 10%.
XRD results reveals that an agglomeration of the active phase occurs since the higher the cesium content the better defined the RuS2 diffraction lines and therefore, the lower the dispersion. The same conclusion is extracted from textural properties, whose parameters decrease under the presence of cesium. It could be due to the formation RuS2 agglomerates that provokes a blockage on the pores surface and hinders the access of nitrogen molecules. Moreover, the mean pore diameter also suffers a decrease but in a lesser extend. This is explained considering that agglomerates are blocking the entrance of some pores, however there are other ones where the metals are not deposited and are able to adsorb N2 at 77 K, as can be clearly seen by TEM micrographs (
Transmission electron microscopy elucidates the distribution of the active phase on the support. In general, it can be said that TEM analysis shows a heterogeneous distribution of the active phase, whose dispersion is totally dependent on cesium loading (Figure 8). The micrograph belonging to 1Cs1RuSTs catalyst is shown in Figure 8.A. At first glance, the micrographs show zones where there are big agglomerates on the external surface, assigned to the RuS2 active phase according to EDAX analysis. Although there are some particles inside the pores, the dispersion of the active phase in the whole support is poor. Moreover, the analysis by EDAX in some zones of dispersed particles gave Cs/Cl atomic ratios close to 1 arising from the presence of CsCl compound. The sample with a Cs:Ru molar ratio of 0.5:1, presents a micrograph (Figure 8.B) where the dispersion of the RuS2 phase is better, although agglomerates are still present but in a lesser extend than before. The catalyst possesses an alignment of the particles, indicating that they are mainly located inside the pores of the support. However, when diminishing the cesium loading until a Cs:Ru ratio of 0.1:1, the dispersion of the active phase increases conspicuously, as can be clearly seen from Figure 8.C, where particles lower than 10 nm are highly dispersed an located inside the channels. The data presented here reveal that the lower the cesium content, the better the dispersion of the active phase.
TEM micrograph for A) 1Cs1Ru catalyst, A) 0.5Cs1Ru catalyst and C) 0.1Cs1Ru catalysts sulfided at 773 K
In accordance with H2-TPRS curves (Figure 9) the higher the cesium content the lesser the band intensities are. Moreover, the maxima of the curves are shifted to higher temperatures. In this regard, the 0.1Cs1Ru sample profile exhibits the most intense H2S-release pattern that occurs at lower temperatures than that for 1Cs1Ru catalyst. It implies that the cesium content is the main reason of a low H2S elimination, i.e., a minor amount of labile sulfur is present on the catalysts.
H2-TPRS patterns of the catalysts sulfided at 773 K
The characterization and catalytic results indicate that the addition of cesium to a mesoporous material does not have a beneficial effect, mainly depending on the dispersion of the active phase attained. In this sense the higher the cesium content the lower the dispersion of the active phase and therefore the lower the catalytic activity in the DBT HDS reaction. Our results are contrary to those previously published in the literature. Ishihara, in a first work (Ishihara et al., 1996) studied the addition of alkali metal hydroxides to alumina-supported ruthenium catalysts and found that the cesium promoted catalyst was the most active. They reported that the location of cesium is close to ruthenium species, the dispersion of ruthenium species increases with an increase in the Cs/Ru ratio and furthermore the presence of cesium in close proximity to ruthenium atoms strengthens the bond of ruthenium and sulfur stabilizing ruthenium sulfide. In later works (Ishihara et al., 1998, 2003), they elucidated the behaviour of sulfur on the ruthenium catalysts and the role of cesium in HDS by radioisotope tracer methods, concluding that the mobility of sulfur on the catalysts decreased by the addition of cesium. On the contrary, the amount of labile sulfur on the catalyst increased with the amount of cesium added and reached the maximum at Ru:Cs=1:2 suggesting that Ru species in the catalyst was successfully dispersed on alumina. Further, it was reported that cesium promoted the C-S bond scission of DBT. With these premises and considering the characterization and activity results exposed here it can be pointed that the role of Cs to RuS2 hydrotreating catalysts strongly depends on the support used. While the promoter effect of cesium on γ-Al2O3 is positive, on a mesoporous material such as SBA-15, the effect is negative. In this sense, the presence of cesium does not favour a good dispersion of the RuS2 active phase, i.e., less cesium atoms are close to ruthenium atoms to stabilise the Ru-S bond and therefore the amount of labile sulfur also decreases by decreasing the dispersion. This is in agreement with our H2-TPRS experiments that show an increase of the amount of H2S released with a decrease of cesium content in the catalysts, indicating that sulfur lability is inhibited in the presence of a large amount of Cs on the catalyst surface. The low dispersion of the active phase and the decreasing in the sulfur lability might explain the observed decrease in the catalytic activity with an increase Cs content in the catalysts (
The catalyst with Cs:Ru molar ratio of 0.1:1 was also prepared from different cesium precursor salts, cesium hydroxide (0.1Cs1Ru) and cesium chloride (0.1Cs1Ru(Cl)), and sulfided at 773 K and 873 K. The catalytic results (Figure 7) showed that the catalyst prepared from cesium hydroxide exhibits a much higher HDS activity at both sulfided temperatures. The textural and structural properties of both catalysts are similar according to XRD, SBET and TEM analysis, i.e., they both present the same dispersion of the RuS2 active phase. Notwithstanding the results extracted from TPRS results point to the different sulfur lability on both catalysts. The influence of the cesium precursor salt is more evident when the catalysts are sulfided at 773 K (Figure 7) where the differences found are very important, being the catalyst prepared from cesium hydroxide much more active.
The higher lability of sulfur in 0.1Cs1Ru sample was confirmed by DRIFT spectroscopy of adsorbed NO for both spent catalysts (Figures 10(a) and 10(b)). Thus, in Figure 10(a) the DRIFT spectra of NO adsorbed at room temperature onto both spent catalysts (after HDS at 613 K) are compared with that of NO adsorbed on pure SBA-15 support. As seen in this figure, both catalysts show two bands at 1905 and 1842 cm-1 whereas the pure support shows one band centred at about 1860 cm-1 and a shoulder at 1905 cm-1. Additionally, all spectra show one band centred at 1875 cm-1 due to NO adsorbed in its monomeric form in the gas phase (Dinerman et al., 1970). After subtraction of NO adsorbed on the pure support, the spectra of both spent catalysts show two bands at about 1900 and 1840 cm-1 (Figure 10(b)) that could be tentatively ascribed to (NO)2 dimmer species adsorbed on the Ru(Cs) sulfide phases. Interestingly, the spectrum of the most active catalyst in the HDS reaction at 613 K (0.1Cs1Ru) shows a band at about 1900 cm-1 with a larger intensity than that of its counterpart prepared from cesium chloride, suggesting the presence of a larger amount of CUS sites. Moreover, TPO experiments revealed the higher amount of coke formed on 0.1Cs1Ru (Cl) catalyst, due to the presence of residual Cl- ions on the catalyst surface leads to an increase of the catalyst acidity which favours deactivation by coke formation.
The influence of the cesium precursor salt revealed that in spite of the same dispersion of the active phase, the usage of cesium hydroxide improved the amount of labile sulfur/the number of CUS sites and decreased the deactivation by coke.
Influence of Cs precursor salt on the DRIFT spectra of NO adsorbed at room temperature for 10 min onto 0.1Cs1Ru (from CsOH) and 0.1Cs1Ru(Cl) (from CsCl) catalysts: (a) the spectra of spent catalysts (after HDS at 613 K) and pure SBA-15 support, (b) the difference spectra obtained after subtraction of NO adsorbed on pure support.
We gratefully acknowledge the support from the Ministry of Science and Innovation, Spain (MICINN, España) through the project MAT2009-10481, the regional government (JA) through the Excellence projects (P07-FQM-5070) and FEDER funds. A.R.P thanks the CONACyT (México) for its financial support (Scholarship No. 189933). A.I.M. also thanks the MICINN, Spain, for a Juan de la Cierva contract.
Land use and land cover changes have significant environmental consequences at local, regional, and global scales. These changes have intense implications at the regional and global scales for global loss of biodiversity, distresses in hydrological cycles, increase in soil erosion, and sediment loads [1]. At the local level, changes in the use of land and its cover affect watershed runoff, microclimatic resources, processes of land degradation and landscape-level biodiversity, soil erosion, and sediment loads [2]. All these have direct impacts on livelihoods of local societies.
The Shire River in Malawi, southern Africa, is among the areas where land use land cover change (LUCC) has become more prevalent in recent years resulting into severe soil erosion and causing heavy siltation downstream [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]. The river is an important source of livelihood to many people, using the water for agriculture, domestic purposes, and the generation of electricity [6, 8, 10]. One of the most important structures across the Shire River is the Nkula B Hydroelectric Power Station situated in the middle section of the river. The dam at Nkula Falls that supplies water into the power station has, in recent times, been threatened with massive siltation, some studies attributing this to increased human population and agricultural activities [5, 6, 8]. The conceptual setting of this study originates from a strong link that exists between land use change and soil erosion [8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15]. Land use and management practices are important factors in determining the extent of soil erosion [8, 15]. Good vegetation cover promotes infiltration of water into the ground and soil retention, while deforestation results into increased runoff than infiltration occurring during periods of more precipitation [16, 17, 18]. Increased runoff consequently leads to stronger soil erosion usually in areas with poor vegetation cover [8, 19, 20]. Erosion of soil under continuous cultivation is the most serious form of resource degradation occurring in Malawi [3, 8, 19, 21, 22, 23]. The rate of soil loss in Malawi is currently estimated at 29 t/ha/year [24], which is higher than the previously reported 20 t/ha/year [21]. In the middle Shire River, estimated soil loss between the year 2000 and 2014 ranged from 0.1 to 21.1 t/ha/year [24, 25]. According to the Malawi Government Report (2015), the middle Shire River catchment has many bright spots (areas experiencing high soil loss but declining trends over time), for example, Neno and Ntcheu in the west and Zomba and Chiradzulu in the eastern side of the river.
The question regarding land use changes over time, and its driving forces in the middle Shire River catchment nevertheless remain unresolved [4, 6]. Such knowledge is critical to the development of policies and action plans necessary for changing current LUCC trends in the area as it has been observed in other places [26, 27, 28, 29, 30]. Furthermore, problems of LUCC are global and serious in many developing countries where increasing population has resulted into excessive pressure on natural resources [8, 30].
The study was carried out to understand the impact of land use and land cover changes on the Nkula Dam in the middle Shire River catchment, Malawi. The LUCC drivers analyzed in this study include biophysical changes (e.g., climate change) and human activities (e.g., population, poverty, land policies, and GDP growth) [3, 4, 6]. Climate and socioeconomic data were compiled to analyze the drivers of LUCC in the study area. Geographic information systems (GIS) and remote sensing techniques which are gaining increased recognition globally as rapid methods of acquiring and analyzing up-to-date information over a large geographical area were used in the study [30, 31, 32, 33].
The Shire River is the largest river in Malawi, originating from Lake Malawi which supports vast agricultural and socioeconomic activities in its catchment (Figure 1) [34]. The river is divided into three sections, namely, the upper, middle, and lower Shire [34, 35]. This study focused on the catchment of the middle section of the river which includes the Shire Plain which is bounded by mountains on both sides and the Nkula Dam downstream [34, 36]. The plain is more extensive to the west of the river than it is to the east (Figure 1). The middle section of the Shire River has eight administrative districts, supporting a population of about 5 million people (Figure 1).
Map of Malawi (left) showing the middle Shire River and its catchment (right). Eight administrative districts are located in the study area.
Climate in the middle Shire River catchment area varies due to differences in altitude with annual average precipitation ranging from 750 to 2500 mm [35, 37]. Highlands receive more rain which begins in November and ends late in April [6, 37]. Annual average temperature of the area is around 23°C, with highlands in the east experiencing cooler temperatures than plains in the west [6, 35]. The rocks in the study area are mainly composed of Precambrian basement complex and igneous rocks [37]. Amphibolite and granulite facies are dominant in the western and eastern side of the Shire River, respectively, while soils in the river’s catchment are dominated by Cambisols [6, 24, 37].
The following procedures were followed in order to answer the study questions: firstly, six Landsat images for the dry seasons (to avoid cloud cover effects) of 1989, 1993, 2000, 2006, 2011, and 2015 were downloaded from the United States Geological Survey (USGS, http://glovis.usgs.gov/) at Level 1 T using different paths and rows (167/070, 167/071, 168/070, and 168/071). All images had a spatial resolution of 30 m which is large enough to visualize changes in land use [38] from Landsat 5, 7, and 8. Secondly, meteorological, topographical, and socioeconomic data from 1989 to 2015 were collected from the Malawi Department of Meteorological Services and Statistics [24, 36]. The third stage was the processing of the Landsat images and, finally, classification of land use which was followed by analysis of different land covers. Statistical analysis was done on data for the topography of the catchment area, temperature, rainfall, population, and GDP in order to determine drivers of LUCC.
Landsat images were processed using ENVI 5.1 Software to study information on the types of land use and their spatial patterns. To analyze these spatial patterns, the following steps were followed: firstly, relative radiometric correction was done on each band to eliminate errors arising from radiation caused by weather conditions; secondly, multiband combination of Landsat images was done in preparation for research spectral characteristics of various types of land use; thirdly, geometric correction of remote sensing images was done using Malawi DEM, Universal Transverse Mercator Projection, Arc 1960, and UTM Zone 36S, based on 1:50,000 topographic map scale so that it fits with the Landsat images [38, 39]. This helps to eliminate position errors of Landsat images which the terrain, position of the sun, and angle sensor may produce. A mosaic of required images was prepared and a single image generated. Atmospheric Landsat images were then corrected by ENVI 5.1 FLAASH module.
After processing the Landsat images, identification of different land use classes was done where some visual designs like texture, tone, and the effect zones were used [38]. The land in the study area was classified according to its use or description such as cultivated land, water, forest (indigenous and plantations were combined), etc. When identifying the training sites, the spectral signatures separability of all the eight land use classes presented in Table 1 were verified including control fields in situ that were also set for validation of each classified image [38]. Land use types were classified by supervised classification maximum likelihood method since it’s among the broadly used methods in the scientific literature in addition to it being the fastest and easy to use and giving a perfect interpretation of the outcomes [38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44]. In addition, the method is able to accommodate covarying data which is common with satellite image data [41, 45]. Representative zones for each desired class were located in the image with adequate number of pixels covering the known classes to reduce the image noise [38]. Secondly, training area number and percentage were identified in order to classify several training and test areas. These results were compared with supporting ground data so that the new training statistics could be derived. Thirdly, a statistical file known as spectral signature was created by the image processing software for each class because each and every pixel can only be assigned to one spectral class. Lastly, each pixel was allocated to the most likely class based on the maximum likelihood algorithm where each pixel is assigned to the spectral class that has the greatest probability density function for the multispectral values of the pixel. Maximum likelihood algorithm is the most commonly used algorithm in which a pixel is classified into the corresponding class [38, 43, 46]. Land cover types were then classified into the following eight main classes according to Anderson et al. [47]: (1) forest, (2) shrubland, (3) grassland, (4) cultivated land, (5) bare land, (6) water bodies, (7) wetland, and (8) artificial surfaces (Table 1).
No. | Land cover class | Description |
---|---|---|
1 | Forest | Woodland open general (15–65%) with herbaceous layer. Broadleaved deciduous trees, closed >(70–60)%. Vegetative cover is in balance with the abiotic and biotic forces of its biotope |
2 | Shrubland | Closed to open (thicket) (15–100%) scattered trees |
3 | Grassland | Herbaceous closed vegetation (15–100%) with some trees, shrub Savannah, and permanent marsh |
4 | Cultivated land | Areas where the natural vegetation has been removed or modified and replaced by other types of vegetative cover of anthropogenic origin. All vegetation that is planted or cultivated with intent to harvest is included in this class |
5 | Bare land | Bare rock and/or coarse fragments. Areas that do not have an artificial cover as a result of human activities. These areas include areas with less than 4% vegetative cover |
6 | Water bodies | This class refers to areas that are naturally covered by water, such as lakes, rivers, snow, or ice |
7 | Wetlands | Areas that are transitional between pure terrestrial and aquatic systems and where the water table is usually at or near the surface or the land is covered by shallow water |
8 | Artificial surfaces | Areas that have an artificial cover as a result of human activities, such as construction (cities, towns, and transportation), extraction (open mines and quarries), or waste disposal |
Land cover classes considered and their description [71].
A total of 165 training sites (sampled portions of the scene, purposely selected, for the derivation of the training statistics) were chosen for each image to ensure that all spectral classes constituting each land use and land cover categories were adequately represented in the training statistics to classify the entire scene [48]. Classification was done using ground checkpoints, digital topographic maps, vegetation cover map, and the researchers’ knowledge of the study area [49, 50]. A total of 156 sampling points (GPS + photograph) were collected out of the 165 training sites during the dry season to avoid cloud cover effects which is more common in rainy season. Land use types at the sampling sites were evaluated according to field surveys (photographs + GPS) where photographs were taken using a camera and coordinates of the spot were taken using GPS. Accuracy of the supervised classification methods was checked by a confusion matrix of accuracy (Table 2) [38, 44, 51] to ensure that various measures, such as error-rate, accuracy, specificity, sensitivity, and precision, were checked.
Actual type | Classified type | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Forest | Shrubland | Grassland | Cultivated land | Artificial surfaces | Wetland | Water bodies | Bare land | Actual sum | Accuracy | |
Forest | 9 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 82% |
Shrubland | 0 | 14 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 16 | 88% |
Grassland | 0 | 1 | 20 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 24 | 83% |
Cultivated land | 0 | 0 | 1 | 21 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 23 | 91% |
Artificial surfaces | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 34 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 39 | 87% |
Wetland | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 89% |
Water bodies | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 32 | 0 | 34 | 94% |
Bare land | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Classified sum | 10 | 18 | 25 | 25 | 35 | 10 | 32 | 1 | 156 |
Confusion matrix of accuracy evaluation in middle Shire River catchment in 2015.
Landsat image classified type results were compared with the field survey results to evaluate their accuracy and then calculated using confusion matrix evaluation table (Table 2).
LUCC drivers were mainly analyzed using descriptive methods due to inavailability of spatial socioeconomic data from the government database. Pearson correlation coefficients between socioeconomic data and land use types were analyzed in SPSS for Windows version 10.
The overall classification accuracy ranged from 82 to 94% (Table 2). The western side of the Shire River covers an area of approximately 3353 km2, while the eastern side is 2770 km2 comprising 55 and 45% of the total area, respectively. Regions were defined by slope of less than 10o as plain/flat area. According to Table 3, total plain/flat area covers 2417 km2 which is lesser compared to highlands (with slope ranging from 10o to 90o) covering 3706 km2. Eastern and western plain/flat areas cover 988 and 1429 km2, representing 41 and 59% of the total plain/flat area of the study area, respectively (Table 3).
Area/coverage | Plain (≤10°) | Highlands (10–90°) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Area (km2) | Percentage (%) | Area (km2) | Percentage (%) | |
Western side | 1429 | 59 | 1075 | 29 |
Eastern side | 988 | 41 | 2631 | 71 |
Total catchment area | 2417 | 100 | 3706 | 100 |
Distribution of plains and highlands in eastern and western side of the middle Shire River.
The middle Shire River catchment is dominated by shrubland, grassland, cultivated land, and forestland, which accounted for 36, 28, 22, and 12% in 1989, respectively (Figure 2).
Land use and land cover changes from 1989 to 2015.
Findings (Table 4) show significant land use and land cover changes in the middle Shire River catchment over the 26-year period.
Land cover type | Year | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1989 | 1993 | 2000 | 2006 | 2011 | 2015 | |||||||
Area (km2) | % | Area (km2) | % | Area (km2) | % | Area (km2) | % | Area (km2) | % | Area (km2) | % | |
Forest | 739 | 12.07 | 679 | 11.08 | 545 | 8.90 | 479 | 7.82 | 481 | 7.86 | 662 | 10.80 |
Shrubland | 2201 | 35.95 | 1986 | 32.44 | 2264 | 36.97 | 2043 | 33.37 | 1835 | 31.85 | 2040 | 32.97 |
Grassland | 1719 | 28.07 | 1838 | 30.02 | 1451 | 23.69 | 1692 | 27.63 | 1617 | 24.53 | 1255 | 20.52 |
Cultivated land | 1367 | 22.33 | 1538 | 25.12 | 1745 | 28.50 | 1814 | 29.64 | 2067 | 33.76 | 2073 | 34.09 |
Artificial surfaces | 26 | 0.43 | 28 | 0.45 | 33 | 0.54 | 37 | 0.60 | 39 | 0.64 | 43 | 0.71 |
Wetland | 35 | 0.57 | 23 | 0.38 | 56 | 0.91 | 19 | 0.31 | 38 | 0.63 | 20 | 0.34 |
Water bodies | 31 | 0.51 | 30 | 0.49 | 20 | 0.33 | 30 | 0.49 | 36 | 0.58 | 22 | 0.44 |
Bare land | 4 | 0.06 | 2 | 0.03 | 9 | 0.15 | 9 | 0.15 | 9 | 0.15 | 8 | 0.13 |
Area (km2) and percentages of different land cover types from the year 1989 to 2015.
Artificial and cultivated land increased by 65 and 52%, respectively, in the 26-year period, while forest cover, grass, and shrubland decreased by 35, 27, and 7%, respectively. Other land classes such as wetlands and water bodies show fluctuations (Figure 2 and Table 4). Spatially, in 1989, total cultivated land in the western side was 694 km2 which increased to 1226 km2 by the year 2015, representing 21 and 37% of the total land in the western side, respectively (Table 5).
Location/district | Year | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1989 | 1993 | 2000 | 2006 | 2011 | 2015 | ||
Western side | Balaka | 335 | 556 | 627 | 655 | 688 | 853 |
Mangochi | 59 | 51 | 41 | 80 | 47 | 91 | |
Neno | 25 | 41 | 49 | 38 | 28 | 53 | |
Ntcheu | 275 | 298 | 219 | 226 | 219 | 228 | |
Total area | 694 | 946 | 935 | 999 | 982 | 1226 | |
Eastern side | Blantyre | 359 | 264 | 362 | 381 | 244 | 278 |
Chiradzulu | 33 | 9 | 19 | 17 | 18 | 23 | |
Machinga | 184 | 247 | 264 | 263 | 135 | 368 | |
Zomba | 96 | 71 | 165 | 155 | 122 | 194 | |
Total area | 673 | 591 | 810 | 816 | 520 | 862 |
Changes in cultivated land area (km2) in districts of the middle Shire River catchment.
This suggests an increase of 16% of cultivated land in the western side between 1989 and 2015. In the eastern side, cultivated land increased from 673 to 862 km2 within the same period, representing 24 and 31%, respectively, of the total land area indicating a 7% change. In 1989, the western side of the Shire River catchment mainly consisted of shrubland, grassland, and forestland which accounted for 35, 33, and 10%, respectively. In the eastern side, shrubland, grassland, and forestland accounted for 37, 22, and 15%, respectively. The western side (Balaka, Neno, and Ntcheu) and eastern side (Zomba) are the main districts where forest, shrubland, and grassland decreased the most. For example, in Balaka District, forest area reduced from 11% in 1989 to 2% in 2011 before increasing to 3% in 2015, while shrubland decreased from 38% in 1989 to 18% in 2011 and then increased to 23% in 2015. Forestland in Neno District decreased from 10% in 1989 to 1% in 2011 and then increased up to 5% in 2015, while shrubland decreased from 35% in 1989 to 19% in 2015 and grassland from 27% in 1989 to 17% in 2015 with some fluctuations in between the years. In Ntcheu District, grassland decreased from 35% in 1989 to 15% in 2015. Forest cover in Zomba district declined from 19% in 1989 to 7% in 2006 and then started to increase from 2011 reaching 12% in 2015. Shrubland decreased from 41% in 1989 to 27% in 2015 in the same district.
Results indicate some fluctuations in the amount of rainfall received in the area within the 26-year period that might be due to climate change as a result of land use and land cover changes due to human activities (Figure 3).
Annual rainfall and temperature for the middle Shire River catchment from 1989 to 2015. Circles represent flood years, while rectangles represent drought years (Source: Malawi Meteorological Department).
Rainfall in the catchment area declined continuously from 1989 to 1993, culminating into the drought of 1992 and 1993 (Figure 3) [52, 53]. Malawi is regularly affected by drought and floods [53]. The country (including the study area) was affected by heavy floods in 1989, 1998, 2000, 2001, and 2015, destroying crops and displacing many people (Figure 3) [53]. Earlier studies indicate that rainy season in Malawi is dominated by tropical and extratropical influences with links to the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) [54, 55]. Actually, this is reported for the whole of Southern Africa [56].
The population of Malawi which includes districts under study on the western (Mangochi, Balaka, Ntcheu, and Neno) and eastern sides of the middle Shire River (Blantyre, Zomba, Machinga, and Chiradzulu) has been increasing steadily since the 1980s (Figure 4).
Population of districts in the middle Shire River catchment area and GDP (US$) for Malawi from 1989 to 2015 [
Increased population is more pronounced in urban areas. For example, in 2015, Blantyre and Zomba cities had 3006 and 2240 people per km2, respectively [34, 53, 57]. There has been a general increase in the GDP over the past 26 years especially between 2006 and 2011 and falling between 1993 and 2003 (Figure 4).
Rainfall affects LUCC in the middle Shire River catchment. Drought and floods in the western side of the river, therefore, have resulted into low crop yield. As a survival mechanism, people resort to cutting down of trees to earn income, causing forest degradation [58, 59]. This may, therefore, explain the concurrent low rainfall received against a sharp decline in forest areas between 2006 and 2011 (Figures 2 and 3). Results in this study agree with an earlier report for the upper Shire River catchment [60] indicating a direct link between poor rainfall (drought/floods) and cutting down of trees.
Rapid population growth is one of the drivers of LUCC in the western side of the middle Shire River earlier reported by [60, 61]. Population increase in the western part of the middle Shire River is mainly attributed to the influx of refugees fleeing the civil war from Mozambique from the 1990s. Population growth leads to urbanization, increase in cultivated land, and residential area [3, 8]. The high population density in Malawi with an estimated growth rate of 2.8% is putting increasing pressure on its natural resources, leading to expansion of farming on marginal lands and forests as well as encroachment into protected forest reserves/parks. Results in this study show a transition of land use from forest, shrubland, and grassland to cultivated land and buildup areas (Tables 4 and 5). These changes mainly occurred between 1989 and 2011 (Figure 2 and Table 4) probably due to increasing anthropogenic pressure on natural forests. Results also show a drastic change in forest/grassland/shrubland between 1989 and 2011 in three out of the four districts (Balaka, Neno, and Ntcheu) in the western side of the middle River Shire. Large proportion of shrubland, grassland, and forestland (84%) in the western part of the river were converted to cultivated land, buildup areas, and/or bare land. This confirms earlier assertion that increasing population results into a decrease in forest area (Figure 5).
Changes in forest, cultivated land in the catchment area, and siltation volume in the Nkula Dam from 1989 to 2015.
The rate of forest decline experienced by Malawi [61] and the Shire River catchment in particular [59], due to heavy dependency on wood for energy, is alarming. Most people around the middle Shire River catchment rely on firewood and charcoal for their daily living [58, 62, 63]. Malawi’s forest cover loss is estimated at 2.6% per annum [64]. The middle Shire River catchment lost, on average, about 4.3% of its forest and shrubland annually between 1989 and 2011 (Table 4), suggesting a negative relationship between population increase and the decline in forest coverage (Figures 4 and 5). Results, nevertheless, showed a recovery in forest cover from 2011 to 2015 (Tables 4 and 5), likely attributed to interventions by the government of Malawi and nongovernmental organizations in strengthening natural resource management policies that started around 2008 up to date [5, 65].
Macroeconomic activities such as increase in manufacturing industries and other businesses which contribute to the growth of GDP often require large areas, which also contributed to the transition of forest/shrubland/grassland into buildup areas. Some of such economic activities include opening of new farms which also require clearing of forest areas (Figures 4 and 5).
National policies in the past have failed to effectively enforce ban of unabated harvesting of forest resources until recently with the introduction of community-based natural resource management groups and intervention of some nongovernmental organizations in afforestation programs. This may explain the increase in forest cover from 2011 to 2015 as earlier indicated (Figure 2 and Table 4). Globally, large expanses of forests are being converted into bare land for domestic purposes and, principally, due to harvesting of timber [66]. In a study carried out between 1989 and 2002 in the upper section of the Shire River, [60] reported impacts of LUCC on the river’s catchment hydrological regime which includes increase in soil erosion. It is reported that agricultural land increased by 18% between 1989 and 2002 [60]. In another LUCC assessment study for Likangala River catchment (a stream from Zomba Mountain which is also a source of several rivers draining into the eastern side of the middle Shire River), woodlands decreased from 135.3 km2 in 1984 to 15.5 km2 in 2013 [67]. These results agree with the present study confirming negative impacts of LUCC. Agriculture is the main source of employment to about 92% of the population in Malawi which lives in rural areas [61, 68]. Increase in agricultural activities leads to cultivated land expansion. Cash crops (e.g., tea, coffee, tobacco, and cotton), subsistence crops (e.g., maize and groundnuts), and animal rearing contribute to the increase in agricultural GDP. Results in the present study agree with a report for the region in which land use change (increase in farming activities) contributed to increase in GDP. Similar findings have also been reported correlating land use to increase in income [67]. The increase in cultivated land and artificial surfaces resulted into a decline in forest and shrubland (Tables 4 and 5).
Furthermore, the country loses about 1.7% of its GDP on average annually due to the combined effects of droughts and floods [69]. Heavy rains received during the 1989 season in the country (Figure 3) were associated with devastating floods that drastically affected the GDP due to crop failure and loss of property as well as human life in the same period but increased in the subsequent year (Figure 4). Although the devastating rainfall in the 1989 season played a role in influencing the GDP, other factors could also be at play due to the fact that drivers of economic growth are diverse and vary in the magnitude of influence. For example, in 1989, Malawi’s economy was associated with high fuel prices due to the war in Mozambique. All fuel transportation routes from the Indian Ocean ports in Mozambique were blocked, and consequently, there was a collapse in commodity prices [68]. Poor sales of tobacco which is the country’s major foreign exchange earner also affected the GDP in 1989 [68]. Increased GDP between 2005 and 2009 has been attributed to stabilization and enhanced income growth, which increased income per capita due to the new economic policies and a stable political environment in 2004 [68].
These study findings show a decline in forests and then an increase over the past 26 years (Figures 2 and 5 and Table 4). Clearing of forests from the catchment of the middle Shire River has subjected the bare soil to erosion which finds its way into the Shire River downstream to the Nkula Dam as a sink. This, thus, may explain the heavy siltation at the Dam which has reduced the volume of water causing problems with normal generation of electricity (Figures 4 and 5). The volume of the Dam at Nkula Falls, which was 3 million m3 at its construction in the 1980s, has recently dropped to nearly half of its original size due to massive siltation which consequently resulted in low production of hydroelectricity, now failing to meet the country’s demand for power. Nkula B Hydroelectric Power Station is the main electricity generation plant in Malawi producing about 124 MW of electricity [70]. The electricity-providing company—the Electricity Supply Commission of Malawi (ESCOM)—is now implementing involuntary power load shedding programs resulting into national frequent blackouts. Consumers now resort to excessive use of firewood/charcoal in place of electricity for cooking and other domestic chores creating a heavy dependency on forest resources.
High soil losses in Ntcheu and Neno Districts could be due to increased population as a result of the refugees’ long time settlement in these areas resulting into removal of forests. The expansion of cultivated land could thus be the cause for increased soil erosion and sediment transport downstream, which consequently accumulate in the Nkula Dam in the middle Shire River (Figure 5). These findings agree with a recent study [6] which confirmed that most of the sediments going into the Shire River and finally depositing at the Nkula Dam originate from the western side of the Shire River. Several studies elsewhere [20, 66] also report the same, linking increased population to deforestation and soil. Loss of forests coupled with agriculture are cause for rapid land use change resulting into increased soil erosion and siltation in the middle Shire River catchment [4, 6, 8] (Figure 5). Malawi, and the middle Shire River in particular, is therefore locked up in a cycle where anthropogenic activities in the river’s catchment meant for a survival alternative to lack of electricity have become a cause for soil erosion and siltation in the river, consequently hampering the generation of the needed electricity.
Findings in this study show significant land use and land cover changes that have occurred in the middle Shire River catchment over the past 26 years which have also affected the Nkula Dam. Forestland and shrubland have declined, while cultivated land and artificial surfaces have increased in the area, and deforestation appears to be more pronounced in the western side of the middle Shire River. Severe siltation downstream in the Nkula Dam appears to be strongly linked to increased soil erosion as a result of land use and land cover change. Notable drivers for LUCC include rapid population growth and GDP, macroeconomic activities occurring especially in the western part of the river such as manufacturing industries, and poor national policies that have failed to effectively enforce ban of uncontrolled harvesting of forest resources.
To solve these problems, there is a need to review and amend weak policies that encourage noncompliance to regulations of managing forests. For example, all policies that may encourage or result in soil erosion such as river bank cultivation must be amended. Powers should be invested in local authorities to take part in protecting the environment and/or in planting trees, and the government should be able to provide seedlings for the operation. This should be done in a competition manner that the village which will perform well should be given some incentives. There is also need to increase fertilizer use so that land expansion for farming is curbed and yields are improved. In addition to that, population growth can be controlled through increase use of family planning. Encouraging children to go to school to avoid early marriages might also help to reduce poverty which will help to avoid cutting down of trees careless. Deliberate programs should be instituted by the government to curb further effects of climate variability such as droughts and floods. Such programs may include good agricultural practices that conserve soil and protect it from water erosion, discourage river bank cultivation, intensify afforestation programs, and ban the burning of charcoal. Findings in this study and the combination of methods used (application of GIS, remote sensing, and analysis of socioeconomic factors) can possibly be applied in areas where similar environmental problems have occurred. It is preferable to include a conclusion(s) section which will summarize the content of the book chapter.
We thank the State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research and Graduate School of East China Normal University (ECNU) for supporting this study. We also appreciate the valuable comments provided by Professor Christo C.P. Van der Westhuizen of North West University (South Africa), Professor Fang Shen of East China Normal University (China), Dr. Mavuto Tembo of Mzuzu University (Malawi), Ms. Lostina S. Chapola of Catholic University (Malawi), Mr. Tanazio Kwenda from the Department of Surveys (Malawi), Mr. Patrick Jambo from Forestry Department of Mzuzu University (Malawi), Mr. Samuel Limbu of the University of Dar es Salaam (Tanzania), Dr. Naziha Mokadem of North West University (South Africa), and the anonymous reviewers who helped us to polish this manuscript.
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
Our business values are based on those any scientist applies to their research. The values of our business are based on the same ones that all good scientists apply to their research. We have created a culture of respect and collaboration within a relaxed, friendly, and progressive atmosphere, while maintaining academic rigour.
\n\nPlease check out our job board for open positions.
',metaTitle:"Careers at IntechOpen",metaDescription:"Employee quote to be added",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/careers-at-intechopen",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Integrity - We are consistent and dependable, always striving for precision and accuracy in the true spirit of science.
\\n\\nOpenness - We communicate honestly and transparently. We are open to constructive criticism and committed to learning from it.
\\n\\nDisruptiveness - We are eager for discovery, for new ideas and for progression. We approach our work with creativity and determination, with a clear vision that drives us forward. We look beyond today and strive for a better tomorrow.
\\n\\nIntechOpen is a dynamic, vibrant company, where exceptional people are achieving great things. We offer a creative, dedicated, committed, and passionate environment but never lose sight of the fact that science and discovery is exciting and rewarding. We constantly strive to ensure that members of our community can work, travel, meet world-renowned researchers and grow their own career and develop their own experiences.
\\n\\nIf this sounds like a place that you would like to work, whether you are at the beginning of your career or are an experienced professional, we invite you to drop us a line and tell us why you could be the right person for IntechOpen.
\\n\\n\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"
Integrity - We are consistent and dependable, always striving for precision and accuracy in the true spirit of science.
\n\nOpenness - We communicate honestly and transparently. We are open to constructive criticism and committed to learning from it.
\n\nDisruptiveness - We are eager for discovery, for new ideas and for progression. We approach our work with creativity and determination, with a clear vision that drives us forward. We look beyond today and strive for a better tomorrow.
\n\nIntechOpen is a dynamic, vibrant company, where exceptional people are achieving great things. We offer a creative, dedicated, committed, and passionate environment but never lose sight of the fact that science and discovery is exciting and rewarding. We constantly strive to ensure that members of our community can work, travel, meet world-renowned researchers and grow their own career and develop their own experiences.
\n\nIf this sounds like a place that you would like to work, whether you are at the beginning of your career or are an experienced professional, we invite you to drop us a line and tell us why you could be the right person for IntechOpen.
\n\n\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",middleName:null,surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58592/images/1664_n.jpg",biography:"Arun K. Shanker is serving as a Principal Scientist (Plant Physiology) with the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) at the Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture in Hyderabad, India. He is working with the ICAR as a full time researcher since 1993 and has since earned his Advanced degree in Crop Physiology while in service. He has been awarded the prestigious Member of the Royal Society of Chemistry (MRSC), by the Royal Society of Chemistry, London in 2015. Presently he is working on systems biology approach to study the mechanism of abiotic stress tolerance in crops. His main focus now is to unravel the mechanism of drought and heat stress response in plants to tackle climate change related threats in agriculture.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Council of Agricultural Research",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",middleName:"P",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4782/images/system/4782.jpg",biography:"Bishnu P. Pal is Professor of Physics at Mahindra École\nCentrale Hyderabad India since July 1st 2014 after retirement\nas Professor of Physics from IIT Delhi; Ph.D.’1975 from IIT\nDelhi; Fellow of OSA and SPIE; Senior Member IEEE;\nHonorary Foreign Member Royal Norwegian Society for\nScience and Arts; Member OSA Board of Directors (2009-\n11); Distinguished Lecturer IEEE Photonics Society (2005-\n07).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Delhi",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"69653",title:"Dr.",name:"Chusak",middleName:null,surname:"Limsakul",slug:"chusak-limsakul",fullName:"Chusak Limsakul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Prince of Songkla University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"23804",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamzah",middleName:null,surname:"Arof",slug:"hamzah-arof",fullName:"Hamzah Arof",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/23804/images/5492_n.jpg",biography:"Hamzah Arof received his BSc from Michigan State University, and PhD from the University of Wales. Both degrees were in electrical engineering. His current research interests include signal processing and photonics. Currently he is affiliated with the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Malaya, Malaysia.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaya",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"41989",title:"Prof.",name:"He",middleName:null,surname:"Tian",slug:"he-tian",fullName:"He Tian",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"East China University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"33351",title:null,name:"Hendra",middleName:null,surname:"Hermawan",slug:"hendra-hermawan",fullName:"Hendra Hermawan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/33351/images/168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Institut Teknologi Bandung",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"11981",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Ishiguro",slug:"hiroshi-ishiguro",fullName:"Hiroshi Ishiguro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRglaQAC/Profile_Picture_1626411846553",biography:"Hiroshi Ishiguro is an award-winning roboticist and innovator. As the Director of the Intelligent Robotics Laboratory, which is part of the Department of Systems Innovation in the Graduate School of Engineering Science at Osaka University, Japan, Ishiguro concentrates on making robots that are similar as possible to humans to understand the human species. A notable project of his laboratory is the Actroid, a humanoid robot with a lifelike appearance and observable behavior such as facial movements. (Sources: http://www.geminoid.jp/en/index.html, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshi_Ishiguro)",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Osaka University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"45747",title:"Dr.",name:"Hsin-I",middleName:null,surname:"Chang",slug:"hsin-i-chang",fullName:"Hsin-I Chang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Chiayi University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"61581",title:"Dr.",name:"Joy Rizki Pangestu",middleName:null,surname:"Djuansjah",slug:"joy-rizki-pangestu-djuansjah",fullName:"Joy Rizki Pangestu Djuansjah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61581/images/237_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"94249",title:"Prof.",name:"Junji",middleName:null,surname:"Kido",slug:"junji-kido",fullName:"Junji Kido",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Yamagata University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"12009",title:"Dr.",name:"Ki Young",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",slug:"ki-young-kim",fullName:"Ki Young Kim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12009/images/system/12009.jpg",biography:"Http://m80.knu.ac.kr/~doors",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Cheng Kung University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"132595",title:"Prof.",name:"Long",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"long-wang",fullName:"Long Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Peking University",country:{name:"China"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6675},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5955},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2458},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12717},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1017},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17720}],offset:12,limit:12,total:12718},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"8,9,10,11,14,15,20,22,24"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11124",title:"Next-Generation Textiles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"093f9e26bb829b8d414d13626aea1086",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Hassan Ibrahim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11124.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"90645",title:"Dr.",name:"Hassan",surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"hassan-ibrahim",fullName:"Hassan Ibrahim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11561",title:"Zeolite From Wastes - New Perspectives on Innovative Resources and Their Valorization Process",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3ed0dfd842de9cd1143212415903e6ad",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Claudia Belviso",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11561.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"61457",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",surname:"Belviso",slug:"claudia-belviso",fullName:"Claudia Belviso"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11922",title:"Watermarking - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9843dc1d810407088ed9eef10768a64b",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Joceli Mayer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11922.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"110638",title:"Prof.",name:"Joceli",surname:"Mayer",slug:"joceli-mayer",fullName:"Joceli Mayer"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11762",title:"Characteristics and Applications of Boron",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"611776f7f3cc9951a8956d2e3d535a8e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Associate Prof. Chatchawal Wongchoosuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11762.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"34521",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Chatchawal",surname:"Wongchoosuk",slug:"chatchawal-wongchoosuk",fullName:"Chatchawal Wongchoosuk"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11910",title:"Frontiers in Voltammetry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"fc53a7599a61ed04a0672a7bca81e9c2",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Rajendrachari Shashanka, Dr. Kiran Kenchappa Somashekharappa, Dr. Sharath Peramenahalli Chikkegouda and Dr. Shamanth Vasanth",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11910.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"246025",title:"Dr.",name:"Shashanka",surname:"Rajendrachari",slug:"shashanka-rajendrachari",fullName:"Shashanka Rajendrachari"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11517",title:"Phase Change Materials - Technology and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1b7a5f2631db5e49399539ade1edf264",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Manish K Rathod",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11517.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"236035",title:"Dr.",name:"Manish",surname:"Rathod",slug:"manish-rathod",fullName:"Manish Rathod"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11451",title:"Molecular Docking - Recent Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8c918a1973786c7059752b28601f1329",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Erman Salih Istifli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11451.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"179007",title:"Dr.",name:"Erman Salih",surname:"Istifli",slug:"erman-salih-istifli",fullName:"Erman Salih Istifli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11932",title:"New Materials and Enhanced Performance of Sodium-Ion Batteries",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"75c27a6f2739e8af817bace95b0e50d6",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Fatma SARF",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11932.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"245850",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Fatma",surname:"SARF",slug:"fatma-sarf",fullName:"Fatma SARF"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11528",title:"Maintenance Management - Current Challenges, New Developments, and Future Directions",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a3e4ad5806a77b0e930fbd4cb191bee2",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Germano Lambert-Torres, Dr. Erik Leandro Bonaldi and Dr. Levy Ely Oliveira",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11528.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"112971",title:"Prof.",name:"Germano",surname:"Lambert-Torres",slug:"germano-lambert-torres",fullName:"Germano Lambert-Torres"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11760",title:"Applications and Use of Diamond",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2edcf9a24450d8655e756e1080defe32",slug:null,bookSignature:"Mr. Evgeniy Lipatov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11760.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"21254",title:"Mr.",name:"Evgeniy",surname:"Lipatov",slug:"evgeniy-lipatov",fullName:"Evgeniy Lipatov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11486",title:"Climate Change - Recent Observations",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"741543ff220f5cf688efbf12d3e2f536",slug:null,bookSignature:"Assistant Prof. Terence Epule Epule",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11486.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"348146",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Terence Epule",surname:"Epule",slug:"terence-epule-epule",fullName:"Terence Epule Epule"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11509",title:"Wireless Power Transfer - Perspectives and Application",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f188555eee4211fc24b6cca361983149",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Kim Ho Yeap",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11509.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"126825",title:"Dr.",name:"Kim Ho",surname:"Yeap",slug:"kim-ho-yeap",fullName:"Kim Ho Yeap"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:38},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:13},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:23},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:65},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:116},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:12,limit:12,total:174},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11012",title:"Radiopharmaceuticals",subtitle:"Current Research for Better Diagnosis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f9046d6f96148b285e776f384991120d",slug:"radiopharmaceuticals-current-research-for-better-diagnosis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11012.jpg",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4431},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1677,editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1337,editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1309,editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:847,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2273,editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:591,editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:515,editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:413,editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",publishedDate:"June 8th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2194,editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:341,editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"11043",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Treatments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7baf1c70b11d41400bb9302ae9411ca4",slug:"endometriosis-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-treatments",bookSignature:"Giovana Ap. Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11043.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"185930",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Giovana",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"giovana-goncalves",fullName:"Giovana Gonçalves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10536",title:"Campylobacter",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c4b132b741dd0a2ed539b824ab63965f",slug:"campylobacter",bookSignature:"Guillermo Tellez-Isaias and Saeed El-Ashram",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10536.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"73465",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Téllez",slug:"guillermo-tellez",fullName:"Guillermo Téllez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10798",title:"Starch",subtitle:"Evolution and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f197f6062c1574a9a90e50a369271bcf",slug:"starch-evolution-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10798.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11083",title:"Hazardous Waste Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d553bd4f6f1c4b115ca69bd19faac7dc",slug:"hazardous-waste-management",bookSignature:"Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar, Kavitha Sankarapandian and Yukesh Kannah Ravi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11083.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"218539",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh Banu",middleName:null,surname:"Jeyakumar",slug:"rajesh-banu-jeyakumar",fullName:"Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10848",title:"Tribology of Machine Elements",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3c4ca4c4692ca8d4fa749b4ae81ec1fa",slug:"tribology-of-machine-elements-fundamentals-and-applications",bookSignature:"Giuseppe Pintaude, Tiago Cousseau and Anna Rudawska",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10848.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"18347",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Pintaude",slug:"giuseppe-pintaude",fullName:"Giuseppe Pintaude"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10856",title:"Crude Oil",subtitle:"New Technologies and Recent Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8d0a7ca35b3de95b295dc4eab39a087e",slug:"crude-oil-new-technologies-and-recent-approaches",bookSignature:"Manar Elsayed Abdel-Raouf and Mohamed Hasan El-Keshawy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10856.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"102626",title:"Prof.",name:"Manar",middleName:null,surname:"Elsayed Abdel-Raouf",slug:"manar-elsayed-abdel-raouf",fullName:"Manar Elsayed Abdel-Raouf"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9625",title:"Spinocerebellar Ataxia",subtitle:"Concepts, Particularities and Generalities",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"365a7025fd46eb45de2549bdd9d50b98",slug:"spinocerebellar-ataxia-concepts-particularities-and-generalities",bookSignature:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9625.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"221787",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Bozzetto Ambrosi",slug:"patricia-bozzetto-ambrosi",fullName:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10905",title:"Plant Defense Mechanisms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"84ad5b27dde5f01dc76087d0fd6fa834",slug:"plant-defense-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Josphert Ngui Kimatu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10905.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"224171",title:"Prof.",name:"Josphert N.",middleName:null,surname:"Kimatu",slug:"josphert-n.-kimatu",fullName:"Josphert N. Kimatu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10686",title:"Natural Gas",subtitle:"New Perspectives and Future Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"581763788a6a59e653a9d1d9b5a42d79",slug:"natural-gas-new-perspectives-and-future-developments",bookSignature:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10686.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"2416",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Takht Ravanchi",slug:"maryam-takht-ravanchi",fullName:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10988",title:"Railway Transport Planning and Manageme",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5cb54cc53caedad9ec78372563c82e2c",slug:"railway-transport-planning-and-management",bookSignature:"Stefano de Luca, Roberta Di Pace and Chiara Fiori",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10988.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"271061",title:"Prof.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"de Luca",slug:"stefano-de-luca",fullName:"Stefano de Luca"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"790",title:"Petroleum Engineering",slug:"engineering-environmental-engineering-petroleum-engineering",parent:{id:"118",title:"Environmental Engineering",slug:"engineering-environmental-engineering"},numberOfBooks:3,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:64,numberOfWosCitations:127,numberOfCrossrefCitations:71,numberOfDimensionsCitations:189,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"790",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"8229",title:"Oil and Gas Wells",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"72357a3bf0f9d65e56edbde1f8250f8f",slug:"oil-and-gas-wells",bookSignature:"Sid-Ali Ouadfeul and Leila Aliouane",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8229.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"103826",title:"Dr.",name:"Sid-Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Ouadfeul",slug:"sid-ali-ouadfeul",fullName:"Sid-Ali Ouadfeul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1589",title:"Introduction to Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Processes and Bioremediation of Oil-Contaminated Sites",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"239203117e3001beae3d650afe00ee19",slug:"introduction-to-enhanced-oil-recovery-eor-processes-and-bioremediation-of-oil-contaminated-sites",bookSignature:"Laura Romero-Zerón",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1589.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109465",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Romero-Zerón",slug:"laura-romero-zeron",fullName:"Laura Romero-Zerón"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2287",title:"Crude Oil Exploration in the World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"929c0975182e0946cc7cc5ed77cfc137",slug:"crude-oil-exploration-in-the-world",bookSignature:"Mohamed Abdel-Aziz Younes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2287.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"104550",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:"Abdel-Aziz",surname:"Younes",slug:"mohamed-younes",fullName:"Mohamed Younes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:3,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"37042",doi:"10.5772/48014",title:"Hydrocarbon Pollution: Effects on Living Organisms, Remediation of Contaminated Environments, and Effects of Heavy Metals Co-Contamination on Bioremediation",slug:"heavy-metals-interference-in-microbial-degradation-of-crude-oil-petroleum-hydrocarbons-the-challenge",totalDownloads:8881,totalCrossrefCites:20,totalDimensionsCites:43,abstract:null,book:{id:"1589",slug:"introduction-to-enhanced-oil-recovery-eor-processes-and-bioremediation-of-oil-contaminated-sites",title:"Introduction to Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Processes and Bioremediation of Oil-Contaminated Sites",fullTitle:"Introduction to Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Processes and Bioremediation of Oil-Contaminated Sites"},signatures:"Shukla Abha and Cameotra Swaranjit Singh",authors:[{id:"107491",title:"Dr.",name:"Swaranjit Singh",middleName:null,surname:"Cameotra",slug:"swaranjit-singh-cameotra",fullName:"Swaranjit Singh Cameotra"},{id:"120073",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Abha",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"abha-shukla",fullName:"Abha Shukla"}]},{id:"37037",doi:"10.5772/47975",title:"The Application of a New Polymeric Surfactant for Chemical EOR",slug:"the-application-of-a-new-polymeric-surfactant-for-chemical-eor",totalDownloads:6571,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:24,abstract:null,book:{id:"1589",slug:"introduction-to-enhanced-oil-recovery-eor-processes-and-bioremediation-of-oil-contaminated-sites",title:"Introduction to Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Processes and Bioremediation of Oil-Contaminated Sites",fullTitle:"Introduction to Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Processes and Bioremediation of Oil-Contaminated Sites"},signatures:"Khaled Abdalla Elraies and Isa M. Tan",authors:[{id:"105182",title:"Dr.",name:"Khaled",middleName:null,surname:"Elraies",slug:"khaled-elraies",fullName:"Khaled Elraies"},{id:"110813",title:"Dr.",name:"Isa",middleName:null,surname:"Tan",slug:"isa-tan",fullName:"Isa Tan"}]},{id:"37036",doi:"10.5772/45947",title:"Advances in Enhanced Oil Recovery Processes",slug:"advances-in-enhanced-oil-recovery",totalDownloads:26772,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:19,abstract:null,book:{id:"1589",slug:"introduction-to-enhanced-oil-recovery-eor-processes-and-bioremediation-of-oil-contaminated-sites",title:"Introduction to Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Processes and Bioremediation of Oil-Contaminated Sites",fullTitle:"Introduction to Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Processes and Bioremediation of Oil-Contaminated Sites"},signatures:"Laura Romero-Zerón",authors:[{id:"109465",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Romero-Zerón",slug:"laura-romero-zeron",fullName:"Laura Romero-Zerón"}]},{id:"37040",doi:"10.5772/48016",title:"Microorganisms and Crude Oil",slug:"microorganisms-and-crude-oil",totalDownloads:5535,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:16,abstract:null,book:{id:"1589",slug:"introduction-to-enhanced-oil-recovery-eor-processes-and-bioremediation-of-oil-contaminated-sites",title:"Introduction to Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Processes and Bioremediation of Oil-Contaminated Sites",fullTitle:"Introduction to Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Processes and Bioremediation of Oil-Contaminated Sites"},signatures:"Dorota Wolicka and Andrzej Borkowski",authors:[{id:"111706",title:"Dr.",name:"Dorota",middleName:null,surname:"Wolicka",slug:"dorota-wolicka",fullName:"Dorota Wolicka"}]},{id:"32407",doi:"10.5772/37392",title:"Spreading and Retraction of Spilled Crude Oil on Sea Water",slug:"spreading-and-retraction-of-spilled-crude-oil-on-sea-water",totalDownloads:3460,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:null,book:{id:"2287",slug:"crude-oil-exploration-in-the-world",title:"Crude Oil Exploration in the World",fullTitle:"Crude Oil Exploration in the World"},signatures:"Koichi Takamura, Nina Loahardjo, Winoto Winoto, Jill Buckley, Norman R. Morrow, Makoto Kunieda, Yunfeng Liang and Toshifumi Matsuoka",authors:[{id:"112525",title:"Dr",name:"Norman",middleName:null,surname:"Morrow",slug:"norman-morrow",fullName:"Norman Morrow"},{id:"112695",title:"Dr.",name:"Koichi",middleName:null,surname:"Takamura",slug:"koichi-takamura",fullName:"Koichi Takamura"},{id:"112889",title:"Dr.",name:"Nina",middleName:null,surname:"Loahardjo",slug:"nina-loahardjo",fullName:"Nina Loahardjo"},{id:"112890",title:"Dr.",name:"Winoto",middleName:null,surname:"Winoto",slug:"winoto-winoto",fullName:"Winoto Winoto"},{id:"112891",title:"Dr.",name:"Jill",middleName:null,surname:"Buckley",slug:"jill-buckley",fullName:"Jill Buckley"},{id:"114293",title:"Mr.",name:"Makoto",middleName:null,surname:"Kunieda",slug:"makoto-kunieda",fullName:"Makoto Kunieda"},{id:"114294",title:"Dr.",name:"Yunfeng",middleName:null,surname:"Liang",slug:"yunfeng-liang",fullName:"Yunfeng Liang"},{id:"114296",title:"Dr.",name:"Toshifumi",middleName:null,surname:"Matsuoka",slug:"toshifumi-matsuoka",fullName:"Toshifumi Matsuoka"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"66537",title:"Gases Reservoirs Fluid Phase Behavior",slug:"gases-reservoirs-fluid-phase-behavior",totalDownloads:1275,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"This chapter discusses the fundamentals of the phase behavior of hydrocarbon fluids. Real reservoir fluids contain many more than two, three, or four components; therefore, phase-composition data can no longer be represented with two, three or four coordinates. Instead, phase diagrams that give more limited information are used. The behavior of reservoir of a reservoir fluid during producing is determined by the shape of its phase diagram and the position of its critical point. Many of producing characteristic of each type of fluid will be discussed. Ensuing chapters will address the physical properties of these three natural gas reservoir fluids, with emphasis on retrograde gas condensate gas, dry gas, and wet gas.",book:{id:"8229",slug:"oil-and-gas-wells",title:"Oil and Gas Wells",fullTitle:"Oil and Gas Wells"},signatures:"Eman Mohamed Mansour, Mohamed El Aily and Saad Eldin Mohamed Desouky",authors:[{id:"277274",title:"Dr.",name:"Eman M.",middleName:null,surname:"Mansour",slug:"eman-m.-mansour",fullName:"Eman M. Mansour"}]},{id:"37036",title:"Advances in Enhanced Oil Recovery Processes",slug:"advances-in-enhanced-oil-recovery",totalDownloads:26772,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:19,abstract:null,book:{id:"1589",slug:"introduction-to-enhanced-oil-recovery-eor-processes-and-bioremediation-of-oil-contaminated-sites",title:"Introduction to Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Processes and Bioremediation of Oil-Contaminated Sites",fullTitle:"Introduction to Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Processes and Bioremediation of Oil-Contaminated Sites"},signatures:"Laura Romero-Zerón",authors:[{id:"109465",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Romero-Zerón",slug:"laura-romero-zeron",fullName:"Laura Romero-Zerón"}]},{id:"32409",title:"Crude Oil Transportation: Nigerian Niger Delta Waxy Crude",slug:"crude-oil-transportation-nigerian-niger-delta-waxy-crude-oil",totalDownloads:9819,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:null,book:{id:"2287",slug:"crude-oil-exploration-in-the-world",title:"Crude Oil Exploration in the World",fullTitle:"Crude Oil Exploration in the World"},signatures:"Elijah Taiwo, John Otolorin and Tinuade Afolabi",authors:[{id:"105162",title:"Dr.",name:"Elijah",middleName:"Adekunle",surname:"Taiwo",slug:"elijah-taiwo",fullName:"Elijah Taiwo"},{id:"111892",title:"Mr.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Otolorin",slug:"john-otolorin",fullName:"John Otolorin"},{id:"111893",title:"Dr.",name:"Tinuade",middleName:null,surname:"Afolabi",slug:"tinuade-afolabi",fullName:"Tinuade Afolabi"}]},{id:"37042",title:"Hydrocarbon Pollution: Effects on Living Organisms, Remediation of Contaminated Environments, and Effects of Heavy Metals Co-Contamination on Bioremediation",slug:"heavy-metals-interference-in-microbial-degradation-of-crude-oil-petroleum-hydrocarbons-the-challenge",totalDownloads:8881,totalCrossrefCites:20,totalDimensionsCites:43,abstract:null,book:{id:"1589",slug:"introduction-to-enhanced-oil-recovery-eor-processes-and-bioremediation-of-oil-contaminated-sites",title:"Introduction to Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Processes and Bioremediation of Oil-Contaminated Sites",fullTitle:"Introduction to Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Processes and Bioremediation of Oil-Contaminated Sites"},signatures:"Shukla Abha and Cameotra Swaranjit Singh",authors:[{id:"107491",title:"Dr.",name:"Swaranjit Singh",middleName:null,surname:"Cameotra",slug:"swaranjit-singh-cameotra",fullName:"Swaranjit Singh Cameotra"},{id:"120073",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Abha",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"abha-shukla",fullName:"Abha Shukla"}]},{id:"69187",title:"Damage Formation: Equations of water block in oil and water wells",slug:"damage-formation-equations-of-water-block-in-oil-and-water-wells",totalDownloads:713,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Water block or invasion of water into the pores of reservoir forms during the operations of water-based drilling, injection, many perforations, completion fluids, and some other particular processes in the reservoir (such as fingering and conning). Subsequently, the alteration in the shape or composition of the fine particles such as clay (water-wet solids), as a result of the stress on it, in the flow path of the second phase can lead to the permeability decline of reservoir. Consequently, the solvents such as surfactants (as demulsifiers) to lower the surface tension as a phenomenon associated with intermolecular forces (known as capillary action) during flowback are consumed to avoid the emulsions and sludge mostly in the near-wellbore zone or undertreatment and under-injection radius of the reservoir. However, in addition to surging or swabbing the wells to lower the surface tension, using solvents as the wettability changing agent along with base fluid is a common method in the water block elimination from the wellbore, especially in the low permeability porous media or the reservoirs latter its average pressure declined below bubble point. For more profitability, after using solvents in various reservoir characterizations, the trend of their behavior variations in the different lithologies is required to decide on the removed damage percentage. The investigations on this subject involve many experimental studies and have not been presented any mathematical formulas for the damage of water block in the water, oil, and gas reservoirs. These formulas determine selection criteria for the applied materials and increase variable performance. An integrated set of procedures and guidelines for one or more phases in a porous media is necessary to carry out the step-by-step approach at wellhead. Erroneous decisions and difficult situations can also be addressed in the injection wells or saltwater disposal wells, in which water block is a formation damage type. Misconceptions and difficult situations resulting from these injuries can increase water saturation in borehole and affect the fluid transmissibility power in reaching far and near distances of the wellbore, which results in injection rate loss at the wellhead. Accordingly, for the equations of water block here, a set of variables, of a particular domain, for defining relationships between rock- and fluid-based parameters are required. For these equations, at first, the structural classifications of fracture and grain in the layers (d1, d2, and d3) are defined. Afterward, the equations of overburden pressure (Pob) for a definite sectional area surrounding the wellbore for any lithology (in the three categories relative to porosity) are obtained by these structural classifications and other characteristics of rock and fluid. Naturally, prior to equations of overburden pressure in a definite layer or a definite sectional area around the wellbore, the overburden pressure of a point in a layer in the first four equations is expressed. In the second, the estimated overburden pressure equations are applied in driving the equations of removed water block (Bk). The equations of removed water block, themselves, are divided into two groups of equations, i.e., equations of oil wells and equations of saltwater disposal wells, and each group of equations is again classified based on the wettability of reservoir rock (oil-wet or water-wet) in the two ranges of porosity. In the third, after describing these equations (i.e., equations of Bk), the other new variable included in the equations of removed water block, that is, the acid expanding ability (Ik) for a definite oil layer around the wellbore, is presented, which is extracted from (1) the full characteristics of reservoir (including experimental and empirical equations of overburden pressure), (2) the history of producing well, (3) core flooding displacement experiments at laboratory, and (4) the acidic and alkaline solvent properties. Finally, the rate of forming water block (q) is calculated using the value calculated for the removed water block, and, additionally, the trend of using solvents is determined for different rocks using these sets of equations. The acceptance criteria are the nature of rock and fluid in the reservoir circumstances. Equations as a quick and cost-efficient method are also introduced, providing computational methods to determine how much and how the blocked fluid in the reservoir layers is removed from the definite strata around the wellbore after injection operation of acids and solvents, with various degrees of acidity, to the types of lithology during acidizing operations. Moreover, these equations can calculate the removed water block (Bk) after injecting solvents to the different acidic properties in the acidizing, for two categories of porosity which cover all lithologies. The equations also ascertain in the current reservoir conditions how much solvent for a type of lithology is to be mixed with other base fluids.",book:{id:"8229",slug:"oil-and-gas-wells",title:"Oil and Gas Wells",fullTitle:"Oil and Gas Wells"},signatures:"Mohammad Karimi, Mohammad Reza Adelzadeh, Mojtaba Mosleh Tehrani, Maryam Mohammadipour, Ruhangiz Mohammadian and Abbas Helalizade",authors:[{id:"298820",title:"Mr.",name:"M.",middleName:null,surname:"Karimi",slug:"m.-karimi",fullName:"M. Karimi"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"790",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 29th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:32,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:36,paginationItems:[{id:"82195",title:"Endoplasmic Reticulum: A Hub in Lipid Homeostasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105450",signatures:"Raúl Ventura and María Isabel Hernández-Alvarez",slug:"endoplasmic-reticulum-a-hub-in-lipid-homeostasis",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82409",title:"Purinergic Signaling in Covid-19 Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105008",signatures:"Hailian Shen",slug:"purinergic-signaling-in-covid-19-disease",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82374",title:"The Potential of the Purinergic System as a Therapeutic Target of Natural Compounds in Cutaneous Melanoma",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105457",signatures:"Gilnei Bruno da Silva, Daiane Manica, Marcelo Moreno and Margarete Dulce Bagatini",slug:"the-potential-of-the-purinergic-system-as-a-therapeutic-target-of-natural-compounds-in-cutaneous-mel",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82103",title:"The Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Its Regulation in the Progression of Neurological and Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105543",signatures:"Mary Dover, Michael Kishek, Miranda Eddins, Naneeta Desar, Ketema Paul and Milan Fiala",slug:"the-role-of-endoplasmic-reticulum-stress-and-its-regulation-in-the-progression-of-neurological-and-i",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:32,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7006",title:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7006.jpg",slug:"biochemistry-and-health-benefits-of-fatty-acids",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",hash:"c93a00abd68b5eba67e5e719f67fd20b",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. Waisundara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194281/images/system/194281.jpg",biography:"Dr. Viduranga Waisundara obtained her Ph.D. in Food Science\nand Technology from the Department of Chemistry, National\nUniversity of Singapore, in 2010. She was a lecturer at Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore from July 2009 to March 2013.\nShe relocated to her motherland of Sri Lanka and spearheaded the Functional Food Product Development Project at the\nNational Institute of Fundamental Studies from April 2013 to\nOctober 2016. She was a senior lecturer on a temporary basis at the Department of\nFood Technology, Faculty of Technology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. She is\ncurrently Deputy Principal of the Australian College of Business and Technology –\nKandy Campus, Sri Lanka. She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI)",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7978",title:"Vitamin A",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7978.jpg",slug:"vitamin-a",publishedDate:"May 15th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",hash:"dad04a658ab9e3d851d23705980a688b",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Vitamin A",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka is currently an associate professor in the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. She has more than fifteen years of teaching and research experience. She has published more than 550 scientific publications/communications, including 15 books, 50 book chapters, 100 original research papers, 380 research communications in national and international conferences, and 12 patents. She is a member of the editorial board of five journals and acts as a reviewer for several national and international journals. Her research interests include microalgal biotechnology with an emphasis on microalgae-based products.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7953",title:"Bioluminescence",subtitle:"Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7953.jpg",slug:"bioluminescence-analytical-applications-and-basic-biology",publishedDate:"September 25th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hirobumi Suzuki",hash:"3a8efa00b71abea11bf01973dc589979",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Bioluminescence - Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",editors:[{id:"185746",title:"Dr.",name:"Hirobumi",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"hirobumi-suzuki",fullName:"Hirobumi Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185746/images/system/185746.png",biography:"Dr. Hirobumi Suzuki received his Ph.D. in 1997 from Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan, where he studied firefly phylogeny and the evolution of mating systems. He is especially interested in the genetic differentiation pattern and speciation process that correlate to the flashing pattern and mating behavior of some fireflies in Japan. He then worked for Olympus Corporation, a Japanese manufacturer of optics and imaging products, where he was involved in the development of luminescence technology and produced a bioluminescence microscope that is currently being used for gene expression analysis in chronobiology, neurobiology, and developmental biology. Dr. Suzuki currently serves as a visiting researcher at Kogakuin University, Japan, and also a vice president of the Japan Firefly Society.",institutionString:"Kogakuin University",institution:null}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"11475",title:"Food Security Challenges and Approaches",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11475.jpg",hash:"090302a30e461cee643ec49675c811ec",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 5th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"292145",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Haseeb Ahmad",slug:"muhammad-haseeb-ahmad",fullName:"Muhammad Haseeb Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11450",title:"Environmental Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic on the World",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11450.jpg",hash:"a58c7b02d07903004be70f744f2e1835",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 10th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11477",title:"Public Economics - New Perspectives and Uncertainty",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11477.jpg",hash:"a8e6c515dc924146fbd2712eb4e7d118",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 27th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"414400",title:"Dr.",name:"Habtamu",surname:"Alem",slug:"habtamu-alem",fullName:"Habtamu Alem"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11457",title:"Forest Degradation Under Global Change",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11457.jpg",hash:"8df7150b01ae754024c65d1a62f190d9",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"June 1st 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"317087",title:"Dr.",name:"Pavel",surname:"Samec",slug:"pavel-samec",fullName:"Pavel Samec"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11474",title:"Quality of Life Interventions - Magnitude of Effect and Transferability",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11474.jpg",hash:"5a6bcdaf5ee144d043bcdab893ff9e1c",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"July 7th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"245319",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sage",surname:"Arbor",slug:"sage-arbor",fullName:"Sage Arbor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11473",title:"Social Inequality - Structure and Social Processes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11473.jpg",hash:"cefab077e403fd1695fb2946e7914942",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"July 13th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"313341",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yaroslava",surname:"Robles-Bykbaev",slug:"yaroslava-robles-bykbaev",fullName:"Yaroslava Robles-Bykbaev"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:36,paginationItems:[{id:"82195",title:"Endoplasmic Reticulum: A Hub in Lipid Homeostasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105450",signatures:"Raúl Ventura and María Isabel Hernández-Alvarez",slug:"endoplasmic-reticulum-a-hub-in-lipid-homeostasis",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82409",title:"Purinergic Signaling in Covid-19 Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105008",signatures:"Hailian Shen",slug:"purinergic-signaling-in-covid-19-disease",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82374",title:"The Potential of the Purinergic System as a Therapeutic Target of Natural Compounds in Cutaneous Melanoma",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105457",signatures:"Gilnei Bruno da Silva, Daiane Manica, Marcelo Moreno and Margarete Dulce Bagatini",slug:"the-potential-of-the-purinergic-system-as-a-therapeutic-target-of-natural-compounds-in-cutaneous-mel",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82103",title:"The Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Its Regulation in the Progression of Neurological and Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105543",signatures:"Mary Dover, Michael Kishek, Miranda Eddins, Naneeta Desar, Ketema Paul and Milan Fiala",slug:"the-role-of-endoplasmic-reticulum-stress-and-its-regulation-in-the-progression-of-neurological-and-i",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82212",title:"Protein Prenylation and Their Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104700",signatures:"Khemchand R. Surana, Ritesh B. Pawar, Ritesh A. Khairnar and Sunil K. Mahajan",slug:"protein-prenylation-and-their-applications",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Modifications of Biomolecules",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11098.jpg",subseries:null}},{id:"80954",title:"Ion Channels and Neurodegenerative Disease Aging Related",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103074",signatures:"Marika Cordaro, Salvatore Cuzzocrea and Rosanna Di Paola",slug:"ion-channels-and-neurodegenerative-disease-aging-related",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82096",title:"An Important Component of Tumor Progression: Fatty Acids",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105087",signatures:"Jin Wang, Qifei Wang and Guangzhen Wu",slug:"an-important-component-of-tumor-progression-fatty-acids",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82029",title:"Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Properties of Novel Benzimidazole Amide Derivatives Bearing Thiophene Moiety",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104908",signatures:"Vinayak Adimule, Pravin Kendrekar and Sheetal Batakurki",slug:"synthesis-characterization-and-antimicrobial-properties-of-novel-benzimidazole-amide-derivatives-bea",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Benzimidazole",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10840.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"81927",title:"Purinergic System in Immune Response",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104485",signatures:"Yerly Magnolia Useche Salvador",slug:"purinergic-system-in-immune-response",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"80495",title:"Iron in Cell Metabolism and Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101908",signatures:"Eeka Prabhakar",slug:"iron-in-cell-metabolism-and-disease",totalDownloads:16,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - Iron a Double‐Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:5,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:13,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:15,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:32,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10798",title:"Starch",subtitle:"Evolution and Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10798.jpg",slug:"starch-evolution-and-recent-advances",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",hash:"f197f6062c1574a9a90e50a369271bcf",volumeInSeries:33,fullTitle:"Starch - Evolution and Recent Advances",editors:[{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Nigeria"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",volumeInSeries:32,fullTitle:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195290/images/system/195290.png",institutionString:"Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi",institution:{name:"Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10839",title:"Protein Detection",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10839.jpg",slug:"protein-detection",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Yusuf Tutar and Lütfi Tutar",hash:"2f1c0e4e0207fc45c936e7d22a5369c4",volumeInSeries:31,fullTitle:"Protein Detection",editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/158492/images/system/158492.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10797",title:"Cell Culture",subtitle:"Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10797.jpg",slug:"cell-culture-advanced-technology-and-applications-in-medical-and-life-sciences",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xianquan Zhan",hash:"2c628f4757f9639a4450728d839a7842",volumeInSeries:30,fullTitle:"Cell Culture - Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",editors:[{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223233/images/system/223233.png",institutionString:"Shandong First Medical University",institution:{name:"Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10841",title:"Hydrolases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10841.jpg",slug:"hydrolases",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Sajjad Haider, Adnan Haider and Angel Catalá",hash:"4e868cde273d65a7ff54b1817d640629",volumeInSeries:29,fullTitle:"Hydrolases",editors:[{id:"110708",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajjad",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"sajjad-haider",fullName:"Sajjad Haider",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/110708/images/system/110708.png",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",volumeInSeries:28,fullTitle:"Reactive Oxygen Species",editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9008",title:"Vitamin K",subtitle:"Recent Topics on the Biology and Chemistry",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9008.jpg",slug:"vitamin-k-recent-topics-on-the-biology-and-chemistry",publishedDate:"March 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hiroyuki Kagechika and Hitoshi Shirakawa",hash:"8b43add5389ba85743e0a9491e4b9943",volumeInSeries:27,fullTitle:"Vitamin K - Recent Topics on the Biology and Chemistry",editors:[{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10799",title:"Phenolic Compounds",subtitle:"Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10799.jpg",slug:"phenolic-compounds-chemistry-synthesis-diversity-non-conventional-industrial-pharmaceutical-and-therapeutic-applications",publishedDate:"February 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",hash:"339199f254d2987ef3167eef74fb8a38",volumeInSeries:26,fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9659",title:"Fibroblasts",subtitle:"Advances in Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Cancer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9659.jpg",slug:"fibroblasts-advances-in-inflammation-autoimmunity-and-cancer",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mojca Frank Bertoncelj and Katja Lakota",hash:"926fa6446f6befbd363fc74971a56de2",volumeInSeries:25,fullTitle:"Fibroblasts - Advances in Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Cancer",editors:[{id:"328755",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mojca",middleName:null,surname:"Frank Bertoncelj",slug:"mojca-frank-bertoncelj",fullName:"Mojca Frank Bertoncelj",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/328755/images/system/328755.jpg",institutionString:"BioMed X Institute",institution:{name:"University Hospital of Zurich",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Switzerland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8977",title:"Protein Kinases",subtitle:"Promising Targets for Anticancer Drug Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8977.jpg",slug:"protein-kinases-promising-targets-for-anticancer-drug-research",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rajesh Kumar Singh",hash:"6d200cc031706a565b554fdb1c478901",volumeInSeries:24,fullTitle:"Protein Kinases - Promising Targets for Anticancer Drug Research",editors:[{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8018",title:"Extracellular Matrix",subtitle:"Developments and Therapeutics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8018.jpg",slug:"extracellular-matrix-developments-and-therapeutics",publishedDate:"October 27th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula, Joseph Orgel P.R.O. and Zvi Loewy",hash:"c85e82851e80b40282ff9be99ddf2046",volumeInSeries:23,fullTitle:"Extracellular Matrix - Developments and Therapeutics",editors:[{id:"212416",title:"Dr.",name:"Rama Sashank",middleName:null,surname:"Madhurapantula",slug:"rama-sashank-madhurapantula",fullName:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212416/images/system/212416.jpg",institutionString:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institution:{name:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9759",title:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease",subtitle:"Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9759.jpg",slug:"vitamin-e-in-health-and-disease-interactions-diseases-and-health-aspects",publishedDate:"October 6th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Júlia Scherer Santos",hash:"6c3ddcc13626110de289b57f2516ac8f",volumeInSeries:22,fullTitle:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease - Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoğlu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoğlu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/109978/images/system/109978.jpg",institutionString:"Hacettepe University",institution:{name:"Hacettepe University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:6},{group:"subseries",caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:9},{group:"subseries",caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:13}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:8},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:7},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:12},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:2}],authors:{paginationCount:229,paginationItems:[{id:"318170",title:"Dr.",name:"Aneesa",middleName:null,surname:"Moolla",slug:"aneesa-moolla",fullName:"Aneesa Moolla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/318170/images/system/318170.png",biography:"Dr. Aneesa Moolla has extensive experience in the diverse fields of health care having previously worked in dental private practice, at the Red Cross Flying Doctors association, and in healthcare corporate settings. She is now a lecturer at the University of Witwatersrand, South Africa, and a principal researcher at the Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office (HE2RO), South Africa. Dr. Moolla holds a Ph.D. in Psychology with her research being focused on mental health and resilience. In her professional work capacity, her research has further expanded into the fields of early childhood development, mental health, the HIV and TB care cascades, as well as COVID. She is also a UNESCO-trained International Bioethics Facilitator.",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419588",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergio",middleName:"Alexandre",surname:"Gehrke",slug:"sergio-gehrke",fullName:"Sergio Gehrke",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038WgMKQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-06-02T11:44:20.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sergio Alexandre Gehrke is a doctorate holder in two fields. The first is a Ph.D. in Cellular and Molecular Biology from the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil, in 2010 and the other is an International Ph.D. in Bioengineering from the Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche/Alicante, Spain, obtained in 2020. In 2018, he completed a postdoctoral fellowship in Materials Engineering in the NUCLEMAT of the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil. He is currently the Director of the Postgraduate Program in Implantology of the Bioface/UCAM/PgO (Montevideo, Uruguay), Director of the Cathedra of Biotechnology of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain), an Extraordinary Full Professor of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain) as well as the Director of the private center of research Biotecnos – Technology and Science (Montevideo, Uruguay). Applied biomaterials, cellular and molecular biology, and dental implants are among his research interests. He has published several original papers in renowned journals. In addition, he is also a Collaborating Professor in several Postgraduate programs at different universities all over the world.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"342152",title:"Dr.",name:"Santo",middleName:null,surname:"Grace Umesh",slug:"santo-grace-umesh",fullName:"Santo Grace Umesh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/342152/images/16311_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"333647",title:"Dr.",name:"Shreya",middleName:null,surname:"Kishore",slug:"shreya-kishore",fullName:"Shreya Kishore",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333647/images/14701_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Shreya Kishore completed her Bachelor in Dental Surgery in Chettinad Dental College and Research Institute, Chennai, and her Master of Dental Surgery (Orthodontics) in Saveetha Dental College, Chennai. She is also Invisalign certified. She’s working as a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Orthodontics, SRM Dental College since November 2019. She is actively involved in teaching orthodontics to the undergraduates and the postgraduates. Her clinical research topics include new orthodontic brackets, fixed appliances and TADs. She’s published 4 articles in well renowned indexed journals and has a published patency of her own. Her private practice is currently limited to orthodontics and works as a consultant in various clinics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"323731",title:"Prof.",name:"Deepak M.",middleName:"Macchindra",surname:"Vikhe",slug:"deepak-m.-vikhe",fullName:"Deepak M. Vikhe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/323731/images/13613_n.jpg",biography:"Dr Deepak M.Vikhe .\n\n\t\n\tDr Deepak M.Vikhe , completed his Masters & PhD in Prosthodontics from Rural Dental College, Loni securing third rank in the Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University. He was awarded Dr.G.C.DAS Memorial Award for Research on Implants at 39th IPS conference Dubai (U A E).He has two patents under his name. He has received Dr.Saraswati medal award for best research for implant study in 2017.He has received Fully funded scholarship to Spain ,university of Santiago de Compostela. He has completed fellowship in Implantlogy from Noble Biocare. \nHe has attended various conferences and CDE programmes and has national publications to his credit. His field of interest is in Implant supported prosthesis. Presently he is working as a associate professor in the Dept of Prosthodontics, Rural Dental College, Loni and maintains a successful private practice specialising in Implantology at Rahata.\n\nEmail: drdeepak_mvikhe@yahoo.com..................",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204110",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed A.",middleName:null,surname:"Madfa",slug:"ahmed-a.-madfa",fullName:"Ahmed A. Madfa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204110/images/system/204110.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madfa is currently Associate Professor of Endodontics at Thamar University and a visiting lecturer at Sana'a University and University of Sciences and Technology. He has more than 6 years of experience in teaching. His research interests include root canal morphology, functionally graded concept, dental biomaterials, epidemiology and dental education, biomimetic restoration, finite element analysis and endodontic regeneration. Dr. Madfa has numerous international publications, full articles, two patents, a book and a book chapter. Furthermore, he won 14 international scientific awards. Furthermore, he is involved in many academic activities ranging from editorial board member, reviewer for many international journals and postgraduate students' supervisor. Besides, I deliver many courses and training workshops at various scientific events. Dr. Madfa also regularly attends international conferences and holds administrative positions (Deputy Dean of the Faculty for Students’ & Academic Affairs and Deputy Head of Research Unit).",institutionString:"Thamar University",institution:null},{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif is working at the Faculty of dentistry, University for October university for modern sciences and arts (MSA). Her areas of expertise include: periodontology, dental laserology, oral implantology, periodontal plastic surgeries, oral mesotherapy, nutrition, dental pharmacology. She is an editor and reviewer in numerous international journals.",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null},{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null},{id:"178412",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guhan",middleName:null,surname:"Dergin",slug:"guhan-dergin",fullName:"Guhan Dergin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178412/images/6954_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gühan Dergin was born in 1973 in Izmit. He graduated from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1999. He completed his specialty of OMFS surgery in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry and obtained his PhD degree in 2006. In 2005, he was invited as a visiting doctor in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the University of North Carolina, USA, where he went on a scholarship. Dr. Dergin still continues his academic career as an associate professor in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry. He has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178414",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Emes",slug:"yusuf-emes",fullName:"Yusuf Emes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178414/images/6953_n.jpg",biography:"Born in Istanbul in 1974, Dr. Emes graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry in 1997 and completed his PhD degree in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in 2005. He has papers published in international and national scientific journals, including research articles on implantology, oroantral fistulas, odontogenic cysts, and temporomandibular disorders. Dr. Emes is currently working as a full-time academic staff in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"192229",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ana Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"De Carvalho Felippini",slug:"ana-luiza-de-carvalho-felippini",fullName:"Ana Luiza De Carvalho Felippini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192229/images/system/192229.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"University of São Paulo",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"256851",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:null,surname:"Gülşen",slug:"ayse-gulsen",fullName:"Ayşe Gülşen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256851/images/9696_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ayşe Gülşen graduated in 1990 from Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ankara and did a postgraduate program at University of Gazi. \nShe worked as an observer and research assistant in Craniofacial Surgery Departments in New York, Providence Hospital in Michigan and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. \nShe works as Craniofacial Orthodontist in Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi, Ankara Turkey since 2004.",institutionString:"Univeristy of Gazi",institution:null},{id:"255366",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosun",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"tosun-tosun",fullName:"Tosun Tosun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255366/images/7347_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Turkey in 1989;\nVisitor Assistant at the University of Padua, Italy and Branemark Osseointegration Center of Treviso, Italy between 1993-94;\nPhD thesis on oral implantology in University of Istanbul and was awarded the academic title “Dr.med.dent.”, 1997;\nHe was awarded the academic title “Doç.Dr.” (Associated Professor) in 2003;\nProficiency in Botulinum Toxin Applications, Reading-UK in 2009;\nMastership, RWTH Certificate in Laser Therapy in Dentistry, AALZ-Aachen University, Germany 2009-11;\nMaster of Science (MSc) in Laser Dentistry, University of Genoa, Italy 2013-14.\n\nDr.Tosun worked as Research Assistant in the Department of Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul between 1990-2002. \nHe worked part-time as Consultant surgeon in Harvard Medical International Hospitals and John Hopkins Medicine, Istanbul between years 2007-09.\u2028He was contract Professor in the Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DI.S.C.), Medical School, University of Genova, Italy between years 2011-16. \nSince 2015 he is visiting Professor at Medical School, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. \nCurrently he is Associated Prof.Dr. at the Dental School, Oral Surgery Dept., Istanbul Aydin University and since 2003 he works in his own private clinic in Istanbul, Turkey.\u2028\nDr.Tosun is reviewer in journal ‘Laser in Medical Sciences’, reviewer in journal ‘Folia Medica\\', a Fellow of the International Team for Implantology, Clinical Lecturer of DGZI German Association of Oral Implantology, Expert Lecturer of Laser&Health Academy, Country Representative of World Federation for Laser Dentistry, member of European Federation of Periodontology, member of Academy of Laser Dentistry. Dr.Tosun presents papers in international and national congresses and has scientific publications in international and national journals. He speaks english, spanish, italian and french.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"256417",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Sadry",slug:"sanaz-sadry",fullName:"Sanaz Sadry",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256417/images/8106_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272237",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",middleName:"Kiymet",surname:"Karataban",slug:"pinar-karataban",fullName:"Pinar Karataban",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272237/images/8911_n.png",biography:"Assist.Prof.Dr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban, DDS PhD \n\nDr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban was born in Istanbul in 1975. After her graduation from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1998 she started her PhD in Paediatric Dentistry focused on children with special needs; mainly children with Cerebral Palsy. She finished her pHD thesis entitled \\'Investigation of occlusion via cast analysis and evaluation of dental caries prevalance, periodontal status and muscle dysfunctions in children with cerebral palsy” in 2008. She got her Assist. Proffessor degree in Istanbul Aydın University Paediatric Dentistry Department in 2015-2018. ın 2019 she started her new career in Bahcesehir University, Istanbul as Head of Department of Pediatric Dentistry. In 2020 she was accepted to BAU International University, Batumi as Professor of Pediatric Dentistry. She’s a lecturer in the same university meanwhile working part-time in private practice in Ege Dental Studio (https://www.egedisklinigi.com/) a multidisciplinary dental clinic in Istanbul. Her main interests are paleodontology, ancient and contemporary dentistry, oral microbiology, cerebral palsy and special care dentistry. She has national and international publications, scientific reports and is a member of IAPO (International Association for Paleodontology), IADH (International Association of Disability and Oral Health) and EAPD (European Association of Pediatric Dentistry).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"202198",title:"Dr.",name:"Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Aybar",slug:"buket-aybar",fullName:"Buket Aybar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202198/images/6955_n.jpg",biography:"Buket Aybar, DDS, PhD, was born in 1971. She graduated from Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, in 1992 and completed her PhD degree on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Istanbul University in 1997.\nDr. Aybar is currently a full-time professor in Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. She has teaching responsibilities in graduate and postgraduate programs. Her clinical practice includes mainly dentoalveolar surgery.\nHer topics of interest are biomaterials science and cell culture studies. She has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books; she also has participated in several scientific projects supported by Istanbul University Research fund.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"260116",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Yaltirik",slug:"mehmet-yaltirik",fullName:"Mehmet Yaltirik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260116/images/7413_n.jpg",biography:"Birth Date 25.09.1965\r\nBirth Place Adana- Turkey\r\nSex Male\r\nMarrial Status Bachelor\r\nDriving License Acquired\r\nMother Tongue Turkish\r\n\r\nAddress:\r\nWork:University of Istanbul,Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine 34093 Capa,Istanbul- TURKIYE",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"172009",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Uzuner",slug:"fatma-deniz-uzuner",fullName:"Fatma Deniz Uzuner",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/172009/images/7122_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Deniz Uzuner was born in 1969 in Kocaeli-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1986, she attended the Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. \nIn 1993 she attended the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics for her PhD education. After finishing the PhD education, she worked as orthodontist in Ankara Dental Hospital under the Turkish Government, Ministry of Health and in a special Orthodontic Clinic till 2011. Between 2011 and 2016, Dr. Deniz Uzuner worked as a specialist in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University in Ankara/Turkey. In 2016, she was appointed associate professor. Dr. Deniz Uzuner has authored 23 Journal Papers, 3 Book Chapters and has had 39 oral/poster presentations. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"332914",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Saad",middleName:null,surname:"Shaikh",slug:"muhammad-saad-shaikh",fullName:"Muhammad Saad Shaikh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jinnah Sindh Medical University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"315775",title:"Dr.",name:"Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Luo",slug:"feng-luo",fullName:"Feng Luo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"423519",title:"Dr.",name:"Sizakele",middleName:null,surname:"Ngwenya",slug:"sizakele-ngwenya",fullName:"Sizakele Ngwenya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419270",title:"Dr.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Chianchitlert",slug:"ann-chianchitlert",fullName:"Ann Chianchitlert",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419271",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane",middleName:null,surname:"Selvido",slug:"diane-selvido",fullName:"Diane Selvido",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419272",title:"Dr.",name:"Irin",middleName:null,surname:"Sirisoontorn",slug:"irin-sirisoontorn",fullName:"Irin Sirisoontorn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"355660",title:"Dr.",name:"Anitha",middleName:null,surname:"Mani",slug:"anitha-mani",fullName:"Anitha Mani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"355612",title:"Dr.",name:"Janani",middleName:null,surname:"Karthikeyan",slug:"janani-karthikeyan",fullName:"Janani Karthikeyan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334400",title:"Dr.",name:"Suvetha",middleName:null,surname:"Siva",slug:"suvetha-siva",fullName:"Suvetha Siva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"1",type:"subseries",title:"Oral Health",keywords:"Oral health, Dental care, Diagnosis, Diagnostic imaging, Early diagnosis, Oral cancer, Conservative treatment, Epidemiology, Comprehensive dental care, Complementary therapies, Holistic health",scope:"
\r\n This topic aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the latest trends in Oral Health based on recent scientific evidence. Subjects will include an overview of oral diseases and infections, systemic diseases affecting the oral cavity, prevention, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, as well as current clinical recommendations for the management of oral, dental, and periodontal diseases.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/1.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11397,editor:{id:"173955",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Marinho",slug:"sandra-marinho",fullName:"Sandra Marinho",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRGYMQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-06-01T13:22:41.png",biography:"Dr. Sandra A. Marinho is an Associate Professor and Brazilian researcher at the State University of Paraíba (Universidade Estadual da Paraíba- UEPB), Campus VIII, located in Araruna, state of Paraíba since 2011. She holds a degree in Dentistry from the Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL), while her specialization and professional improvement in Stomatology took place at Hospital Heliopolis (São Paulo, SP). Her qualifications are: a specialist in Dental Imaging and Radiology, Master in Dentistry (Periodontics) from the University of São Paulo (FORP-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP), and Doctor (Ph.D.) in Dentistry (Stomatology Clinic) from Hospital São Lucas of the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (HSL-PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS). She held a postdoctoral internship at the Federal University from Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys (UFVJM, Diamantina, MG). She is currently a member of the Brazilian Society for Dental Research (SBPqO) and the Brazilian Society of Stomatology and Pathology (SOBEP). Dr. Marinho's experience in Dentistry mainly covers the following subjects: oral diagnosis, oral radiology; oral medicine; lesions and oral infections; oral pathology, laser therapy and epidemiological studies.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"State University of Paraíba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",issn:"2631-6218"},editorialBoard:[{id:"267724",title:"Dr.",name:"Febronia",middleName:null,surname:"Kahabuka",slug:"febronia-kahabuka",fullName:"Febronia Kahabuka",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZpJQAW/Profile_Picture_2022-06-27T12:00:42.JPG",institutionString:null,institution:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:7,paginationItems:[{id:"82405",title:"Does Board Structure Matter in CSR Spending of Commercial Banks? Empirical Evidence from an Emerging Economy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105589",signatures:"Bishnu Kumar Adhikary and Ranjan Kumar Mitra",slug:"does-board-structure-matter-in-csr-spending-of-commercial-banks-empirical-evidence-from-an-emerging-",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82395",title:"Toward a Better Understanding of Green Human Resource Management’s Impact on Green Competitive Advantage: A Conceptual Model",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105528",signatures:"Hosna Hossari and Kaoutar Elfahli",slug:"toward-a-better-understanding-of-green-human-resource-management-s-impact-on-green-competitive-advan",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82269",title:"CSR Reporting and Blockchain Technology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105512",signatures:"Pattarake Sarajoti, Pattanaporn Chatjuthamard, Suwongrat Papangkorn and Piyachart Phiromswad",slug:"csr-reporting-and-blockchain-technology",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82270",title:"From Corporate Social Opportunity to Corporate Social Responsibility",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105445",signatures:"Brian Bolton",slug:"from-corporate-social-opportunity-to-corporate-social-responsibility",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82339",title:"Green Human Resource Management: An Exploratory Study from Moroccan ISO 14001 Certified Companies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105565",signatures:"Hosna Hossari and Kaoutar Elfahli",slug:"green-human-resource-management-an-exploratory-study-from-moroccan-iso-14001-certified-companies",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82194",title:"CSR and Female Directors: A Review and Future Research Agenda",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105112",signatures:"Pattarake Sarajoti, Pattanaporn Chatjuthamard, Suwongrat Papangkorn and Sirimon Treepongkaruna",slug:"csr-and-female-directors-a-review-and-future-research-agenda",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"81831",title:"Deep Network Model and Regression Analysis using OLS Method for Predicting Lung Vital Capacity",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104737",signatures:"Harun Sümbül",slug:"deep-network-model-and-regression-analysis-using-ols-method-for-predicting-lung-vital-capacity",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Decision Science - Recent Advances and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11604.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"9528",title:"Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Malaria Elimination",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9528.jpg",slug:"current-topics-and-emerging-issues-in-malaria-elimination",publishedDate:"July 21st 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"7f178329cc42e691efe226b32f14e2ea",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Malaria Elimination",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7981",title:"Overview on Echinococcosis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7981.jpg",slug:"overview-on-echinococcosis",publishedDate:"April 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fethi Derbel and Meriem Braiki",hash:"24dee9209f3fd6b7cd28f042da0076f0",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Overview on Echinococcosis",editors:[{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7839",title:"Malaria",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7839.jpg",slug:"malaria",publishedDate:"December 11th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fyson H. Kasenga",hash:"91cde4582ead884cb0f355a19b67cd56",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Malaria",editors:[{id:"86725",title:"Dr.",name:"Fyson",middleName:"Hanania",surname:"Kasenga",slug:"fyson-kasenga",fullName:"Fyson Kasenga",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/86725/images/system/86725.jpg",institutionString:"Malawi Adventist University",institution:{name:"Malawi Adventist University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malawi"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"61c627da05b2ace83056d11357bdf361",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[],lsSeriesList:[],hsSeriesList:[],sshSeriesList:[],subseriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression"},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors"},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation"},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:{title:"Biochemistry",id:"11"},selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:null},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/295155",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"295155"},fullPath:"/profiles/295155",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()