The most applicable in-situ and ex-situ bioremediation techniques for hydrocarbon removal.
\r\n\t
",isbn:"978-1-80356-465-4",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-464-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-466-1",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"611776f7f3cc9951a8956d2e3d535a8e",bookSignature:"Associate Prof. Chatchawal Wongchoosuk",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11762.jpg",keywords:"Sensor, Boron Nitride, Energy Applications, Sensing Application, Borophene, 2D Boron Sheet, Boron Nitride Nano-Sheets, BNNS, Boron Carbide, Boron–Carbon Ceramic, B4C, Boron Doping",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 2nd 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 3rd 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 2nd 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 20th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 19th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"An expert in the developments of smart sensors and intelligent nanodevices with a wide range of applications, he has received over twenty-eight awards such as TRF–OHEC–SCOPUS Young Researcher Award in physical science, and is listed in the Top 2% World Ranking of Scientists in Electrical & Electronic Engineering in 2020 and 2021 ranked by Stanford University researcher team.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"34521",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Chatchawal",middleName:null,surname:"Wongchoosuk",slug:"chatchawal-wongchoosuk",fullName:"Chatchawal Wongchoosuk",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/34521/images/system/34521.jpeg",biography:"Chatchawal Wongchoosuk received the Ph.D. and MSc degrees from Mahidol University and the BSc degree with first-class honors in Physics from Prince of Songkla University, Thailand in 2011, 2007, and 2005, respectively. Currently, he is an Associate Professor at Physics Department, Kasetsart University, Thailand. He is a specialist in the development of smart sensors and intelligent systems for food, agricultural and environmental applications. He has received over twenty-eight research awards such as TRF–OHEC–SCOPUS Young Researcher Award in physical science, Invention Award from National Research Council of Thailand, Highest Citation Award for the young researcher, etc. He has served as a reviewer, guest editor, and associate editor for several scientific journals. He is Top 2% World Ranking of Scientists in Electrical & Electronic Engineering in 2020 and 2021 ranked by the Stanford University researcher team. He has published several dozens of articles in reputed journals, proceedings, book chapters, patents, and copyrights. His research interests cover the topics of modern Nanoscience and Nanotechnology research ranging from theoretical modeling of nanomaterials to fabrication of intelligent nanodevices such as DFTB, hybrid gas sensors, electronic nose, chemical sensors, electrochemical sensors, printed sensors, flexible electronics, IoT systems, intelligent food and agricultural sensors, and smart devices.",institutionString:"Kasetsart University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Kasetsart University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Thailand"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"14",title:"Materials Science",slug:"materials-science"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"453623",firstName:"Silvia",lastName:"Sabo",middleName:null,title:"Mrs.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/453623/images/20396_n.jpg",email:"silvia@intechopen.com",biography:null}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8398",title:"2D Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"974977d9d7e76f2f4c93470c844f4cd5",slug:"2d-materials",bookSignature:"Chatchawal Wongchoosuk and Yotsarayuth Seekaew",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8398.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"34521",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Chatchawal",surname:"Wongchoosuk",slug:"chatchawal-wongchoosuk",fullName:"Chatchawal Wongchoosuk"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6391",title:"Intelligent System",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e66e8d52ef62125a9f741ce0610d6899",slug:"intelligent-system",bookSignature:"Chatchawal Wongchoosuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6391.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"34521",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Chatchawal",surname:"Wongchoosuk",slug:"chatchawal-wongchoosuk",fullName:"Chatchawal Wongchoosuk"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6320",title:"Advances in Glass Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6d0a32a0cf9806bccd04101a8b6e1b95",slug:"advances-in-glass-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Vincenzo M. Sglavo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6320.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"17426",title:"Prof.",name:"Vincenzo Maria",surname:"Sglavo",slug:"vincenzo-maria-sglavo",fullName:"Vincenzo Maria Sglavo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6802",title:"Graphene Oxide",subtitle:"Applications and Opportunities",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"075b313e11be74c55a1f66be5dd56b40",slug:"graphene-oxide-applications-and-opportunities",bookSignature:"Ganesh Kamble",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6802.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"236420",title:"Dr.",name:"Ganesh",surname:"Kamble",slug:"ganesh-kamble",fullName:"Ganesh Kamble"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6517",title:"Emerging Solar Energy Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"186936bb201bb186fb04b095aa39d9b8",slug:"emerging-solar-energy-materials",bookSignature:"Sadia Ameen, M. Shaheer Akhtar and Hyung-Shik Shin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6517.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"52613",title:"Dr.",name:"Sadia",surname:"Ameen",slug:"sadia-ameen",fullName:"Sadia Ameen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6188",title:"Solidification",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0405c42586170a1def7a4b011c5f2b60",slug:"solidification",bookSignature:"Alicia Esther Ares",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6188.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"91095",title:"Dr.",name:"Alicia Esther",surname:"Ares",slug:"alicia-esther-ares",fullName:"Alicia Esther Ares"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6656",title:"Phase Change Materials and Their Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b257f8386280bdde4633d36124787f2",slug:"phase-change-materials-and-their-applications",bookSignature:"Mohsen Mhadhbi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6656.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"228366",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohsen",surname:"Mhadhbi",slug:"mohsen-mhadhbi",fullName:"Mohsen Mhadhbi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6805",title:"Electrical and Electronic Properties of Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f6b6930e7ae9d0704f68b5c180526309",slug:"electrical-and-electronic-properties-of-materials",bookSignature:"Md. Kawsar Alam",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6805.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"199691",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Kawsar",surname:"Alam",slug:"md.-kawsar-alam",fullName:"Md. Kawsar Alam"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6851",title:"New Uses of Micro and Nanomaterials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49e0ab8961c52c159da40dd3ec039be0",slug:"new-uses-of-micro-and-nanomaterials",bookSignature:"Marcelo Rubén Pagnola, Jairo Useche Vivero and Andres Guillermo Marrugo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6851.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"112233",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Marcelo Rubén",surname:"Pagnola",slug:"marcelo-ruben-pagnola",fullName:"Marcelo Rubén Pagnola"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9393",title:"Engineering Steels and High Entropy-Alloys",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d33466a3272f97353a6bf6d76d7512a5",slug:"engineering-steels-and-high-entropy-alloys",bookSignature:"Ashutosh Sharma, Zoia Duriagina, Sanjeev Kumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9393.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145236",title:"Dr.",name:"Ashutosh",surname:"Sharma",slug:"ashutosh-sharma",fullName:"Ashutosh Sharma"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"66669",title:"Dental Traumatology in Pediatric Dentistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84150",slug:"dental-traumatology-in-pediatric-dentistry",body:'\nTraumatic dental injuries are a public dental health problem worldwide and can occur throughout life. Various interventions and treatment options are available, depending on the specific traumatic injury sustained, but the fact is, every trauma is a unique case, which requires unique diagnosis and treatment.
\nThe International Association of Dental Traumatology reports that one of every two children sustains a dental injury, most often between the ages of 8 and 12 years. The suggestion is in most cases of dental trauma; a rapid and appropriate intervention can lessen its impact from both oral and esthetic standpoint. To that end, the association has developed guidelines for the evaluation and management of traumatic dental injuries.
\nAlthough the oral region comprises a small part as 1% of the total body area, 5% of all bodily injuries are oral traumatic injuries. Traumatic dental injuries tend to occur at childhood or an young age during which growth and development take place. In preschool children, with injuries to the head being the most common, oral injuries make up as much as 17% of all bodily injuries, in contrast to later in life when injuries to hands and feet are the most common.
\nDental injuries are the most common and are seen in as many as 92% of all patients seeking consultation or treatment for injuries to the oral region. Also, soft-tissue injuries are seen in 28%, simultaneously with dental injuries, and fractures involving the jaw are seen more rarely, in only 6% of all patients presenting with oral injuries [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8].
\nTrauma has a multitude of consequences for the traumatized individual, family members, and society. The impact is not only physical but also psychosocial and economic. Every pediatric patient should be given the opportunity to receive a complete dental treatment for traumatic dental injuries, but a complete treatment plan involving participation of specialists in several disciplines can often be complicated and expensive. In contrast to many other traumatic injuries treated on an outpatient basis, traumatic dental injuries are mostly irreversible, and thus, treatment will likely continue for the rest of the patient’s life [9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14].
\nConstructing a complete treatment plan can be challenging because of the diversity of evidence-based interventions and reported outcomes in clinical studies. Besides, there is evidence that clinical researchers may prefer reporting outcomes that enhance results—this is known as outcome reporting bias. International Association for Dental Traumatology suggests that this diversity and reporting bias shall be eliminated by a standardized trauma management guideline in order to make the outcomes relevant to patients, clinicians, and policy makers as findings of research are to influence practice and future research [15].
\nIt has been reported that, anterior teeth, especially the maxillary central and lateral incisors are predominantly affected by traumatic dental injuries for both primary and permanent dentitions. Traumatic dental injuries generally affect a single tooth except certain trauma events, such as traffic accidents, violence, and sports injuries, which result in multiple tooth damage.
\nBesides its numerous beneficial effects, active participation in sports activities may increase the risk for traumatic injuries to oral and dental tissues. These injuries are most prominent in boxing, basketball, hockey, and soccer.
\nTraumatic dental injuries in the primary dentition appear to be rather stable at approximately 30% in most studies. It is been reported that one-third of all preschool children have suffered from traumatic injuries to the primary dentition in most of the countries. Although variations were observed within and between countries, one-fourth of all school children and almost one-third of adults have also suffered traumatic injuries to the permanent dentition [16, 17, 18, 19].
\nThe prevalence of dental injuries varies within countries regarding the research reports. According to two surveys in US, the prevalence of traumatic dental injuries varies between 18.4 and 16% in 6–20 years old and 27.1 and 28.1% in 21–50 years old age groups. In UK, dental trauma prevalence varies between 23.7 and 44.2% in 11–14-year age groups and mostly observed in schools [20, 21, 22, 23]. In other European countries, the prevalence varies between 13.5 and 20.3% in 6–24-year age groups. In Middle East and Asia, the prevalence varies between 16.2 and 32% in 8–16 years old age groups as the 10–11 years age groups revealed the highest score. There is an absolute need for an international standardized trauma registration either being able to detect trends over time or to make reasonable comparisons between and within countries [24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32].
\nIn most studies, it is been reported that the incidence of traumatic dental injuries in children shows a range of 1–3% in the population. The peak incidence for traumatic dental injuries per 1000 individuals is found up to 12 years of age. The incidence is lower in older ages. Boys are more often affected than girls.
\nThe variation of both prevalence and incidence presented in the literature reflects the local differences, environmental variations, behavioral, cultural, and socioeconomic diversities as well as the lack of standardization in methods and classifications [12, 16, 33].
\nEtiologic factors are very much related to the age, gender, environment, and activity of the patient.
\nAge is an important factor, as school children and adolescent are the main groups who are mostly prone to traumatic injuries. It is estimated that 71–92% of all traumatic dental injuries occur before the age of 19 years; other studies have reported a decrease after the age of 24–30 years.
\nWhile in preschool children, the most common cause of traumatic dental injuries are accidental falls, in school age children, injuries are often caused by sports activities or hits by another person. Traffic accidents and assaults are the predominant etiologic factors in adolescents and young adults, and oral injuries occur most frequently during leisure time and during weekends associated with the western lifestyle today.
\nGender is also a risk factor as males experience traumatic dental injuries at least twice more often than females. Yet, recent studies have shown a reduction in this gender difference in sports, which might be due to an increased interest in sports among girls Traebert et al. reported that girls can be exposed to the same risk factors of TDI as boys, which is a characteristic of modern Western society. Thus, environment and the activities of a person are undoubtedly more determining factors of TDIs than gender.
\nAnother factor to be pointed is that in many countries, an increasing number of old people are possessing their own teeth, which, in near future, may lead to the increase in prevalence of dental traumatic injuries due to accidental falls in geriatric population [16, 33, 34, 35].
\nPatient’s name, age, gender (include weight for young patients), address, and contact numbers
Symptoms of central nervous system should be checked after the accident
General health of the patient
Three W′ s must be asked “when, where, and how the injury occurred”
Treatment the patient received elsewhere
Previous dental injury history
Disturbances in the bite
Tooth reactions to thermal changes or sensitivity to sweet/sour
Soreness of the teeth during eating or by touching
If the patient is feeling spontaneous pain in the teeth.
Symptoms may be delayed for minutes to hours
It must be asked if there is a loss of consciousness
Difficulty of speech and /or slurred speech
Nausea/vomiting
Fluid from ear/nose
Confusion of situations
Blurring in vision or uneven pupils.
\n
Timing
Mechanism of injury
Location
Bleeding must be checked. Also, previous dental traumas should be asked.
Clinical examination consists of visual inspection, palpation, thermal testing, and electric pulp testing. First and foremost, account for all teeth:
Extent of injury
Lacerations
Teeth position
Appearance of tissue should be tested along with the color of tooth (purple, blue, gray, or yellow) and its mobility
Pulp testing (percussion, EPT, and thermal): but if the traumatized tooth is immature, EPT may not be accurate
Palpation of soft tissue must be recorded. Because the recordings will help you for follow-up appointments. Taking photographs may help to make proper examination and diagnosis. These views are going to help the comparison of preoperative and follow-up of traumatized teeth.
\n
Occlusal
Periapicals radiographs with different lateral angulations
CBCT if more serious of an injury.
\n
Periapical-radiographs taken from the same angle every time will help to make good treatment decisions. Using a film holder will hold the radiograph in a paralleling technique
Occlusal
CBCT.
Enamel infraction
\nEnamel fracture
\nEnamel-dentin fracture
\nEnamel-dentin-pulp fracture
\nCrown-root fracture w/o pulp involvement
\nCrown-root fracture with pulp involvement.
\nConcussion
\nSubluxation (loosening)
\nIntrusive luxation (central dislocation)
\nExtrusive luxation (partial avulsion)
\nLateral luxation
\nRetained root fracture.
\nExarticulation (complete avulsion)
\nComminution of the alveolar socket
\nAlveolar socket wall fracture
\nAlveolar process fracture
\nMandible or maxilla fracture.
\nGingival or oral mucosal laceration
\nGingival or oral mucosal contusion
\nGingival or oral mucosal abrasion (Figures 1, 2, 3) [9, 11, 12, 13, 15, 36, 37].
\nTypes of dental trauma: gingival laceration.
Types of dental trauma: intrusive luxation (central dislocation).
Types of dental trauma: crown-root fracture with pulp involvement.
Pain treatment and prevention of teeth germs must be our main goal in the treatment strategy of the traumatized primary teeth. Due to behavioral management problems or a severe trauma with a soft tissue bleeding, treatment may be overlooked or limited to extraction. However, in the overall treatment, primary teeth must be followed up clinically and radiographically in the long term.
\nIn this section, treatment of primary dentition will be explained based on IADT treatment guidelines.
\nCrown fracture in primary dentition.
Enamel fracture.
Enamel-dentin and pulp fracture.
Pulp capping after dental trauma.
Restoration during first appointment.
Young patient’s traumatized teeth with open apex.
Closure of apex of traumatized incisor after 1.5 years.
Root fracture is a fracture that involves cementum, dentin, and pulp. The fracture line may be horizontal, oblique, or vertical. But vertical root fractures may generally occur in endodontically treated teeth. For that reason, in this chapter, horizontally or obliquely fractured teeth will be considered.
\nRoot fractures are classified as shallow or deep according to the location of fracture line. Root fracture is generally diagnosed by radiographs. Sometimes, displacement of the coronal segment is not present. So, the fracture line is easily missed by conventional radiographic techniques. Therefore, it is better to take the radiograph from different angles. Or cone beam computed tomography may be used to diagnose the root fractures. Otherwise, fracture lines may be discovered after several months.
\nWhile performing electric pulp testing, tooth may not be responding to it. In that cases, three possibilities may be thought: pulp tissue is severed at the fracture, there is no severance of the pulp, only the subluxation in the apical fragment or the pulp is severed, and the apical fragment is subluxated.
\nThe treatment of deep root fracture is simple: repositioning and fixation of coronal segment. Depending on how deep the fracture is and how mobile the coronal segment is, fixation may be required for up to 3 months. Six months later, if there is no pulp necrosis, there will be no need to root canal treatment. In case of pulp necrosis, root canal treatment is done up to the fracture line [9, 10, 36, 37, 38, 39].
\nRestorative treatment can be very difficult. Sometimes extraction is the best treatment planning. If the extraction is the chosen treatment, the patient’s age, oral condition, oral hygiene habits, the tooth’s position, and the occlusion should be evaluated and then autotransplantation may be considered as an alternative plan.
\nSubluxation is clinically defined as injury to the periodontal tissues accompanied by bleeding from gingival sulcus, an increase in mobility but no dislocation of the tooth. There is sensitivity in percussion, and high mobility and bleeding are important criteria in diagnosis of subluxation. Electric pulp testing is important. In immature tooth, electric pulp testing will not respond, so re-test with electric pulp testing after a week is advised.
\nIn immature tooth: only follow-up is necessary. Root canal treatment is indicated in the presence of pulp necrosis. When there is a possibility of pulp necrosis, root canal treatment can be initiated without anesthesia.
\nIn mature tooth: follow-up visits without invasive treatment are advised 6–12 months after injury to allow pulp vitality to be recovered. In case of pulp necrosis, root canal treatment is indicated.
\nExtrusive luxation results in damage to the periodontal tissues as the tooth is displaced in coronal direction. The periodontal tissue and the root are not completely separated, but the blood supply at the apex is disrupted. There is high mobility, bleeding, and electric pulp testing response is negative. Radiographically, there is widening in periodontal ligament space.
\nRepositioning, fixation, and follow-up are the steps of treatment planning. Root canal treatment is avoided until pulp necrosis is confirmed. After confirmation of pulp necrosis, root canal treatment is indicated. In ımmature tooth, apexification and apexogenesis may be applicable.
\nLateral luxation is an injury to the periodontal and alveolar supporting tissues that the tooth displaces laterally. The crown of the tooth is displaced palatally or lingually, and the tooth may be apically displaced with alveolar bone fracture on the labial side. The blood supply is completely disrupted at the apical side, but periodontal tissues have not been separated. Radiographically, the root shape and alveolar socket are not aligned. Sometimes, the traumatized teeth may be locked because of fracture on alveolar bone. This situation may be confused with ankylosis.
\nRepositioning, fixation, and regular follow-up are the steps of treatment of lateral luxation. In fixation period, if alveolar fracture occurs, fixation period will take at least 3 months. Root canal treatment may be delayed until pulp necrosis has been confirmed. In young adults, apexification and apexogenesis may be treatment alternatives (Figures 11 and 12).
\nLateral luxated central incisor.
Splinting after lateral luxation.
Intrusion is a luxation injury that results in apical displacement of tooth. In some cases, alveolar bone fracture is also seen. In the diagnosis of ıntrusion, differential diagnostic criteria should be detected. If the tooth is intruded apically compared with adjacent teeth, intrusion should be thought. Reduced mobility may also be seen. Percussion sound is a metallic sound. There is no percussion sensitivity. If there is no clear periodontal ligament in radiograph, the intrusion should be suspected. CBCT images are important to differentiate the diagnosis of lateral or intrusive luxation (Figure 13).
\nAn intruded central incisor.
The healing of intruded tooth may be affected by some factors such as patient’s age, root development degree, and depth of intrusion.
\nAccording to some studies, as age increases, the incidence of pulp necrosis, loss of marginal bone, and root resorption also increase. If intrusion is more than 7 mm, the more complications may be seen compared with those that are intruded less than 3 mm. Time between injury and treatment, type of fixation, and use of antibiotics may also affect the results.
\nSpontaneous re-eruption, orthodontic extrusion, and the surgical extrusion are the main options of intrusive luxation.
\nDr. Tsukiboshim suggests spontaneous re-eruption when the depth of intrusion is shallow and the root is immature whereas surgical extrusion is indicated when the depth of intrusion is deep and the root is mature.
\nTAB is a phenomenon linked to the repair processes in the traumatized pulp or pulp and periodontium of luxated mature teeth, which returns to normal when repair is completed. This phenomenon is described by Frances Andreasen in 1986.
\nAvulsion is defined as the condition that the whole tooth is completely separated from the supporting tissues.
\nThe success rate for an avulsed tooth after replantation depends on the vitality of periodontal ligament and attachment of the tooth (Figure 14) [9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 24, 26, 27, 31, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40].
\nAn avulsed tooth.
Dental splint is a rigid or flexible device or compound used to support, protect, or immobilize teeth that have been loosened, replanted, fractured, or subjected to certain endodontic surgical procedures (Figures 15, 16, 17).
\nSplint with ligature wire.
Arch wire and composite splint.
Composite resin splint.
Characteristics of the ideal splint include:
easy to fabricate in the mouth and without extra trauma to the tooth
passive if not orthodontic forces are intended
allows for physiologic mobility
nonirritant to soft tissues, periodontal tissues, and noncarcinogenic
does not interfere with occlusion
easy to permit endodontic access and vitality testing
easy to clean
easy to remove
allows for pulp testing and endodontic treatments
relatively inexpensive
provides patient comfort and esthetic appearance
easily accessible and easy to maintain oral hygiene.
Rigid splints: are used in cervical root fractures and alveolar bone fractures. Stainless steel wire >0.5 mm, direct composite resin or titanium ring splint (TTS), or direct composite resin reinforced with fiberglass ribbon can be used.
\nFlexible splints: allow for optimal pulp and periodontal ligament healing. Nylon, stainless steel wire <0.4 mm, nickel titanium wires up to 0.016 with composite resin, and glass ionomer cement splints are used.
\nCompound splints: orthodontic bracket and wire are used as compound splint materials.
\nInstructions to patients having a splint placed include to:
taking a soft diet
avoid eating on teeth having splint
maintain a detailed oral hygiene
use chlorhexidine/antibiotics if prescribed
reach the dental office immediately if splint breaks/loosens.
Before beginning or continuing orthodontic treatment, traumatized teeth must be checked carefully.
\nIt is recommended that even if there is a minor trauma to the teeth, one should wait for at least 3 months for orthodontic movement. Any kind of dental traumas to hard or soft dental tissues (e.g., minor concussions, subluxations, and extrusions) also requires a 3-month waiting period. For moderate to severe trauma/damage to the periodontium, at least 6 months of waiting period is recommended.
\nIn root fracture cases, the tooth must not be moved for at least 1 year. If there is radiographic evidence of healing, those teeth may be moved successfully [15, 36, 37, 38, 39].
\nAn immature permanent tooth is defined by the British Society of Pediatric Dentistry as a tooth that is not fully formed, particularly the root apex. A vital pulp is necessary for the development and maturation of the tooth root [40]. Completion of the root development of the teeth and closure of the root apex takes place 2–3 years after the eruption of the teeth. If pulp necrosis occurs for any reason (trauma, caries, etc.) before root development is complete, the root development undergoes a standstill, so the root remains without closure. In such cases, root canal treatment is both inevitable and difficult to do, because the root canal is very large, and the dentin walls are very thin and fragile [16, 40, 41, 42, 43].
\nAs a result of trauma, opening of the pulp tissue into the oral cavity may lead to infection by reaching the pulp tissue of oral microorganisms [44]. However, damage to the vascular nerve pack at the apex of the severely traumatized tooth causes necrosis of pulp tissue [41, 44].
\nThe completion of the root formation of immature teeth that have necrotic pulp, or the induction of a calcified barrier formation at the root apices is defined as apexification [21].
\nThere are various difficulties in the treatment of immature necrosed young permanent teeth:
the difficulty of cleaning and shaping the canals
difficulty of canal disinfection
the risk of breakage of thin fragile dentin walls during mechanical obturation
short crown/root ratio
material carried out of the apex
it is difficult or impossible to perform a possible retreatment in the future due to thin canal walls.
Until now, two apexification procedures for these teeth have been performed successfully. First of these procedures is conventional apexification inducing the formation of a barrier to apical calcification using calcium dihydroxide. Second is a one-step apexification method that provides production of an artificial apical barrier using mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA). In both the methods, constriction of apical foramen of an immature tooth has been shown [16, 38, 42, 43].
\nTraditional apexification treatment requires a large number of sessions, and problems with patient compliance may occur. Long-term use of calcium hydroxide may lead changing physical properties of dentin.
\nAs a result of requirements of short-term completion of canal treatments, acceleration of healing and reduction of the sessions was sought response to one-step apexification with apex closuring by using MTA that has been on the agenda [25].
\nAdvantages of MTA apexification over calcium hydroxide apexification are more such as reliable barrier formation, reduction in treatment time, requirement of lesser visits, hence reducing the root fractures and preventing the changing of physical properties of dentin. In addition, since the MTA is not cytotoxic, its biological properties are advantageous and induce tissue repair.
\nDespite the popularity among clinicians, there are disadvantages of the apexification technique compared with MTA:
the inability to control the applied condensation pressure and increased risk of fracture of thin dentin walls at large pressures
it is difficult to remove after hardening, and surgical methods are needed for removing
the high alkalinity of the material affects the stiffness of the root dentin over time
high cost
short shelf-life
the challenges of clinical practice.
However, the risk of development of cervical root fractures remains high after apexification treatments [28].
\nThe disadvantages of traditional apexification treatments have led the researchers to quest an alternative treatment approach that restores the function of the pulp dentin complex and persists its development. This quest led to arise of regeneration and regenerative endodontic treatment.
\nIn biology dictionaries, regeneration is defined as the regrowth by an animal or plant of an organ, tissue, or part that has been lost or destroyed [21].
\nRegenerative endodontics is one of the most exciting new developments in endodontics. The current (2016) American Association of Endodontists’ Glossary of Endodontic Terms defines regenerative endodontics as “biologically-based procedures designed to physiologically replace damaged tooth structures, including dentin and root structures, as well as cells of the pulp-dentin complex” [21].
\nRegenerative endodontic procedures, a new approach to preventing tooth loss, aim to restore the damaged pulp and dentin structures, create a new pulp tissue in the canal, and provide root maturation [16, 28, 38, 43].
\nSeeking to find the ideal treatment method within the regenerative endodontics continues. The most studied methods in this area are: root canal revascularization, stem cell therapy, pulp implants, scaffold implants, injectable scaffold applications, three-dimensional cell software, and gene therapy. However, only the root canal revascularization could be used clinically in the treatment of traumatized necrotic young permanent teeth [28].
\nRevascularization term is used to indicate the restoration of blood flow to the necrotic pulp cavity. Despite the fact that pulpless teeth can sustain their presence in the mouth for a long time after successful endodontic treatment, the viability of the dental pulp offers many advantages, including the formation of reparative dentin, the completion of apical closure, and the development of dentin walls. Via the root canal revascularization, the pulp tissue is regenerated and the permanence of the tooth vitality is ensured [28, 38].
\nThere are also negative aspects such as the fact that some dental pathologies, such as progressive decay, cannot be recognized by patients due to the loss of sensitivity to environmental changes by pulpless teeth.
\nIn addition, the elimination of the negative consequences of traditional root canal treatment procedures is the reason why revascularization is preferred in the treatment of necrotic traumatized young permanent teeth.
\nAt the basis of revascularization lies the rationale that “new cells can develop in the presence of sterile tissue matrix and pulp vitality can be restored,” because when dental canal infection is under control, it becomes a necrotic, avulse tooth condition with sterile pulp cavity. Regeneration in the apical tissues after the avulsion and replantation suggests regeneration may occur in the pulp tissue of a necrotic and infected tooth [16, 43, 45].
\nIn the revascularization method, after the necrotic root canal is totally disinfected, it is aimed to provide a fibrin matrix with the blood clot formed by the bleeding from the tooth apex provided by the over instrumentation. Revascularization is observed through the new cell development via the differentiation of few stem cells preserved vital, in this provided sterile matrix [16, 43].
\nHargreaves et al. recommended three major components of pulp regeneration called triad of regenerative endodontics:
a dependable stem cell source that has capability of differentiating into odontoblasts
a suitable scaffold to support cell growth and differentiation, and
signaling molecules that have capability to stimulate cellular proliferation and direct cellular differentiation [28].
Stem cells are nondifferentiated cells that are capable of differentiating themselves into specialized cells, which can be transformed into many different cell types, when appropriate conditions are achieved within the body or in the laboratory. They are self-renewing and thus can generate any tissue for a lifetime unlike other progenitor cells [21].
\nStem cell sources that play a role in the regeneration and root development of pulp tissue in the treatment of revascularization include dental pulp cells that maintain the viability of the root canal, stem cells originating from the apical papilla, and periodontal ligament [16, 19].
\nBlood clot is a very rich source of growth factors and has an important role in the differentiation, maturation, and regeneration of fibroblast, odontoblast, and cementoblast [23].
\nAbsence of bacteria in the root canal is critical for successful revascularization therapy, because the development of new tissue stops when it encounters bacteria in the canal cavity.
\nThe most effective root canal disinfection method is provided by drugs applied to the root canal in addition to chemical irrigation.
\nHowever, a good preparation in open apex tooth and the use of cytotoxic antiseptics may remove pulp cells that are well fed and viable in the apical region. Removal of these tissues means removal of cells with the potential to convert to pulp and dentin [16, 41, 43, 46].
\nSato et al., who applied the triple antibiotic paste in vitro for the first time, reported that triple antibiotic paste is effective in the treatment of dentin infected by
The success of the treatment is based on the right case selection. No studies have been conducted on the success of revascularization therapy in individuals with genetic disease, severe medical disease, or poor immune system. Therefore, revascularization therapy procedures should be limited to systemically healthy people.
\nRevascularization therapy is not suitable for individuals allergic to triple antibiotics used in the canal.
\nIt is not indicated in patients who cannot adapt or participate in the treatment process due to being a long-term and follow-up procedure, and in individuals who are fearful or uncooperative [42, 45, 47].
\nFirst of all, the tooth to be treated should be necrosis. Other regenerative therapies are considered such as pulp capping or partial pulpotomy with regenerative medicaments in teeth with vital pulp and partial pulpitis.
\nThe presence of radiolucency in the periapical region as well as vitality tests has long been used as a determining factor. In both cases, vital pulp cells and apical papilla can still be present in the canal and apex.
\nAnother criterion is the presence of infection. However, as a hypothesis, the presence of long-term infection adversely affects the survival of the pulp tissue and stem cell continuity, and makes it difficult to control the infection.
\nSince apex opening greater than 1 mm increases success, it should be preferred in immature young permanent teeth. Although a very few researchers recommend to expand the apex with a hand piece in the teeth with closed apex having less than 1 mm apex opening, but in the guidelines, the indication is limited to the open apex teeth.
\nFurthermore, the loss of coronal tissue in the teeth that will be treated with revascularization should not exceed the size for allowing it to be restored, and tissue damage should not be large, requiring to be made post/core [16, 41, 42, 43, 47].
\nAn informed consent document must be taken before the treatment. This document should include the informations of complications such as tooth coloration or treatment failure, side effects such as pain or infection that may be able to emerge, two (or more) appointments will be needed, and what type of antibiotics will be used. Also, besides the nontreatment option, the patient must be informed about the tooth extraction (when deemed the tooth is nonsalvageable), and calcium hydroxide and MTA apexifications as the alternative treatments of revascularization. Following the consent document signing, treatment can be commenced [16, 18, 19, 25, 28, 38, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49].
\nUnder local anesthesia and rubber dam isolation, an access cavity is prepared for the treatment. Each root canal opening is expanded to facilitate the placement of the medicament. The remaining root canal is not instrumented.
\nCopious, passive irrigation is made with 20 ml of 1.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), for 5 minutes to each canal, followed by a sterile saline solution or EDTA (20 ml for each canal, 5 minutes). It is important to maintain the vitality of stem cells in the apical tissues. Therefore, an irrigation system such as needle with closed end and side vents is used to minimize the odds of extrusion of irrigant agents into the periapical area. Also, the irrigation needle should be positioned approximately 1 mm from the root end to minimize cytotoxicity to stem cells in the apical tissues.
\nAfter sufficient irrigation, the canals are gently dried with sterile paper points.
\nCalcium hydroxide, or low concentration of triple antibiotic paste, can be used to fill the canals.
\nA triple antibiotic paste is an antibiotic mix made from tablets of ciprofloxacin, metronidazole, and minocycline in a ratio of 1:1:1. For preparation, after removal of the coatings on the tablets, the tablets are pulverized and mixed in a 1:1:1 ratio in a sterile saline to form a paste-like consistency.
\nTriple antibiotic paste has been associated with tooth discoloration; therefore, if it is used, to minimize risk of staining, pulp chamber is sealed with a dentin bonding agent and ensure that it should remain below cemento-enamel junction (CEJ).
\nFor minimizing the coronal staining, modified triple antibiotic paste obtained by adding another antibiotic (e.g., clindamycin, amoxicillin, and cefaclor) instead of minocycline, or minocycline-free double antibiotic pat, may also be used.
\nAfter delivering the paste into the canals via syringe, a sterile cotton pellet is placed into the canal below the CEJ and the cavity is sealed with temporary filling so as not to allow microleakage.
\nIn the second appointment, 1–4 weeks after the first visit, the response of the initial treatment is evaluated. If the clinical signs/symptoms persisted, the first appointment treatment procedures are repeated with antimicrobials, or alternative antimicrobials.
\nIf the tooth has become asymptomatic, the second session is started through the anesthesia with 3% mepivacaine free of vasoconstrictor.
\nAfter the tooth is isolated with rubber dam, the temporary filling and cotton pellet are removed.
\nFollowing the removing of the paste from the canals by irrigation with 20 ml of 17% EDTA, the canals are dried with sterile paper points.
\nBleeding into canal system to the level of CEJ is created by 2 mm over-instrumenting through rotating a precurved K-file. The using of platelet-rich plasma (PRP), platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), or autologous fibrin matrix (AFM) has been considered as the alternatives to create a blood clot, especially when bleeding into the canal cannot be achieved.
\nBleeding is stopped at a level allowing for 3–4 mm of restorative material. In order to ensure the formation of blood clot, place a sterile cotton pellet for 3–4 minutes upon the bleeding. If it is necessary, placing a resorbable matrix (e.g., CollaPlug™, Collacote™, and CollaTape™) over the blood clot is applicable.
\nFor stabilizing the white MTA that is used as a capping material, 3–4 mm layer of light-curing glass ionomer is flowed gently over it. Because the MTA has been associated with discoloration, it should be placed just below the level of the CEJ, over the blood clot. If there is an esthetic concern, alternative materials of MTA like bioceramics or tricalcium silicate cements should be considered.
\nFinally, the access cavity is restored with a suitable restorative material [16, 18, 19, 25, 28, 38, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49].
\nMTA, with quite good physical properties in terms of covering and sealing, is one of the most ideal coating materials to be used for the hermeticity of coronary closure.
\nIn addition, the application with glass ionomer resin increases its covering properties and durability.
\nTo allow more root growth, the MTA should be 1–2 mm thick below the CEJ.
\nPlacing the MTA on the formed clot is a technically difficult procedure. Care should be taken during condensation, because the material can be moved from the CEJ to the apical point [16, 43].
\nAppointments are given to the patient at intervals of 3–6 months, and root formation is monitored clinically and radiographically.
\nThe success of pulp revascularization treatment depends on three elements: root canal disinfection, the presence of a scaffold (blood clot), and hermetic coronary filling [38, 45].
\nThe degree of success of regenerative endodontic procedures is largely measured by the degree to which primary, secondary and tertiary goals are achieved.
\nPrimary goal: elimination of symptoms and healing of bone tissue.
\nSecondary goal: the increase in the thickness and/or the length of the root walls (although it is a desirable condition).
\nTertiary goal: positive response to vitality test (indicates the presence of a more organized vital pulp tissue).
\nFive different types of responses to revascularization treatments are available:
\nType 1—thickening and root development of canal walls
\nType 2—the root of the root end is blunt and closed and the root growth is stopped
\nType 3—root development continues, but the apex remains open
\nType 4—common calcification in canal cavity
\nType 5—hard tissue barrier formation between root apex and coronal MTA.
\nIf the treatment becomes success, in clinical and radiographical follow-ups, there should be no pain or swelling, apical radiolucency should be disappeared (usually observed 6–12 months after treatment), the root canal walls should be thickened (observed before the increase of the root length between 12 and 24 months), and the root length should be prolonged. Pulp should respond positively to vitality tests.
\nIf there is no evidence of recovery, if the fistula does not disappear, and pain and swelling persist or no root growth is observed within 3 months, apexification with calcium hydroxide or MTA can be tried.
\nIf pulp necrosis develops afterward, traditional endodontic treatment protocols should be performed [16, 18, 19, 25, 28, 38, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49].
\nRevascularization can be completed in a single session after the infection is controlled, and there is no need for repeated sessions as in the treatment of calcium hydroxide. This is very economical.
\nThe greatest advantage is that it can regenerate the vitality of the tooth and maintain the root development.
\nThe lateral walls are supported by the continuation of the dentin/hard tissue deposition, and the durability of the root is increased [16, 18, 19, 25, 28, 38, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49] (Figures 18, 19, 20).
\nA necrotic, immature, 21 numbered teeth, due to dental trauma from a year ago.
First day of treatment: it is clearly seen that the root canal is very large, and the dentin walls are very thin.
Third month of the treatment: the lateral walls were thickened by the continued growth of dentin/hard tissue and the root length was increased.
One of the major environmental problems facing industrialized nations in recent times is hydrocarbon contamination resulting from oil and gas exploration and exploitation activities. As the demand for liquid petroleum increases, the release of this essential energy source into the environment becomes inevitable and has caused devastating consequences to marine/coastal waters, shorelines and land as well. Human activities such as accidental release of petroleum products, uncontrolled landfills, sabotage, leaking of underground storage or improper storage of crude oil are of particular concern in the environment. Hydrocarbon components have been known to belong to the family of carcinogens and neurotoxic organic pollutants which constitutes a major health challenge globally. Oil spill on land, penetrates to a depth of about 10–30 cm and sometimes beyond, results in the loss of soil fertility and also initiates environmental degradation [1]. This consequently alters the physicochemical properties of the soil making it impossible for the soil to produce at its optimal capacity.
The application of biotechnology today as a tool for environmental clean-up has been widely studied. Biotechnological tools in eco-restoration of crude oil impacted sites involves the use of biological agents to decontaminate/detoxify, mineralize, transform or degrade toxic/harmful substances into innocuous forms. The process known as bioremediation is genetically-driven, whereby microbes with inherent enzymes harboring catabolic genes utilize these xenobiotics as a source of carbon and energy thereby decontaminating the environment. The biological agents in bioremediation; microbes (microbial bioremediation), plants (phytoremediation) or plant-microbe interaction and their mode of operation will be extensively discussed in this chapter. Nigeria and some other nations in Africa have experienced devastating consequences of pollution in all environmental compartments which till date is still a major challenge [2].
With the advances of biotechnology, bioremediation has become one of the most rapidly developing fields of environmental restoration, utilizing microorganisms to reduce the concentration and toxicity of various chemical pollutants, such as petroleum hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, phthalate esters, nitroaromatic compounds, industrial solvents and the very recalcitrant substances [3]. This has been made possible through a very important, emerging and next generation approach, called genetic engineering which involves the modification of the genetic structure of an organism to increase/enhance their activity. This approach is one potential key to a very successful, and swift bioremediation, whereby the catabolic potentials of an organism is enhanced by the introduction of hydrocarbon catabolic genes into the microbe. This paper highlights the various biotechnological tools that can be practically adopted especially in Nigeria and Africa at large to encourage environmental sustainability and eco-restoration of crude oil polluted environments.
The intensification and rapid increase of manufacturing industries and the intensive use of fuels has led to an increased release of a wide range of xenobiotic compounds to the environment. Overtime, continuous loading of excess hazardous waste and xenobiotic compounds into the water bodies and soil has led to the destruction of soil structure, component and biodiversity, scarcity of clean water thereby limiting crop production [4, 5]. One of the major types of pollution that have caused so much harm/damage to the ecosystem generally is crude oil pollution. Crude oil contains so many toxic compounds such as hydrocarbons which can be easily converted to activated metabolites or free radicals during their oxidation [6]. The high toxicity of crude oil is usually attributed to its low molecular weight hydrophobic petroleum hydrocarbons. Other larger constituents of crude oil include alkyl PAHs with three or more rings which are less soluble in water [7]. In the past, several incidents have occurred which caused devastating damage to the ecosystem and have revealed the importance of preventing the escape of effluents into the environment, one of such incidents is the Exxon Valdez oil spill [8]. The Exxon valdez, a cargo ship carrying crude oil was grounded on the 24th march, 1989 along the Bligh Reef in Alaska, northeastern Prince William Sound. This resulted in the release of about 20% of the entire cargo (about 36,000 metric tons) [9]. Another significant oil spill that occurred in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010 is the BP Deepwater Horizon spill. Approximately 4 million barrels of crude oil spilled from the Macondo Wellhead (MW) making it the largest accidental marine oil spill in history. The biological impacts of the oil spill were severe, including in the deep sea, a habitat typically characterized by high biodiversity and generally economic and ecological impact [10].
In Nigeria, crude oil and gas production contributes to 25% of the nation’s gross domestic product (GDP) and about 90% of the foreign exchange. The exploration and production of crude oil has caused devasting impact to all environmental compartments within the country, especially in the Niger Delta Region [11, 12]. A constant reoccurring phenomenon is the leaks from oil tankers and petrol leakage into the soil and these slicks formed contribute to reduction of dissolved oxygen and co-marine environment which causes oil slick. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) which are one of the major components of crude oil have been found in water ways as a result of pollution caused by the effluents from petrochemical industries. Some of the major activities that cause petroleum hydrocarbon pollution of the environment are oil well drilling production operations, refining, storage, transportation, marketing in the upstream and downstream industry, anthropogenic sources [13]. Some of the causes of oil pollution may also occur in form of spillages due to corrosion of pipelines, oil well blowout, vandalization of pipelines or accidental discharges.
Crude oil pollution has been reported to cause devastating environmental consequences. Its effects range from the destruction of the soil structure and biodiversity, to limitations in plant growths which may further affect the farmer’s source of income, and health hazards in man. It has also been reported that plants that grow in oil polluted soils show signs of chlorosis on their leaves and are also retarded due to the water deficiency. These have led to a complete halt in some farming activities like fishing or even death in some cases when contaminated water or food crop is consumed [14, 15].
There are countless literatures on the study of the causes and effects of petroleum hydrocarbon contamination on human health, soil, plant growth and the environment in general [16, 17, 18]. Ojimba [19] conducted a research to determine the effects of crude oil pollution on crop production. He analyzed data from 17 out of the 23 Local governments in Rivers state, Nigeria. His results showed there has been a significant reduction in the size of available farmlands due to crude oil pollution, this further reduced the physical farm products by 1.09016 tons. His results also indicated that 78% of farm lands had less than 80% efficiency due to crude oil contamination. The study concluded that crude oil pollution on farmlands and crops has negative effects on the output of crops. Abii and Nwosu [20] reported that Crude oil pollution causes reduction in the fertility of the soil such that the major essential nutrients necessary for the plants to grow are almost completely lost. Other effects of crude oil pollution on plants may range necrosis, chlorosis, yield reduction, bleaching, spotting of leaves, malformations to mesophyll cells and epidermal layers [21].
Al-Qahtani [16] investigated the effects of sludge from oil refineries on soil properties and the rate of plant growth. He carried out the experiment by applying the refinery sludge in a plant
Sun et al. [18] conducted an experiment to study ability of the eggs and larvae of a marine medaka (
Obire and Anyanwu [24] also conducted an experiment to investigate the Fungal population at different concentrations of crude oil pollution in a soil sample. Their analysis showed high significant difference between the control and the oil treated soils, the total fungal counts of petroleum-utilizing fungi were relatively higher. Some of the fungi species isolated from the soil were
Biotechnology is defined as the set of scientific techniques that makes use of biological systems or living organisms to make, modify or improve products which may be products mays be plants or animals [25]. It has also been defined as a process which involves developing organisms for specific purposes and it includes the use cell fusion, recombinant DNA and other novel bioprocess technologies [26]. Biotechnological tools in eco-recovery of crude oil polluted sites are those biotechnological processes that involves the use of bio-products and also microbes for production of environmentally friendly products, reduces pollution and its effect, and all general restoration and maintenance of the environment to its pristine (natural) state for the benefit of man and the environment [2]. Biotechnological tools in eco recovery are also concerned with prevention of processes capable of causing an unsustainable environment for man and eco-components. There are no known number of bio tools used in prevention or restoration of a polluted environment, however the most successfully applied, eco-friendly and cost effective tool in environmental decontamination is bioremediation. The different types of bioremediation (biosurfactant-enhanced bioremediation, microbial bioremediation, plant bioremediation, genetically modified microorganisms in bioremediation), mechanism of action and factors influencing the process will be discussed in this chapter.
Before now, remediation of contaminated/polluted environments have been carried out using conventional methods such as to cap and contain the contaminated areas of a site or digging up contaminated site and removing it to a landfill. These methods have however had some drawbacks. The first method is however just a temporary solution as the contaminants may still linger on the site and may further require monitoring and maintenance in the future, this leads to increased cost. In the landfill method, the contaminated soil is excavated moved to a different site and the excavation and transporting of the contaminants may pose a serious environmental risk, it might also prove expensive to find new sites for the disposal of the contaminated soil [27]. These drawbacks have led to the search for a better approach which would include transforming the pollutants to a harmless substance or a complete destruction of the pollutants if possible [28].
The use of biotechnology which entails the application of genetic modifications to improve the ratio of work done and reduce cost associated with remediation and eco restoration process have become a major factor for the increased exploitation of biological systems in waste reduction and eco restoration. Due to the urgency in the need for an effective and efficient biotechnological process and the need for a process that completely destroys the pollutants, researchers have come up with a technique for rehabilitating either contaminated sites or sites that have been degraded due to anthropogenic activities and the mismanagement of the eco system. This process is called bioremediation and it involves the application of living microorganisms to degrade environmental pollutants or to prevent pollution. The different strategies/tools used in bioremediation of oil spills include bio-stimulation, bio-augmentation, use of genetically engineered microbes, nutrient application, seeding with competent or adapted hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria or their consortium. Some of these Environmental biotechnological tools for the clean-up of crude oil contaminated sites are highlighted here.
Bioremediation has been defined as the process of removing toxic waste from the environment using biological agents. According to Kumar et al. [27]. It was defined as the most effective tool to manage waste polluted environment and recovery of contaminated soil. Bioremediation have been carried out both in situ and ex situ in several sites around the world with very successful outcomes. This method is considered a non-invasive, cost effective and sometimes logistically favorable clean-up technology which attempts to accelerate the naturally occurring biodegradation of contaminants through the optimization of the prevailing conditions [29, 30]. Bioremediation alongside natural attenuation have provided solution for emerging contaminant problems using actions such as biological carbon sequestration, landfill stabilization, endocrine disrupters and mixed waste biotreatment. Plants and microorganisms play roles in the remediation of contaminated environment; thus, the purpose of bioremediation is to reduce the potential toxicity of chemical contaminants in the environment via degradation, transformation, and immobilization of the undesirable compounds through the introduction of biosystems such as higher organisms like plants (phytoremediation), microbes, and animals. Some of the microbes involved in bioremediation process may include aerobes, anaerobic bacteria, fungi and other microbes with degradative potentials. Several microorganisms including
Several bioremediation strategies have been explored for treating different sites but most have been designed for land oil spill control. These strategies attempts to increase the efficiency of natural attenuation process and they include: landfarming, composting, use of bioreactors, bioventing/biosparging, pump and treat, bioslurping, biostimulation, and bioaugmentation [36]. A description of the in-situ and ex-situ bioremediation techniques is presented in Table 1.
Technique/definition | Potential success | Limitations | Applicability | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Landfarming: this involves periodic mixing of the hydrocarbon polluted soil for aerobic microbial degradation to occur | This process has been useful in degrading a number of hydrocarbon compounds. Suitable for treating large volumes of contaminated soil | Large amount of land is required Unsuccessful in degrading high molar mass PAHs It is a very slow .biodegradation process | Volatile organic compounds and light weight PAHs. It can be applied in-situ and ex-situ. | [37] |
Bioventing/Biosparging: it is designed for the decontamination of hydrocarbons at the saturated and unsaturated zones with the supply of nutrients (if required) and oxygen. | Little disturbance to site operations, treatment time from 6 months to 2 years. Hydrocarbons can be degraded in both saturated and non-saturated zones | Too slow in degrading heavy fractions of PAHs. Can only be used where bio- sparging/bioventing is suitable. Absence of other natural processes involved in degradation | Saturated and unsaturated zone. Mid-weight and low weight petroleum hydrocarbons. In-situ bioremediation system. | [36, 38] |
Composting: It utilizes biological agents in organic amendments to aerobically degrade spilled pollutants. | High oleophilic microbial population derived from the organic amendment and elevated temperature optimal for degradation of the pollutant. Produces an end product of mature compost suitable for agricultural purposes. Suitable for treating large volumes of soil. | Longer treatment time compared to other ex-situ techniques. | Stimulates hydrocarbon degradation and enhances availability of hydrocarbon pollutant. | [39] |
Use of bioreactor: it comprises a bioreactor system that controls the environmental /nutritional factors that influence biodegradation. | Rapid degradation kinetics. Optimized environmental parameters. Enhances mass transfer. Effective use of biostimulants. | Excavation of polluted soils or pumping of contaminated groundwater to the treatment site that is cost-ineffective. Production of toxic sludge as a by-product of the bioreactor. Increased operational cost. | Containment of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) or polluted air emissions. Highly efficient in diesel and PAH degradation. | [40, 41] |
Pump and treat: this system is specially designed to treat groundwater pollution by pumping the polluted water to this for treatment before re-injection | Encourages biodegradation of contaminants in the unsaturated zone. Effective groundwater clean-up technique. Cost intensive. | Location of the groundwater contaminant plume, designing a capture mechanism and installing extraction and injection wells | [42] |
The most applicable in-situ and ex-situ bioremediation techniques for hydrocarbon removal.
Many microorganisms involved in bioremediation produce potent surface-active compounds that can emulsify oil in water called biosurfactants and unlike chemical surfactants, the microbial emulsifier is biodegradable and non-toxic thereby facilitating the removal of hydrocarbon pollutants especially in the marine environment [43]. Biosurfactants can improve hydrocarbon bioremediation by two methods; the first incorporates the increment of substrate bioavailability for microorganisms, while the other method includes interaction with the cell surface which builds up the hydrophobicity of the surface allowing hydrophobic substrates to relate more effectively with bacterial cells [44]. By bringing down surface and interfacial tension, biosurfactants causes an increment to the surface areas of insoluble compounds prompting expanded portability and bioavailability of hydrocarbons. In outcome, biosurfactants upgrade biodegradation and removal of hydrocarbons. Biosurfactants are known to increase biodegaradation of highly hydrophobic compounds such as aromatics, alkanes, resins, cycloalkanes [45] by increasing bioavailability of the hydrophobic compound through facilitated transport of the pollutants from the solid phase (such as communication between surfactants and hydrocarbons, communication between contaminants and single biosurfactant molecules), improvement on the apparent solubility of the contaminants (improve the apparent solubility of the hydrophobic organic compound), and emulsification of non-aqueous phase liquid contaminants (in this process biosurfactants can lower the surface tension between non-aqueous and aqueous phases, this then leads to an increase in improving mass transport, the contact area, and mobilization liquid-phase contaminants).
Biosurfactants may be secreted outside the cells (extra-cellular) or located inside the cells (intracellular) [46]. Based on myriads of documented reports available on bacterial bio-surfactants, it has been established that the spectrum of activity depends on the chemical composition of the pollutant. A strain of
Bacteria produce biosurfactants in the form of biofilm which interacts with an interface and alters the surface properties such as wettability and other properties. Biosurfactant producing bacteria have been to be isolated from different environmental compartments including the marine environment. A marine bacterium,
Microbial-assisted bioremediation explores the potentials of naturally occurring hydrocarbon degrading microbes (oleophilic microbes) or plants in the detoxification/degradation/mineralization of hazardous substances to human health and the environment. These microbes can either be native to the contaminated area or could be introduced from a similar site into the contaminated soil, a process called bioaugmentation [54]. Bioremediation occurs most frequently by the action of microbial-mediated degradation. This process is often achieved by the action of consortia of organisms and for bioremediation to be effective, there must be complete mineralization of the hydrocarbon which occurs through a series of enzymes harboring catabolic genes to produce harmless products such as CO2 and H2O [55].
Biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons is a complex process that depends on the nature and on the amount of the hydrocarbon present. Petroleum hydrocarbons are divided into four broad categories: Saturates (branched, unbranched and cyclic alkanes), aromatics-ringed hydrocarbon molecules such as monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (MAHs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), resins (Polar oil-surface structures dissolved in saturates and aromatics) and asphaltenes (dark-brown amorphous solids colloidally dispersed in saturates and aromatics). These various categories respond differently to biodegradation as a result of their chemical structures and molecular weight. For example, PAHs, asphaltenes and resins are considered highly recalcitrant because of their high molecular weight [56].
Microbial degradation is a major route and ultimate natural mechanism by which one can clean up petroleum hydrocarbon pollutants from soil environment [57]. Typically, an individual microorganism will biodegrade a limited number of hydrocarbons whereas a microbial consortium can biodegrade an impressive array of hydrocarbons collectively [58, 59]. Onuoha et al. [60] reported that Nigerian soil especially in the Niger Delta region, may harbor a significant population of hydrocarbon degraders as a result of the increased multifarious activities of the oil industry within the region. The result of the investigation revealed that an appreciable number of bacterial isolates showed different degrees of degradation in mineral salt medium using spent oil as sole source of carbon. In a similar study, Chikere and Ekwuabu [61] conducted an investigation in Bodo community, Ogoniland, Nigeria to characterize the active culturable indigenous hydrocarbon utilizing microbial population. A significant population of hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria and fungi corresponding to the long-term impact of crude oil in the study area was observed. The hydrocarbon degrading microbes have an inherent genetic capacity to assimilate hydrocarbons and/or its products [62]. The process is therefore regarded as a complex biological oxidation process involving mostly aerobic organisms which may be enhanced by supplementation with fixed nitrogen, phosphate and other rate-limiting nutrients. Microorganisms have enzyme systems that can degrade and utilize different hydrocarbons as source of carbon and energy [63, 64]. The driving force for petroleum biodegradation is the ability of microbes to utilize hydrocarbons, to satisfy cell growth and energy.
Biodegradation may occur spontaneously and the process is called natural attenuation. In most cases however, this might take a longer time and this could be as a result of inability of the natural circumstances of the contaminated site to favor the natural attenuation process [65]. Also, it may be due to inadequate number or diversity of microorganisms with specific enzyme system required to break down the contaminant and lack of favorable environmental conditions to support the process. Such situations can be improved by supplying one or more of the missing/inadequate microbes, developing oil eating bugs through genetic engineering/recombination, introducing rate-limiting nutrients or enhancing environmental factors to favor the active degraders. It was reported that extra nutrients were added to accelerate the breakdown of oil spill caused by the super tanker Exxon Valdez on the Alaskan shoreline [66]. Since numerous types of pollutants are to be encountered in a contaminated site, diverse species of microorganisms are likely to be required for effective mediation [67].
Microbial bioremediation strictly involves the use of microbes or their derivates (Enzymes, biomass) to degrade or transform xenobiotics for the detoxification of crude oil polluted environments. Microorganisms are ubiquitous, therefore pollutants in the different environments come in contact with these oleophilic microbes. Specifically, the hydrocarbon degrading microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, algae) are able to breakdown these pollutants because of their inherent genetic capabilities to mineralize these hydrocarbons through metabolic pathways. Microbial bioremediation technology in the long run promotes the growth of specific microflora or the microbial consortia, indigenous to the contaminated sites that are able to perform the desired activities. In the process, microorganisms use the contaminants as source of energy or nutrient. The microbial consortia can perform this role optimally by either adding terminal electron acceptor or promoting microbial growth by adding nutrients [27]. In oil contaminated sites as it relates to this review, oil spills can be broken down using multiple techniques which includes the microbes feeding on the crude oil or addition of fertilizers/nutrients to the contaminated site to accelerate the decomposition of crude oil by the microorganism present in the soil or by introducing hydrocarbon degrading bacteria from exogenous sources to augment the indigenous population. As regards to crude oil contaminated environment, bioremediation process exploits the catabolic ability of microorganism to feed on oil. Research frontiers globally have described various application of microorganisms in the bioremediation of oil pollution under controlled conditions, field scale and in different environmental conditions, with very encouraging results [13, 15, 55]. The natural existence of a large diversity of microbial species expands the variety of chemical pollutants that are degraded or detoxified [68].
So many microorganisms have been reported with hydrocarbon remediation potentials which are
Microbial bioremediation technique has some advantages over other clean-up methods such as: public acceptance, a naturally occurring process, low cost technology, it can be done in situ and ex situ, instead of contaminants being transferred from one form to another or one medium to another, complete destruction of target organic pollutants is possible to produce non-toxic substance and it can lead to eco-restoration of the polluted medium [40, 68]. Some oleophilic microbes and their hydrocarbon specificity are presented in Table 2.
There are a few factors that contribute to the success of microbial bioremediation, some of these factors may include the growth and survival of microbial populations, the ability of these organisms to come into contact with the substances that need to be degraded into less toxic compounds, cation exchange capacity, relevant nutrient availability, acidity (soil pH), aeration or oxygen (electron acceptor level), water solubility, temperature, enzyme activity, hydraulic properties, [31] water content, site condition, microbial communities, sufficiency of the numbers of microorganisms and the habitability of the microbial environment for the microbes to thrive [89]. Sometimes the environment might be too toxic for the microorganisms to survive, in this case, the microbes should be engineered to be able to survive the high toxicity. Also, bioremediation works best in soils that are relatively sandy because sandy soils allow mobility and greater likelihood of contact between the microbes and the contaminant [90]. Therefore, for any bioremediation process to be successful, the environmental factors that play major roles in the process must first be understood.
The process of bioremediation may not always result in the complete mineralization of organic compounds, some of the organic compounds are transformed naturally to other metabolites and the toxicity and persistence of these new metabolites are mostly unknown [91]. Compliance analysis requires examination of the contaminated site in the light of the governing regulation and the action plan. For a successful bioremediation, the site must first be examined and characterized and this is a very challenging and difficult aspect of a bioremediation efforts. Some factors that influence microbial degradation of hydrocarbons in the environment is present are presented in Table 3.
Oleophilic micro-organisms | Type of microorganism | Hydrocarbon-specificity | Habitat | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bacterium | Bezene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, kerosene and diesel | Soil, river and marine | [73, 74] | |
Bacterium | Alkanes | Soil, river and marine | [75] | |
Bacterium | Anthracene, benzene, tolune, ethylbenzene, xylene and Benzo (a) pyrene | Soil, river and marine | [76] | |
Bacterium | Benzo (a) pyrene and pyrene | Soil | [77] | |
Bacterium | Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene | Soil, river and marine | [78] | |
Bacterium | Phenanthrene and pyrene | Soil, river and marine | [79] | |
Bacterium | Most PAH (not specific) | Soil | [80] | |
Bacterium | Toluene and diesel | Soil | [74] | |
Bacterium | Phenanthrene and pyrene | Marine | [79] | |
Bacterium | Most PAH (not specific) | Soil | [80] | |
Bacterium | Xylene and diesel | Soil | [74] | |
Bacterium | Anaerobic breakdown of benzene | Groundwater, deep soil and oceans sediments | [81] | |
Bacterium | Light Arabian oil | Soil | [82] | |
Bacterium | PAH (not specific) | soil | [83] | |
Bacterium | Alkanes (not specific) | soil river and marine | [84] | |
Bacterium | Low molecular weight PAH | Soil/sludge | [85] | |
Bacterium | Low molecular weight PAH | Soil/sludge | [85] | |
Bacterium | Low molecular weight PAH | Soil/sludge | [85] | |
Bacterium | A wide spectrum of petroleum hydrocarbon | Soil | [65] | |
Bacterium | PAH (not specific) | Soil | [86] | |
Fungus | PAH (not specific) | Soil | [87] | |
Fungus | PAHs (not specific) | Soil | [88] |
Oleophilic microorganism and hydrocarbon specificity.
Physical factors | Optimal conditions |
---|---|
Temperature | Affects the chemistry of the pollutants as well as physiology and diversity of pollutants. Optimal at 30-40°C in soil |
Nutrient | Stimulates the growth of indigenous oleophilic microbes in the environment. C:N:P ratio – 100:10:1 |
pH | Soil pH affects availability of nutrients and it’s important in the survival of microbes within a certain pH range. Optimal at pH 7 Acceptable range: 6–8 |
Moisture | Soil microorganisms require moisture for cell growth and function. Optimal moisture content for petroleum hydrocarbon degradation ranges between 45 and 85% of the water holding capacity. |
Oxygen | Major degradation pathways for petroleum hydrocarbons involves oxygenates and molecular oxygen since most degradation process is aerobic |
Factors that influence microbial degradation of petroleum hydrocarbon in the environment.
This is one of the biotechnological approach/tools in which plants are used in the clean-up of contaminated environments. It is an emerging technology and it promises a cost friendly, less-intrusive and effective clean up and restoration of crude oil contaminated soils [65]. It can also simply be defined as a process of using plants and plant-associated microorganisms such as Arburscular Mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) or plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) to clean up contaminated soils. It is an inexpensive, non-invasive alternative for other remediation methods such as the chemical/engineering-based methods [31]. Green plants are solar-driven, and are an effective filtering system endowed with fouling and degradative abilities [92]. It has been reported that salt marsh plants such as
In an experiment by Olusola and Anslem [96]. A plant (
Plants and plant-associated microorganisms are both involved in phytoremediation process. The plants used must first be tolerant to the pollutants, encourage the growth of rhizospheric microorganisms and in turn these microorganisms can secrete oil degrading enzymes and thereby generate energy in a process called rhizodegradation. However, there is a major setback with this process in that plants tend to compete with the hydrocarbon degrading microorganisms for the available nutrients like fixed nitrogen and phosphorus.
Phytoremediation offers potential for restoring large areas of contaminated environments requires certain mechanisms for a successful remediation process. Plants are able to remove pollutants through processes such as biodegradation, phytovolatilization, accumulation, and metabolic transformation. Several factors determine the most effective phytoremediation mechanism to adopt, such as the bioavailability of the contaminant, type of contaminant, soil properties and other environmental factors that support plant growth and activities. There are several routes through which plants decontaminate polluted sites, however, the primary channel for plant uptake of contaminants is through the root systems (rhizosphere) which harbors the essential components required for decontaminating toxic substances. The rhizosphere of plants has a large surface area responsible for the absorption and accumulation of essential nutrients and water required for growth. A large diversity of microorganisms are usually found in this region because of the exudates and enzymes released which stimulates the activities of microorganisms capable of degrading hydrocarbons present in the soil, direct biochemical transformation of petroleum hydrocarbons, and have also shown resistance to crude oil toxicity [97]. Rhizospheric interactions between host plants and the microorganisms that are resident in the rhizosphere are critical to the phytoremediation process. Host plants enrich the rhizosphere by releasing root exudates that help in recruiting the beneficial pollutant degrading bacteria and other microorganisms to the rhizosphere. In a report, a plant growth promoting rhizobacteria
There are several other phytoremediation mechanisms which include; phytoextraction, phytostabilization, phytofiltration, phytodegradation, phytovolatilization rhizodegradation and phytostimulation (Figure 1).
Mechanism of phytoremediation of crude oil.
Generally speaking, microbial degradation of xenobiotics involves the utilization of microbes with specific enzyme systems responsible for the degradation, mineralization, transformation or detoxification of pollutants [100]. Nevertheless, under certain growth conditions, composition, type and concentration of the pollutant, effective degradation is not expected even with the availability of microbes with degradation potentials. Compounds like Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), synthetic group of chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons and other Organic compounds, due to their complex organic structure, is posing persistent and deleterious threats to the ecology and human health even for decades [101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107]. Therefore, it has become imperative to design and develop alternative hydrocarbon degradation arrangement with specific degradation genes to the available pollutants in the environment by cultivating microbes with engineered catalytic capabilities [108].
Genetically Engineered Microorganisms (GEMs) can be obtained by recombinant DNA technology/genetic engineering of microbes or by natural exchange of genes by bacteria in the environment through horizontal gene transfer of plasmid-borne genes. The application of GEMs in bioremediation of xenobiotics have shown great potentials in soil [103], groundwater [102] and other environmental components exhibiting improved mineralization abilities over a broad-range of contaminants.
The use of GEMs represent a research frontier with wide application which extends to phytoremediation. Jain and Bajpai [108] reported a number of applications available in enhancing the degradative performance of oleophilic microbes using genetic engineering approaches. A very significant example is the genetic modification of rate-limiting steps in the metabolic pathway of hydrocarbon degrading microbes to yield increase in mineralization rates or the development of completely new metabolic pathways incorporated into the bacterial strains for the degradation of highly persistent compounds.
The first GEM,
Additionally, since oil is a mixture of various hydrocarbons (n-alkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), the construction of engineered bacteria capable of degrading various petroleum hydrocarbons by genetic engineering technology is a development direction to control crude oil pollution. The degradation of some petroleum components by microorganisms is controlled by an extrachromosomal plasmid; therefore, superbugs (product of genetic engineering: oil eating bug) can be constructed by introducing plasmids with capabilities for degrading different components in a single cell.
A recombinant
Genetically modified microorganisms such as bacteria including
Microbe-assisted contaminant reduction and in-depth analysis of the organisms’ metabolisms have over time accelerated the overall bioremediation process. However, in the next decade, molecular manipulations and the decryption of the cellular mechanisms using an integrated OMIC tool approach will play major roles in bioremediation processes [115].
Recently, a key area of modern-day scientific advancement in the removal of pollutants from the environment (either in soil or groundwater) is the nanoparticles empowered remediation. Green nanoremediation as a nature-based technology offers numerous promises for the cleanup and restoration of polluted soils such as crude oil polluted soils with reference to the efficiency of the process, energy consumed and the global need for eco-friendly processes [116]. Wang et al. [117] reported the use of silica nanoparticles capped with lipid bilayers of
Some of the all-round benefits of the use of green nanotechnology as a biotechnological tool for remediation of crude oil polluted sites may include the rapid removal of pollutants, reduced usage of hazardous substances and the cost effectiveness. Nanobioremediation might contribute immensely to the sustainability of the environment because of these benefits when compared to other methods of remediation. The copulation of biological entities with nanomaterials have furthermore demonstrated enhanced effectiveness in the degradation of contaminants in soil and water. This can be seen as a future possibility in facing environmental challenges. Dave and Das [118] reported that nanoparticles can potentially bind with xenobiotic compounds and can either transform them into less harmful byproducts or completely degrade them, this process can help in the clean-up of contaminated environment. The requirement for any ideal bioremediation process relies on the use of an environmentally friendly and efficient approach. These above-described technologies are complete for the effective bioremediation process. Also, as part of Nanotechnological tools in bioremediation, nanobiosurfactants provides unique properties which makes them potentially strong candidates for ecofriendly nanobioremediation in the future [119].
Some inorganic sensors have also been developed and applied in nanotechnology [120] to trace and identify contaminants/pollutants in the environment which will inform the most suitable/appropriate biotechnological tool to be applied for clean-up process. In another study, it was reported that the use of oxygen-sensitive proteins to develop oxygen biosensors is an emerging field which can be adopted for the preparation of nanomaterials that are able to respond to oxygen levels and other specific components of pollutants [121]. Ryu et al. [122] extensively reviewed the field of Transmembrane proteins which were incorporated into membranes coupled to several trandusctors and observed that this approach can be successfully applied in pesticide detection, monitoring of gases, microarray etc. Based on this, [123] recommended that in the future, hydrocarbon catabolic enzymes may also be incorporated to monitor more complex pollutants such as Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). These concepts, explored with proteins will open a wide area of sensing and detoxification opportunities in bioremediation. Techniques such as biofilm formation and whole-cell immobilization for the removal and recovery of soils containing pollutants such as heavy metals and PAHs have also gained attention [124].
The various biotechnological tools in ecorestoration of crude oil polluted environment outlined in this review has been confirmed to be eco-friendly and effective in the mineralization of the pollutants. Biosurfactant-producing microbes contribute significantly to enhancing microbial bioremediation by increasing bioavailability. Microorganisms produce a wide range of surfactants with hydrocarbon specificity. Microbial bioremediation and phytoremediation have both yielded positive results in environmental studies under favorable conditions and growth conditions, respectively. The genetic engineered microbes in bioremediation favor the degradation of recalcitrant hydrocarbons and increase the rate of degradation. Although this method is still under investigation based on environmental and ecological risk. This review has highlighted known eco-friendly approaches of bioremediation of polluted sites using several biotechnological tools.
IntechOpen’s team of Scientific Advisors supports the publishing team by providing editorial and academic input and ensuring the highest quality output of free peer-reviewed articles. The Boards consist of independent external collaborators who assist us on a voluntary basis. Their input includes advising on new topics within their field, proposing potential expert collaborators and reviewing book publishing proposals if required. Board members are experts who cover major STEM and HSS fields. All are trusted IntechOpen collaborators and Academic Editors, ensuring that the needs of the scientific community are met.
",metaTitle:"STM Publishing and Free Peer Reviewed Articles | IntechOpen",metaDescription:"IntechOpen’s scientific advisors support the STM publishing team by offering their editorial input, ensuring a consistent output of free peer reviewed articles.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"scientific-advisors",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6654},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5945},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2452},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12681},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1014},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17701}],offset:12,limit:12,total:133951},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"5,6,12,13,18"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11369",title:"RNA Viruses",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"52f8a3a1486912beae40b34ac557fed3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Yogendra Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11369.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"278914",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yogendra",surname:"Shah",slug:"yogendra-shah",fullName:"Yogendra Shah"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11610",title:"New Insights in Herbicide Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"eb3830b8176caf3d1fd52c32313c5168",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Kassio Ferreira Mendes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11610.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11641",title:"Updates on Fermentation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a40ca422d610cac17d09b0df36469351",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Raúl Ferrer-Gallego",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11641.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"353129",title:"Dr.",name:"Raúl",surname:"Ferrer-Gallego",slug:"raul-ferrer-gallego",fullName:"Raúl Ferrer-Gallego"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11800",title:"Cyanobacteria - Recent Advances and New Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"645b037b086ec8c36af614326dce9804",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Archana Tiwari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11800.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11669",title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9117bd12dc904ced43404e3383b6591a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Assistant Prof. Erik Froyen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"415310",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Erik",surname:"Froyen",slug:"erik-froyen",fullName:"Erik Froyen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11664",title:"Recent Advances in Sensing Technologies for Environmental Control and Monitoring",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"cf1ee76443e393bc7597723c3ee3e26f",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Toonika Rinken and Dr. Kairi Kivirand",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11664.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"24687",title:"Dr.",name:"Toonika",surname:"Rinken",slug:"toonika-rinken",fullName:"Toonika Rinken"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11636",title:"Neuroplasticity - Visual Cortex Reorganization From Neurons to Maps",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b306ce94998737c764d08736e76d60e1",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Alyssa A Brewer and Dr. Brian Barton",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11636.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"115304",title:"Dr.",name:"Alyssa",surname:"Brewer",slug:"alyssa-brewer",fullName:"Alyssa Brewer"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11475",title:"Food Security Challenges and Approaches",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"090302a30e461cee643ec49675c811ec",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Muhammad Haseeb Ahmad, Dr. Muhammad Imran and Dr. Muhammad Kamran Khan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11475.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"292145",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Haseeb Ahmad",slug:"muhammad-haseeb-ahmad",fullName:"Muhammad Haseeb Ahmad"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11607",title:"Aquatic Plants - Biology and Environmental Impacts",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9103c1501af58e2c24202646f15f0940",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Abd El-Fatah Abomohra, Dr. Mei Li and Dr. Adel W. Almutairi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11607.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"186114",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdelfatah",surname:"Abomohra",slug:"abdelfatah-abomohra",fullName:"Abdelfatah Abomohra"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11672",title:"Chemokines Updates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c00855833476a514d37abf7c846e16e9",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Murat Şentürk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"14794",title:"Prof.",name:"Murat",surname:"Şentürk",slug:"murat-senturk",fullName:"Murat Şentürk"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11674",title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5d7d49bd80f53dad3761f78de4a862c6",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Gaia Favero",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"238047",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaia",surname:"Favero",slug:"gaia-favero",fullName:"Gaia Favero"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11635",title:"Towards New Perspectives on Toxoplasma gondii",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2d409a285bea682efb34a817b0651aba",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Saeed El-Ashram, Dr. Guillermo Téllez and Dr. Firas Alali",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11635.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"209746",title:"Dr.",name:"Saeed",surname:"El-Ashram",slug:"saeed-el-ashram",fullName:"Saeed El-Ashram"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:39},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:13},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:23},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:66},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:26},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:122},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:12,limit:12,total:82},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11012",title:"Radiopharmaceuticals",subtitle:"Current Research for Better Diagnosis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f9046d6f96148b285e776f384991120d",slug:"radiopharmaceuticals-current-research-for-better-diagnosis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11012.jpg",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10787",title:"Hepatocellular Carcinoma",subtitle:"Challenges and Opportunities of a Multidisciplinary Approach",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc00a66513e51003e5dbbc0294e0fc3d",slug:"hepatocellular-carcinoma-challenges-and-opportunities-of-a-multidisciplinary-approach",bookSignature:"Georgios Tsoulfas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10787.jpg",editors:[{id:"57412",title:"Prof.",name:"Georgios",middleName:null,surname:"Tsoulfas",slug:"georgios-tsoulfas",fullName:"Georgios Tsoulfas"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10841",title:"Hydrolases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4e868cde273d65a7ff54b1817d640629",slug:"hydrolases",bookSignature:"Sajjad Haider, Adnan Haider and Angel Catalá",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10841.jpg",editors:[{id:"110708",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajjad",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"sajjad-haider",fullName:"Sajjad Haider"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10797",title:"Cell Culture",subtitle:"Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c628f4757f9639a4450728d839a7842",slug:"cell-culture-advanced-technology-and-applications-in-medical-and-life-sciences",bookSignature:"Xianquan Zhan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10797.jpg",editors:[{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10193",title:"Multidisciplinary Experiences in Renal Replacement Therapy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3c4738671bb3e815744d1e04df7ba879",slug:"multidisciplinary-experiences-in-renal-replacement-therapy",bookSignature:"Ane C.F. Nunes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10193.jpg",editors:[{id:"55270",title:"Prof.",name:"Ane",middleName:null,surname:"Claudia Fernandes Nunes",slug:"ane-claudia-fernandes-nunes",fullName:"Ane Claudia Fernandes Nunes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10983",title:"Conifers",subtitle:"Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3e524d29fc3f95c3389efbd41463dab6",slug:"conifers-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Ana Cristina Gonçalves and Teresa Fonseca",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10983.jpg",editors:[{id:"194484",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"ana-cristina-goncalves",fullName:"Ana Cristina Gonçalves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10539",title:"Ginseng",subtitle:"Modern Aspects of the Famed Traditional Medicine",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f388543a066b617d2c52bd4c027c272",slug:"ginseng-modern-aspects-of-the-famed-traditional-medicine",bookSignature:"Christophe Hano and Jen-Tsung Chen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10539.jpg",editors:[{id:"313856",title:"Dr.",name:"Christophe",middleName:"F.E.",surname:"Hano",slug:"christophe-hano",fullName:"Christophe Hano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10881",title:"Drug Repurposing",subtitle:"Molecular Aspects and Therapeutic Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca3f2d5ca97b457d38a2442b36d3ac7",slug:"drug-repurposing-molecular-aspects-and-therapeutic-applications",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10881.jpg",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10356",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"943e56ccaaf19ff696d25aa638ae37d6",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4423},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1677,editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1337,editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1309,editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:847,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2273,editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:591,editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:515,editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:413,editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",publishedDate:"June 8th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2194,editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:341,editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10774",title:"Model Organisms in Plant Genetics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f6624b58571ac10c9b636c5d85ec5e54",slug:"model-organisms-in-plant-genetics",bookSignature:"Ibrokhim Y. Abdurakhmonov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10774.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"213344",title:"Prof.",name:"Ibrokhim Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Abdurakhmonov",slug:"ibrokhim-y.-abdurakhmonov",fullName:"Ibrokhim Y. Abdurakhmonov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10839",title:"Protein Detection",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2f1c0e4e0207fc45c936e7d22a5369c4",slug:"protein-detection",bookSignature:"Yusuf Tutar and Lütfi Tutar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10839.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10696",title:"Applications of Calorimetry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8c87f7e2199db33b5dd7181f56973a97",slug:"applications-of-calorimetry",bookSignature:"José Luis Rivera Armenta and Cynthia Graciela Flores Hernández",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10696.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"107855",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rivera Armenta",slug:"jose-luis-rivera-armenta",fullName:"Jose Luis Rivera Armenta"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1061",title:"Psychiatry",slug:"mental-and-behavioural-disorders-and-diseases-of-the-nervous-system-psychiatry",parent:{id:"187",title:"Mental and Behavioural Disorders and Diseases of the Nervous System",slug:"mental-and-behavioural-disorders-and-diseases-of-the-nervous-system"},numberOfBooks:21,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:584,numberOfWosCitations:310,numberOfCrossrefCitations:242,numberOfDimensionsCitations:611,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"1061",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"7829",title:"Psychosis",subtitle:"Phenomenology, Psychopathology and Pathophysiology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a211068a33e47af974e3823f33feaa43",slug:"psychosis-phenomenology-psychopathology-and-pathophysiology",bookSignature:"Kenjiro Fukao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7829.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"32519",title:"Dr.",name:"Kenjiro",middleName:null,surname:"Fukao",slug:"kenjiro-fukao",fullName:"Kenjiro Fukao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10543",title:"Psychology and Pathophysiological Outcomes of Eating",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2464b5fb6a39df380e935096743410a0",slug:"psychology-and-pathophysiological-outcomes-of-eating",bookSignature:"Akikazu Takada and Hubertus Himmerich",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10543.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9499",title:"ADHD",subtitle:"From Etiology to Comorbidity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"176f5275d9e1e06b24e0ae07b90c424f",slug:"adhd-from-etiology-to-comorbidity",bookSignature:"Hojka Gregorič Kumperščak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9499.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"53417",title:"Prof.",name:"Hojka",middleName:null,surname:"Gregoric Kumperscak",slug:"hojka-gregoric-kumperscak",fullName:"Hojka Gregoric Kumperscak"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10348",title:"Addictions",subtitle:"Diagnosis and Treatment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4b66187e9866019abbb18183e4364d2b",slug:"addictions-diagnosis-and-treatment",bookSignature:"William M. Meil and John A. Mills",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10348.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"87876",title:"Dr.",name:"William M.",middleName:null,surname:"Meil",slug:"william-m.-meil",fullName:"William M. Meil"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9634",title:"Autism Spectrum Disorder",subtitle:"Profile, Heterogeneity, Neurobiology and Intervention",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9c36a2454fac16e70ba00562cb6f009",slug:"autism-spectrum-disorder-profile-heterogeneity-neurobiology-and-intervention",bookSignature:"Michael Fitzgerald",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9634.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"205005",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Fitzgerald",slug:"michael-fitzgerald",fullName:"Michael Fitzgerald"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7983",title:"Psychosomatic Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4eabb8ae6669b096f822a3ebd57ef59d",slug:"psychosomatic-medicine",bookSignature:"Ignacio Jáuregui Lobera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7983.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"323887",title:"Prof.",name:"Ignacio",middleName:null,surname:"Jáuregui-Lobera",slug:"ignacio-jauregui-lobera",fullName:"Ignacio Jáuregui-Lobera"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8781",title:"Weight Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"865bbf7988bae3fdb09bf58d6e6a6cd5",slug:"weight-management",bookSignature:"Hubertus Himmerich",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8781.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"231568",title:"Dr.",name:"Hubertus",middleName:null,surname:"Himmerich",slug:"hubertus-himmerich",fullName:"Hubertus Himmerich"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7150",title:"Psychopathology",subtitle:"An International and Interdisciplinary Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"20069c97d42c17e629d5c581c18bc656",slug:"psychopathology-an-international-and-interdisciplinary-perspective",bookSignature:"Robert Woolfolk, Lesley Allen, Federico Durbano and Floriana Irtelli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7150.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67877",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Woolfolk",slug:"robert-woolfolk",fullName:"Robert Woolfolk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7834",title:"Psychological Trauma",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bf017e468f45af73aeddb136833b319b",slug:"psychological-trauma",bookSignature:"Ana Starcevic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7834.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"182584",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",middleName:null,surname:"Starcevic",slug:"ana-starcevic",fullName:"Ana Starcevic"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7835",title:"Autism Spectrum Disorders",subtitle:"Advances at the End of the Second Decade of the 21st Century",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2cfcf44e79e12e620251aaa9d08a4a3e",slug:"autism-spectrum-disorders-advances-at-the-end-of-the-second-decade-of-the-21st-century",bookSignature:"Michael Fitzgerald",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7835.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"205005",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Fitzgerald",slug:"michael-fitzgerald",fullName:"Michael Fitzgerald"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7239",title:"Anxiety Disorders",subtitle:"From Childhood to Adulthood",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fa54cdf45af09334a05f7642a560a639",slug:"anxiety-disorders-from-childhood-to-adulthood",bookSignature:"Neşe Kocabaşoğlu and R. Hülya Bingöl Çağlayan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7239.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"91417",title:"Prof.",name:"Nese",middleName:null,surname:"Kocabasoglu",slug:"nese-kocabasoglu",fullName:"Nese Kocabasoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7117",title:"Psychosis",subtitle:"Biopsychosocial and Relational Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3cfc852c7ecc10618bca94b1a559c9cd",slug:"psychosis-biopsychosocial-and-relational-perspectives",bookSignature:"Floriana Irtelli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"174641",title:"Dr.",name:"Floriana",middleName:null,surname:"Irtelli",slug:"floriana-irtelli",fullName:"Floriana Irtelli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:21,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"20033",doi:"10.5772/18507",title:"Parenting Stress in Mothers and Fathers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders",slug:"parenting-stress-in-mothers-and-fathers-of-children-with-autism-spectrum-disorders",totalDownloads:18752,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:30,abstract:null,book:{id:"463",slug:"a-comprehensive-book-on-autism-spectrum-disorders",title:"A Comprehensive Book on Autism Spectrum Disorders",fullTitle:"A Comprehensive Book on Autism Spectrum Disorders"},signatures:"Ewa Pisula",authors:[{id:"31714",title:"Prof.",name:"Ewa",middleName:null,surname:"Pisula",slug:"ewa-pisula",fullName:"Ewa Pisula"}]},{id:"20053",doi:"10.5772/21506",title:"Transition to Adulthood for High-Functioning Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders",slug:"transition-to-adulthood-for-high-functioning-individuals-with-autism-spectrum-disorders",totalDownloads:4604,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:28,abstract:null,book:{id:"463",slug:"a-comprehensive-book-on-autism-spectrum-disorders",title:"A Comprehensive Book on Autism Spectrum Disorders",fullTitle:"A Comprehensive Book on Autism Spectrum Disorders"},signatures:"Steven K. Kapp, Alexander Gantman and Elizabeth A. Laugeson",authors:[{id:"43405",title:"Dr",name:"Elizabeth",middleName:"A",surname:"Laugeson",slug:"elizabeth-laugeson",fullName:"Elizabeth Laugeson"},{id:"46932",title:"Mr.",name:"Steven",middleName:null,surname:"Kapp",slug:"steven-kapp",fullName:"Steven Kapp"},{id:"46933",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Gantman",slug:"alexander-gantman",fullName:"Alexander Gantman"}]},{id:"48416",doi:"10.5772/60662",title:"Examining Sex and Gender Differences in Anxiety Disorders",slug:"examining-sex-and-gender-differences-in-anxiety-disorders",totalDownloads:3682,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:26,abstract:"Several studies have examined sex differences in different anxiety disorders. Females are repeatedly found to be more likely than males to suffer from anxiety in general and to be diagnosed with most anxiety disorders, including agoraphobia (AG), panic disorder (PD), separation anxiety (SA), specific phobia (SP), social anxiety disorder (SAD), generalised anxiety disorder (GAD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and acute and posttraumatic stress disorder (ASD and PTSD), although the latter three are technically no longer categorised as anxiety disorders according to DSM-5. This chapter provides an overview of research on sex and gender differences in anxiety disorders ranging from the well-established female preponderance in prevalence and severity to possible sex differences in the risk and protective factors associated with anxiety, sex differences in the clinical presentation of anxiety disorders, and potential sex differences in the effectiveness of different treatments. The chapter contains suggestions for future research, including important questions that remain to be answered.",book:{id:"4651",slug:"a-fresh-look-at-anxiety-disorders",title:"A Fresh Look at Anxiety Disorders",fullTitle:"A Fresh Look at Anxiety Disorders"},signatures:"Dorte M. Christiansen",authors:[{id:"113525",title:"MSc.",name:"Dorte",middleName:null,surname:"M. Christiansen",slug:"dorte-m.-christiansen",fullName:"Dorte M. Christiansen"}]},{id:"48585",doi:"10.5772/60711",title:"Impact of Anxiety and Depression Symptoms on Scholar Performance in High School and University Students",slug:"impact-of-anxiety-and-depression-symptoms-on-scholar-performance-in-high-school-and-university-stude",totalDownloads:4397,totalCrossrefCites:17,totalDimensionsCites:20,abstract:"Emotional processes are important to survive. The Darwinian adaptive concept of stress refers to natural selection since evolved individuals have acquired effective strategies to adapt to the environment and to unavoidable changes. If demands are abrupt and intense, there might be insufficient time to successful responses. Usually, stress produces a cognitive or perceptual evaluation (emotional memory) which motivates to make a plan, to take a decision and to perform an action to face successfully the demand. Between several kinds of stresses, there are psychosocial and emotional stresses with cultural, social and political influences. The cultural changes have modified the way in which individuals socially interact. Deficits in familiar relationships and social isolation alter physical and mental health in young students, producing reduction of their capacities of facing stressors in school. Adolescence is characterized by significant physiological, anatomical, and psychological changes in boys and girls, who become vulnerable to psychiatric disorders. In particular for young adult students, anxiety and depression symptoms could interfere in their academic performance. In this chapter, we reviewed approaches to the study of anxiety and depression symptoms related with the academic performance in adolescent and graduate students. Results from available published studies in academic journals are reviewed to discuss the importance to detect information about academic performance, which leads to discover in many cases the very commonly subdiagnosed psychiatric disorders in adolescents, that is, anxiety and depression. With the reviewed evidence of how anxiety and depression in young adult students may alter their main activity in life (studying and academic performance), we discussed data in order to show a way in which professionals involved in schools could support students and stablish a routine of intervention in any case.",book:{id:"4651",slug:"a-fresh-look-at-anxiety-disorders",title:"A Fresh Look at Anxiety Disorders",fullTitle:"A Fresh Look at Anxiety Disorders"},signatures:"Blandina Bernal-Morales, Juan Francisco Rodríguez-Landa and\nFrank Pulido-Criollo",authors:[{id:"45701",title:"Dr.",name:"Blandina",middleName:null,surname:"Bernal-Morales",slug:"blandina-bernal-morales",fullName:"Blandina Bernal-Morales"},{id:"45702",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Rodríguez-Landa",slug:"juan-francisco-rodriguez-landa",fullName:"Juan Francisco Rodríguez-Landa"},{id:"175891",title:"MSc.",name:"Frank",middleName:null,surname:"Pulido-Criollo",slug:"frank-pulido-criollo",fullName:"Frank Pulido-Criollo"}]},{id:"17574",doi:"10.5772/19919",title:"The Loss of Glutamate-GABA Harmony in Anxiety Disorders",slug:"the-loss-of-glutamate-gaba-harmony-in-anxiety-disorders",totalDownloads:9495,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:19,abstract:null,book:{id:"510",slug:"anxiety-disorders",title:"Anxiety Disorders",fullTitle:"Anxiety Disorders"},signatures:"Joanna M Wierońska, K. Stachowicz, G. Nowak and A. Pilc",authors:[{id:"36779",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrzej",middleName:null,surname:"Pilc",slug:"andrzej-pilc",fullName:"Andrzej Pilc"},{id:"36785",title:"Dr.",name:"Joanna",middleName:null,surname:"Wieronska",slug:"joanna-wieronska",fullName:"Joanna Wieronska"},{id:"36786",title:"Mr.",name:"Katarzyna",middleName:null,surname:"Stachowicz",slug:"katarzyna-stachowicz",fullName:"Katarzyna Stachowicz"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"62216",title:"Subtypes of Psychotic-Like Experiences and Their Significance for Mental Health",slug:"subtypes-of-psychotic-like-experiences-and-their-significance-for-mental-health",totalDownloads:3169,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"More recently, the interest in studying subclinical psychosis has increased, as it might provide critical information regarding mechanisms that are implicated in the exacerbation of subclinical symptoms and the maintenance of mental health. However, psychosis research has tended to focus on clinical outcomes and not to differentiate between subtypes of psychotic-like experiences (PLE) that might differ regarding their psychopathological significance. Importantly, this might have obscured a more accurate picture of the complex structure of psychosis and the significance of particular risk and protective factors. Notably, while studies point toward a continuity of psychotic experiences and accompanying factors across the general population, there is evidence indicating that some PLE in healthy individuals might also be associated with a weaker expression of other subclinical symptoms, increased well-being and even resilience to some degree. Importantly, such findings might have implications on strategies in psychosis prevention and therapy, early detection, as well as the construction of continuum models of psychosis. The present chapter aims at drawing together findings that necessitate a more differentiated view and assessment of PLE. It intends to provoke new questions that might offer starting points for future investigations, such as longitudinal studies investigating the interplay of subclinical symptoms.",book:{id:"7117",slug:"psychosis-biopsychosocial-and-relational-perspectives",title:"Psychosis",fullTitle:"Psychosis - Biopsychosocial and Relational Perspectives"},signatures:"Lui Unterrassner",authors:[{id:"245870",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Lui",middleName:null,surname:"Unterrassner",slug:"lui-unterrassner",fullName:"Lui Unterrassner"}]},{id:"18334",title:"Challenges and Opportunities in Diagnosis and Management of Generalized Anxiety Disorder in Primary Care",slug:"challenges-and-opportunities-in-diagnosis-and-management-of-generalized-anxiety-disorder-in-primary-",totalDownloads:3916,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"236",slug:"anxiety-and-related-disorders",title:"Anxiety and Related Disorders",fullTitle:"Anxiety and Related Disorders"},signatures:"Mehtap Kartal",authors:[{id:"33369",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehtap",middleName:null,surname:"Kartal",slug:"mehtap-kartal",fullName:"Mehtap Kartal"}]},{id:"67627",title:"Borderline Personality Disorder and Childhood Trauma: The Posited Mechanisms of Symptoms Expression",slug:"borderline-personality-disorder-and-childhood-trauma-the-posited-mechanisms-of-symptoms-expression",totalDownloads:1231,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Traumatic events are reported in a large percentage of the population, however, only in some individuals it will lead to a diagnosable trauma-related disorder. Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is deemed to be a form of acute reaction to childhood trauma. Therein experiences of childhood abuse and neglect take on an important etiological role, generating severely disorganized attachment relationships, which in turn affect the development of emotional regulation systems, and significantly inhibit the development of mentalization and metacognitive skills. Furthermore, the last decade has seen important contribution of neuroscientific research in shedding light on the neurobiological correlates of traumatic experiences. A wealth of scientific literature links the onset of BPD to the combination between genetic and environmental factors (G×E), in particular between biological vulnerabilities and the exposure to traumatic experiences during childhood. Although no research can predict with certainty which trauma will translate into symptoms, there are indications as to who is more at risk of developing a trauma-related disorder. Herein we describe the psychological and epigenetic mechanisms affected by childhood trauma and altered in BPD patients.",book:{id:"7834",slug:"psychological-trauma",title:"Psychological Trauma",fullTitle:"Psychological Trauma"},signatures:"Maria Uscinska, Nicolo’ Gagliano, Andrea Polla Mattiot and Silvio Bellino",authors:[{id:"285336",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Uscinska",slug:"maria-uscinska",fullName:"Maria Uscinska"},{id:"288179",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Polla Mattiot",slug:"andrea-polla-mattiot",fullName:"Andrea Polla Mattiot"},{id:"302735",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicolo'",middleName:null,surname:"Gagliano",slug:"nicolo'-gagliano",fullName:"Nicolo' Gagliano"}]},{id:"69569",title:"Introductory Chapter: Psychological Trauma",slug:"introductory-chapter-psychological-trauma",totalDownloads:953,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"7834",slug:"psychological-trauma",title:"Psychological Trauma",fullTitle:"Psychological Trauma"},signatures:"Ana Starcevic",authors:[{id:"182584",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",middleName:null,surname:"Starcevic",slug:"ana-starcevic",fullName:"Ana Starcevic"}]},{id:"67251",title:"A Relational Perspective on Psychological Trauma: The Ghost of the Unspent Love",slug:"a-relational-perspective-on-psychological-trauma-em-the-ghost-of-the-unspent-love-em-",totalDownloads:1250,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Psychological trauma is central to the practice of all psychological therapies and is possibly one of the most frequently uttered terms in the history of psychology since its philosophical inception by the Ancient Greeks. Despite the abundance of scholarship devoted to the study and conceptualization of trauma, it remains a perplexing phenomenon given that the majority of contemporary studies focus on post-traumatic symptomatology and allied diagnostic pathology. While the psychopathology of post-traumatic ramifications has been thoroughly examined, the pathopsychology of trauma remains an arena of ongoing exploration and debate. The purpose of the current chapter is to offer an overview of the most predominant conceptual frameworks of psychological trauma residing in the psychodynamic school of thought, which not only addresses the intrapsychic and interpersonal origins of traumatic pathology but also provides a normative framework of healthy human development. Alongside that, a clinical case vignette will be presented to illustrate the interventions, processes, and outcome of psychodynamic treatment for complex trauma. Positioned within a post-modernist paradigm, the chapter aims to review current psychodynamic literature from a perspective that supports the notion that reality can be interpreted in multiple ways and thus embraces the diversity of multiple analytical contributions to the study of trauma.",book:{id:"7834",slug:"psychological-trauma",title:"Psychological Trauma",fullTitle:"Psychological Trauma"},signatures:"Catherine Athanasiadou-Lewis",authors:[{id:"287692",title:"Dr.",name:"Catherine",middleName:null,surname:"Lewis",slug:"catherine-lewis",fullName:"Catherine Lewis"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1061",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:31,numberOfPublishedChapters:314,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:18,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:14,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 11th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",slug:"andries-engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). In addition to a number of research articles, he has written two books, Computational Intelligence: An Introduction and Fundamentals of Computational Swarm Intelligence.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Stellenbosch University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",slug:"mehmet-aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mehmet Emin Aydin is a Senior Lecturer with the Department of Computer Science and Creative Technology, the University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. His research interests include swarm intelligence, parallel and distributed metaheuristics, machine learning, intelligent agents and multi-agent systems, resource planning, scheduling and optimization, combinatorial optimization. Dr. Aydin is currently a Fellow of Higher Education Academy, UK, a member of EPSRC College, a senior member of IEEE and a senior member of ACM. In addition to being a member of advisory committees of many international conferences, he is an Editorial Board Member of various peer-reviewed international journals. He has served as guest editor for a number of special issues of peer-reviewed international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the West of England",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:19,paginationItems:[{id:"82196",title:"Multi-Features Assisted Age Invariant Face Recognition and Retrieval Using CNN with Scale Invariant Heat Kernel Signature",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104944",signatures:"Kamarajugadda Kishore Kumar and Movva Pavani",slug:"multi-features-assisted-age-invariant-face-recognition-and-retrieval-using-cnn-with-scale-invariant-",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"82063",title:"Evaluating Similarities and Differences between Machine Learning and Traditional Statistical Modeling in Healthcare Analytics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105116",signatures:"Michele Bennett, Ewa J. Kleczyk, Karin Hayes and Rajesh Mehta",slug:"evaluating-similarities-and-differences-between-machine-learning-and-traditional-statistical-modelin",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11422.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81791",title:"Self-Supervised Contrastive Representation Learning in Computer Vision",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104785",signatures:"Yalin Bastanlar and Semih Orhan",slug:"self-supervised-contrastive-representation-learning-in-computer-vision",totalDownloads:23,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"79345",title:"Application of Jump Diffusion Models in Insurance Claim Estimation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99853",signatures:"Leonard Mushunje, Chiedza Elvina Mashiri, Edina Chandiwana and Maxwell Mashasha",slug:"application-of-jump-diffusion-models-in-insurance-claim-estimation-1",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7723",title:"Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:"Applications in Medicine and Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7723.jpg",slug:"artificial-intelligence-applications-in-medicine-and-biology",publishedDate:"July 31st 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"a3852659e727f95c98c740ed98146011",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Artificial Intelligence - Applications in Medicine and Biology",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7726",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7726.jpg",slug:"swarm-intelligence-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Javier Del Ser, Esther Villar and Eneko Osaba",hash:"e7ea7e74ce7a7a8e5359629e07c68d31",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",editors:[{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"7656",title:"Fuzzy Logic",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7656.jpg",slug:"fuzzy-logic",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Constantin Volosencu",hash:"54f092d4ffe0abf5e4172a80025019bc",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Fuzzy Logic",editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"9963",title:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9963.jpg",slug:"advances-and-applications-in-deep-learning",publishedDate:"December 9th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"0d51ba46f22e55cb89140f60d86a071e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{id:"11478",title:"Recent Advances in the Study of Dyslexia",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11478.jpg",hash:"26764a18c6b776698823e0e1c3022d2f",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"June 30th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"294281",title:"Prof.",name:"Jonathan",surname:"Glazzard",slug:"jonathan-glazzard",fullName:"Jonathan Glazzard"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:19,paginationItems:[{id:"82196",title:"Multi-Features Assisted Age Invariant Face Recognition and Retrieval Using CNN with Scale Invariant Heat Kernel Signature",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104944",signatures:"Kamarajugadda Kishore Kumar and Movva Pavani",slug:"multi-features-assisted-age-invariant-face-recognition-and-retrieval-using-cnn-with-scale-invariant-",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"82063",title:"Evaluating Similarities and Differences between Machine Learning and Traditional Statistical Modeling in Healthcare Analytics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105116",signatures:"Michele Bennett, Ewa J. Kleczyk, Karin Hayes and Rajesh Mehta",slug:"evaluating-similarities-and-differences-between-machine-learning-and-traditional-statistical-modelin",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11422.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81791",title:"Self-Supervised Contrastive Representation Learning in Computer Vision",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104785",signatures:"Yalin Bastanlar and Semih Orhan",slug:"self-supervised-contrastive-representation-learning-in-computer-vision",totalDownloads:23,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"79345",title:"Application of Jump Diffusion Models in Insurance Claim Estimation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99853",signatures:"Leonard Mushunje, Chiedza Elvina Mashiri, Edina Chandiwana and Maxwell Mashasha",slug:"application-of-jump-diffusion-models-in-insurance-claim-estimation-1",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81557",title:"Object Tracking Using Adapted Optical Flow",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102863",signatures:"Ronaldo Ferreira, Joaquim José de Castro Ferreira and António José Ribeiro Neves",slug:"object-tracking-using-adapted-optical-flow",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",subseries:{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision"}}},{id:"81558",title:"Thresholding Image Techniques for Plant Segmentation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104587",signatures:"Miguel Ángel Castillo-Martínez, Francisco Javier Gallegos-Funes, Blanca E. Carvajal-Gámez, Guillermo Urriolagoitia-Sosa and Alberto J. Rosales-Silva",slug:"thresholding-image-techniques-for-plant-segmentation",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",subseries:{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision"}}},{id:"81471",title:"Semantic Map: Bringing Together Groups and Discourses",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103818",signatures:"Theodore Chadjipadelis and Georgia Panagiotidou",slug:"semantic-map-bringing-together-groups-and-discourses",totalDownloads:19,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"79491",title:"Fuzzy Perceptron Learning for Non-Linearly Separable Patterns",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101312",signatures:"Raja Kishor Duggirala",slug:"fuzzy-perceptron-learning-for-non-linearly-separable-patterns",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Raja Kishor",surname:"Duggirala"}],book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81234",title:"Cognitive Visual Tracking of Hand Gestures in Real-Time RGB Videos",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103170",signatures:"Richa Golash and Yogendra Kumar Jain",slug:"cognitive-visual-tracking-of-hand-gestures-in-real-time-rgb-videos",totalDownloads:38,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",subseries:{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision"}}},{id:"81331",title:"Machine Learning Algorithm-Based Contraceptive Practice among Ever-Married Women in Bangladesh: A Hierarchical Machine Learning Classification Approach",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103187",signatures:"Iqramul Haq, Md. Ismail Hossain, Md. Moshiur Rahman, Md. Injamul Haq Methun, Ashis Talukder, Md. Jakaria Habib and Md. Sanwar Hossain",slug:"machine-learning-algorithm-based-contraceptive-practice-among-ever-married-women-in-bangladesh-a-hie",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11422.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Applied Intelligence",value:22,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Computer Vision",value:24,count:8,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",value:26,count:10,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:31,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",volumeInSeries:32,fullTitle:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195290/images/system/195290.png",institutionString:"Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi",institution:{name:"Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10839",title:"Protein Detection",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10839.jpg",slug:"protein-detection",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Yusuf Tutar and Lütfi Tutar",hash:"2f1c0e4e0207fc45c936e7d22a5369c4",volumeInSeries:31,fullTitle:"Protein Detection",editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/158492/images/system/158492.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10797",title:"Cell Culture",subtitle:"Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10797.jpg",slug:"cell-culture-advanced-technology-and-applications-in-medical-and-life-sciences",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xianquan Zhan",hash:"2c628f4757f9639a4450728d839a7842",volumeInSeries:30,fullTitle:"Cell Culture - Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",editors:[{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223233/images/system/223233.png",institutionString:"Shandong First Medical University",institution:{name:"Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10841",title:"Hydrolases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10841.jpg",slug:"hydrolases",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Sajjad Haider, Adnan Haider and Angel Catalá",hash:"4e868cde273d65a7ff54b1817d640629",volumeInSeries:29,fullTitle:"Hydrolases",editors:[{id:"110708",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajjad",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"sajjad-haider",fullName:"Sajjad Haider",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/110708/images/system/110708.png",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",volumeInSeries:28,fullTitle:"Reactive Oxygen Species",editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9008",title:"Vitamin K",subtitle:"Recent Topics on the Biology and Chemistry",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9008.jpg",slug:"vitamin-k-recent-topics-on-the-biology-and-chemistry",publishedDate:"March 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hiroyuki Kagechika and Hitoshi Shirakawa",hash:"8b43add5389ba85743e0a9491e4b9943",volumeInSeries:27,fullTitle:"Vitamin K - Recent Topics on the Biology and Chemistry",editors:[{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10799",title:"Phenolic Compounds",subtitle:"Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10799.jpg",slug:"phenolic-compounds-chemistry-synthesis-diversity-non-conventional-industrial-pharmaceutical-and-therapeutic-applications",publishedDate:"February 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",hash:"339199f254d2987ef3167eef74fb8a38",volumeInSeries:26,fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9659",title:"Fibroblasts",subtitle:"Advances in Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Cancer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9659.jpg",slug:"fibroblasts-advances-in-inflammation-autoimmunity-and-cancer",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mojca Frank Bertoncelj and Katja Lakota",hash:"926fa6446f6befbd363fc74971a56de2",volumeInSeries:25,fullTitle:"Fibroblasts - Advances in Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Cancer",editors:[{id:"328755",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mojca",middleName:null,surname:"Frank Bertoncelj",slug:"mojca-frank-bertoncelj",fullName:"Mojca Frank Bertoncelj",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/328755/images/system/328755.jpg",institutionString:"BioMed X Institute",institution:{name:"University Hospital of Zurich",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Switzerland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8977",title:"Protein Kinases",subtitle:"Promising Targets for Anticancer Drug Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8977.jpg",slug:"protein-kinases-promising-targets-for-anticancer-drug-research",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rajesh Kumar Singh",hash:"6d200cc031706a565b554fdb1c478901",volumeInSeries:24,fullTitle:"Protein Kinases - Promising Targets for Anticancer Drug Research",editors:[{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8018",title:"Extracellular Matrix",subtitle:"Developments and Therapeutics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8018.jpg",slug:"extracellular-matrix-developments-and-therapeutics",publishedDate:"October 27th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula, Joseph Orgel P.R.O. and Zvi Loewy",hash:"c85e82851e80b40282ff9be99ddf2046",volumeInSeries:23,fullTitle:"Extracellular Matrix - Developments and Therapeutics",editors:[{id:"212416",title:"Dr.",name:"Rama Sashank",middleName:null,surname:"Madhurapantula",slug:"rama-sashank-madhurapantula",fullName:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212416/images/system/212416.jpg",institutionString:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institution:{name:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9759",title:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease",subtitle:"Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9759.jpg",slug:"vitamin-e-in-health-and-disease-interactions-diseases-and-health-aspects",publishedDate:"October 6th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Júlia Scherer Santos",hash:"6c3ddcc13626110de289b57f2516ac8f",volumeInSeries:22,fullTitle:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease - Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoğlu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoğlu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/109978/images/system/109978.jpg",institutionString:"Hacettepe University",institution:{name:"Hacettepe University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9753",title:"Terpenes and Terpenoids",subtitle:"Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9753.jpg",slug:"terpenes-and-terpenoids-recent-advances",publishedDate:"July 28th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shagufta Perveen and Areej Mohammad Al-Taweel",hash:"575689df13c78bf0e6c1be40804cd010",volumeInSeries:21,fullTitle:"Terpenes and Terpenoids - Recent Advances",editors:[{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:6},{group:"subseries",caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:9},{group:"subseries",caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:12}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:7},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:7},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:12},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:2}],authors:{paginationCount:25,paginationItems:[{id:"429683",title:"Dr.",name:"Bilal",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"bilal-khalid",fullName:"Bilal Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/429683/images/system/429683.png",biography:"Dr. Bilal Khalid received a Ph.D. in Industrial Business Administration from KMITL Business School, Bangkok, in 2021, and a master’s in International Business Management from Stamford International University, Bangkok, in 2017. Dr. Khalid\\'s research interests include leadership and negotiations, digital transformations, gamification, eLearning, blockchain, Big Data, and management of information technology. Dr. Bilal Khalid also serves as an academic editor at Education Research International and a reviewer for international journals.",institutionString:"KMITL Business School",institution:{name:"King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038UqSfQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-13T10:39:03.jpg",biography:"Dr. Muhammad Mohiuddin is an Associate Professor of International Business at Laval University, Canada. He has taught at Thompson Rivers University, Canada; University of Paris-Est, France; Osnabruck University of Applied Science, Germany; and Shanghai Institute of Technology and Tianjin University of Technology, China. He has published research in Research Policy, Applied Economics, Review of Economic Philosophy, Strategic Change, International Journal of Logistics, Sustainability, Journal of Environmental Management, Journal of Global Information Management, Journal of Cleaner Production, M@N@GEMENT, and more. He is a member of CEDIMES Institut (France), Academy of International Business (AIB), Strategic Management Society (SMS), Academy of Management (AOM), Administrative Science Association of Canada (ASAC), and Canadian council of small business and entrepreneurship (CCSBE). He is currently the director of the Research Group on Contemporary Asia (GERAC) at Laval University. He is also co-managing editor of Transnational Corporations Review and a guest editor for Electronic Commerce Research and Journal of Internet Technology.",institutionString:"Université Laval",institution:{name:"Université Laval",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"189147",title:"Dr.",name:"Hailan",middleName:null,surname:"Salamun",slug:"hailan-salamun",fullName:"Hailan Salamun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/189147/images/19274_n.jpeg",biography:"Hailan Salamun, (Dr.) was born in Selangor, Malaysia and graduated from Tunku Ampuan Jamaah Religious High School at Shah Alam. Obtained a degree from the International Islamic University (UIA), Gombak in the field of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Heritage. Next, I furthered my studies to the professional level to obtain a Diploma in Education at UIA. After serving for several years in school, I furthered my studies to the Master of Dakwah and Leadership at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi. I graduated with a Doctor of Philosophy in Principalship Leadership from the University of Malaya (UM) in 2010. I am currently a senior lecturer in the Department of Nationalism and Civilization, Center for Basic and Continuing Education, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. Prior to that, I had served in several educational institutions such as schools, the Institute of Teacher Education (IPG), and also the University of Malaya. I am also actively involved in paper presentation, writing and publishing. My research interests are focused on leadership, education, society and Islamic civilization. This area of research requires a detailed understanding of Islamic studies and research studies in leadership. Another research interest that I have explored recently is the politics of the Malay community and also the leadership of the mosque.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"442081",title:"Dr.",name:"Audrey",middleName:null,surname:"Addy",slug:"audrey-addy",fullName:"Audrey Addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"437993",title:"Mr.",name:"Job",middleName:null,surname:"Jackson",slug:"job-jackson",fullName:"Job Jackson",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Management College of Southern Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"428495",title:"Prof.",name:"Asyraf",middleName:null,surname:"Ab Rahman",slug:"asyraf-ab-rahman",fullName:"Asyraf Ab Rahman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"429650",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacqueline",middleName:null,surname:"Kareem",slug:"jacqueline-kareem",fullName:"Jacqueline Kareem",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Christ University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"421041",title:"Dr.",name:"Sunil",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar Ramdas",slug:"sunil-kumar-ramdas",fullName:"Sunil Kumar Ramdas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jain University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"421833",title:"Mr.",name:"Eugene",middleName:null,surname:"Owusu-Acheampong",slug:"eugene-owusu-acheampong",fullName:"Eugene Owusu-Acheampong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"239876",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Luciana",middleName:null,surname:"Mourão",slug:"luciana-mourao",fullName:"Luciana Mourão",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Salgado de Oliveira",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"421735",title:"Dr.",name:"elizabeth",middleName:null,surname:"addy",slug:"elizabeth-addy",fullName:"elizabeth addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"442083",title:"Dr.",name:"James",middleName:null,surname:"Addy",slug:"james-addy",fullName:"James Addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"437991",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Hoque",slug:"muhammad-hoque",fullName:"Muhammad Hoque",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421006",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Uster",slug:"anna-uster",fullName:"Anna Uster",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"470243",title:"Dr.",name:"Md Samim",middleName:null,surname:"Al Azad",slug:"md-samim-al-azad",fullName:"Md Samim Al Azad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"470244",title:"Dr.",name:"Slimane",middleName:null,surname:"Ed-dafali",slug:"slimane-ed-dafali",fullName:"Slimane Ed-dafali",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421011",title:"Dr.",name:"Afatakpa",middleName:null,surname:"Fortune",slug:"afatakpa-fortune",fullName:"Afatakpa Fortune",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"446057",title:"Mr.",name:"Okedare",middleName:null,surname:"David Olubukunmi",slug:"okedare-david-olubukunmi",fullName:"Okedare David Olubukunmi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421778",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatimah",middleName:"Saeed",surname:"AlAhmari",slug:"fatimah-alahmari",fullName:"Fatimah AlAhmari",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421024",title:"Prof.",name:"Harold Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Patrick",slug:"harold-andrew-patrick",fullName:"Harold Andrew Patrick",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421065",title:"Ms.",name:"Euzália",middleName:null,surname:"do Rosário Botelho Tomé",slug:"euzalia-do-rosario-botelho-tome",fullName:"Euzália do Rosário Botelho Tomé",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421053",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ken",middleName:null,surname:"Kalala Ndalamba",slug:"ken-kalala-ndalamba",fullName:"Ken Kalala Ndalamba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421826",title:"Dr.",name:"Inusah",middleName:null,surname:"Salifu",slug:"inusah-salifu",fullName:"Inusah Salifu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"420823",title:"Prof.",name:"Gardênia da Silva",middleName:null,surname:"Abbad",slug:"gardenia-da-silva-abbad",fullName:"Gardênia da Silva Abbad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"437613",title:"MSc.",name:"Juliana",middleName:null,surname:"Legentil",slug:"juliana-legentil",fullName:"Juliana Legentil",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"19",type:"subseries",title:"Animal Science",keywords:"Animal Science, Animal Biology, Wildlife Species, Domesticated Animals",scope:"The Animal Science topic welcomes research on captive and wildlife species, including domesticated animals. The research resented can consist of primary studies on various animal biology fields such as genetics, nutrition, behavior, welfare, and animal production, to name a few. Reviews on specialized areas of animal science are also welcome.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/19.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11415,editor:{id:"259298",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward",middleName:null,surname:"Narayan",slug:"edward-narayan",fullName:"Edward Narayan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Edward Narayan graduated with Ph.D. degree in Biology from the University of the South Pacific and pioneered non-invasive reproductive and stress endocrinology tools for amphibians - the novel development and validation of non-invasive enzyme immunoassays for the evaluation of reproductive hormonal cycle and stress hormone responses to environmental stressors. \nDr. Narayan leads the Stress Lab (Comparative Physiology and Endocrinology) at the University of Queensland. A dynamic career research platform which is based on the thematic areas of comparative vertebrate physiology, stress endocrinology, reproductive endocrinology, animal health and welfare, and conservation biology. \nEdward has supervised 40 research students and published over 60 peer reviewed research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Queensland",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",issn:"2632-0517"},editorialBoard:[{id:"258334",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Fonseca-Alves",slug:"carlos-eduardo-fonseca-alves",fullName:"Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/258334/images/system/258334.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Paulista",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"191123",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan José",middleName:null,surname:"Valdez-Alarcón",slug:"juan-jose-valdez-alarcon",fullName:"Juan José Valdez-Alarcón",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBfcQAG/Profile_Picture_1631354558068",institutionString:"Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo",institution:{name:"Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"161556",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Dos Anjos",middleName:null,surname:"Pires",slug:"maria-dos-anjos-pires",fullName:"Maria Dos Anjos Pires",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS8q2QAC/Profile_Picture_1633432838418",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"209839",title:"Dr.",name:"Marina",middleName:null,surname:"Spinu",slug:"marina-spinu",fullName:"Marina Spinu",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRLXpQAO/Profile_Picture_1630044895475",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"92185",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Savic",slug:"sara-savic",fullName:"Sara Savic",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/92185/images/system/92185.jfif",institutionString:'Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad"',institution:{name:'Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Serbia"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:34,paginationItems:[{id:"81595",title:"Prosthetic Concepts in Dental Implantology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104725",signatures:"Ivica Pelivan",slug:"prosthetic-concepts-in-dental-implantology",totalDownloads:22,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"80963",title:"Pain Perception in Patients Treated with Ligating/Self-Ligating Brackets versus Patients Treated with Aligners",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102796",signatures:"Farid Bourzgui, Rania Fastani, Salwa Khairat, Samir Diouny, Mohamed El Had, Zineb Serhier and Mohamed Bennani Othmani",slug:"pain-perception-in-patients-treated-with-ligating-self-ligating-brackets-versus-patients-treated-wit",totalDownloads:21,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"80500",title:"Novel Dental Implants with Herbal Composites: A Review",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101489",signatures:"Gopathy Sridevi and Seshadri Srividya",slug:"novel-dental-implants-with-herbal-composites-a-review",totalDownloads:49,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"78320",title:"Implant-Retained Maxillary and Mandibular Overdentures - A Solution for Completely Edentulous Patients",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99575",signatures:"Dubravka Knezović Zlatarić, Robert Ćelić and Hrvoje Pezo",slug:"implant-retained-maxillary-and-mandibular-overdentures-a-solution-for-completely-edentulous-patients",totalDownloads:64,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"79724",title:"Implant Stability Quotient (ISQ): A Reliable Guide for Implant Treatment",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101359",signatures:"Gaurav Gupta",slug:"implant-stability-quotient-isq-a-reliable-guide-for-implant-treatment",totalDownloads:59,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"80223",title:"Bridging the Gap: Nasoalveolar Moulding in Early Cleft Palate Rehabilitation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101986",signatures:"Amanda Nadia Ferreira",slug:"bridging-the-gap-nasoalveolar-moulding-in-early-cleft-palate-rehabilitation",totalDownloads:71,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"80186",title:"Effects of Various Dentofacial Orthopedic and Orthognathic Treatment Modalities on Pharyngeal Airway",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101719",signatures:"Tejashri Pradhan and Aarti Sethia",slug:"effects-of-various-dentofacial-orthopedic-and-orthognathic-treatment-modalities-on-pharyngeal-airway",totalDownloads:83,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"78834",title:"Current Methods for Acceleration of Orthodontic Tooth Movement",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100221",signatures:"Mehmet Akin and Leyla Cime Akbaydogan",slug:"current-methods-for-acceleration-of-orthodontic-tooth-movement",totalDownloads:127,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"79817",title:"Peri-Implant Soft Tissue Augmentation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101336",signatures:"Marko Blašković and Dorotea Blašković",slug:"peri-implant-soft-tissue-augmentation",totalDownloads:123,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Marko",surname:"Blašković"},{name:"Dorotea",surname:"Blaskovic"}],book:{title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"79100",title:"Orthodontics and the Periodontium: A Symbiotic Relationship",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100801",signatures:"Betsy Sara Thomas and Mohan Alexander",slug:"orthodontics-and-the-periodontium-a-symbiotic-relationship",totalDownloads:72,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"79680",title:"Digital Workflow for Homemade Aligner",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100347",signatures:"Dalal Elmoutawakkil and Nabil Hacib",slug:"digital-workflow-for-homemade-aligner",totalDownloads:201,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"79611",title:"Growth Factors and Dental Implantology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101082",signatures:"Deeksha Gupta",slug:"growth-factors-and-dental-implantology",totalDownloads:103,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"79584",title:"Orthodontic Management of Adult Sleep Apnea: Clinical Case Reports",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101193",signatures:"Lahcen Ousehal, Soukaina Sahim, Hajar Bouzid, Hakima Aghoutan, Asmaa El Mabrak, Mohamed Mahtar and Mohamed El Fatmi Kadri Hassani",slug:"orthodontic-management-of-adult-sleep-apnea-clinical-case-reports",totalDownloads:86,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"78791",title:"Surface Modification of Titanium Orthodontic Implants",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100038",signatures:"Abdulqadir Rampurawala and Amol Patil",slug:"surface-modification-of-titanium-orthodontic-implants",totalDownloads:146,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"79334",title:"Orthodontic Therapeutic Biomarkers in Saliva and Gingival Crevicular Fluid",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100733",signatures:"Sagar S. Bhat, Ameet V. Revankar and Shrinivas M. Basavaraddi",slug:"orthodontic-therapeutic-biomarkers-in-saliva-and-gingival-crevicular-fluid",totalDownloads:127,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"78213",title:"A Review of Current Concepts in Full Arch Rehabilitation with Dental Implants",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99704",signatures:"Leandro Díez-Suárez",slug:"a-review-of-current-concepts-in-full-arch-rehabilitation-with-dental-implants",totalDownloads:137,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Leandro",surname:"Díez Suárez"}],book:{title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10843",title:"Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)",subtitle:"Monitoring, Impact and Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10843.jpg",slug:"persistent-organic-pollutants-pops-monitoring-impact-and-treatment",publishedDate:"April 13th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",hash:"f5b1589f0a990b6114fef2dadc735dd9",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) - Monitoring, Impact and Treatment",editors:[{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",middleName:null,surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63465/images/system/63465.gif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Aswan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:31,numberOfPublishedChapters:314,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:16,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:4,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:14,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[{id:"40",title:"Ecosystems and Biodiversity",scope:"
\r\n\tThe environment is subject to severe anthropic effects. Among them are those associated with pollution, resource extraction and overexploitation, loss of biodiversity, soil degradation, disorderly land occupation and planning, and many others. These anthropic effects could potentially be caused by any inadequate management of the environment. However, ecosystems have a resilience that makes them react to disturbances which mitigate the negative effects. It is critical to understand how ecosystems, natural and anthropized, including urban environments, respond to actions that have a negative influence and how they are managed. It is also important to establish when the limits marked by the resilience and the breaking point are achieved and when no return is possible. The main focus for the chapters is to cover the subjects such as understanding how the environment resilience works, the mechanisms involved, and how to manage them in order to improve our interactions with the environment and promote the use of adequate management practices such as those outlined in the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/39.jpg",keywords:"Anthropic effects, Overexploitation, Biodiversity loss, Degradation, Inadequate Management, SDGs adequate practices"},{id:"38",title:"Pollution",scope:"\r\n\tPollution is caused by a wide variety of human activities and occurs in diverse forms, for example biological, chemical, et cetera. In recent years, significant efforts have been made to ensure that the environment is clean, that rigorous rules are implemented, and old laws are updated to reduce the risks towards humans and ecosystems. However, rapid industrialization and the need for more cultivable sources or habitable lands, for an increasing population, as well as fewer alternatives for waste disposal, make the pollution control tasks more challenging. Therefore, this topic will focus on assessing and managing environmental pollution. It will cover various subjects, including risk assessment due to the pollution of ecosystems, transport and fate of pollutants, restoration or remediation of polluted matrices, and efforts towards sustainable solutions to minimize environmental pollution.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/38.jpg",keywords:"Human activity, Pollutants, Reduced risks, Population growth, Waste disposal, Remediation, Clean environment"},{id:"41",title:"Water Science",scope:"