Transmission scenarios of a planetary gear set as given in Figure 2.
\r\n\tSQL is worth learning because it’s a programming language that’s in demand in the tech industry and in other sectors that need technology. Most software developers who know SQL earn respectable salaries. Learning SQL can not only enhance your skills, but it can also give you a better understanding of the applications you work with daily. In this book, we will go through the details of SQL and how to use it effectively. The goal of this book is to have many practical application examples that will help learners easily acquire and self-study SQL.
",isbn:"978-1-83969-946-7",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-945-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-947-4",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"d1d908cd61561c1e813552fbd6cb9ed1",bookSignature:"Ph.D. Duc-Man Nguyen and Dr. Van-Loi Nguyen",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11919.jpg",keywords:"Database Classification, Types of Databases, SQL Basic, Drop Statement, Aggregate Functions, Conversion Function, Date Function, Mathematical Functions, User-Defined Types, User-Defined Functions, String Data Type, Pivoting Data in SQL",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 3rd 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 6th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 4th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 23rd 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 22nd 2023",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"5 days",secondStepPassed:!1,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Nguyen Duc Man is a member of the DSA-Da Nang Software Association, Vietnam. He was awarded the Award for Excellent effort in Training and Management by the Duy Tan University, Vietnam for several years in a row, and received the Certificate of Merit for Excellent effort in Training and Management by the Ministry of Education and Training, Vietnam. His current research interests are software testing, mobile testing, test automation, test case generation, context-driven testing, and ML for testing.",coeditorOneBiosketch:"Dr. Van-Loi Nguyen received his Master of Engineering in Computer Science from the University of Danang, Vietnam in 2010, and a Ph.D. degree from Soongsil University, Korea, in 2017. He is currently a lecturer at the Vietnam - Korea University of Information and Communication Technology, the University of Danang. He has over 18 years of experience teaching and researching programming, databases, machine learning, information retrieval, multimedia, and artificial intelligence.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"227628",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Duc-Man",middleName:null,surname:"Nguyen",slug:"duc-man-nguyen",fullName:"Duc-Man Nguyen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/227628/images/system/227628.jpg",biography:'1.\tName:\tNguyen Duc Man\n\tOffice: Room 601, 254 Nguyen Van Linh, Danang, Vietnam\n\tTel: +84-2363 650 403 (Ext 601)\n Mobi: 0904 235 945\n\tEmail: mannd@duytan.edu.vn\n\n2.\tEducation:\nBSc.\tInformation Technology\tDuy Tan University, Vietnam\t1999\nMSc.\tComputer Science\tDanang University, Vietnam\t2009\nPhD.\tComputer Science\tDuy Tan University, Vietnam\t2020\n\n3.\tAcademic experience:\nDuy Tan University, Vietnam\tTeaching\tLecturer\t2004- Present\tFT\n\t\n4.\tNon-academic experience:\nHSD Corporation, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam\tAnalysis, Design and Code, DB Design\tSoftware Developer\t1999-2001\tFT\nDuy Tan Software Center, Vietnam\tTeam leader, Planning, A&D\tProject Lead\t2001-2003\tFT\n\n5.\tCertifications or professional registrations:\n-\tCertificate for completion of Train the Trainer courses (Software Capstone Project, Requirements Engineering, Software Architecture, Software Project management, software Process and Quality management, Software Integration Practices). Institute of Software Research, Carnegie Mellon University, USA. (2010, 2014, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019).\n-\t7 Professional Development Hours for participation in the Fundamentals of Program Assessment Workshop, ABET Symposium (2017)\n-\t7 Professional Development Hours for participation in the Self-Study Development Workshop ABET Symposium (2017)\n-\t14 Professional Development Hours for participation at the 2017 ABET\nSymposium, ABET Symposium (2017)\n-\tSoftware Testing and Automation Conference. VISTACON 2011, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam (2011).\n-\tFagan Software Inspection Method. ECCI Group, Vietnam (2011).\n-\tHP Train the Trainer courses: HP QTP, LoadRunner, Quality Center (2011).\n\n6.\tMembership in professional organizations:\n-\tMember of DSA-Da Nang Software Association, Vietnam.\n\n7.\tHonors and awards:\n-\tAwards for Excellent effort in Training and Management. Duy Tan University, Vietnam (2003, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2012).\n-\tCertificate of Merit for Excellent effort in Training and Management. Ministry of Education and Training, Vietnam (2008- 2009, 2010- 2011, 2013- 2014).\n-\tCertificate of Merit of the People Committee of Da Nang. Danang, Vietnam (2011-2012).\n\n8.\tService activities:\n-\tInstitutional service: \n•\tStudents’ Awards Committee \n•\tFaculty Development Committee \n•\tScholarship Committee \n•\tFaculty Council \n\n9.\tPublications and presentations from the past five years:\n\n1.\t\tCheng, Y. H., Chang, P. C., Nguyen, D. M., & Kuo, C. N. (2020). Automatic Music Genre Classification Based on CRNN. Engineering Letters, 29(1).\n2.\t\tHuynh, Q. T., Pham, L. T., Ha, N. H., & Nguyen, D. M. (2020). An Effective Approach for Context Driven Testing in Practice—A Case Study. International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering, 30(09), 1245-1262.\n3.\t\tNguyen, D. M., Huynh, Q. T., Ha, N. H., & Nguyen, T. H. (2020). Automated test input generation via model inference based on user story and acceptance criteria for mobile application development. International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering, 30(03), 399-425.\n4.\t \tNguyen, D. M., Do, H. N., Huynh, Q. T., Vo, D. T., & Ha, N. H. (2018, August). Shinobi: A Novel Approach for Context-Driven Testing (CDT) Using Heuristics and Machine Learning for Web Applications. In International Conference on Industrial Networks and Intelligent Systems (pp. 86-102). Springer, Cham.\n5.\t\tHoang-Nhat, D. O., NGUYEN, D. M., HUYNH, Q. T., & Nhu-Hang, H. A. (2018). One2Explore-Graph Builder for Exploratory Testing from a Novel Approach.\n6.\t\tNguyen, M. D., Huynh, T. Q., & Nguyen, T. H. (2016, November). Improve the Performance of Mobile Applications Based on Code Optimization Techniques Using PMD and Android Lint. In International Symposium on Integrated Uncertainty in Knowledge Modelling and Decision Making (pp. 343-356). Springer, Cham.\n7.\t\tBao Le Nguyen, Nguyen Duc Man, Minh Nguyen Cong and Luong Vo Van (2013). Difficulties in the Operation of an International Program in Vietnam. FICAP-1 Proceedings, BrownWalker Press, 2013, ISBN-13: 9781612337043.\n8.\t\tDuc Nguyen Duc Man, Tien Vu Truong, Nguyen Bao Le (2013). Deployment of Capstone Projects in Software Engineering Education at Duy Tan University as Part of a University-wide Project-based Learning Effort. Learning and Teaching in Computing and Engineering (LaTiCE), IEEE Computer Society -CPS, 2013, E-ISBN :978-0-7695-4960-6 (pp. 184 -191).\n9.\t\tGia Nhu Nguyen, Nhat Tan Tran, Thanh Trung Nguyen and Nguyen Duc Man (2014). The Benefits of CDIO for ABET Preparation from a Hands-on Study in Vietnam. Proceedings of the 10th International CDIO Conference. Barcelona \n10.\t\tVu T Truong, Bao N Le, Man N Duc, Thang M Nguyen (2014). Accessing the Maturity of Teamwork Capabilities through CDIO Projects. Proceedings of the 10th Annual International CDIO Conference. Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.\n11.\t\tPhuong A Pham, Man D Nguyen, Long Q Nguyen, Thang M Nguyen, Bao N Le (2014). Learning Computer Programming In Cdio’s Team Settings. Proceedings of the 10th Annual International CDIO Conference. Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.\n12.\t\tVo, Q. N., Tran, N. P., Van Dat Ngo, V. H. T., Huynh, Q. T., Ha, N. H., & Nguyen, D. M. LEVERAGE THE BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY TO MANAGE SMART CONTRACT IN ASSET TRADING. Kỷ yếu Hội nghị KHCN Quốc gia lần thứ XII về Nghiên cứu cơ bản và ứng dụng Công nghệ thông tin (FAIR); Huế, ngày 07-08/6/2019 DOI: 10.15625/vap.2019.00032\n\n13.\t\tHa, N. H., Nguyen, D. M., Liu, C. A., Van Van, T., Nguyen, A. D., & Huynh, Q. T. AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF THE IMPACT OF THE MPOS SYSTEM ON THE PROCESS CHANGE OF RESTAURANTS. Kỷ yếu Hội nghị KHCN Quốc gia lần thứ XII về Nghiên cứu cơ bản và ứng dụng Công nghệ thông tin (FAIR); Huế, ngày 07-08/6/2019 DOI: 10.15625/vap.2019.00032\n\n14.\t\tNguyễn Thanh Hùng, Nguyễn Đức Mận, Huỳnh Quyết Thắng (2019), Thử Nghiệm Đánh Giá Áp Dụng Một Số Kỹ Thuật Kiểm Thử Để Nâng Cao Độ Tin Cậy Cho Ứng Dụng Di Động Trong Môi Trường Phát Triển Linh Hoạt. Section on Information and Communication Technology (ICT) - No. 13, Journal of Science and Technique - Le Quy Don Technical University - No. 199, ISSN 1859-0209\n15.\t\tHuỳnh Quyết Thắng, Nguyễn Đức Mận, Nguyễn Thị Bảo Trang, Nguyễn Thị Anh Đào (2016). Kỹ thuật kiểm thử hồi qui hiệu quả cho phát triển ứng dụng di động. Kỷ yếu Hội nghị khoa học công nghệ quốc gia lần thứ IX, ngày 4-5/8/2016 - "Nghiên cứu cơ bản và ứng dụng Công nghệ thông tin" (FAIR 2016), trang 255-265. Nhà xuất bản Khoa học tự nhiên và Công nghệ. ISBN 978-604-913-472-2\n\n10.\tRecent professional development activities:\n-\tCoordinator and Assistant Director of ACM/ICPC Asia Regional Contest, Danang, Vietnam (2013). \n-\tParticipated in the 7th National Conference on Fundamental and Applied IT Research (2014).\n-\tAttended the 7 Professional Development Hours the Fundamentals of Program Assessment Workshop (2017).\n-\tParticipated in the 12th National Conference on Fundamental and Applied IT Research (2019).\n-\tINISCOM 2018, INISCOM 2019, KSE 2019, CITA2021, CITA2022\n-\tAttended the CDIO Regional Meeting - Asia-Pacific (2019).',institutionString:"Duy Tan University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Duy Tan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Vietnam"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"473326",title:"Dr.",name:"Van-Loi",middleName:null,surname:"Nguyen",slug:"van-loi-nguyen",fullName:"Van-Loi Nguyen",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003Sa5QKQAZ/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:01:50.jpg",biography:"Dr. Van-Loi Nguyen received his Master of Engineering in Computer Science from the University of Danang, Vietnam in 2010, and a Ph.D. degree from Soongsil University, Korea in 2017. He is currently a lecturer at the Vietnam - Korea University of Information and Communication Technology, the University of Danang. He has over 18 years of experience teaching and researching in the fields of programming, databases, machine learning, information retrieval, multimedia, and artificial intelligence.",institutionString:"University of Danang",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"9",title:"Computer and Information Science",slug:"computer-and-information-science"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"429342",firstName:"Zrinka",lastName:"Tomicic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/429342/images/20008_n.jpg",email:"zrinka@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager, my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. 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For example, they are main transmission components in military helicopters, wind turbines, and mining trucks as shown in Figure 1. Comparing with fixed-shaft gearboxes, planetary gearboxes can afford higher torque load due to the load sharing among multiple gear pairs and generate larger transmission ratio with equal or smaller volume.
\nApplications of planetary gearboxes: (a) helicopter, (b) wind turbine, and (c) mining truck.
Figure 2 illustrates the structure of a one-stage planetary gear set that is composed of a sun gear, a ring gear, a carrier, and several planet gears. This planetary gear set can achieve multiple transmission scenarios as illustrated in Table 1. One transmission scenario can be selected in real applications based on individual application requirements. A planetary gear set is much more versatile in transmission scenarios comparing with a fixed-shaft gear set.
\nStructure of a planetary gear set.
Option | \nInputs | \nOutput |
---|---|---|
1 | \nSun (carrier fixed) | \nRing |
2 | \nRing (carrier fixed) | \nSun |
3 | \nCarrier (sun fixed) | \nRing |
4 | \nRing (sun fixed) | \nCarrier |
5 | \nSun (ring fixed) | \nCarrier |
6 | \nCarrier (ring fixed) | \nSun |
7 | \nSun and carrier | \nRing |
8 | \nRing and sun | \nCarrier |
9 | \nRing and carrier | \nSun |
Transmission scenarios of a planetary gear set as given in Figure 2.
However, the versatility of planetary gearbox transmissions comes at a price: planetary gear sets are much more complicated to design and analyze. In the afternoon of April 1, 2009, a helicopter crashed into the North Sea and all 16 crew members died [1]. Later analysis concluded that this accident was caused by gear fatigue crack. Therefore, it is crucial to be able to detect early fault of planetary gearboxes; otherwise, large economic losses or catastrophes may occur. Vibration analysis, acoustic analysis, oil debris analysis, temperature analysis, and strain analysis are common techniques in the condition monitoring of gearbox systems. In this chapter, we only focus on the study of vibration analysis. Vibration analysis relies on the analysis of vibration signals to detect faults in a planetary gearbox.
\nThere are mainly two ways to detect planetary gearbox damages based on vibration analysis. One way is to physically measure vibration responses of planetary gearboxes using vibration sensors and then analyze these vibration signals using advanced signal processing techniques to determine the health condition of planetary gearboxes [2–6]. Figure 3 gives an example which is a planetary gearbox test rig located in the Department of Mechanical Engineering of the University of Alberta. Four types of experiments were performed in this test rig: gear tooth crack experiments, tooth pitting experiments, run-to-failure experiments, and various load and speed experiments [2]. Planetary gear fault detection/classification techniques were developed [3–6] by analyzing vibration signals collected from this experimental test rig. The second way is to model system responses (vibration signals) of planetary gearboxes using physical laws, like the Newton’s laws of motion and then analyze simulated vibration signals aiming to reveal the nature of fault symptoms. The simulated vibration signals do not have the environmental noise interference. They can reveal fault features more easily than the physically measured signals. However, environmental noise did exist in real applications. The fault features revealed by the simulated signals may be submerged by the noise and become ineffective. Therefore, environmental noise effect should be considered before applying the fault detection techniques developed using the simulated signals. In this chapter, we limit our focus on the second way of planetary gearbox modeling and fault diagnosis.
\nA planetary gearbox test rig located in the University of Alberta.
Three types of system responses can be obtained from analytical or numerical modeling of planetary gearboxes. The first type analysis mainly focuses on gear nature frequency and mode analysis [7–12]. The second type analysis is to analyze vibration properties of individual gears or dynamic forces of a gear pair among a planetary gear set [13–27]. In the first two types of analysis, the effect of gear transmission path is not considered. Figure 4 illustrates three possible transmission paths for a vibration induced by a sun-planet meshing. Due to the effect of transmission path, some vibrations may be attenuated or submerged in the process of reaching a transducer located on the gearbox housing. Some researchers modeled the resultant vibration signals sensed by a transducer by considering multiple vibration sources inside a planetary gearbox and the effect of transmission path [5, 28–33]. A planetary gearbox has multiple vibration sources due to several sun-planet gear pairs and ring-planet gear pairs are meshing simultaneously. The effect of transmission path is mainly induced by the rotation of the carrier that causes the varying distance between a planet gear and a transducer mounted on the gearbox housing. The resultant vibration signals are the third type of system response. In the real applications, we generally install transducers on gearbox housing or bearing housing to collect vibration signals. Multiple vibration sources go through different transmission paths and reach the transducer. Therefore, it is important to consider both multiple vibration sources and the transmission path effect in vibration signal modeling. In this chapter, we focus on the modeling of resultant vibration signals of a planetary gearbox. An improved lumped parameter model [31] is used to simulate gearbox vibration source signals. This model is similar to the one reported in Ref. [7] with three distinctions: (1) the planet deflections are described in the horizontal and vertical coordinates, (2) both the gyroscopic force and the centrifugal force are incorporated, and (3) more accurate physical parameters are adopted. In addition, a modified Hamming function is used to model the effect of transmission path. This model is an improvement of widely used Hamming model [5, 28, 29]. The procedures to obtain resultant vibration signals are summarized in Figure 5. In the end, a new signal decomposition technique is used to enlarge gearbox fault signatures based on analysis of simulated vibration signals.
\nTransmission paths [
Procedures to obtain resultant vibration signals.
In this chapter, we present detailed procedures of modeling resultant vibration signals of a planetary gearbox with tooth damages and vibration signal decomposition techniques for fault diagnosis. Some challenges are described and analyzed. The remaining part of this chapter is organized as follows. In Section 2, a dynamic model is illustrated to simulate vibration source signals of a planetary gearbox. In Section 3, the methods to evaluate model parameters are described. In Section 4, the modeling of transmission path effect is given. Section 5 presents simulated vibration signals and fault symptoms. Section 6 describes vibration signal decomposition techniques for gear tooth damage diagnosis. Section 7 draws a summary and points out future research topics in dynamics-based vibration signal modeling and fault diagnosis of planetary gearboxes.
\nPlanetary gearbox transmission systems are complex, and it is hard to consider all details of the transmission. As a result, people simplify the problem as much as possible while retaining all of the important and relevant features. A gearbox transmission can be modeled as a lumped system or a distributed system. A lumped system is simpler than a distributed system. A distributed system may be able to cover more details of a gearbox transmission, but its governing equations are hard to solve. The dependent variables of a lumped system are functions of time alone, and in general, the equation of motions is represented by ordinary differential equations. By contrast, the dependent variables of a distributed system are functions of time and one or more spatial variables, and the equation of motions can only be expressed by partial differential equations. Generally, the more details covered for a gearbox transmission system, the more complicated the equation of motions. Analytical solutions to complicated differential equations are hard to obtain. Numerical methods are mostly applied to solve them. However, four types of errors may be induced using numerical methods: round-off error, truncation error, accumulated error, and relative error [34]. It is time-consuming to solve complicated differential equations and sometimes it is even impossible to get a proper solution. Therefore, it is a trade-off between details to be covered and computation difficulties.
\nFigure 6 gives a typical modeling of a planetary gear set [30]. It is a 2D lumped parameter model. Each gear has three degrees of freedoms: angular rotation and transverse motions in the x- and y-directions. The gear mesh interface is modeled as a spring-damper system. Each bearing is also modeled as a spring-damper system. Other practical phenomena such as gear transmission error, backlash, tooth friction, gear shaft effect, gearbox housing effect, and gear misalignments are not considered in that model, but these can be selectively supplemented according to individual future research of interest. The model reported in Ref. [30] is used directly in this chapter to simulate vibration source signals of a planetary gearbox. The governing equations for this model are available in Ref. [30]. The vibration source signals will be illustrated later in Section 5.
\nModeling of a planetary gear set [
For the dynamic model given in Figure 6, governing equations are available in Ref. [30]. But, several physical parameters in this model need to be evaluated before solving these equations, for example, gear mesh stiffness and damping, bearing stiffness and damping, and gear moment of inertia.
\nThe most important one physical parameter is gear mesh stiffness. There are basically two ways to evaluate gear mesh stiffness: finite element method (FEM) and analytical method (AM). FEM is flexible to model any shaped gear and gear fault, but it is sensitive to contact tolerances, mesh density, and the type of finite elements selected. As the increase of mesh density, the numerical accuracy is improved, but the computation cost goes up. To reduce computation cost of FEM, Parker et al. [35] and Ambarisha and Parker [8] developed a combined element/contact mechanics model in gear mesh stiffness evaluation. Liang et al. [36] used linear finite element analysis to save computation cost in gear mesh stiffness evaluation. AM assumes a gear tooth as a nonuniform cantilever beam and beam theories are applied to evaluate gear mesh stiffness. AM has higher computational efficiency than FEM. But, AM is hard to model shape-complicated gear teeth and some gear faults. Potential energy method is one popular AM. This method has been used to evaluate mesh stiffness of perfect gears [37, 38], gears with crack [39–45], gears with a single tooth pit/spalling [46, 47], gears with multiple tooth pits [36], gears with a chipped tooth [39], gears with tooth plastic inclination deformation [19], gears with tooth profile modification [48], and gears with carrier misalignment errors [22].
\nIn this section, the potential energy method used in Ref. [43] is illustrated to evaluate the mesh stiffness of a planetary gear set in healthy and cracked tooth conditions. The gear tooth is modeled as a nonuniform cantilever beam starting from gear base circle. The total energy stored in a pair of meshing gears is considered to be the summation of Hertzian contact energy, bending energy, shear energy, and axial compressive energy that corresponds to Hertzian contact stiffness, bending stiffness, shear stiffness, and axial compressive stiffness, respectively. When a gear tooth crack occurs, the effective tooth length, the area, and area moment of tooth sections of a cracked tooth are different from that of a perfect tooth, which leads to the gear mesh stiffness reduction. In Ref. [43], the gear tooth crack path is modeled in a straight line shape starting from the critical area of tooth root as shown in Figure 7. The critical area is around the maximum principle stress point at the tooth root. The equations for Hertzian contact stiffness (
Tooth crack modeling.
where
Figure 8 summarizes the steps to obtain mesh stiffness of a planetary gear set. First, the mesh stiffness of a pair of sun-planet gears (a pair of external gears) and a pair of ring-planet gears (a pair of internal gears) should be evaluated using the potential energy method, respectively. Then, by incorporating gear mesh phase relationships [49], the mesh stiffness of other sun-planet gear pairs and ring-planet gear pairs can be obtained.
\nSteps to obtain mesh stiffness of a planetary gear set [
Table 2 gives the physical parameters of a planetary gear set. Figure 9 illustrates the mesh stiffness of one sun-planet gear pair and one ring-planet gear pair of this planetary gear set using the method given in Ref. [43]. Two health conditions are given: perfect condition and 4.3 mm tooth crack condition. This crack length is illustrated in Figure 7. The tooth crack is in the planet gear (ring side). Under this scenario, the mesh stiffness of the sun-planet gear pair is assumed not to be affected by this planet gear tooth crack [43], while the mesh stiffness of the ring-planet gear pair reduces.
\nParameters | \nSun | \nPlanets (4, equally spaced) | \nRing |
---|---|---|---|
Number of teeth | \n19 | \n31 | \n81 |
Module (mm) | \n3.2 | \n3.2 | \n3.2 |
Pressure angle | \n|||
Mass (kg) | \n0.700 | \n1.822 | \n5.982 |
Face width (m) | \n0.0381 | \n0.0381 | \n0.0381 |
Young’s modulus (Pa) | \n2.068 × 1011 | \n2.068 × 1011 | \n2.068 × 1011 |
Poisson’s ratio | \n0.3 | \n0.3 | \n0.3 |
Base circle radius (mm) | \n28.3 | \n46.2 | \n120.8 |
Root circle radius (mm) | \n26.2 | \n45.2 | \n132.6 |
Reduction ratio | \n5.263 | ||
Bearing stiffness | \n|||
Bearing damping | \n
Physical parameters of a planetary gear set [30].
Mesh stiffness in perfect and cracked tooth conditions.
Similar methodology can be used to evaluate the effect of other gear faults like tooth pitting [36] on the mesh stiffness of a pair or gears. While many studies have been performed to evaluate gear mesh stiffness, the studies on the evaluation of gear mesh damping, bearing stiffness, and damping are rare. Gear mesh stiffness is assumed to be constant or proportional to gear mesh stiffness [40]. Bearing stiffness and damping are mostly assumed to be constant [30].
\nIn Figure 4, three transmission paths are illustrated. However, most researchers only considered and modeled the effect of transmission path 1 since it has a shortest distance between vibration sources and the transducer. All researchers assumed that with the rotation of the carrier, the influence of a planet on vibration signals perceived by a transducer mounted on the gearbox housing reached its maximum when this planet was closest to the transducer; then this planet’s influence decreased as the planet went away from the transducer. The transmission path effect model is assumed to be independent of gear fault modes. It can be used for gear tooth crack, pitting, spalling, wear, and so on. A Hanning function was used in Refs. [28, 29], and a Hamming function was used in Refs. [32, 50] to represent the effect of transmission path. A modified Hamming function with adjustable window bandwidth was proposed in Ref. [30]. Liu et al. [33] used the modified Hamming function to model the transmission path along the casing and also proposed two constants to represent the transmission path inside the casing. In this study, the modified Hamming function reported in Ref. [30] is used to represent the effect of transmission path. The resultant vibration
where
Figure 10 gives the vertical acceleration signals of a single planet gear under healthy and cracked tooth conditions. The large spikes on this figure are generated by the meshing of the cracked tooth. The angular interval of these large spikes is 31
Vibration of a single planet gear.
Figure 11 shows the resultant vibration signals of a planet gearbox obtained using Eq. (2). Amplitude modulation can be observed from resultant vibration signals because four planet gears pass through the transducer sequentially in one revolution of the carrier and their effects on resultant vibration signals vary according to their locations. The amplitude of resultant vibration signals is smaller than that of a single planet gear because some vibration signals are attenuated during transmission. The amplitude of large spikes generated by the cracked tooth varies largely because the signal attenuation is not uniform. The farther between a planet gear and a transducer, the larger signal attenuation for this planet gear.
\nResultant vibration of a planetary gearbox [
Similarly, for other types of planetary gear faults, the resultant vibration signals can be simulated by considering both vibration source signals and the effect of transmission path. The vibration source signals are related to gear faults by a dynamic model. The transmission path effect model is irrelevant with gear faults.
\nFrom Figure 11, we can see that the time duration of large spikes generated by the cracked tooth is very short. These large spikes are not such obvious in experimental signals because of noise pollution [31]. Actually, they are very weak according to the experimental findings in Ref. [30, 31]. Therefore, people proposed signal decomposition techniques to enlarge the fault symptoms generated by a damaged gear tooth. In Ref. [51], McFadden used a window function to sample the vibration signals of a planetary gearbox when the planet gear of interest was passing the transducer and then the signal samples were mapped to the corresponding teeth of the sun gear or a planet gear to construct the vibration signals of the sun gear or a planet gear. The decomposed signal reduces the interference from other gear vibrations and emphasizes the fault symptoms of the gear of interest. Liang et al. [31] proposed another windowing and mapping strategy to generate the vibration signal of each tooth of the planet gear of interest. If a planet gear has
Vibration signal decomposition of a planetary gearbox [
This vibration signal decomposition technique [31] is able to identify the tooth health condition differences. If some teeth are in healthy condition while others are in damaged condition, this method will be effective for fault diagnosis. In an extreme case, if all gear teeth have the same damage severity, like evenly distributed pitting, this method will be ineffective as there is no difference between the health conditions of teeth.
\nThis chapter describes techniques for dynamics-based vibration signal modeling and fault diagnosis of planetary gearboxes. The planetary gearbox vibration signal modeling contains two parts: the simulation of vibration source signals and the modeling of transmission path effect. The current research status and challenges of dynamic modeling-based fault diagnosis are introduced. In the example given in this chapter, vibration source signals are obtained by a lumped parameter dynamic model, the gear fault is reflected by the time-varying mesh stiffness which is evaluated using the potential energy method, and the effect of transmission path is modeled using a modified Hamming function. Other window functions are also described to model the effect of transmission path. However, further researches to test and validate these window functions are required. In the end, vibration decomposition techniques are briefly described for gear tooth damage diagnosis. Comparing between the raw signal and the decomposed signal, we can find that the signal decomposition technique can enlarge gearbox fault symptoms and facilitate fault diagnosis.
\nBased on the research scope of this chapter, the following perspectives are suggested for future consideration:
\nMesh stiffness evaluation with crack/pitting in multiple teeth.
Mesh stiffness evaluation with multiple fault modes.
Experimental validation of methods in evaluating gear mesh stiffness.
Gear mesh damping evaluation.
Bearing stiffness and damping evaluation.
Time-varying load or random load effect on the vibration signals.
Experimental validation of models for transmission path effects.
Effects of noises from internal and/or external sources.
Dynamic and vibration properties of gearboxes with multiple faults (multiple fault locations and/or multiple fault modes).
Development of fault diagnosis techniques based on the understanding of vibration properties.
This research is supported by the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Canada (Grant No. RGPIN-2015-04897); the International S&T Cooperation Program of China, China (Grant No. 2015DFA71400); the National Natural Science Foundation of China, China (Grant No. 51375078 and No. 51505066); the ConocoPhillips Canada Limited Graduate Scholarship, Canada; and the American Gear Manufacturers Association Foundation Scholarship, USA.
\nDysphagia, as described in different sections of this book, is referred to as any difficulty in swallowing and deglutition. It could happen in the oral, pharyngeal, or esophageal phases. Any disturbance from the cortex to the involved muscle could interfere with easy and successful swallowing.
Neuroinflammatory disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) consist of a relatively heterogeneous group of diseases that share the autoimmune activity against different parts of the system. The trigger is not clearly determined, but a wide range of genetic and environmental factors are suggested. Both cellular and humoral immune responses could be affected. Each disease in this category has a predilection to specific areas of the CNS. However, exceptions are not rare and generally, any part of the CNS could get involved. This variability results in miscellaneous presentations. Swallowing problems could happen in many of these cases. This could be due to lesions in the cortex affecting deglutition muscles, sensory pathway disturbance, or impaired swallowing reflexes. Cognitive dysfunction may further complicate the situation. Its effect on the patients’ quality of life is undeniable. It could be an important cause of morbidity and mortality (Table 1).
|
Inflammatory diseases of the CNS with dysphagia.
In this chapter, we will review this underestimated but still an important cause of deglutition problems.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most popular autoimmune disorder of the CNS. Its prevalence may range from 2 to 100 per 100,000 in different areas of the world [1] but its incidence is absolutely rising [2]. The disease could involve any part of the CNS, leading to its wide range of manifestations. The course may be relapsing-remitting or progressive. The disability is estimated via measures like the expanded disability status scale (EDSS) or patient-determined disease steps (PDDS) [3].
Acute or chronic demyelinating lesions in related cortical areas, sensorimotor pathways, and balance systems could lead to various difficulties in swallowing. Kapitza et al. also have discussed the potential role of esophageal glial cells [4]. The first reports of these symptoms go back to 1877 but it still is underestimated [5]. Dysphagia to liquids seems to be as prevalent as solid food swallowing difficulty in MS [6]. This could significantly impact the patients’ quality of life [7], putting them in danger of malnutrition [8], even fatal aspiration pneumonia. The latter is the leading cause of death in MS [9]. Silent aspiration is also common (40%) [10].
Dysphagia is notably prevalent among these patients. It seems to affect at least over 30% of the MS population [5]. Besides, objective examinations may find the problem in as high as 80% of the cases [5, 11]. It highlights the issue of underreporting this symptom and the importance of detailed clinical evaluation and using more advanced diagnostic tools, especially in high-risk cases [12].
On the other hand, there is a considerable discrepancy between reports from different regions. Based on a systematic review in 2015, Iran has the lowest and Europe has the highest reported prevalence of dysphagia in MS [5].
As predicted, those with higher disability scores and longer duration of disease are at more risk of experiencing deglutition difficulties [5, 11, 13, 14].
Nonetheless, it is not rare in earlier stages of the disease [14]. It could be mild and intermittent or severe and disabling. In a study from Brazil, of 108 MS patients, 90% showed different stages of dysphagia. Most cases showed mild to moderate degrees of difficulty. About 12.5% had severe dysphagia, most of whom were in progressive stages of MS and had higher EDSS [11].
Brainstem and cerebellar lesions appear to be more associated with dysphagia [13, 15]. Pharyngeal phase is more likely to be involved [13]. This could be the consequence of impaired gag reflex or uncoordinated muscle contractions [12].
To name some other pathologies that interfere with successful swallowing, we could mention cranial neuralgias and facial paresis. Cranial (trigeminal, glossopharyngeal, or occipital) neuralgias could happen in MS. These painful electric-shock like attacks could alter easy swallowing in different phases, dependent on the involved area. Disturbed sensation may further complicate the process. Facial paresis could be another intervening problem. It may result in inadequate chewing that would make the bolus hard to swallow. In addition, cognitive impairment could exaggerate the problem.
DYMUS (DYsphagia in MUltiple Sclerosis) was developed to screen MS patients for self-reported dysphagia in 2008 [16]. It is a self-assessment tool with 10 yes or no questions. Several studies evaluated the original and translated versions [17, 18, 19, 20]. The modified version was introduced in 2020. It has shown to improve the psychometric properties of DYMUS [21]. Other less specific-to-MS questionnaires include the Eating Assessment Tool (EAT), the Swallowing Quality of Life (SWAL-QoL). EAT consists of 10 questions that provide information about functional, physical, and emotional consequences of dysphagia. It is not a time-consuming test, while 44 questions of SWAL-QoL may be considered as an important limitation. The Yale Swallow Protocol, the Gugging Swallowing Screen, and the Test of Masticating and Swallowing Solids have also been used [12]. As mentioned before, relying only on the self-reported symptoms could underestimate the problem so more in-depth clinical and paraclinical assessments may be essential. Still, patient-reported assessments may give a better picture of the psychosocial burden of the problem [16].
Paying attention to the drugs that may cause oral side effects including dysphagia should be in mind. Glatiramer acetate is a disease-modifying drug that could cause dysphagia. Anticonvulsants like clonazepam are reported to have this adverse effect. Oxybutynin, a commonly used treatment for bladder symptoms of MS, is another accusable medication. Amantadine as a fatigue treatment and dantrolene as a spasmolytic agent could also alter deglutition [17].
Apart from the standard neurological examination (mental state, cranial nerves, motor forces, sensory system, reflexes, coordination, and gait), some clues could be of help, especially for detecting unreported aspiration. For instance, dysarthria could be an indicator of concomitant dysphagia [18]. Another indicator could be coughing or choking during meal [14]. Three-ounce (90 cc) water swallowing test, although not yet validated in MS, is a sensitive tool to identify those at risk of aspiration [19]. Some authorities recommend regular evaluations by otolaryngologists in high-risk patients [20].
Electrophysiologic methods could detect subclinical dysphagia [21, 22]. Fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) [23] and videofluoroscopic study of swallowing (VFSS) also seem reliable techniques [22]. FEES is a flexible endoscope introduced in 1988. It is inserted through the nose and investigates laryngeal and pharyngeal functions [24]. Grading scores show the severity of dysphagia. Some recommended this method as a standard screening method in older patients with advanced stages of MS [23]. VFSS assesses the oral, pharyngeal, laryngeal, and upper esophageal phases after ingestion of barium-containing material, in a seated position. In a study by Wiesner et al., of eight patients without any subjective complaint, only two had normal VFSS [25]. MS could result in delayed pharyngeal phase, shorter laryngeal excursion, and longer intervals between airway closure and upper esophageal sphincter opening [26].
The diagnostic steps are summarized in Table 2.
Medical history
|
Further evaluation:
|
Approach to dysphagia in MS.
DYMUS: DYsphagia in MUltiple Sclerosis, EAT: Eating Assessment Tool, SWAL-QoL: Swallowing Quality of Life, FEES: fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing, VFSS: videofluoroscopic study of swallowing.
The first important step to take, after stabilization of the patient, is to determine if the dysphagia is a consequence of an acute attack or not (the other differentials could be pseudo relapse due to infections, progression of previously encountered mild dysphagia, medication adverse events, local pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract, or another disease like Guillain-Barre syndrome, botulism, myasthenia gravis or many other diseases). If the relapse is proven, anti-inflammatory treatments of acute relapse may be helpful to alleviate the symptom. These treatments include steroids, intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg), and plasma exchange in refractory cases. The treatment choice would depend on the patient’s condition, contraindications for receiving any of the aforementioned options, and the availability of the treatment. The next step is to decide if the disease-modifying treatment should be switched, or started in a treatment-naïve patient.
Apart from the initial immune therapy, an integrated multidisciplinary approach is needed to see the patients’ needs. Neurologists, dentists, and otolaryngologists should be informed about the subject. Speech therapists [27] and dieticians could be of great help. Lifestyle modifications (finding the best head, neck, and chest position, the most proper food consistency [28], oral hygiene) and investigation for possible guilty medication could be the first steps to take. Electrical stimulation [29, 30] and botulinum toxin injection are the two most studied treatments for dysphagia in MS [31]. Botulinum toxin is suitable when there are signs of the hyperactive sphincter (cricopharyngeal muscle) [32]. It should be performed by experienced hands to avert the possible adverse effects [31, 33]. The evidence on electrical stimulation is still not sufficient but some promising effects have been seen [30, 34, 35]. Marrosu et al. suggested that this modulation of central pattern generators of swallowing via vagus nerve stimulation could have positive effects [29].
Gastrostomy is the final solution in advanced cases. It has been shown that more than 50% of MS patients with gastrostomy lived two or more years after the procedure [36].
Transcranial direct current stimulation is another investigatory method with initial positive results [37, 38].
Cognitive rehabilitation could be a useful strategy to tackle the associated problems that may worsen the swallowing problems [39].
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) is another member of the neuroinflammatory diseases category. Compared with MS, it is more of an antibody-based astrocytopathy. The guilt is on antiaquaporine4, an autoantibody against water channels that are mostly found in special areas of the CNS. This nonprogressive, relapsing condition could trigger necrotizing attacks on the brain, optic nerves, or spinal cord. Brainstem involvement is common. Therefore, deglutition difficulties are expected, but it seems to be rare.
Dysphagia in these patients could be the manifestation of an acute attack, and even the presenting symptom [40, 41]. It is significantly associated with lesions in the brainstem and specially medulla oblongata. In a study by Wang et al. of 170 NMOSD patients, 15 experienced dysphagia most of whom had medullary lesions. It is speculated that involvement of nucleus ambiguous, nucleus tractus solitarius, or dorsal vagus nucleus may be responsible [42]. It also can be a sign of cerebral involvement in the absence of other evidence [43, 44]. In seven NMO patients reported by Pawlitzki et al., five showed degrees of dysphagia, mostly mild to moderate. All had brainstem or high cervical lesions. Here again, FEES could be of great help in diagnosing subtle cases [43]. As in MS, NMO cases with dysphagia have problems with swallowing both solid food and liquids [6].
The fundamentals of diagnosis and treatment of dysphagia in this population are like MS. However, as the attacks are necrotizing, no time should be lost before initiating immune therapy. The only available disease-modifying treatments in NMOSD are anti CD20s (rituximab, satralizumab, eculizumab). The chosen option should be started as soon as possible after initial relapse treatment.
Another autoimmune demyelinating disease is MOGAD. The antibody was discovered about 40 years ago [45] but its clinical relevance was found years later [46]. There are doubts about the pathogenicity of the anti-MOG antibody but still, it is the best available biomarker of the disease to date [47]. The clinical manifestations of MOGAD overlap with NMOSD (optic neuritis, spinal lesion, brainstem involvement), although with some differences. Cortical lesions are more prevalent in MOGAD. Astrocytes are hypertrophic and reactive, not dystr-ophic compared with NMOSD. Besides, there is no aquaporin4 loss [47]. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) like presentation is common among children with the disease [48]. It could be monophasic (70–80% in children) or relapsing. In monophasic cases, the antibody tends to become undetectable over 12 months, so follow-up is recommended [47]. The mainstay of the treatment is anti-inflammatory drugs like steroids in the acute phase and anti CD20s as maintenance treatment,
As a rare entity, there are not many reports on specific symptoms like swallowing difficulties. However, considering the CNS involvement (especially with cortical and brainstem lesions) dysphagia is expected. Of 50 patients in a European cohort of Caucasian MOGAD cases, 15 had brainstem involvement. Of these only two complained of dysphagia besides other symptoms [49]. As in NMOSD, brain involvement in MOGAD may only present with dysphagia detected by FEES [43].
This category consists of heterogeneous conditions; all share the feature of autoimmunity against different components of the CNS. The antibodies may target against intraneural or cell surface molecules (synaptic receptors, ion channels, other molecules). They may be accompanied by an underlying neoplasm. Experts recommend to have this diagnosis in mind whenever facing a subacute encephalopathy with focal neurologic findings (clinically or in imaging) [50]. Dysphagia is reported in various subtypes of the disease.
Anti IgLON5 disease is a relatively novel entity characterized by sleep-related diseases like REM or non-REM parasomnias, obstructive sleep apnea, and stridor. This disease may present similar to neurodegenerative diseases. It is progressive and could be fatal (e.g. due to central hypoventilation). By early diagnosis and treatment, there is hope in halting the disease’s progression to respiratory arrest. Bulbar symptoms are quite prevalent. Dysphagia is the most common bulbar symptom in this population. Other manifestations include gait instability, dysautonomia, movement disorders, supranuclear gaze palsy, and cognitive impairment [51, 52].
In a case series of 20 patients with DPPX potassium channel antibody, 15 had brainstem involvement of whom six patients experienced dysphagia along with other symptoms. DPPX potassium channel antibody is “immunoglobulin G (IgG) targeting dipeptidyl-peptidase-like protein-6 (DPPX), a regulatory subunit of neuronal Kv4.2 potassium channels” [53].
Castle et al. reported a 39-year-old patient who presented with subacute progressive behavioral changes, dysphagia, and ataxia. Anti-Ma2 was detected and cancer work-up revealed metastatic testicular cancer. Anti-Ma2 encephalitis involves the brainstem commonly. Dysphagia is present in 20% of these cases [54].
A 14-year-old boy has been reported who had dysphagia, unilateral weakness, and aggressiveness as presenting symptoms of autoimmune encephalitis caused by Hashimoto disease. The point is that the patient had no previous clinical clue of thyroiditis. Hashimoto encephalitis could manifest with a variety of clinical scenarios so it should be in mind whenever facing an autoimmune pathology of the CNS [55].
Anti-Neuronal Nuclear Autoantibody Type 2 (ANNA-2) or “anti-Ri” is an uncommon antibody detected among cases of paraneoplastic encephalitis. It could be associated with several underlying cancers. Pittock et al. detected this marker in 34 patients in 75,000 patients with suspected paraneoplastic neurologic symptoms. Brainstem symptoms including dysphagia were prevalent among these cases. Involvement of other parts of the nervous system (cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, or neuromuscular junction) was also seen [56].
Autoimmune glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) astrocytopathy is a recently introduced disease. The inflammation in this disease involves meninges in addition to other parts of the CNS. It could cause headache, visual disturbance, fever, psychosis, myelitis, ataxia, abnormal movements, or autonomic dysfunction. The MRI would show linear enhancement oriented radially to the ventricles in the brain. A reported case by Li et al. highlights the possibility of dysphagia being a part of the initial presentation [57].
Dysphagia, albeit not common, could also be seen in those with IgG autoantibody targeted against neuronal cytosolic protein, neurochondrin. These cases mostly present with cerebellar symptoms [58]. Likewise, dysphagia is described in association with anti-Ca, an established cause of cerebellar ataxia [59].
Bickerstaff’s brainstem encephalitis overlaps with Guillain-Barre and Miller-Fisher diseases. Around 40—60% of cases may have anti-GQ1b IgG in their serum [60]. In the earliest report, six of seven cases had complete bulbar paralysis. However, milder degrees of dysphagia may be present and overlooked, as one case of silent aspiration is reported. Dietrich-Burns et al. emphasize to be aware of this issue as cognitive impairment may lead to underreporting [61].
There are other conditions with less known underlying autoantibodies. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is a mostly monophasic disease, more common among children, that can present with a broad spectrum of symptoms. Dysphagia has been reported as the sole manifestation of the disease in some cases [62]. Although as mentioned earlier, some cases may be anti-MOG positive. Furthermore, chronic lymphocytic inflammation with pontine perivascular enhancement responsive to steroids (CLIPPERS) is another similar entity with specific clinical and imaging characteristics. As the main site of involvement is the brainstem, dysphagia could happen in the course of the disease [63].
Last but not the least are systemic autoimmune diseases that can involve CNS variably. They include Behcet’s disease, systematic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Sjogren syndrome, and sarcoidosis.
Initially described in 1937, the disease is well known for causing oral and genital aphthous lesions, along with uveitis. Gradually, it became clear that the patients may experience ulcerations in other parts of the gastrointestinal tract, like esophagus [64]. But this local pathology is not the sole cause of dysphagia in this disease. CNS involvement in Behcet’s disease is an established neuroinflammatory pathology. The parenchymal involvement has a significant predilection to the brainstem so dysphagia is expected. Vascular pathologies of the CNS could affect successful swallowing, as well [65, 66].
Global structural disintegration could occur in association with CNS involvement due to SLE [67]. Headache, seizure, psychiatric changes, and a wide range of other neurologic complaints could ensue [68]. Dysphagia in SLE is mostly the result of local pathologies (esophageal motility disorder, concomitant gastroesophageal reflux disorder, and esophagitis) [69], but with CNS involvement, neurogenic dysphagia is not unexpected.
Xerostomia and xerophthalmia are hallmarks of the disease. Associated neuropathies [70], optic neuritis, and associated NMOSD [71] are reported. Gastrointestinal manifestations are diverse and various causes could be encountered; of which local pathologies dominate [72] (like SLE). However, CNS involvement should be in mind when facing difficult swallowing complaints.
Sarcoidosis is known to cause noncaseating granulomata and mediastinal lymphadenopathy. Neurosarcoidosis may be present in 5–16% of cases. It could involve any part of the CNS. This differential should be considered whenever confronting inflammatory lesions of the nervous system. However, some symptoms are considered more specific to neurosarcoidosis like bifacial paresis (especially in the presence of uveitis and parotiditis), pituitary/hypothalamus lesions, longitudinally extensive myelitis, and cauda equina syndrome [73].
Deglutition problems are not frequent in sarcoidosis. The most common cause of dysphagia in these patients is the compressive effect of enlarged lymph nodes. Less commonly there is direct esophageal pathology. Neurosarcoidosis is a rare cause of dysphagia. Still, there are cases with dysphagia as a presenting symptom of the disease [74, 75].
Neuroinflammatory disorders of the CNS include a heterogeneous group that could interfere with successful swallowing. The associated dysphagia could be transitory or permanent depending on the pathology (transient inflammation versus necrosis). Detailed medical history and physical exam are the important assets of diagnosis. Several questionnaires could help monitor dysphagia. Radiographic and endoscopic evaluations may be necessary to detect overlooked swallowing problems. The main treatment appears to be treating the underlying disease, besides general supplementary options like rehabilitation and speech therapy.
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\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. 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As a result of these feature selection methods, some clustering methods have been revealed. Hierarchical clustering, partitional clustering, artificial system clustering, kernel-based clustering, and sequential data clustering are determined for different clustering strategies. This chapter examines some popular partitional clustering techniques and algorithms. Partitional clustering assigns a set of data points into k-clusters by using iterative processes. The predefined criterion function (J) assigns the datum into kth number set. As a result of this criterion function value in k sets (maximization and minimization calculation), clustering can be done. This chapter starts with criterion function for clustering process. In addition, some applications will be done for each algorithm in this chapter.",book:{id:"6569",slug:"recent-applications-in-data-clustering",title:"Recent Applications in Data Clustering",fullTitle:"Recent Applications in Data Clustering"},signatures:"Uğurhan Kutbay",authors:[{id:"230748",title:"Dr.",name:"Uğurhan",middleName:null,surname:"Kutbay",slug:"ugurhan-kutbay",fullName:"Uğurhan Kutbay"}]},{id:"61571",title:"Estimating Customer Lifetime Value Using Machine Learning Techniques",slug:"estimating-customer-lifetime-value-using-machine-learning-techniques",totalDownloads:2262,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"With the rapid development of civil aviation industry, high-quality customer resources have become a significant way to measure the competitiveness of the civil aviation industry. It is well known that the competition for high-value customers has become the core of airline profits. The research of airline customer lifetime value can help airlines identify high-value, medium-value and low-value travellers. What is more, the airline company can make resource allocation more rational, with the least resource investment for maximum profit return. However, the models that are used to calculate the value of customer life value remain controversial, and how to design a model that applies to airline company still needs to be explored. In the paper, the author proposed the optimised China Eastern Airlines passenger network value assessment model and examined its fitting degree with the TravelSky value score. Besides, the author combines China Eastern Airlines passenger network value assessment model score with loss model score to help airlines find their significant customers.",book:{id:"6578",slug:"data-mining",title:"Data Mining",fullTitle:"Data Mining"},signatures:"Sien Chen",authors:[{id:"203722",title:"Dr.",name:"Sien",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"sien-chen",fullName:"Sien Chen"}]},{id:"60203",title:"Determination and Classification of Crew Productivity with Data Mining Methods",slug:"determination-and-classification-of-crew-productivity-with-data-mining-methods",totalDownloads:1e3,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Turkey is a developing country and the main axis of development is “construction.” The construction sector is in a position to create demand for goods and services produced by more than 200 subsectors, and this widespread impact is the most basic indicator of the sector’s “locomotive of the economy.” In the development of the construction industry, crew productivity plays a very important role. While businesses that do not measure their employees’ needs, their locations, and so on are suffering from various losses, rare businesses that take these parameters into account can profit. The identification of leadership types that will motivate employees has great importance in terms of construction businesses where the human element is the foreground. For this purpose, in the province of Adana, the relationship of productivity between the engineers working in construction companies and workers who work at lower departments of these engineers was examined. In this study, bidirectional multiple leadership questionnaire (MLQ) was applied to construction site managers and employees, and according to this survey data, leadership and motivations/productivities were classified using data mining methods. According to the classification analysis results, the most successful data mining algorithm was random forest algorithm with a rate of 81.3725%.",book:{id:"6578",slug:"data-mining",title:"Data Mining",fullTitle:"Data Mining"},signatures:"Abdullah Emre Keleş and Mümine Kaya Keleş",authors:[{id:"190444",title:"Dr.",name:"Mümine",middleName:null,surname:"Kaya Keleş",slug:"mumine-kaya-keles",fullName:"Mümine Kaya Keleş"},{id:"233416",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah Emre",middleName:null,surname:"Keleş",slug:"abdullah-emre-keles",fullName:"Abdullah Emre Keleş"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"606",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"79345",title:"Application of Jump Diffusion Models in Insurance Claim Estimation",slug:"application-of-jump-diffusion-models-in-insurance-claim-estimation-1",totalDownloads:8,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99853",abstract:"We investigated if general insurance claims are normal or rare events through systematic, discontinuous or sporadic jumps of the Brownian motion approach and Poisson processes. Using firm quarterly data from March 2010 to December 2018, we hypothesized that claims with high positive (negative) slopes are more likely to have large positive (negative) jumps in the future. As such, we expected salient properties of volatile jumps on the written products/contracts. We found that insurance claims for general insurance quoted products cease to be normal. There exist at times some jumps, especially during holidays and weekends. Such jumps are not healthy to the capital structures of firms, as such they need attention. However, it should be noted that gaps or jumps (unless of specific forms) cannot be hedged by employing internal dynamic adjustments. This means that, jump risk is non-diversifiable and such jumps should be given more attention.",book:{id:"10820",title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg"},signatures:"Leonard Mushunje, Chiedza Elvina Mashiri, Edina Chandiwana and Maxwell Mashasha"},{id:"81471",title:"Semantic Map: Bringing Together Groups and Discourses",slug:"semantic-map-bringing-together-groups-and-discourses",totalDownloads:20,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103818",abstract:"This chapter presents a multivariate analysis method which is developed in two steps using a combination of Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and Factorial Correspondence Analysis (AFC). To explain and describe the steps of the method, we use an application example on a survey dataset from young students in Thessaloniki trying to investigate their behavioral profiles in terms of political characteristics and how these may be affected about their attendance to a civic education course offered by the Political Science department in the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. The method is explained step by step on this example serving as a manual of its application to the researcher. HCA assigns subjects into cluster membership variables and in the next stage, these new variables are jointly analyzed with AFC. Correspondence analysis manages to extract the dimensions of the phenomenon in the study, explaining the inner antithesis between the categories but also giving the opportunity to visualize the information in a two-dimensional space, a semantic map, making interpretation more comprehensive. HCA is then applied again to the AFC’s coordinates of the categories constructing profiles of subjects, assigning them to the categories of the variables.",book:{id:"10820",title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg"},signatures:"Theodore Chadjipadelis and Georgia Panagiotidou"},{id:"79491",title:"Fuzzy Perceptron Learning for Non-Linearly Separable Patterns",slug:"fuzzy-perceptron-learning-for-non-linearly-separable-patterns",totalDownloads:17,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101312",abstract:"Perceptron learning has its wide applications in identifying interesting patterns in the large data repositories. While iterating through their learning process perceptrons update the weights, which are associated with the input data objects or data vectors. Though perceptrons exhibit their robustness in learning about interesting patterns, they perform well in identifying the linearly separable patterns only. In the real world, however, we can find overlapping patterns, where objects may associate with multiple patterns. In such situations, a clear-cut identification of patterns is not possible in a linearly separable manner. On the other hand, fuzzy-based learning has its wide applications in identifying non-linearly separable patterns. The present work attempts to experiment with the algorithms for fuzzy perceptron learning, where perceptron learning and fuzzy-based learning techniques are implemented in an interfusion manner.",book:{id:"10820",title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg"},signatures:"Raja Kishor Duggirala"},{id:"80937",title:"Assessing Heterogeneity of Two-Part Model via Bayesian Model-Based Clustering with Its Application to Cocaine Use Data",slug:"assessing-heterogeneity-of-two-part-model-via-bayesian-model-based-clustering-with-its-application-t",totalDownloads:24,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103089",abstract:"The purpose of this chapter is to provide an introduction to the model-based clustering within the Bayesian framework and apply it to asses the heterogeneity of fractional data via finite mixture two-part regression model. The problems related to the number of clusters and the configuration of observations are addressed via Markov Chains Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling method. Gibbs sampler is implemented to draw observations from the related full conditionals. As a concrete example, the cocaine use data are analyzed to illustrate the merits of the proposed methodology.",book:{id:"10820",title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg"},signatures:"Ye-Mao Xia, Qi-Hang Zhu and Jian-Wei Gou"},{id:"78846",title:"Clustering Algorithms: An Exploratory Review",slug:"clustering-algorithms-an-exploratory-review",totalDownloads:146,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100376",abstract:"A process of similar data items into groups is called data clustering. Partitioning a Data Set into some groups based on the resemblance within a group by using various algorithms. Partition Based algorithms key idea is to split the data points into partitions and each one replicates one cluster. The performance of partition depends on certain objective functions. Evolutionary algorithms are used for the evolution of social aspects and to provide optimum solutions for huge optimization problems. In this paper, a survey of various partitioning and evolutionary algorithms can be implemented on a benchmark dataset and proposed to apply some validation criteria methods such as Root-Mean-Square Standard Deviation, R-square and SSD, etc., on some algorithms like Leader, ISODATA, SGO and PSO, and so on.",book:{id:"10820",title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg"},signatures:"R.S.M. Lakshmi Patibandla and Veeranjaneyulu N"},{id:"78463",title:"Clustering by Similarity of Brazilian Legal Documents Using Natural Language Processing Approaches",slug:"clustering-by-similarity-of-brazilian-legal-documents-using-natural-language-processing-approaches",totalDownloads:157,totalDimensionsCites:1,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99875",abstract:"The Brazilian legal system postulates the expeditious resolution of judicial proceedings. However, legal courts are working under budgetary constraints and with reduced staff. As a way to face these restrictions, artificial intelligence (AI) has been tackling many complex problems in natural language processing (NLP). This work aims to detect the degree of similarity between judicial documents that can be achieved in the inference group using unsupervised learning, by applying three NLP techniques, namely term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF), Word2Vec CBoW, and Word2Vec Skip-gram, the last two being specialized with a Brazilian language corpus. We developed a template for grouping lawsuits, which is calculated based on the cosine distance between the elements of the group to its centroid. The Ordinary Appeal was chosen as a reference file since it triggers legal proceedings to follow to the higher court and because of the existence of a relevant contingent of lawsuits awaiting judgment. After the data-processing steps, documents had their content transformed into a vector representation, using the three NLP techniques. We notice that specialized word-embedding models—like Word2Vec—present better performance, making it possible to advance in the current state of the art in the area of NLP applied to the legal sector.",book:{id:"10820",title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg"},signatures:"Raphael Souza de Oliveira and Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:6},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. 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Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. 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He completed a one-year Post-Doctoral Fellowship awarded by the DFAIT (Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada) at the Institute of Biomedical Engineering of the University of New Brunswick (Canada) in 2010. Currently, he is Professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (UFU). He has authored and co-authored more than 200 peer-reviewed publications in Biomedical Engineering. He has been a researcher of The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq-Brazil) since 2009. He has served as an ad-hoc consultant for CNPq, CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), FINEP (Brazilian Innovation Agency), and other funding bodies on several occasions. He was the Secretary of the Brazilian Society of Biomedical Engineering (SBEB) from 2015 to 2016, President of SBEB (2017-2018) and Vice-President of SBEB (2019-2020). He was the head of the undergraduate program in Biomedical Engineering of the Federal University of Uberlândia (2015 - June/2019) and the head of the Centre for Innovation and Technology Assessment in Health (NIATS/UFU) since 2010. He is the head of the Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering (UFU, July/2019 - to date). He was the secretary of the Parkinson's Disease Association of Uberlândia (2018-2019). Dr. Andrade's primary area of research is focused towards getting information from the neuromuscular system to understand its strategies of organization, adaptation and controlling in the context of motor neuron diseases. His research interests include Biomedical Signal Processing and Modelling, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation Engineering, Neuroengineering and Parkinson's Disease.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",slug:"luis-villarreal-gomez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",biography:"Dr. Luis Villarreal is a research professor from the Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana, Baja California, México. Dr. Villarreal is the editor in chief and founder of the Revista de Ciencias Tecnológicas (RECIT) (https://recit.uabc.mx/) and is a member of several editorial and reviewer boards for numerous international journals. He has published more than thirty international papers and reviewed more than ninety-two manuscripts. 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Banigo, Chigozie A. Nnadiekwe and Emmanuel M. 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For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7218",title:"OCT",subtitle:"Applications in Ophthalmology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7218.jpg",slug:"oct-applications-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Michele Lanza",hash:"e3a3430cdfd6999caccac933e4613885",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"OCT - Applications in Ophthalmology",editors:[{id:"240088",title:"Prof.",name:"Michele",middleName:null,surname:"Lanza",slug:"michele-lanza",fullName:"Michele Lanza",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240088/images/system/240088.png",biography:"Michele Lanza is Associate Professor of Ophthalmology at Università della Campania, Luigi Vanvitelli, Napoli, Italy. His fields of interest are anterior segment disease, keratoconus, glaucoma, corneal dystrophies, and cataracts. His research topics include\nintraocular lens power calculation, eye modification induced by refractive surgery, glaucoma progression, and validation of new diagnostic devices in ophthalmology. \nHe has published more than 100 papers in international and Italian scientific journals, more than 60 in journals with impact factors, and chapters in international and Italian books. He has also edited two international books and authored more than 150 communications or posters for the most important international and Italian ophthalmology conferences.",institutionString:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institution:{name:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7560",title:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods",subtitle:"Image Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7560.jpg",slug:"non-invasive-diagnostic-methods-image-processing",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mariusz Marzec and Robert Koprowski",hash:"d92fd8cf5a90a47f2b8a310837a5600e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods - Image Processing",editors:[{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. 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He is currently the Director of the Postgraduate Program in Implantology of the Bioface/UCAM/PgO (Montevideo, Uruguay), Director of the Cathedra of Biotechnology of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain), an Extraordinary Full Professor of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain) as well as the Director of the private center of research Biotecnos – Technology and Science (Montevideo, Uruguay). Applied biomaterials, cellular and molecular biology, and dental implants are among his research interests. He has published several original papers in renowned journals. In addition, he is also a Collaborating Professor in several Postgraduate programs at different universities all over the world.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"342152",title:"Dr.",name:"Santo",middleName:null,surname:"Grace Umesh",slug:"santo-grace-umesh",fullName:"Santo Grace Umesh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/342152/images/16311_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"333647",title:"Dr.",name:"Shreya",middleName:null,surname:"Kishore",slug:"shreya-kishore",fullName:"Shreya Kishore",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333647/images/14701_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Shreya Kishore completed her Bachelor in Dental Surgery in Chettinad Dental College and Research Institute, Chennai, and her Master of Dental Surgery (Orthodontics) in Saveetha Dental College, Chennai. She is also Invisalign certified. She’s working as a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Orthodontics, SRM Dental College since November 2019. She is actively involved in teaching orthodontics to the undergraduates and the postgraduates. Her clinical research topics include new orthodontic brackets, fixed appliances and TADs. She’s published 4 articles in well renowned indexed journals and has a published patency of her own. Her private practice is currently limited to orthodontics and works as a consultant in various clinics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"323731",title:"Prof.",name:"Deepak M.",middleName:"Macchindra",surname:"Vikhe",slug:"deepak-m.-vikhe",fullName:"Deepak M. Vikhe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/323731/images/13613_n.jpg",biography:"Dr Deepak M.Vikhe .\n\n\t\n\tDr Deepak M.Vikhe , completed his Masters & PhD in Prosthodontics from Rural Dental College, Loni securing third rank in the Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University. He was awarded Dr.G.C.DAS Memorial Award for Research on Implants at 39th IPS conference Dubai (U A E).He has two patents under his name. He has received Dr.Saraswati medal award for best research for implant study in 2017.He has received Fully funded scholarship to Spain ,university of Santiago de Compostela. He has completed fellowship in Implantlogy from Noble Biocare. \nHe has attended various conferences and CDE programmes and has national publications to his credit. His field of interest is in Implant supported prosthesis. Presently he is working as a associate professor in the Dept of Prosthodontics, Rural Dental College, Loni and maintains a successful private practice specialising in Implantology at Rahata.\n\nEmail: drdeepak_mvikhe@yahoo.com..................",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204110",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed A.",middleName:null,surname:"Madfa",slug:"ahmed-a.-madfa",fullName:"Ahmed A. Madfa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204110/images/system/204110.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madfa is currently Associate Professor of Endodontics at Thamar University and a visiting lecturer at Sana'a University and University of Sciences and Technology. He has more than 6 years of experience in teaching. His research interests include root canal morphology, functionally graded concept, dental biomaterials, epidemiology and dental education, biomimetic restoration, finite element analysis and endodontic regeneration. Dr. Madfa has numerous international publications, full articles, two patents, a book and a book chapter. Furthermore, he won 14 international scientific awards. Furthermore, he is involved in many academic activities ranging from editorial board member, reviewer for many international journals and postgraduate students' supervisor. Besides, I deliver many courses and training workshops at various scientific events. 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She is an editor and reviewer in numerous international journals.",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null},{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null},{id:"178412",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guhan",middleName:null,surname:"Dergin",slug:"guhan-dergin",fullName:"Guhan Dergin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178412/images/6954_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gühan Dergin was born in 1973 in Izmit. He graduated from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1999. He completed his specialty of OMFS surgery in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry and obtained his PhD degree in 2006. In 2005, he was invited as a visiting doctor in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the University of North Carolina, USA, where he went on a scholarship. Dr. Dergin still continues his academic career as an associate professor in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry. He has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178414",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Emes",slug:"yusuf-emes",fullName:"Yusuf Emes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178414/images/6953_n.jpg",biography:"Born in Istanbul in 1974, Dr. Emes graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry in 1997 and completed his PhD degree in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in 2005. He has papers published in international and national scientific journals, including research articles on implantology, oroantral fistulas, odontogenic cysts, and temporomandibular disorders. Dr. Emes is currently working as a full-time academic staff in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"192229",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ana Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"De Carvalho Felippini",slug:"ana-luiza-de-carvalho-felippini",fullName:"Ana Luiza De Carvalho Felippini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192229/images/system/192229.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"University of São Paulo",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"256851",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:null,surname:"Gülşen",slug:"ayse-gulsen",fullName:"Ayşe Gülşen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256851/images/9696_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ayşe Gülşen graduated in 1990 from Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ankara and did a postgraduate program at University of Gazi. \nShe worked as an observer and research assistant in Craniofacial Surgery Departments in New York, Providence Hospital in Michigan and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. \nShe works as Craniofacial Orthodontist in Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi, Ankara Turkey since 2004.",institutionString:"Univeristy of Gazi",institution:null},{id:"255366",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosun",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"tosun-tosun",fullName:"Tosun Tosun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255366/images/7347_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Turkey in 1989;\nVisitor Assistant at the University of Padua, Italy and Branemark Osseointegration Center of Treviso, Italy between 1993-94;\nPhD thesis on oral implantology in University of Istanbul and was awarded the academic title “Dr.med.dent.”, 1997;\nHe was awarded the academic title “Doç.Dr.” (Associated Professor) in 2003;\nProficiency in Botulinum Toxin Applications, Reading-UK in 2009;\nMastership, RWTH Certificate in Laser Therapy in Dentistry, AALZ-Aachen University, Germany 2009-11;\nMaster of Science (MSc) in Laser Dentistry, University of Genoa, Italy 2013-14.\n\nDr.Tosun worked as Research Assistant in the Department of Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul between 1990-2002. \nHe worked part-time as Consultant surgeon in Harvard Medical International Hospitals and John Hopkins Medicine, Istanbul between years 2007-09.\u2028He was contract Professor in the Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DI.S.C.), Medical School, University of Genova, Italy between years 2011-16. \nSince 2015 he is visiting Professor at Medical School, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. \nCurrently he is Associated Prof.Dr. at the Dental School, Oral Surgery Dept., Istanbul Aydin University and since 2003 he works in his own private clinic in Istanbul, Turkey.\u2028\nDr.Tosun is reviewer in journal ‘Laser in Medical Sciences’, reviewer in journal ‘Folia Medica\\', a Fellow of the International Team for Implantology, Clinical Lecturer of DGZI German Association of Oral Implantology, Expert Lecturer of Laser&Health Academy, Country Representative of World Federation for Laser Dentistry, member of European Federation of Periodontology, member of Academy of Laser Dentistry. Dr.Tosun presents papers in international and national congresses and has scientific publications in international and national journals. He speaks english, spanish, italian and french.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"256417",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Sadry",slug:"sanaz-sadry",fullName:"Sanaz Sadry",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256417/images/8106_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272237",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",middleName:"Kiymet",surname:"Karataban",slug:"pinar-karataban",fullName:"Pinar Karataban",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272237/images/8911_n.png",biography:"Assist.Prof.Dr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban, DDS PhD \n\nDr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban was born in Istanbul in 1975. After her graduation from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1998 she started her PhD in Paediatric Dentistry focused on children with special needs; mainly children with Cerebral Palsy. She finished her pHD thesis entitled \\'Investigation of occlusion via cast analysis and evaluation of dental caries prevalance, periodontal status and muscle dysfunctions in children with cerebral palsy” in 2008. She got her Assist. Proffessor degree in Istanbul Aydın University Paediatric Dentistry Department in 2015-2018. ın 2019 she started her new career in Bahcesehir University, Istanbul as Head of Department of Pediatric Dentistry. In 2020 she was accepted to BAU International University, Batumi as Professor of Pediatric Dentistry. She’s a lecturer in the same university meanwhile working part-time in private practice in Ege Dental Studio (https://www.egedisklinigi.com/) a multidisciplinary dental clinic in Istanbul. Her main interests are paleodontology, ancient and contemporary dentistry, oral microbiology, cerebral palsy and special care dentistry. She has national and international publications, scientific reports and is a member of IAPO (International Association for Paleodontology), IADH (International Association of Disability and Oral Health) and EAPD (European Association of Pediatric Dentistry).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"202198",title:"Dr.",name:"Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Aybar",slug:"buket-aybar",fullName:"Buket Aybar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202198/images/6955_n.jpg",biography:"Buket Aybar, DDS, PhD, was born in 1971. She graduated from Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, in 1992 and completed her PhD degree on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Istanbul University in 1997.\nDr. Aybar is currently a full-time professor in Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. She has teaching responsibilities in graduate and postgraduate programs. Her clinical practice includes mainly dentoalveolar surgery.\nHer topics of interest are biomaterials science and cell culture studies. She has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books; she also has participated in several scientific projects supported by Istanbul University Research fund.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"260116",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Yaltirik",slug:"mehmet-yaltirik",fullName:"Mehmet Yaltirik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260116/images/7413_n.jpg",biography:"Birth Date 25.09.1965\r\nBirth Place Adana- Turkey\r\nSex Male\r\nMarrial Status Bachelor\r\nDriving License Acquired\r\nMother Tongue Turkish\r\n\r\nAddress:\r\nWork:University of Istanbul,Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine 34093 Capa,Istanbul- TURKIYE",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"172009",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Uzuner",slug:"fatma-deniz-uzuner",fullName:"Fatma Deniz Uzuner",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/172009/images/7122_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Deniz Uzuner was born in 1969 in Kocaeli-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1986, she attended the Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. \nIn 1993 she attended the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics for her PhD education. After finishing the PhD education, she worked as orthodontist in Ankara Dental Hospital under the Turkish Government, Ministry of Health and in a special Orthodontic Clinic till 2011. Between 2011 and 2016, Dr. Deniz Uzuner worked as a specialist in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University in Ankara/Turkey. In 2016, she was appointed associate professor. Dr. Deniz Uzuner has authored 23 Journal Papers, 3 Book Chapters and has had 39 oral/poster presentations. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"332914",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Saad",middleName:null,surname:"Shaikh",slug:"muhammad-saad-shaikh",fullName:"Muhammad Saad Shaikh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jinnah Sindh Medical University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"315775",title:"Dr.",name:"Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Luo",slug:"feng-luo",fullName:"Feng Luo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"423519",title:"Dr.",name:"Sizakele",middleName:null,surname:"Ngwenya",slug:"sizakele-ngwenya",fullName:"Sizakele Ngwenya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419270",title:"Dr.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Chianchitlert",slug:"ann-chianchitlert",fullName:"Ann Chianchitlert",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419271",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane",middleName:null,surname:"Selvido",slug:"diane-selvido",fullName:"Diane Selvido",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419272",title:"Dr.",name:"Irin",middleName:null,surname:"Sirisoontorn",slug:"irin-sirisoontorn",fullName:"Irin Sirisoontorn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"355660",title:"Dr.",name:"Anitha",middleName:null,surname:"Mani",slug:"anitha-mani",fullName:"Anitha Mani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"355612",title:"Dr.",name:"Janani",middleName:null,surname:"Karthikeyan",slug:"janani-karthikeyan",fullName:"Janani Karthikeyan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334400",title:"Dr.",name:"Suvetha",middleName:null,surname:"Siva",slug:"suvetha-siva",fullName:"Suvetha Siva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"90",type:"subseries",title:"Human Development",keywords:"Neuroscientific research, Brain functions, Human development, UN’s human development index, Self-awareness, Self-development",scope:"