Table of possibilities and a quick comparison of water cannon and multifunction vehicles.
\r\n\tOne basic topic is that of expression manipulation: combining, expanding etc, and the applications of this scholar topic needs focusing on.
\r\n\r\n\tThe general topic of "polynomials" is very large, and here the focus is both on scholar/student basics of it, and on applications of some special polynomials in science and research.
\r\n\r\n\tAn important topic of the book is "algebraic curve". Here the approaches are multiple: basic/scholar on one hand, and applications on the other hand. It must be noticed the use of algebraic curves properties in the field of differential equations, for example for finding the singularities.
\r\n\r\n\tGrobner basis is a very modern and applied topic of algebra. Here we must outline the great importance of Grobner basis and polynomial ideals manipulation, in the differential equations field, an example being in fast finding normal forms of differential systems.
\r\n\r\n\tRelated to this last topic of the book, but applying to all specified topics, it must be noticed the importance of numeric algorithms. The importance of software algorithms in all fields of science is continuously increasing. Therefore, computational approach of the specified algebraic topics is very useful, with applications in other mathematical and scientific fields.
",isbn:null,printIsbn:"979-953-307-X-X",pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2a81efb05ce334905cc672188033b15d",bookSignature:"Dr. Adela Ionescu",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9907.jpg",keywords:"expand, factoring, combining, simplifying, random polynomials, special polynomials, orthogonal polynomials, polynomial factorization, two variables polynomials, homogenization, parameterization, singularity, monomial order, polynomial ideal, leading monomial, normal form",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 26th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 17th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 15th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 5th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 4th 2020",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"a year",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"146822",title:"Dr.",name:"Adela",middleName:null,surname:"Ionescu",slug:"adela-ionescu",fullName:"Adela Ionescu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/146822/images/system/146822.jpg",biography:"Dr. Adela Ionescu is a lecturer at the University of Craiova, Romania. 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Cohn",authors:[null]},{id:"206",title:"Measuring External Face Appearance for Face Classification",slug:"measuring_external_face_appearance_for_face_classification",signatures:"David Masip, Agata Lapedriza and Jordi Vitria",authors:[null]},{id:"207",title:"Selection and Efficient Use of Local Features for Face and Facial Expression Recognition in a Cortical Architecture",slug:"selection_and_efficient_use_of_local_features_for_face_and_facial_expression_recognition_in_a_cortic",signatures:"Masakazu Matsugu",authors:[null]},{id:"208",title:"Image-based Subspace Analysis for Face Recognition",slug:"image-based_subspace_analysis_for_face_recognition",signatures:"Vo Dinh Minh Nhat and SungYoung Lee",authors:[null]},{id:"209",title:"Nearest Feature Rules and Dissimilarity Representations for Face Recognition Problems",slug:"nearest_feature_rules_and_dissimilarity_representations_for_face_recognition_problems",signatures:"Mauricio Orozco Alzate and German Castellanos Dominguez",authors:[null]},{id:"210",title:"Improving Face Recognition by Video Spatial Morphing",slug:"improving_face_recognition_by_video_spatial_morphing",signatures:"Armando Padilha, Jorge Silva and Raquel Sebastiao",authors:[null]},{id:"211",title:"Machine Analysis of Facial Expressions",slug:"machine_analysis_of_facial_expressions",signatures:"Maja Pantic and Marian Stewart Bartlett",authors:[null]},{id:"212",title:"3D Face Recognition",slug:"3d_face_recognition",signatures:"Theodoros Papatheodorou and Daniel Rueckert",authors:[null]},{id:"213",title:"Multi-Modal Human Verification Using Face and Speech",slug:"multi-modal_human_verification_using_face_and_speech",signatures:"Changhan Park and Joonki Paik",authors:[null]},{id:"214",title:"Face Recognition Using Optimized 3D Information from Stereo Images",slug:"face_recognition_using_optimized_3d_information_from_stereo_images",signatures:"Changhan Park and Joonki Paik",authors:[null]},{id:"215",title:"Far-Field, Multi-Camera, Video-to-Video Face Recognition",slug:"far-field__multi-camera__video-to-video_face_recognition",signatures:"Aristodemos Pnevmatikakis and Lazaros Polymenakos",authors:[null]},{id:"216",title:"Facing Visual Tasks Based on Different Cognitive Architectures",slug:"facing_visual_tasks_based_on_different_cognitive_architectures",signatures:"Marcos Ruiz-Soler and Francesco S. Beltran",authors:[null]},{id:"217",title:"Frequency Domain Face Recognition",slug:"frequency_domain_face_recognition",signatures:"Marios Savvides, Ramamurthy Bhagavatula, Yung-hui Li and Ramzi Abiantun",authors:[null]},{id:"218",title:"From Canonical Face to Synthesis - an Illumination Invariant Face Recognition Approach",slug:"from_canonical_face_to_synthesis_-_an_illumination_invariant_face_recognition_approach",signatures:"Tele Tan",authors:[null]},{id:"219",title:"A Feature-Level Fusion of Appearance and Passive Depth Information for Face Recognition",slug:"a_feature-level_fusion_of_appearance_and__passive_depth_information_for_face_recognition_",signatures:"Jian-Gang Wang, Kar Ann Toh, Eric Sung and Wei-Yun Yau",authors:[null]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"71859",title:"The Police Development and Protection of Soft Targets",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92072",slug:"the-police-development-and-protection-of-soft-targets",body:'In 2016, the Public Order Police Headquarters, Czech Police Presidium (“ŘSPP”), submitted a proposal to the establishment of working teams of police officers from regional police directorates, who are under the coordination of the highest methodical body of the Public Order Police “ŘSPP.” Following this proposal, the Police President Order No. 286/2016 was created. This act established a working team called Blesk (Lightning) [1], intended for assessment of the current security situation and to evaluate the current needs regarding service tactics for use by the Police of the Czech Republic (hereinafter referred to as the “Police CR”) during actions taken against dangerous crime offenders and to be included in procedures used by intervention units of regional directorates of the Police CR and also the special unit guarding nuclear power plants in the Czech Republic, Temelín and Dukovany. The next Police President Order No. 38/2017 has the same purpose, it was established by the Evoluce (Evolution) [2] working team and as with the previous order focuses on material security of police officers, but in the case of riot police officers (which means special riot units of police regional directorates (4) and riot units of regional police directorates (12)), taking into account the tendencies of the security situation. Police President’s orders allow the coordinator and the team to invite experts from other workplaces of the Police ČR, but also consultants from companies and suppliers to meet and investigate the latest trends in this field of the market. Team workers have the opportunity to be sent to exhibitions and seminars where a particular technology is presented and where they can find out foreign products and compare them with the means which are currently available to the police. No such conceptually formed teams had existed until these teams were formed. Policemen’ proposals or requirements were not often listened to or they were strongly misrepresented in other resulting documents. One of the successful projects was dependent primarily on the personal erudition of only one policeman from a special department, who created the future final document regarding the requirements of his work – (training polygon in Zbiroh [3]) literally in the garage.
One of the tangible proposals was the future acquisition of a service vehicle primarily intended for use by riot units. According to the Evolution Team´s proposal, this vehicle would be used also by other Police ČR units and it will be possible to be deployed for use as an Integrated Rescue System as well. The vehicles concept draft, as presented by ŘSPP, is the result of the team’s work over several years. During this preparation, the requirements of the leaders and commanders of riot units were addressed, and the possibility of vehicle production in domestic and foreign companies was discussed, including visits to riot units abroad. Upon these findings, modification possibilities of already functioning vehicles were evaluated. However, no vehicle, which would at least meet the majority of workgroup requirements, was found within this phase. Then a professional discussion with several representatives of domestic companies took place, wherein the technical possibilities of the vehicle in terms of construction were addressed. During these, professional discussion possibilities of desired vehicle construction and concerning its future activities were agreed. Several companies within the European Union would be technologically capable of developing and subsequently producing the desired vehicle. From the team’s point of view, the best possible way would be through the development and production of a prototype with participation of the work team and then to the subsequent performance testing in operation service. Only then the production of other vehicles would be ordered.
The Police CR have been using a type of special vehicle with water cannon for a long time. This vehicle type had been widely used before 1989 when they served as coercive means to forcibly end demonstrations. After this year, the water cannon vehicle remained in use by the riot police, but with a strong reduction in their numbers. A lack of these vehicles was later manifested in mass demonstrations on the occasion of the meeting of the Monetary Fund and the World Bank in Prague in 2000 when other vehicles of the Czech Army and Fire Brigade had to be called. The vehicles have now been upgraded, but their numbers and technical condition are currently very low and several vehicles are immobile. Public Order Police Headquarters exploits available possibilities to communicate with other EU countries, where they also deal with legal issues of using a water cannon type vehicle as a coercive means. All neighboring states have included these vehicles in their equipment itinerary, but their use varies according to the legal framework. In this respect, the possibility of using a vehicle as a coercion mean under the Police ČR Act is at the same and often a higher level than abroad. On the other hand, we must state that massive demonstrations are taking place in all neighboring countries with significant disturbances to public order, while in our country, eventual demonstrations are less numerous and calmer. However, it is not possible to predict future developments in the Czech Republic based on this situation, especially concerning the immigration crisis and open borders within the Schengen area. It is, therefore, necessary to have such a coercion means available to protect the life and health of intervening police officers, while at the same time allowing termination or at least disrupting such unlawful conduct. Water cannon type vehicles included in the riot police service are a single-purpose vehicle, which its construction is based on the basic fire brigade special vehicle and their parameters and characteristics have not complied with the requirements of the Czech Police for several years. Their deployment is also problematic with regards to their size, maneuverability, and possible documentation of unlawful conduct. As a result of the combination of these elements and characteristics, the vehicles are mainly used for demonstrations and exercises but remain largely unused during safety or security measures. The usability of future vehicles was a key prerequisite in the development of the multifunction vehicle concept. The ŘSPP are fully aware of the duties of proper management and that is why it proposes to change the systemization of these service vehicles when these special vehicles of water cannon type will be replaced by a special multifunction vehicles with a water cannon fitted. The aforementioned amendment shall not affect the wording and interpretation of Act No. 273/2008 Coll., within the Police of the Czech Republic, § 52 let. k) a water cannon, as this is an extension of the name of the official operation transport means. The new concept drafted vehicle envisages that the scope of this act will extend the possibilities of use also for coercive means mentioned under b) tear-forming, electric or other temporarily disabling means, letter f) stopping belt, blocking the road forcibly, stopping the vehicle or preventing the vehicle from escaping and avoiding capture and letter g) forcing out using a vehicle.
In addition to the repressive characteristics of the vehicle, it is also necessary to emphasize its tactical capabilities. The technology that the ŘSPP plans to apply will allow on-line transmission of video (or sound) to the headquarters of a particular situation, documentation of unlawful conduct, making calls or communicating information, and a two-way communication with the headquarters of the situation which is being met or with the control center and intervention units. In addition to this, the vehicle will be able to transmit images from areas affected by a natural disaster, industrial accident, a polluted or otherwise contaminated area or from areas otherwise inaccessible. The ŘSPP dealt with the question of usability concerning the individual units of the Police ČR. Upon the analysis of typical and extraordinary activities performed by the Police ČR, the vehicle is required to have defined characteristics and its technical equipment was then designed. Considering that technological and technical developments are moving forward very quickly, there is a possibility for further expansion within the requirements of the live deployment of the vehicle.
The following table compares existing water cannons and planned multifunction vehicles regarding their deployment possibilities for various activities and usage (Table 1).
Activity type | Water cannon | Multifunction vehicle | |
---|---|---|---|
Safety measures | City | Yes, on main roads | Yes, even in restricted areas |
Terrain | With limitations | Yes, almost without limits | |
Emergency | Industrial accident | As with fire brigade support only | Action headquarters support, fire brigade support, possible evacuation |
Floods | No | Wading up to 120 cm, action headquarters support, fire brigade support, possible evacuation | |
Large fire | As with fire brigade support only | Protection from radiant heat and flames, all-terrain performance capability, action headquarters support, fire brigade support, possible evacuation | |
Mass disaster | As with fire brigade support only | All-terrain performance capability, action headquarters support, fire brigade support, possible evacuation | |
Coercive means | Water cannon | Yes | Yes |
Tear agent | No | Yes | |
Acoustic or luminous temporarily disabling mean | No | Yes | |
Blocking the road using the vehicle | Yes | Yes | |
Forcing out using the vehicle | Yes, with limitations | Yes | |
Other activities | Green border surveillance | No | Yes, thermovision, night vision, image transmission |
Soft targets | Partially | Thermovision, night vision, camera recording, calls, mobile roadblock, image transmission to headquarters | |
Large sport or other events | No, only for road spraying at hot days | Action headquarters support, image record and transmission, calls, drinking water in hot days, road spraying in hot days | |
AMOK | No | Partially, image and sound transmission to headquarters, calls, logistics background for action squads | |
Search actions | No | Logistics background for units, drinking water, lighting, electric circuits, camera surveillance or thermovision |
Table of possibilities and a quick comparison of water cannon and multifunction vehicles.
From the table above, it is clear that the vehicle could be used for numerous operational activities. The reason why the work team and the ŘSPP prefer a multifunction vehicle is based on two factors. The possibility of universal and frequent deployment and saving money, compared to the purchase of more single-purpose vehicles. The actual deployment (in the case of a security measure) is another decisive element that would require at least three separate vehicles with their crew, which then deprive the maneuvering space of intervention units and three crews are therefore necessary, who could have been deployed elsewhere and otherwise. It should be noted that the idea of a universal vehicle, which has been developed by the ŘSPP since 2015, instigated by discussions held by a team of professionals, is going in the right direction. Today we can already see one fire-fighting special vehicle produced by Hlučín Fire Brigade; however, it lacks the basic and essential characteristics of this police multifunction vehicle.
Technical specification (serving just as a base for proposal and numerous negotiations of the team).
(1) Dimensions
Max. height 3.000 mm
Maximum transport height (without displaced accessories) is set for underpasses and overhead lines in cities, passages to prisons and other enclosed spaces
Max. width 2.550 mm
Maximum width is set for passage through streets and to meet road traffic rules, when vehicles with a wider width are considered as exceptional and their operation requires special regime and permission.
Length - maximum length is not defined
The length shall coincide with vehicle chassis; however, the vehicles maneuverability being dependant also on the vehicles length will also be a determining factor. Therefore, the shorter the better.
(2) Driveability
Turning diameter – near to 14 m and less
This is a key factor because the vehicle must be able to pass to the same locations as the VW Crafter (turning diameter 13.6 m) – riot squad vehicles.
Terrain passage – the vehicle must be able to pass through heavy terrain including water obstacles and vertical steps
Driving on roads and paved roads in normal traffic
Driving on field and forest roads in any weather
Driving on unpaved terrain on all types of surface
Wading ability up to 1,200 mm without preparation
Ability to overcome vertical steps up to 500 mm
Ability to overcome trenches up to 500 mm wide
Engine power – min. 18kW/t
Engine cannot be specified by type, but power values must be set depending on the total weight (maximum instantaneous vehicle weight)
Tyres – 14,00 R20 or 16,00 R20
“Run Flat” construction rough-terrain tires
Pressure change possible from the driver’s cabin
Automatic inflation system in case of a small puncture
Particular type will depend on the chassis used
Chassis and drive – 4 × 4, both axles steerable
This special requirement is based on the comparison with other available similar vehicles with this type of chassis and is then a key requirement
Other characteristics
The possibility to change smoothly the height clearance from the driver’s cab
The range without refueling (road, at constant speed 90 km/h) to be at least 500 km
Max. speed 115 km/h (speed limiter)
ABS
Differential lock (axle and inter-axle)
Automatic transmission allowing speed of 5 km/h or less
There will be a reinforced displacement frame allowing road blockage in front of the driver’s cabin, for pushing off an immobile vehicle, clearing the path from fallen trees…
(3) Crew cabin
Extended, two rows of seats with technical space
The basic crew will consist of a driver, an operator of the water cannon or the functional mast, and a vehicle commander (who has the possibility of taking over an operator’s activities)
One full-value observer seat (commander of the action, units…)
One emergency seat in case of evacuation
The seats will be equipped with four-point self-winding belts, with headrests and increased lateral guidance (the emergency seat may be folding and fitted with a basic lumbar belt)
The seats must provide comfortable seating for several hours (without the possibility to leave the vehicle)
Resistant construction with treatment against thrown objects, stones, etc.
The cab design shall meet the requirements for protection against thrown objects, it shall not restrict the view of the crew, and it shall be easy to maintain and repair
The possibility of integrating basic ballistic protection, especially against splinters
An emergency exit for the crew shall be located in the roof
Cabin technical equipment
Air conditioning and independent heating
Filtered ventilation
Control of all vehicle technologies
Camera display units
Driver’s camera display units
2 pcs RDST
A computer with a connection to MBP and tactical software
A computer with a connection to helicopter image and operating center information
Data storage for camera recordings with a capacity to store data for a min. 24h
Video and audio on-line transmission technology
A powerful LED reflector will be placed on the upper exterior of the cab to create a light curtain, to be used as a coercive means through glare and for space lighting
(4) Technical superstructure
Structurally, it must be smoothly connected to crew cabin, and there shall not be any clearance between the cab and the technical superstructure into which fallen or thrown objects might enter
The surface must withstand thrown objects, and easy and cheap repair is essential
Location of all technology and equipment must be easily accessible but must also be secured against misuse or theft
Water tank with min. capacity 4000 L, the material and construction used must allow easy cleaning, and transport of drinking water protected from any contamination
The rear part of the superstructure will accommodate technologies allowing the connection of a drinking water hose
Hose inputs/outputs will be located in rear part (tank filling - flow line with hose)
Power generator distribution panel (3 × 230 V 10A, 2 × 230 V 16A) will be placed at the lateral part
A power generator with connection to the vehicle tank – remote-controlled from the cab, with automatic operation, controlled from the distribution panel
A tear gas tank
A coloring agent tank
Telescopic and retractable fence closures of 0–150 cm width on each side at vehicles front part
In the upper part of the front, there will be placed a monitor mount (channel line) – at its resting position, it will be inserted into the superstructure of the roof, and in its use, it will be extended and will cover the space of min. 270° around vehicles front-to-back axle
In the vehicles upper front part, there will be a telescopic mast equipped with a rotator carrying a UHD camera with night-time (low-lux) capability (IR illumination), thermal imaging camera, and an LRAD-type device (min. level 450LX)
A telescopic mast will be placed in the upper rear part to enable illumination of the circular space within a radius of 50 m
(5) Other technical elements
On the top of the vehicle, there will be strobe lights (blue/red) covering the 360° space around the vehicle
Entire vehicle will be covered by a fire protection system
The vehicle will have increased protection against radiant heat and flames
There will be high-pressure nozzles above the windscreen for washing of adhering substances on the windscreen
The vehicle will be fitted with visual cameras that will allow driving without the driver’s window view (including the camera on the roof of the body to check the clearance and displaced accessories) (Figure 1)
Layout of proposed technical elements.
The team has designed the vehicle so that the crew can perform the tasks asked of the headquarters while responding with security measures and mainly to support the intervening units. Its construction is designed to be robust because heavy equipment is currently missing within the equipment of the Czech Police and it is necessary to cooperate with Fire Brigade units, which is not always convenient or possible taking into account time requirements. The possibility of using LRAD devices as a safety measure should be highlighted. This equipment is already in use by the police and its deployment greatly facilitates and at the same time improves the performance regarding challenges and the transmission of information. It should also be mentioned that the device can be used as a coercive means with a temporary disabling effect. A camera system allowing documentation of unlawful conduct, which allows the transmission of up-to-date information of the staff during these measures direct from the place of the intervention and thus providing surveillance of the situation to commanders of the intervening units is another element. The vehicle itself can safely move directly on the site of the intervention without any risk of its significant damage (unlike current camera cars). At the same time, the commander shall be a part of the vehicle, who may analyze on-the-spot the evolution of measures concerning unlawful conduct and provide the headquarters or the intervening units with this information. Lastly, but not least, is the use of a water cannon (monitor) with continuously variable pressure and shape of the water jet. The monitor itself will be equipped with a rangefinder and camera, so the operator will be able to control the monitor using controls from the cab, but at the same time, he will precisely see where the water stream exactly hits. Another advantage is that the use of the water jet against a specific perpetrator can be automatically documented. The whole device will allow the tear-forming agent to be mixed into the water stream and sprayed over a large area within a second or a short impulse to cover a small space. Marker paint admixture is less aggressive, it serves as a clear identifier for intervening police officers that an individual is likely to have committed an offence and can be apprehended to explain themselves after the cessation of such a measure and compare camera images within a particular proceeding. Especially in conditions of reduced visibility, a so-called light curtain can be used, which may serve as a coercive means (painful stimulus when looking into the light), but at the same time allows for good illumination of the targeted site and its main purpose is to hide the activities of units behind the vehicle.
The general advantage of this vehicle is that it is not necessary to have the monitor in a standby position during normal measures, but that the vehicle acts only as a camera car. If the vehicle is used outside this measure, it will allow the units to create a background with utilities (light, electricity, water, transport of other materials, transport, and a heavy trailer) even to places where other police vehicles can get into problems or not be able to reach at all. The possibility to remove obstacles from the road by either pushing or by use a winch is another important feature. If necessary, the vehicle can travel through water with a depth of approx. 120 cm, even with an unpaved watercourse bottom.
Enumerating all deployment possibilities is very difficult because it will depend on the ability of commanders to utilize the maximum potential of this vehicle. It is clear that this vehicle meets the requirements of modern trends and concepts of security forces within the EU and the world.
This paper presents the function and development of requirements for modern and high-quality equipment and for equipment of special units of Police ČR with a practical example, which comes in the form of a draft requirement for a means of transport – a multifunctional special vehicle, intended to intervene against demonstrators, extremists, and football hooligans. No such vehicle exists now in the Czech Republic, of which its development and proposal for future possibilities of its use which has been created by a team of police officers who perform daily service in the streets within security measures, so it would be quite unique in its purchase and production, but the authors do not have the ambition to describe in this paper the details of the future steps of the vehicles development or its purchase. The authors describe the means and idea of creating working teams, consisting of ordinary police officers, who thanks to the work of such a team, can from their own experience suggest its optimal means, which, in their opinion, is missing in practice and would be useful. At the same time, this paper briefly describes the system of collecting information on modern means used by other security forces and on the market, which is then (if suitable and also upon experience from abroad) can be proposed for development and use under the conditions of the Czech Police practice.
Authors are listed below with their open access chapters linked via author name:
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\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJocelyn Chanussot (chapter to be published soon...)
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