Main water/steam parameters in a 600 MW supercritical coal-fired power plant.
\r\n\t
",isbn:"978-1-83968-681-8",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-680-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-682-5",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ddc0dea7e5b98335c187688d9c0c5b42",bookSignature:"Dr. Urvashi Sharma",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10298.jpg",keywords:"Internet of Things, Smart Biosensor and Hardware, Reliability, Patients Data, Context-Specific and Aware, Integrated and Connected, Funding Structures, Policy and Its Implications, Electronic Medical Records, Electronic Health Records, Design, Implementation and Evaluation",numberOfDownloads:60,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 3rd 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 1st 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 30th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 18th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 19th 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"5 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Sharma obtained her Ph.D. from Brunel University London, U.K. Her work has contributed to understanding the role of a user and the context in relation to the successful application of e-health modalities in primary care settings in the U.K.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"105398",title:"Dr.",name:"Urvashi",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"urvashi-sharma",fullName:"Urvashi Sharma",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/105398/images/system/105398.jpg",biography:"Dr Urvashi Sharma started her research career as a biomedical engineer exploring barriers and facilitators to remote patient monitoring and use of electronic health records. Her work has contributed to understanding the role of a user and the context in relation to successful application of e-health modalities in primary care settings in the U.K. Through her work, she also explored whether employing randomised controlled trials to ascertain the effectiveness of technological interventions is viable. She is a proponent of patient and public engagement and involvement in healthcare decision making, and application of appropriate research methodologies that enable exploration of lived experiences and provide deeper insights on what really matters to the users/patients when it comes to their health.",institutionString:"King's College London",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"King's College London",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"}],chapters:[{id:"75223",title:"xCARE: A Development Platform for Supporting Smart and Pervasive Healthcare",slug:"xcare-a-development-platform-for-supporting-smart-and-pervasive-healthcare",totalDownloads:29,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"74980",title:"E-Health Applications for Smart and Pervasive Healthcare in Greece. What Can We Expect?",slug:"e-health-applications-for-smart-and-pervasive-healthcare-in-greece-what-can-we-expect",totalDownloads:31,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"252211",firstName:"Sara",lastName:"Debeuc",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252211/images/7239_n.png",email:"sara.d@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6550",title:"Cohort Studies in Health Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"01df5aba4fff1a84b37a2fdafa809660",slug:"cohort-studies-in-health-sciences",bookSignature:"R. Mauricio Barría",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88861",title:"Dr.",name:"R. Mauricio",surname:"Barría",slug:"r.-mauricio-barria",fullName:"R. Mauricio Barría"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"878",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:"A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec77671f63975ef2d16192897deb6835",slug:"phytochemicals-a-global-perspective-of-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4816",title:"Face Recognition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"146063b5359146b7718ea86bad47c8eb",slug:"face_recognition",bookSignature:"Kresimir Delac and Mislav Grgic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"62660",title:"Flexible Operation of Supercritical Power Plant via Integration of Thermal Energy Storage",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79735",slug:"flexible-operation-of-supercritical-power-plant-via-integration-of-thermal-energy-storage",body:'The current balance between power generation and load demand is mainly managed by regulating the output of fossil fuel power plants [1, 2]. With the rapid increase of power generation from renewable energy, fossil fuel power plants are required to play a more important role in maintaining load balance and providing the grid frequency control service as they are considered as dispatchable power generation units. Fossil fuel power plants are now required to work more flexible and to respond faster with more frequent start-ups or shutdowns for maintaining power network stability; this can cause two serious issues: low plant efficiency and low load factors. To address these issues, it is essential to explore new technologies and operation strategies.
Currently, approximately 39% of global electricity is generated from hard coal, which however produces a large amount of ash, nitrogen oxide, and carbon dioxide. The supercritical boiler was first developed in the US in the 1950s [3], which was a type of technology with improved efficiency and hence reduced carbon dioxide and toxic emissions per unit of electrical energy generation.
The flexible operation is needed for supercritical coal-fired power plants to stabilize the grid frequency. The flexibility of a supercritical power plant can be achieved by a carbon capture facility, which is used to control capture rates in response to variable load demand and carbon prices [4, 5, 6, 7]. A method called ‘condensate throttling’, proposed in [8], could rapidly increase or decrease the power output of a plant. Additionally, the regulation of extracted steam for high-pressure heater could be used to enhance the primary control reserves and to offer the operational flexibility [9, 10].
The boiler turbine coordinated control is a popular control strategy to regulate power generation in thermal power plants. However, the plant response is slow due to the large delay of the energy transfer from the fuel supply to the water-steam loop [10]. Furthermore, because the thermal inertia of a once-through boiler is smaller than a natural circulation boiler, the capability of offering primary frequency reserve is decreased. This motivates the utilization of TES in supercritical coal-fired power plants, as the TES could provide the additional thermal reserve.
Currently, the TES has been widely used in various thermal power plants for flexible plant operation. Several studies [11, 12] were reported on the integration of TES into combined heat and power (CHP) generations. Also, the study of a combined-cycle gas turbine (CCGT) power plant combined with TES in order to improve the plant flexibility was presented in [13]. Besides, many studies have been reported in the area of solar thermal power plants integrated with TES, in which TES is used for time shifting of energy delivery in an economic way [14, 15].
This chapter presents flexible operation of a supercritical coal-fired power plant via the TES integration. Section 2 describes the structure and operation of a supercritical coal-fired power plant and the simulation platform used for this study. Section 3 discusses the integration strategies of TES with the supercritical power plant. Section 4 presents the improved operational flexibility of supercritical power plant when integrating with TES. Section 5 gives the concluding remarks.
A thermal steam power plant generates electricity by transforming various types of energy fuel sources making use of an idealized thermodynamic cycle called the “Rankine cycle.” The Carnot efficiency dictates that the thermal efficiency of a power plant is mainly dominated by the temperature and pressure of the steam entering the steam turbines. Above the critical point for water at 374.15°C and 22.12 MPa, there is no phase transition from water to steam. A sub-critical coal-fired power plant with water/steam working under the critical point typically has an efficiency between 33 and 39%. In comparison, a supercritical or ultra-supercritical power plant can achieve a much higher efficiency of up to 48% [1]. Therefore, supercritical power plants have been extensively developed since the 1950s and constructed worldwide, thanks to the simultaneous development of novel materials and components which can withstand high pressure/temperature and adverse working conditions.
A simplified schematic of a typical supercritical coal-fired power plant is illustrated in Figure 1. The pulverized coal from the mill is burnt in the boiler furnace, releasing combustion heat to the feed water coming from the Economizer. During elevation of the water inside the water wall and superheater exchanger tubes, the water is transferred directly to the supercritical steam without evaporation. Unlike a subcritical power plant, a drum is not a necessary component in the so-called once-through boiler and it can be replaced by a smaller steam-water separator acting as the drum’s role in the consideration of low load working conditions. A reheater is used to absorb the heat from downstream flue gas and reheat the exhaust steam from the high pressure (HP) turbine before it enters the intermediate pressure (IP) turbine. Several streams of steam are extracted from different locations of HP, IP, and low-pressure (LP) turbines to preheat the feed water.
Simplified schematic of a supercritical coal-fired power plant.
An industrial 600 MW supercritical coal-fired power plant has been used as a reference plant in this study. The on-site measurement data including temperature, pressure, and mass flow rates of the water/steam at different locations under the nominal power output of 600 MW have been collected and summarized in Table 1.
Temperature (°C) | Pressure (MPa) | Flow rate (kg/s) | |
---|---|---|---|
HP heater inlet | 166.86 | 27.65 | 484 |
HP heater outlet | 263.49 | 27.48 | 484 |
Economizer outlet | 312.63 | 27.3 | 484 |
Super heater outlet/HPTB inlet | 562.04 | 25.1 | 483.9 |
HPTB outlet | 304.72 | 4.41 | 445.9 |
IPTB inlet | 565.66 | 3.8 | 406.4 |
IPTB outlet | 354.86 | 0.9 | 387.2 |
LPTB inlet | 354.86 | 0.9 | 309.2 |
Main water/steam parameters in a 600 MW supercritical coal-fired power plant.
In principle, a power plant model can be established based on the energy and mass conservation equations for different components in the power plant system [9, 16].
Mass balance:
Energy balance:
where,
To perform the off-line tests with the optional control mechanism and dynamic responses for a practical power plant, a more detailed and visualized simulation platform called SimuEngine was initially developed by Tsinghua University, China and then further exploited in the University of Warwick, UK. The supercritical power plant model implemented on the SimuEngine can deal with a complex flow net, which represents a typical power plant system consisting of resistance component (such as valves), power components (such as fans), inertia node and source-sink nodes. The joints in a flow net are defined as nodes, while the channels connected with the nodes are defined as branches. Node pressure method is applied to solve the nonlinear flow net equations in order to obtain the nodes’ pressure and flow rates of the branches. The simulation results have been verified by the real operational plant data. More detailed descriptions of the fluid network models can be found in previous publications by the authors’ group [17, 18].
This section presents the integration strategies and simulation results of a supercritical coal-fired power plant with TES. There are three types of TES: sensible heat storage, latent heat storage, and chemical heat storage. The latent heat storage is applied to the hybrid system, as its energy density is higher than sensible heat storage and the cost is lower than chemical heat storage.
TES charging can be realized by extracting steam from different locations of the water-steam loop of the power plant and flowing the extracted steam through heat exchangers to store thermal energy during the off-peak period. In this way, the electrical power output can be regulated while maintaining the constant heat duty of the boiler. This study is conducted to find the answers to the following challenging questions: where the TES can be integrated and how much thermal energy can be extracted without degrading the plant thermal performance? Three heat extraction (TES charging) strategies have been investigated with two optional thermal energy extraction locations, which are Intermediate Pressure Turbine (IPTB) inlet and Low Pressure Turbine (LPTB) inlet. As shown in Table 1, the steam temperature at IPTB inlet and LPTB inlet are around 565 and 355°C, and the pressures at these two inlets are around 3.8 and 0.9 MPa, respectively. The simulation results are presented and analyzed in the following subsections.
While the steam extraction point is set at the inlet of the IPTB, the relatively high temperature steam will pass a series of heat exchangers to store the thermal energy contained in the steam. The exhaust steam at the outlet of the TES is mixed with the LPTB outlet steam and enters the condenser. The schematic of this TES charging strategy is shown in Figure 2.
Schematic of the first TES charging strategy.
The amount of steam extraction is controlled by the valve openings. With different valve openings, the mass flow rate of the steam entering the IPTB and LPTB is changed, as a result, the power output is reduced. The simulation results of the mass flow rates in the TES and the variations of the plant power output with different valve openings are shown in Figure 3.
Dynamic responses of mass flow rate in TES and output power: (a) mass flow rate and (b) output power.
From Figure 3, it is clear that the amount of the steam extraction needs to be restricted to a feasible range in order to maintain a stable power output. The simulation study indicates that the maximum flow rate of steam extraction from the IPTB inlet is 80 kg/s, and the relative reduction of the output power is 13.3% in comparison with its rated power.
Instead of the IPTB inlet, the steam extraction at the inlet of LPTB is studied in this section. After the charging process, the steam will flow into the condenser mixing together with the LPTB outlet steam. The schematic of this TES charging strategy is shown in Figure 4.
Schematic of the second TES charging strategy.
The simulation results of the mass flow rates in the TES and plant power output changes with different valve openings are shown in Figure 5. The simulation study indicates that in order to maintain a reasonably stable power output, the maximum rate of steam extraction from the LPTB inlet is 56 kg/s (corresponds to the valve opening of 60%), and the relative reduction of the output power is 6.5% (561 MW).
Dynamic responses of mass flow rate in TES and output power: (a) mass flow rate and (b) output power.
The study reported in this section is to investigate whether the thermal storage can be controlled in order to regulate the temperature and pressure of the exhaust steam at the outlet of the TES. When the temperature of the steam is controlled to have the same value as required by the LPTB inlet, the steam can be fed back to the LPTB inlet directly to mix with the steam coming from IPTB. The schematic of this TES charging strategy is shown in Figure 6.
Schematic of the third TES charging strategy.
The simulation results of the mass flow rates in the TES and the power output associated with different valve openings are shown in Figure 7.
Dynamic responses of mass flow rate in TES and output power: (a) mass flow rate; (b) output power.
With various operating conditions and application of the above TES charging strategy, the maximum flow rate of steam which can be extracted from the inlet of IPTB is 174 kg/s (corresponds to the valve opening of 60%), and the adjustment range of the output power is 3.9% (576.5 MW). Excess extraction will lead to the steam pressure being lower than the operating pressure required by the IPTB. So this strategy only works with a small range of power regulation. The advantage of this strategy is that the steam can be recycled back to LPTB without modifying the whole system cycle.
During the electricity peak demand period, the stored thermal energy in the TES will be discharged back to the water steam loop to increase the total electricity generation. Two strategies have been studied: the first one is to use TES to produce high temperature and high-pressure steam, which is then fed into the LPTB inlet; another is to use TES to preheat the feed water instead of using the original preheaters. The simulation study for these two strategies is presented and analyzed in the following subsections.
During the TES discharging process, part of the feed water flows into the bottom of the TES section from the deaerator, evaporates into steam and is superheated while it rises along the heat exchanger tubes in the TES, then it leaves the TES in the status of superheated steam. Heat is transferred from the TES to increase the temperature of the water/steam passing through the tubes. The steam is then fed to the LPTB inlet and produces an additional electric power output. As part of the feed water is taken out of the deaerator, more water is needed to be pumped into the deaerator in order to maintain the steam flow rates in the HPTB and IPTB. Figure 8 shows the schematic diagram of the proposed TES discharging strategy.
Schematic of the first TES discharging strategy.
Figure 9 shows the simulation results of power output with the heat discharge. With various valve openings, the increased steam flow rate and power output are observed. From the simulation study, the maximum flow rate of the steam generated from the TES is 72.6 kg/s. As a result, the corresponding overall output power is 644.4 MW, which nearly approaches the design limit of the power plant.
Dynamic responses of mass flow rate in TES and output power: (a) mass flow rate and (b) output power.
In a coal-fired supercritical power plant, part of the steam is taken out from the steam turbines to preheat the feed water, as shown in Figure 10. In this supercritical coal-fired power plant, there are three HP heaters and a group of LP heater. The steam taken out from the HPTB is used for No. 1 and No. 2 HP heaters, the extracted steam from the IPTB is used for No. 3 HP heater, and the steam taken from LPTB is used for LP heater as shown in Figure 10. The amount of the steam extraction is controlled by regulating valve openings. When these valves are closed, more steam will pass through the downstream turbines and produce more power. However, this operation leads to the decrease of the feed water temperature. With the TES integration, in order to maintain the feed water temperature, the feed water will bypass the preheaters and flow into TES to raise its temperature. Simulation results are shown in Figure 11.
Schematic of the second TES discharging strategy.
Using TES to heat feed water instead of preheater: (a) mass flow rate and (b) output power.
When the valve used to extract steam for No.3 HP heater is closed, the feed water will bypass the No.3 HP heater and it will be heated by the TES. Accordingly, the output power is increased to nearly 615 MW from 600 MW. When those valves for extracting steam to feed to the LP heater are closed, the feed water will bypass the LP heater and enter the TES for heating. As a result, the output power is increased to around 616.5 MW from 600 MW. When those valves for extracting steam to feed to the LP heater and No. 3 HP heater are closed, the feed water will bypass the LP heater and No. 3 HP heater and be heated by TES. Then the output power is increased to 634 MW from 600 MW. This method requires no plant structure changes so it is more feasible and cost-effective although the power regulation capability is limited to a small range.
The simulation results have shown that the power plant could be operated with increased flexibility within a wider range of power output through TES integration. The TES could accumulate or release thermal energy to regulate the plant power output, therefore it offers the enhanced capability in providing the services to load shifting. The dynamic performance of the supercritical power plant with or without TES integration is compared in this section.
The simulation results are shown in Figures 12 and 13. The solid line is the power output dynamic responses with the TES integration in action, in which the output power is regulated with the support of TES charging and discharging processes while the amount of feed coal (fuel input) remains the constant. The dashed line represents the power output without TES integration where the power output is directly controlled by changing the flow rate of coal feeding. It can be seen that the power plant integrated with TES shows faster dynamic responses and smoother transitions compared with the power plant without TES.
Off-peak period.
Peak period.
This chapter describes the simulation study of TES integration into a supercritical coal-fired power plant for efficient and flexible plant operation. Three TES charging strategies, and two TES discharging strategies were investigated. The simulation results show that it is feasible to extract thermal energy from the water-steam cycle for TES charging during the off-peak time period and to discharge the stored thermal energy back to the power generation process to water steam loop during the peak demand period to boost the power generation. According to the results, following conclusions can be drawn:
The flexibility of a supercritical coal-fired power plant can be improved with the TES integration.
For the TES charging process, the amount of the steam extraction needs to be restricted to a feasible range in order to maintain a stable power output.
For the first TES discharging strategy, the maximum mass flow rate of generated steam is 72.6 kg/s, and the corresponding overall output power is 644.4 MW.
For the second TES discharging strategy, the maximum output power is 634 MW.
With the TES integration, the supercritical coal-fired power plant presents faster dynamic responses to the load demand changes.
The authors gratefully acknowledge the grant support of the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC, EP/K021095/1, EP/L019469/1 and EP/M01536X/1). The authors wish to thank the China Scholarship Council (CSC) for the PhD scholarship. The authors would like to give our thanks to Mr. Paul Lambart from R-MC Power Recovery Ltd. and Mr. Stuart Simpson from UNIPER for their valuable technical advice. The authors want to give their thanks to the support from China National Basic Research Program 973 (2015CB251301) to enable the collaboration between the UK and China researchers.
In electro rheological (ER fluids) the additive particles are kept in suspension in a dielectric fluid which is non-conducting. The Dielectric fluid, i.e., the Carrier fluid has high electrical resistivity and has a low viscosity like silicon oil, olive oil, hydrocarbons, etc. The additive particles which are mixed in the carrier fluids are mainly polymers, alumina silicates, metal oxides silica, etc. These additive particles commonly have low particles size which allows the carrier fluid to maintain low viscosity when the external electric field is not applied. In ER fluid the additive particles size range remains in 0.1–100 μm in the carrier fluid. Without any external electric field these fluids stays in liquid condition as soon as the external electric field is applied the ER fluid changes from liquid to solid by viscosity change of the fluid. In Electro rheological (ER) fluids a suspension of particles are present in a non-conducting fluid. The commonly used liquid i.e. hydrocarbon or silicon oil for suspension are low viscous and have high resistivity. Suspension particles are mainly polymers, alumina, silicates, metal oxides etc. These particles are present is very low concentration so that the viscosity of the suspending fluid remains low without application of the applied electric field. The suspension particles are dielectrics of size 0.1–100 μm. In absence of the electric field the particles exhibits properties like fluid and as the electric field is applied the particles behaves like solid. These fluids which change its physical properties like viscosity due to application of electric field are called electro rheological (ER) fluids or smart fluids. Types of ER or Smart fluids: (a) Electro Rheological (ER) Fluids—electric field changes the physical properties of the fluid, (b) Magneto Rheological (MR) Fluids—magnetic fields changes the physical properties of the fluid, (c) Positive Electro Rheological (ER) Fluids—by application of the electric field the viscosity increases and (d) Negative Electro Rheological studied by Ko et al. [1] (ER) Fluids—by application of electric field the viscosity decreases. These ER fluids are one kind of smarts fluids. One of the most easily made ER fluid is adding corn flour in silicon oil or vegetable oil.
\nWhen the electric field is applied on the ER fluid the suspension particles gets polarized and form a thick chain which is parallel to the electric field between the two electrodes. The thickness of the polarized suspension particles between the two electrodes is directly proportional to the intensity of the electric field. The rheological properties of the suspension depend on its change in structure. The more yield stress of the fluid is obtained from the particle columnar structure. When the electric field is removed the suspension particles polarization gets lost and the loose there structure and roam freely in the fluid which in turn reduces the viscosity. The period of returning from the solid state to the liquid state is few milliseconds upon removing the electric field. The material for electrorheological fluid is a superfine suspension of dielectric small particles which react to the applied electric field resulting in changing in the rheological properties of the ER fluid. There are three operational modes of the ER fluid which are as follows: (a) Flow mode—in this mode the electrodes are mounted and fixed and by controlling the motion of the flow the vibrational control is achieved, (b) Shear Mode—in this mode the vibrational control is achieved by varying the shear force here one electrode is fixed and the other is free for rotation and (c) Squeeze Mode—in this mode the space between the electrodes is changed which presses the ER fluid results with a normal force.
\nIn electro rheological fluids there is a large reversible change in the colloidal suspension rheological properties when subjected to the external electric field. Lots of studies are present in which the principle and the uses of the electrorheological fluid are presented by many researchers across the globe. Another property of the ER fluids is that the response time of the ER fluid is very quick for the applied electric fields so the band width is thick. \nFigure 1\n represents the effect of ER fluid particles when application of electric field. For this interesting property the ER fluid has more demand is carious technological applications like smart structure, shock absorbers, engine mount and machine mount. The yield stress of the ER fluid can also be varied by introduction of the external electric field that is why it is also known as functional fluid. Winslow [2] patented the invention of the ER fluid. This ER effect is introduced in state of art automobile. The ER effect was first invented in 1942 by Winslow [2] after that the details understanding of the EF effect took lots of time and then to find the suitable solution for the ER fluid effect took further more time. The properties which delays and stops the ER fluid in few application fields are temperature stability, yield stress and power consumption. Particles size, carrier fluid properties, density, temperature and additives of the ER fluids plays a vital role for most of the properties changes of the ER fluids.
\n(a) Dispersing particles without electric field, (b) dispersing particles with electric field.
There is a limit up to which the dispersing particles can be mixed with the fluid because by increasing the concentration of the dispersing particles volume fraction the electrorheological effect of the solution increases which also causes few problems. As increasing the concentration of the dispersing particle after a certain concentration limit the particles started settling down which cause a problem another problem which arises is the zero field viscosity increment. The viscosity is linked with the temperature i.e. the viscosity decreases when the temperature is increased. Temperature also decreases the dynamic yield strength. Mainly the change in the yield strength occurs due to relative permittivity and the conductivity of particle and also the chemical components of the fluid. Less amount of voltage approx. 1–4 KV/mm is needed for producing ER effect in the solution. 10–6 to 10–3 amp/cm2 is the minimum needed current density for the ER effect. For calculating the power consumption of the suitable ER fluid the measurement of the current density are needed. Dynamic yield stress is one of the important ER fluid property, this stress is the maximum amount of stress required to flow the liquid when the electric field is applied. 100 Pa to 3 KPa is the range of the dynamic yield stress in current ER fluid. The comparison of the various ER fluids are still now difficult as because the standard testing procedure and the state for the fluid is not yet available properly and due to the dependency of the ER fluids on its dispersing particles and the fluid used combinations. For practical applications of the ER fluid the fluid must meet the desired criteria which are (a) Current density 4.0 KV/mm DC less than 10 μA/cm2, (b) dynamic yield stress 4.0 KV/mm <3.0 KPa, (c) Zero field viscosity 0.1–0.3 Pas, i.e., 1–3 Poise, (d) Operational temp range −25°C to +125°C, (e) dielectric breakdown strength >50 KV/mm2, (f) particle size 10 μm, (g) response time < millimeter, (h) Density 1–2 g/cm3, (i) maximum energy density 0.001 Joule/cm3, (j) power supply 2–5 KV@ 1–10 mA, (k) Any conductive surface material, (l) any opaque or transparent, and (m) physically and chemically stable with low conductivity and high breakdown voltage.
\nFor shear loading state applications usually the ER materials are used. The relationship between the ER material and the share are shown in the \nFigure 2\n. In the year 1949 Winslow [2] invented the post-yield appearance of the ER effect. During that time the materials which behave like changing in viscosity were called electro-viscous fluids as their effective or actual viscosity changes were noticeable macroscopically. Many years after it was investigated that with the change in the applied electric field the apparent or the effective viscosity ʋ remains constant, only the noticeable change was found out was the yield stress of the Bingham plastic suspension. This is shown in \nFigure 2\n. Ideal plastic fluids are also another name given to the Bingham plastics, i.e., this fluid does not have viscosity (zero viscosity). A formula representing the shear stress exceeds the yield stress of the material is given by τ = τy + ϑγ, where τ represents Shear stress, τy represents Yield Stress and ϑγ represents Shear Strain. The behavior of the ER material the comparison of the post yield behavior still not investigated. With increasing in the electric field the shear yield stress increases while the yield strain remains 1% for almost all fields. The reaction of the ER fluid on electric field is shown in \nFigure 3\n.
\nSmart fluid characterization (a) without electric field and (b) with electric field.
Reaction of the ER fluid when external electric field is applied.
The ER fluids which are available in the markets are very costly so here are few lists of combinations of the additive particles with the fluid to prepare the cost effective ER fluid. With suitable proportions and amount of the additive particle we can achieve the desired ER fluid as per our need. Various carrier fluids are aldehyde, grease, ketones, kerosene, aroclor, castor oil, chloroform, mineral oil, olefins, olive oil, dielectric oil, diphenyl sebacate, various ethers, resin oil, transformer oil, silicon oil etc. Various additive particles for the ER fluid are alfa silica, alginic acid, alumina, alfa methylacrylate, mannitol, boron, macrocel-C, carbon, cellulose, charcoal, chlorides, dyes, gypsum, micronized mica, nylon powder, olefins, porhin, pyrogenic silica, quartz, rubber, silica gel, etc. [3].
\nER fluid preparation procedure are very simple and mostly all the ER fluids are prepared by this manner the following procedure is used for preparing the ER fluids: (a) The desired powder is chosen and same particle powder size particles are required for the ER fluid dispensing particle, (b) the chosen powder must be passed through size sieve for all the particles same and must be weighted on the weighing machine, (c) the powder is poured in glass container and desired amount of the ER fluid is poured in the glass container which contains the powder of uniform size and are stirred continuously until the powder mixed with the fluid completely, (d) the mixture of the powder and the fluid are stirred for 2 h by glass rod or magnetic starrer at a constant RPM to get a uniform homogenous mixture, (e) the mixed solution is passed to a vane pump five times to get a good result homogenous solution and (f) this process should be followed for other ER solution preparation [3].
\nThe testing of the ER fluid is necessary for selecting of the desired ER fluid for the desired application. The following tests are mainly used (a) Temperature test, (b) breakdown test, (c) viscosity test and (d) sedimentation test.
\nThe electrorheological fluids which are totally dependent on the applied electric fields are used in resistive force creation and damping. Examples of applications are active vibration suppression and motion control. Wang et al. [4] have presented the uses of ER fluids in microfluidics [5]. Various industries like automobiles industries are demanding modified ER fluids with more efficiency Gurka et al. [6] introduced ER-Fluid RheOil®3.0 which improves the sedimentation and re-dispersing behavior. Brennan et al. [7] studied and distinguished the two classes of the ER dampers, first one acts by shearing the stationary fluid and the second one acts by pumping the ER fluid [5]. The two classes are described in details below. Most of the dampers of smart fluids have three common components, i.e., a cylinder, cylinder valve housing and a piston. The vibrating structure kinetic energy can be controlled and dissipated by providing either electric or magnetic field in the valve. In the ER damping process two types of frictions are used they are viscous and coulomb friction [8]. The columbic force denotes the friction acting when two surfaces comes in contact to each other like friction of bearing and hinges friction. Friction is independent to the body velocity, i.e., it is constant. To push fluids through narrow obstructive passage viscous friction comes into play these exists in valves and orifices and is body velocity dependent. The viscous friction and the columbic friction summation is the actuation friction which is denoted in \nFigure 4\n. These frictions have good effects also in the damping machines. The transmission of the vibration to the device is possible by dry sealing friction. For sensitive instruments small vibrations can cause poor accuracy [9]. Bad effect of the friction is also present in the system when the force applied is near to overwhelm the static friction this is known as motion of stick–slip.
\nActuator friction (a) friction columbic, (b) friction viscous, and (c) total friction.
At a near to zero velocity the stick–slip motion happens like an unexpected motion of jerking. Naturally, kinetic friction coefficient in between the two surfaces is smaller than the static friction coefficient. When the given force is more to overwhelm than the static friction then the friction decreases from static to dynamic. Because of this sudden decrease of the friction there will be a sudden velocity jump movement. To show this effect the system of two degree of freedom is taken.
\nIn this type of mode of ER damper there are one or two parallel electrodes which can move parallel to each other and is always perpendicular to the electric field applied so that the fluid can have uniform shear and the ER fluid is present in between the two electrodes. From \nFigure 5a\n c and l are the breath and length of the electrode and j is the electrodes gap. Here E is given voltage, F is net damping force and V is the relative velocity of the electrodes. Two forces are acting in this ER damper (a) Active force Fc because of ER effect and (b) Passive force Fy due to the fluid viscosity. Fy, i.e., the passive force is always present and directly linked with the viscosity of the fluid as well as the damper geometric properties. During application of the electric field a force Fc (because of creation of particles suspension lining up between the electrodes) i.e. static force which is needed to overwhelmed so that the motion can occur [10]. The force Fc is product of area of electrode and the yield strength of the fluid and does not depend on the electrode plate velocity. The net force F of damping of this ER damper is the sum of two components of force. The main aim of this ER damper is to give large ratio of off-field to on-field damping by force ratios Fy and Fc. Because of this large ratio gives various responses by ER unit with changing voltage.
\nModes of operation: (a) shear, (b) valve, and (c) squeeze.
In this type of mode the ER fluid is pressed between the two electrodes as given in \nFigure 5b\n. Because of this the ER fluid is exposed to tensile, compression as wells as shear. In the absence of the given electric field if the ER fluid is pressed it behaves like Newtonian fluid. There is a pressure drop AP occurs at flow rate volume Q. This pressure change in between the valve is because of the velocity of the ER fluid. Moreover, during the presence of the electric field, yield stress is generated by the ER fluid which results more pressure drop between the electrodes plates length. The net damping force is summation of two force components of this type of ER damper. In this type of mode the device effectiveness is the across valves pressure drop with or without the effect of ER [10].
\nThe electrorheological fluids which are totally dependent on the applied electric fields are used in resistive force creation and damping. Examples of applications are active vibration suppression and motion control. L. Wang et al. [4] have presented the uses of ER fluids in microfluidics. Various industries like automobiles industries are demanding modified ER fluids with more efficiency Gurka et.al [6] introduced ER-Fluid RheOil®3.0 which improves the sedimentation and re-dispersing behavior. Brennan et al. [7] studied and distinguished the two classes of the ER dampers, first one acts by shearing the stationary fluid and the second one acts by pumping the ER fluid. The two classes are described in details below.
\nIn this mode the gap between the electrodes are changed and the ER fluid is pressed or squeezed by the force acting normally. \nFigure 5c\n represents the squeezing mode of the ER fluid.
\nER fluids have wide applicability, economic benefit, social benefit high performance for these advantages these smart fluids will find path in various engineering applications in various technological fields. Without any doubt we can say in the future ER technology is going to rule various applications in engineering technological fields. As soon as this technology is accepted then it will be a revolution in both economy and society. From all these advantages of the ER fluids we can predict that in the near future the ER fluids will be used in various technological fields as given below.
\nScientists and Engineers can develop new kind of parts that can easily fulfill the needs of the motor vehicles using the technology of ER. Like for example ER technology used for cooling engine i.e. speed fan clutch of the motor vehicle, shock absorber, brake having break torque controlled, system for suspensions by damping controlled etc., These components using ER technologies will have less wear and tear, more performance, less cost, prolong life service, controlled easily, easy to produce by microcomputer, fast response, high sensitivity.
\nThe valves which are used nowadays for control of pressure and flow rate control can be replaced by ER technology in the future. Because ER technology valves will have no or less movable parts, simple easy structure, low cost, prolong service life, no mechanical processing, minimal tear and wear and electronical control of pressure and rate of flow. For this reasons ER technology will rule the hydraulic industry in the near future.
\nBy utilizing the benefits of the ER technology engineers can produce new type of rotational sealing controlled devices for face the challenges of the magnetic fluid sealing and rubber fluid sealing. Because of the pros like good effect of sealing, minimal tear and wear, less magnetic field and prolong life of service.
\nIn robotic industries nowadays for flexible joints are being controlled by hydro-electric control devises instead of ER fluidic joints technology which can perform much better function than the hydraulic-electric control. Engineers are designing and manufacture flexible joints which will have less volume, fast response time, minimal wear as well as tear, nimble, and which can be easily controlled by micro-computers. ER fluids can provide all these advantages over the hydraulic-electric controls.
\nThere are various commercial uses of the ER fluids and many uses are still undiscovered, in automotive industries the ER fluids are used in clutches, seat dampers, shock absorber, engine mount etc. Many other applications of the ER fluids are listed as follows: (a) Fluid flow via thin channel, (b) for friction instruments clutches, (c) servomechanism for impact and vibrator instruments, (d) pick-pick applications, (e) damping isolator, (f) automobile damping, (g) mounts for engine, (h) power transmission in robots, (i) machine tool artificial intelligence, etc. This list is not the final list because still now many uses of the ER fluid in various fields are yet to discover.
\nRheological characterization is done to identify the change in viscosity of the ER fluid with respect to the shear rate at various electric fields. Garcia et al. [11] have studied the rheological properties of the ER fluid by using ARES rheometer by using parallel plate diameter 50 mm diameter electrode with 1 mm gap between them. High voltage amplifier was used to supply the DC voltage.
\nTo study the permittivity and the power factor of the ER fluid the dielectric properties characterization are done. Rejon et al. [12] describes the method of measuring the dielectric properties of the ER fluid. They used guard ring capacitors and high resistor meter. DC high voltages were used for the test.
\nThe structural changes of the ER field during and before the DC voltage was studied by Rejon et al. [13]. The studied the microscopic structure of the ER fluid by microscope. They studied the microstructural changes of the ER fluid at different DC applied voltages from 0.5 to 2.5 KV/mm.
\nER fluids have lots of interesting properties which attracts them in various applications fields among the various important properties of the ER fluid lies fast reaction, precise controllability and easy boundary between the electrical and mechanical input output power. Because of these interesting properties of the ER fluid the ER fluid is used in motion control and will be used in various applications fields in the near years to come. ER fluids characteristics in most advanced way is briefly described below as given in latest reports: (a) When external electric field is given ER effect is seen by change in viscosity of the carrier fluid from liquid to solid as the viscosity of the liquid increases and after removal of the electric field solid to liquid viscosity decreases making the liquid less thick like the initial state, (b) the process in which the ER fluid changes its state from liquid to solid upon application of the electric field must be reversible, i.e., it should return back to its original state (liquid state) as soon as the external electric field is removed. Viscosity change must be less step, (c) upon application of the electric field the transition of the liquid state to the solid state must be very fast, i.e., 5–10 s, (d) and liquid to solid transition must be only possible by electric field only and not by any other means. By all these characteristics of the ER fluid the ER fluid can be connected with the modern technological applications. This technology is one newly type of future challenge as its attractive properties are being used broadly, which can bring a big change in industries. The main component of the ER technology is the ER fluid which should bring in the technological applications like dampers of ER fluids which is a best solution for control of vibrations.
\nGeneral requirements for Open Access to Horizon 2020 research project outputs are found within Guidelines on Open Access to Scientific Publication and Research Data in Horizon 2020. The guidelines, in their simplest form, state that if you are a Horizon 2020 recipient, you must ensure open access to your scientific publications by enabling them to be downloaded, printed and read online. Additionally, said publications must be peer reviewed.
',metaTitle:"Horizon 2020 Compliance",metaDescription:"General requirements for Open Access to Horizon 2020 research project outputs are found within Guidelines on Open Access to Scientific Publication and Research Data in Horizon 2020. The guidelines, in their simplest form, state that if you are a Horizon 2020 recipient, you must ensure open access to your scientific publications by enabling them to be downloaded, printed and read online. Additionally, said publications must be peer reviewed. ",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:null,contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Publishing with IntechOpen means that your scientific publications already meet these basic requirements. It also means that through our utilization of open licensing, our publications are also able to be copied, shared, searched, linked, crawled, and mined for text and data, optimizing our authors' compliance as suggested by the European Commission.
\\n\\nMetadata for all publications is also automatically deposited in IntechOpen's OAI repository, making them available through the Open Access Infrastructure for Research in Europe's (OpenAIRE) search interface further establishing our compliance.
\\n\\nIn other words, publishing with IntechOpen guarantees compliance.
\\n\\nRead more about Open Access in Horizon 2020 here.
\\n\\nWhich scientific publication to choose?
\\n\\nWhen choosing a publication, Horizon 2020 grant recipients are encouraged to provide open access to various types of scientific publications including monographs, edited books and conference proceedings.
\\n\\nIntechOpen publishes all of the aforementioned formats in compliance with the requirements and criteria established by the European Commission for the Horizon 2020 Program.
\\n\\nAuthors requiring additional information are welcome to send their inquiries to funders@intechopen.com
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'Publishing with IntechOpen means that your scientific publications already meet these basic requirements. It also means that through our utilization of open licensing, our publications are also able to be copied, shared, searched, linked, crawled, and mined for text and data, optimizing our authors' compliance as suggested by the European Commission.
\n\nMetadata for all publications is also automatically deposited in IntechOpen's OAI repository, making them available through the Open Access Infrastructure for Research in Europe's (OpenAIRE) search interface further establishing our compliance.
\n\nIn other words, publishing with IntechOpen guarantees compliance.
\n\nRead more about Open Access in Horizon 2020 here.
\n\nWhich scientific publication to choose?
\n\nWhen choosing a publication, Horizon 2020 grant recipients are encouraged to provide open access to various types of scientific publications including monographs, edited books and conference proceedings.
\n\nIntechOpen publishes all of the aforementioned formats in compliance with the requirements and criteria established by the European Commission for the Horizon 2020 Program.
\n\nAuthors requiring additional information are welcome to send their inquiries to funders@intechopen.com
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5766},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5228},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1717},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10370},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:897},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15791}],offset:12,limit:12,total:118192},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"title"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10818",title:"21st Century Approaches to Management and Accounting Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"dd81bc60e806fddc63d1ae22da1c779a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Sebahattin Demirkan and Dr. Irem Demirkan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10818.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"336397",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebahattin",surname:"Demirkan",slug:"sebahattin-demirkan",fullName:"Sebahattin Demirkan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10771",title:"Advancements Towards Sustainability of HVAC & R Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0718b748e10605d793d244c62797acf4",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ahmed Niameh Mehdy Alhusseny, Dr. Qahtan Al-Aabidy and Dr. Adel Gharib Nasser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10771.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"208783",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",surname:"Alhusseny",slug:"ahmed-alhusseny",fullName:"Ahmed Alhusseny"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10773",title:"Advances in Fatigue and Fracture Testing and Modelling",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"22eb4fe235e1d5d074c3ad7643f8a567",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Zak Abdallah and Dr. Nada Aldoumani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10773.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"201670",title:"Dr.",name:"Zak",surname:"Abdallah",slug:"zak-abdallah",fullName:"Zak Abdallah"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10370",title:"Advances in Fundamental and Applied Research on Spatial Audio",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f16232a481c08a05cc191ac64cf2c69e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Brian FG Katz and Dr. Piotr Majdak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10370.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"278731",title:"Dr.",name:"Brian FG",surname:"Katz",slug:"brian-fg-katz",fullName:"Brian FG Katz"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11000",title:"Advances in Mass Transfer",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f9cdf245988fe529bcab93c3b1286ba4",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Badie I. Morsi and Dr. Omar M. Basha",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11000.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"174420",title:"Prof.",name:"Badie I.",surname:"Morsi",slug:"badie-i.-morsi",fullName:"Badie I. Morsi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10701",title:"Alkenes - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f6dd394ef1ca2d6472220de6a79a0d9a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Reza Davarnejad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10701.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"88069",title:"Dr.",name:"Reza",surname:"Davarnejad",slug:"reza-davarnejad",fullName:"Reza Davarnejad"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10764",title:"Antenna Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2fbf1c7a5d92723f08198fc9b526a8ad",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Hussain Al-Rizzo and Dr. Said Abushamleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10764.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"153384",title:"Prof.",name:"Hussain",surname:"Al-Rizzo",slug:"hussain-al-rizzo",fullName:"Hussain Al-Rizzo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10814",title:"Anxiety, Uncertainty, and Resilience During the Pandemic Period - Anthropological and Psychological Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2db4d2a6638d2c66f7a5741d0f8fe4ae",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Fabio Gabrielli and Dr. Floriana Irtelli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10814.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"259407",title:"Prof.",name:"Fabio",surname:"Gabrielli",slug:"fabio-gabrielli",fullName:"Fabio Gabrielli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10711",title:"Arthroscopy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"afa83f11ba2442e7612f5b8c6aa3c659",slug:null,bookSignature:"M.D. Carlos Suarez-Ahedo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10711.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"235976",title:"M.D.",name:"Carlos",surname:"Suarez-Ahedo",slug:"carlos-suarez-ahedo",fullName:"Carlos Suarez-Ahedo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10681",title:"Biodegradation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9a6e10e02788092872fd249436898e97",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Dr. Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Dr. Kamila Cabral Mielke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10681.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10763",title:"Biodiversity of Ecosystems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c96b42d4539957c58dfc2eb8fd9ffc21",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Levente Hufnagel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10763.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"10864",title:"Dr.",name:"Levente",surname:"Hufnagel",slug:"levente-hufnagel",fullName:"Levente Hufnagel"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10878",title:"Bioethical Issues in Healthcare",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a6f32d3f2227df637fffd969a0cb5ed7",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Peter A. Clark",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10878.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"58889",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter A.",surname:"Clark",slug:"peter-a.-clark",fullName:"Peter A. Clark"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:1}],offset:12,limit:12,total:114},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9671",title:"Macrophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"03b00fdc5f24b71d1ecdfd75076bfde6",slug:"macrophages",bookSignature:"Hridayesh Prakash",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9671.jpg",editors:[{id:"287184",title:"Dr.",name:"Hridayesh",middleName:null,surname:"Prakash",slug:"hridayesh-prakash",fullName:"Hridayesh Prakash"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7841",title:"New Insights Into Metabolic Syndrome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef5accfac9772b9e2c9eff884f085510",slug:"new-insights-into-metabolic-syndrome",bookSignature:"Akikazu Takada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7841.jpg",editors:[{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8558",title:"Aerodynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db7263fc198dfb539073ba0260a7f1aa",slug:"aerodynamics",bookSignature:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy and Aly-Mousaad Aly",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8558.jpg",editors:[{id:"35542",title:"Prof.",name:"Mofid",middleName:null,surname:"Gorji-Bandpy",slug:"mofid-gorji-bandpy",fullName:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7847",title:"Medical Toxicology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db9b65bea093de17a0855a1b27046247",slug:"medical-toxicology",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Tomohisa Ogawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7847.jpg",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoglu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10432",title:"Casting Processes and Modelling of Metallic Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c5c9df938666bf5d1797727db203a6d",slug:"casting-processes-and-modelling-of-metallic-materials",bookSignature:"Zakaria Abdallah and Nada Aldoumani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10432.jpg",editors:[{id:"201670",title:"Dr.",name:"Zak",middleName:null,surname:"Abdallah",slug:"zak-abdallah",fullName:"Zak Abdallah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5240},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9671",title:"Macrophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"03b00fdc5f24b71d1ecdfd75076bfde6",slug:"macrophages",bookSignature:"Hridayesh Prakash",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9671.jpg",editors:[{id:"287184",title:"Dr.",name:"Hridayesh",middleName:null,surname:"Prakash",slug:"hridayesh-prakash",fullName:"Hridayesh Prakash"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10432",title:"Casting Processes and Modelling of Metallic Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c5c9df938666bf5d1797727db203a6d",slug:"casting-processes-and-modelling-of-metallic-materials",bookSignature:"Zakaria Abdallah and Nada Aldoumani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10432.jpg",editors:[{id:"201670",title:"Dr.",name:"Zak",middleName:null,surname:"Abdallah",slug:"zak-abdallah",fullName:"Zak Abdallah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7841",title:"New Insights Into Metabolic Syndrome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef5accfac9772b9e2c9eff884f085510",slug:"new-insights-into-metabolic-syndrome",bookSignature:"Akikazu Takada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7841.jpg",editors:[{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9243",title:"Coastal Environments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e05e5f631e935eef366980f2e28295d",slug:"coastal-environments",bookSignature:"Yuanzhi Zhang and X. San Liang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9243.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10020",title:"Operations Management",subtitle:"Emerging Trend in the Digital Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"526f0dbdc7e4d85b82ce8383ab894b4c",slug:"operations-management-emerging-trend-in-the-digital-era",bookSignature:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Germano Lambert-Torres and Erik Bonaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10020.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9521",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",subtitle:"A One Health Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30949e78832e1afba5606634b52056ab",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-one-health-perspective",bookSignature:"Mihai Mareș, Swee Hua Erin Lim, Kok-Song Lai and Romeo-Teodor Cristina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9521.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88785",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihai",middleName:null,surname:"Mares",slug:"mihai-mares",fullName:"Mihai Mares"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"190224",title:"Dr.",name:"Swee Hua Erin",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"swee-hua-erin-lim",fullName:"Swee Hua Erin Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190224/images/system/190224.png",biography:"Dr. Erin Lim is presently working as an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates and is affiliated as an Associate Professor to Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Selangor, Malaysia. She obtained her Ph.D. from Universiti Putra Malaysia in 2010 with a National Science Fellowship awarded from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia and has been actively involved in research ever since. Her main research interests include analysis of carriage and transmission of multidrug resistant bacteria in non-conventional settings, besides an interest in natural products for antimicrobial testing. She is heavily involved in the elucidation of mechanisms of reversal of resistance in bacteria in addition to investigating the immunological analyses of diseases, development of vaccination and treatment models in animals. She hopes her work will support the discovery of therapeutics in the clinical setting and assist in the combat against the burden of antibiotic resistance.",institutionString:"Abu Dhabi Women’s College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Perdana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"221544",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok-Song",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"kok-song-lai",fullName:"Kok-Song Lai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221544/images/system/221544.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Lai Kok Song is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He obtained his Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan in 2012. Prior to his academic appointment, Dr. Lai worked as a Senior Scientist at the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia. His current research areas include antimicrobial resistance and plant-pathogen interaction. His particular interest lies in the study of the antimicrobial mechanism via membrane disruption of essential oils against multi-drug resistance bacteria through various biochemical, molecular and proteomic approaches. Ultimately, he hopes to uncover and determine novel biomarkers related to antibiotic resistance that can be developed into new therapeutic strategies.",institutionString:"Higher Colleges of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Higher Colleges of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9560",title:"Creativity",subtitle:"A Force to Innovation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58f740bc17807d5d88d647c525857b11",slug:"creativity-a-force-to-innovation",bookSignature:"Pooja Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9560.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"316765",title:"Dr.",name:"Pooja",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"pooja-jain",fullName:"Pooja Jain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9669",title:"Recent Advances in Rice Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"12b06cc73e89af1e104399321cc16a75",slug:"recent-advances-in-rice-research",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur- Rahman Ansari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-Ur-",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-Ur- Rahman Ansari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10192",title:"Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca24028d89912b5efea56e179dff089",slug:"background-and-management-of-muscular-atrophy",bookSignature:"Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10192.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"135579",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianna",middleName:null,surname:"Cseri",slug:"julianna-cseri",fullName:"Julianna Cseri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9550",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"32",title:"Aquaculture",slug:"aquaculture",parent:{title:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",slug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences"},numberOfBooks:8,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:274,numberOfWosCitations:808,numberOfCrossrefCitations:278,numberOfDimensionsCitations:755,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"aquaculture",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"8928",title:"Emerging Technologies, Environment and Research for Sustainable Aquaculture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9bfeadf50d4d57ea0b440f005d420752",slug:"emerging-technologies-environment-and-research-for-sustainable-aquaculture",bookSignature:"Qian Lu and Mohammad Serajuddin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8928.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"304473",title:"Prof.",name:"Qian",middleName:null,surname:"Lu",slug:"qian-lu",fullName:"Qian Lu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7229",title:"Aquaculture",subtitle:"Plants and Invertebrates",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"12cedbde363e45e8dc69fd5017482a6c",slug:"aquaculture-plants-and-invertebrates",bookSignature:"Genaro Diarte-Plata and Ruth Escamilla-Montes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7229.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"198991",title:"Dr.",name:"Genaro",middleName:null,surname:"Diarte-Plata",slug:"genaro-diarte-plata",fullName:"Genaro Diarte-Plata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5792",title:"Sea Urchin",subtitle:"From Environment to Aquaculture and Biomedicine",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"03e5af4d15dfb028a11e298e47948799",slug:"sea-urchin-from-environment-to-aquaculture-and-biomedicine",bookSignature:"Maria Agnello",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5792.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"175306",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Agnello",slug:"maria-agnello",fullName:"Maria Agnello"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2052",title:"Health and Environment in Aquaculture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e9bbb1af278ed9e5df351641aaf598f0",slug:"health-and-environment-in-aquaculture",bookSignature:"Edmir Daniel Carvalho, Gianmarco Silva David and Reinaldo J. Silva",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2052.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"80438",title:"Dr.",name:"Edmir",middleName:"Daniel",surname:"Carvalho",slug:"edmir-carvalho",fullName:"Edmir Carvalho"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1689",title:"Marine Ecosystems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1fcdb7a6dd3ef54b6669111c7b6355ea",slug:"marine-ecosystems",bookSignature:"Antonio Cruzado",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1689.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"122197",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Cruzado",slug:"antonio-cruzado",fullName:"Antonio Cruzado"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1009",title:"Aquaculture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ed29c6b4a288a1549dc724e247930545",slug:"aquaculture",bookSignature:"Zainal Abidin Muchlisin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1009.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92673",title:"Dr.",name:"Zainal",middleName:"Abidin",surname:"Muchlisin",slug:"zainal-muchlisin",fullName:"Zainal Muchlisin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2053",title:"Aquaculture and the Environment",subtitle:"A Shared Destiny",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"896dc149c63ab74b6f76141f3ed6535d",slug:"aquaculture-and-the-environment-a-shared-destiny",bookSignature:"Barbara Sladonja",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2053.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88464",title:"Dr.",name:"Barbara",middleName:null,surname:"Sladonja",slug:"barbara-sladonja",fullName:"Barbara Sladonja"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"612",title:"Recent Advances in Fish Farms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"531750867c1b8db770f8557eaf1e21bc",slug:"recent-advances-in-fish-farms",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral and Zafer Doğu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/612.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:8,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"35141",doi:"10.5772/28157",title:"Antibiotics in Aquaculture – Use, Abuse and Alternatives",slug:"antibiotics-in-aquaculture-use-abuse-and-alternatives",totalDownloads:18426,totalCrossrefCites:86,totalDimensionsCites:172,book:{slug:"health-and-environment-in-aquaculture",title:"Health and Environment in Aquaculture",fullTitle:"Health and Environment in Aquaculture"},signatures:"Jaime Romero, Carmen Gloria Feijoo and Paola Navarrete",authors:[{id:"72898",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime",middleName:null,surname:"Romero",slug:"jaime-romero",fullName:"Jaime Romero"},{id:"79684",title:"Dr.",name:"Paola",middleName:null,surname:"Navarrete",slug:"paola-navarrete",fullName:"Paola Navarrete"},{id:"83411",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Feijoo",slug:"carmen-feijoo",fullName:"Carmen Feijoo"}]},{id:"27104",doi:"10.5772/30576",title:"Nutritional Value and Uses of Microalgae in Aquaculture",slug:"nutritional-value-and-uses-of-microalgae-in-aquaculture",totalDownloads:6481,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:64,book:{slug:"aquaculture",title:"Aquaculture",fullTitle:"Aquaculture"},signatures:"A. Catarina Guedes and F. Xavier Malcata",authors:[{id:"83136",title:"Prof.",name:"F. Xavier",middleName:null,surname:"Malcata",slug:"f.-xavier-malcata",fullName:"F. Xavier Malcata"}]},{id:"30642",doi:"10.5772/34423",title:"Meiofauna as a Tool for Marine Ecosystem Biomonitoring",slug:"meiofauna-as-a-tool-for-marine-ecosystem-monitoring",totalDownloads:3405,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:62,book:{slug:"marine-ecosystems",title:"Marine Ecosystems",fullTitle:"Marine Ecosystems"},signatures:"Maria Balsamo, Federica Semprucci, Fabrizio Frontalini and Rodolfo Coccioni",authors:[{id:"100075",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Balsamo",slug:"maria-balsamo",fullName:"Maria Balsamo"},{id:"104309",title:"Dr.",name:"Federica",middleName:null,surname:"Semprucci",slug:"federica-semprucci",fullName:"Federica Semprucci"},{id:"104311",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabrizio",middleName:null,surname:"Frontalini",slug:"fabrizio-frontalini",fullName:"Fabrizio Frontalini"},{id:"104313",title:"Prof.",name:"Rodolfo",middleName:null,surname:"Coccioni",slug:"rodolfo-coccioni",fullName:"Rodolfo Coccioni"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"35150",title:"Aquacultural Safety and Health",slug:"aquacultural-safety-and-health",totalDownloads:2173,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:11,book:{slug:"health-and-environment-in-aquaculture",title:"Health and Environment in Aquaculture",fullTitle:"Health and Environment in Aquaculture"},signatures:"Melvin L. Myers and Robert M. Durborow",authors:[{id:"77095",title:"Prof.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Myers",slug:"melvin-myers",fullName:"Melvin Myers"},{id:"122861",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Durborow",slug:"robert-durborow",fullName:"Robert Durborow"}]},{id:"27108",title:"Genomics and Genome Sequencing: Benefits for Finfish Aquaculture",slug:"genomics-and-genome-sequencing-benefits-for-finfish-aquaculture",totalDownloads:2899,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"aquaculture",title:"Aquaculture",fullTitle:"Aquaculture"},signatures:"Nicole L. Quinn, Alejandro P. Gutierrez, Ben F. Koop and William S. Davidson",authors:[{id:"81919",title:"Dr.",name:"William",middleName:"S",surname:"Davidson",slug:"william-davidson",fullName:"William Davidson"},{id:"83990",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicole",middleName:"Lisa",surname:"Quinn",slug:"nicole-quinn",fullName:"Nicole Quinn"},{id:"84002",title:"Dr.",name:"Ben",middleName:null,surname:"Koop",slug:"ben-koop",fullName:"Ben Koop"},{id:"123877",title:"BSc.",name:"Alejandro",middleName:null,surname:"Gutierrez",slug:"alejandro-gutierrez",fullName:"Alejandro Gutierrez"}]},{id:"35143",title:"Probiotics in Aquaculture - Benefits to the Health, Technological Applications and Safety",slug:"probiotics-in-aquaculture-benefits-to-the-health-technological-applications-and-safety",totalDownloads:4613,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"health-and-environment-in-aquaculture",title:"Health and Environment in Aquaculture",fullTitle:"Health and Environment in Aquaculture"},signatures:"Xuxia Zhou and Yanbo Wang",authors:[{id:"76319",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanbo",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"yanbo-wang",fullName:"Yanbo Wang"},{id:"122461",title:"Dr.",name:"Xuxia",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"xuxia-zhou",fullName:"Xuxia Zhou"}]},{id:"68966",title:"Novel Biofloc Technology (BFT) for Ammonia Assimilation and Reuse in Aquaculture In Situ",slug:"novel-biofloc-technology-bft-for-ammonia-assimilation-and-reuse-in-aquaculture-in-situ",totalDownloads:1225,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"emerging-technologies-environment-and-research-for-sustainable-aquaculture",title:"Emerging Technologies, Environment and Research for Sustainable Aquaculture",fullTitle:"Emerging Technologies, Environment and Research for Sustainable Aquaculture"},signatures:"Hai-Hong Huang",authors:[{id:"305215",title:"Dr.",name:"Hai-Hong",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",slug:"hai-hong-huang",fullName:"Hai-Hong Huang"}]},{id:"25457",title:"Mangrove Revegetation Potentials of Brackish-Water Pond Areas in the Philippines",slug:"mangrove-revegetation-potentials-of-brackish-water-pond-areas-in-the-philippines",totalDownloads:3879,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:7,book:{slug:"aquaculture-and-the-environment-a-shared-destiny",title:"Aquaculture and the Environment",fullTitle:"Aquaculture and the Environment - A Shared Destiny"},signatures:"Maricar S. Samson and Rene N. Rollon",authors:[{id:"73153",title:"Dr.",name:"Maricar",middleName:"Sacdalan",surname:"Samson",slug:"maricar-samson",fullName:"Maricar Samson"},{id:"73155",title:"Prof.",name:"Rene",middleName:"N",surname:"Rollon",slug:"rene-rollon",fullName:"Rene Rollon"}]},{id:"27117",title:"Culture of Harpacticoid Copepods: Understanding the Reproduction and Effect of Environmental Factors",slug:"copepods-in-aquaculture",totalDownloads:5192,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,book:{slug:"aquaculture",title:"Aquaculture",fullTitle:"Aquaculture"},signatures:"Kassim Zaleha and Ibrahim Busra",authors:[{id:"73665",title:"Prof.",name:"Kassim",middleName:null,surname:"Zaleha",slug:"kassim-zaleha",fullName:"Kassim Zaleha"}]},{id:"35141",title:"Antibiotics in Aquaculture – Use, Abuse and Alternatives",slug:"antibiotics-in-aquaculture-use-abuse-and-alternatives",totalDownloads:18428,totalCrossrefCites:86,totalDimensionsCites:176,book:{slug:"health-and-environment-in-aquaculture",title:"Health and Environment in Aquaculture",fullTitle:"Health and Environment in Aquaculture"},signatures:"Jaime Romero, Carmen Gloria Feijoo and Paola Navarrete",authors:[{id:"72898",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime",middleName:null,surname:"Romero",slug:"jaime-romero",fullName:"Jaime Romero"},{id:"79684",title:"Dr.",name:"Paola",middleName:null,surname:"Navarrete",slug:"paola-navarrete",fullName:"Paola Navarrete"},{id:"83411",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Feijoo",slug:"carmen-feijoo",fullName:"Carmen Feijoo"}]},{id:"27103",title:"Replacement of Fishmeal with Plant Protein Ingredients in Diets to Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) – Effects on Weight Gain and Accretion",slug:"replacement-of-fishmeal-with-plant-protein-ingredients-in-diets-to-atlantic-salmon-salmo-salar-effec",totalDownloads:6233,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:7,book:{slug:"aquaculture",title:"Aquaculture",fullTitle:"Aquaculture"},signatures:"Marit Espe, Adel El-Mowafi and Kari Ruohonen",authors:[{id:"80163",title:"Dr.",name:"Marit",middleName:null,surname:"Espe",slug:"marit-espe",fullName:"Marit Espe"},{id:"94977",title:"Dr.",name:"Kari",middleName:null,surname:"Ruohonen",slug:"kari-ruohonen",fullName:"Kari Ruohonen"},{id:"94978",title:"Dr.",name:"Adel",middleName:null,surname:"El-Mowafi",slug:"adel-el-mowafi",fullName:"Adel El-Mowafi"}]},{id:"35145",title:"Use of Microarray Technology to Improve DNA Vaccines in Fish Aquaculture - The Rhabdoviral Model",slug:"use-of-microarray-technology-to-improve-dna-vaccines-in-fish-aquaculture-the-rhabdoviral-model",totalDownloads:2648,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"health-and-environment-in-aquaculture",title:"Health and Environment in Aquaculture",fullTitle:"Health and Environment in Aquaculture"},signatures:"P. Encinas, E. Gomez-Casado, A. Estepa and J.M. Coll",authors:[{id:"74573",title:"Dr.",name:"Julio",middleName:null,surname:"Coll",slug:"julio-coll",fullName:"Julio Coll"},{id:"79531",title:"Dr.",name:"Estepa Perez",middleName:null,surname:"Maria Amparo",slug:"estepa-perez-maria-amparo",fullName:"Estepa Perez Maria Amparo"},{id:"149247",title:"MSc.",name:"Paloma",middleName:null,surname:"Encinas",slug:"paloma-encinas",fullName:"Paloma Encinas"},{id:"149248",title:"Dr.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Gomez-Casado",slug:"eduardo-gomez-casado",fullName:"Eduardo Gomez-Casado"}]},{id:"35149",title:"Ecological Features of Large Neotropical Reservoirs and Its Relation to Health of Cage Reared Fish",slug:"ecological-features-of-large-neotropical-reservoirs-and-its-relation-to-health-of-cage-reared-fish",totalDownloads:2457,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"health-and-environment-in-aquaculture",title:"Health and Environment in Aquaculture",fullTitle:"Health and Environment in Aquaculture"},signatures:"Edmir Daniel Carvalho, Reinaldo José da Silva, Igor Paiva Ramos, Jaciara Vanessa Krüger Paes, Augusto Seawright Zanatta, Heleno Brandão, Érica de Oliveira Penha Zica, André Batista Nobile, Aline Angelina Acosta and Gianmarco Silva David",authors:[{id:"80438",title:"Dr.",name:"Edmir",middleName:"Daniel",surname:"Carvalho",slug:"edmir-carvalho",fullName:"Edmir Carvalho"},{id:"124351",title:"Dr.",name:"Reinaldo J.",middleName:null,surname:"Silva",slug:"reinaldo-j.-silva",fullName:"Reinaldo J. Silva"},{id:"124352",title:"MSc.",name:"Igor P.",middleName:null,surname:"Ramos",slug:"igor-p.-ramos",fullName:"Igor P. Ramos"},{id:"124353",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaciara Vanessa Krüger",middleName:null,surname:"Paes",slug:"jaciara-vanessa-kruger-paes",fullName:"Jaciara Vanessa Krüger Paes"},{id:"124354",title:"Dr.",name:"Augusto S.",middleName:null,surname:"Zanatta",slug:"augusto-s.-zanatta",fullName:"Augusto S. Zanatta"},{id:"124355",title:"Dr.",name:"Heleno",middleName:null,surname:"Brandão",slug:"heleno-brandao",fullName:"Heleno Brandão"},{id:"124356",title:"Dr.",name:"Erica O.P.",middleName:null,surname:"Zica",slug:"erica-o.p.-zica",fullName:"Erica O.P. Zica"},{id:"124357",title:"MSc.",name:"André B.",middleName:null,surname:"Nobile",slug:"andre-b.-nobile",fullName:"André B. Nobile"},{id:"124358",title:"Dr.",name:"Gianmarco S.",middleName:null,surname:"David",slug:"gianmarco-s.-david",fullName:"Gianmarco S. David"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"aquaculture",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/288832/oscar-rocha",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"288832",slug:"oscar-rocha"},fullPath:"/profiles/288832/oscar-rocha",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()