Representative architectures of GANs in recent years.
\r\n\tEven though video surveillance systems have been part an integral part of the public and security sectors for decades, there is a significant interest in them outside of those industries. This interest is largely due to increased crime rates and security threats all around the globe, which are driving a continuous growth of the video surveillance market. According to a recent report, the video surveillance market was valued at $29.98 billion in 2016 and is expected to reach a value of $72.19 billion by 2022. This market potential is also propelled by recent advances in Artificial Intelligence and Computer Vision research fields—boosting the intelligence, scalability, and accuracy of intelligent video surveillance solutions.
\r\n\r\n\tThe book's goal is to provide a game-changing and cross-disciplinary forum that brings together experts from academia, industry, and government to advance the frontiers of theories, methods, systems, and applications.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-342-8",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-341-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-343-5",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,hash:"4d13a124dd9eb965b2e6958786b710cb",bookSignature:"Dr. Pier Luigi Mazzeo",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11548.jpg",keywords:"Hardware and Software Architectures, Privacy in Surveillance, Cybersecurity for Surveillance, Biometrics, Activity and Interaction Analysis, Cognitive Dynamic Systems and Bio-Inspired Methods, Human-Computer Interfaces, Visualization Algorithms, Classification and Recognition, Sensors, Communications and Networked Sensing, Distributed Camera Networks and Smart Cameras",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 17th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 17th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 16th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 4th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 3rd 2022",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Artificial Intelligence and Computer Vision enthusiastic researcher at Institute of Applied Science and Intelligent Systems in Lecce (Italy) with more than one hundred publications in his referred research fields.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"17191",title:"Dr.",name:"Pier Luigi",middleName:null,surname:"Mazzeo",slug:"pier-luigi-mazzeo",fullName:"Pier Luigi Mazzeo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/17191/images/system/17191.jpeg",biography:"Pier Luigi Mazzeo obtained an MSc in Computer Science from the University of Salento, Lecce, Italy, in 2001. Since then, he has been working on several research topics regarding artificial intelligence and computer vision. Dr. Mazzeo joined the Italian National Research Council of Italy (CNR) as a researcher\nin 2002. He is currently involved in projects for algorithms for video object tracking, face detection and recognition, facial expression recognition, deep neural networks, and machine learning. He has authored and co-authored 100 publications, including more than fifteen papers published in international journals and book chapters. He has also co-authored five national and international patents. Dr. Mazzeo acts as a reviewer for several international journals and for some book publishers. He has been regularly invited to take part in the scientific committees of national and international conferences.",institutionString:"Italian National Research Council",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:null}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"9",title:"Computer and Information Science",slug:"computer-and-information-science"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"444315",firstName:"Karla",lastName:"Skuliber",middleName:null,title:"Mrs.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/444315/images/20013_n.jpg",email:"karla@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager, my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8725",title:"Visual Object Tracking with Deep Neural Networks",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e0ba384ed4b4e61f042d5147c97ab168",slug:"visual-object-tracking-with-deep-neural-networks",bookSignature:"Pier Luigi Mazzeo, Srinivasan Ramakrishnan and Paolo Spagnolo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8725.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"17191",title:"Dr.",name:"Pier Luigi",surname:"Mazzeo",slug:"pier-luigi-mazzeo",fullName:"Pier Luigi Mazzeo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10390",title:"Deep Learning Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5cc6cd7972551be6cfc4d3c87bf8fb5c",slug:"deep-learning-applications",bookSignature:"Pier Luigi Mazzeo and Paolo Spagnolo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10390.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"17191",title:"Dr.",name:"Pier Luigi",surname:"Mazzeo",slug:"pier-luigi-mazzeo",fullName:"Pier Luigi Mazzeo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"78032",title:"The Tissue Plane",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99533",slug:"the-tissue-plane",body:'‘Something old’ – it may have evolved over geological time, it may distort with congenital, surgical, traumatic or other influences, but fundamentally anatomy has been around for a long time. This was wittily expressed by Harrop-Griffiths and Denny [1] in relation to the introduction of ultrasound to regional anaesthesia when they suggested that there are ‘no new blocks, just old anatomy’. These authors would undoubtedly agree though that how we look at anatomy can change, and indeed should change as study and scholarship advances our understanding.
‘Something new’ – the ability of ultrasound to visualise tissue planes provides a new, or more accurately, a newly appreciated target. The explosion of named techniques using ultrasound guidance in the last several years bears testimony to this development in regional anaesthesia practice.
‘Something borrowed’ - The ‘tissue plane’ is a concept borrowed from surgical practice [2, 3, 4] and it forms the foundation of modern surgical dissection technique. An alternative term for the same idea is the ‘plane of dissection’. Surgeons also talk about ‘creating’ a plane of dissection or ‘getting into the correct (tissue) plane’ [4]. The key idea which surgeons are emphasising is that of dissecting between structures, and it matters little whether this is with a sharp (e.g., scalpel) or blunt (e.g., finger) instrument. In regional anaesthesia practice, the dissection occurs solely with a blunt (injected fluid) instrument and is termed ‘hydrodissection’.
‘Something blue’ – it has been routine for many years in cadaveric anatomic studies in the regional anaesthesia literature to use methylene blue as a marker to track nerve block placement. These have in effect been studying spread of fluid along tissue plane/s. Once again, we find that this is not so much a new as an under-appreciated phenomenon. A note of caution however – early post-mortem changes in collagen change the structure of connective tissues [5, 6] and therefore the cadaveric model has an inherent flaw when it comes to assessing the dynamics of the tissue plane.
This chapter is divided into the following 10 sections: The tissue plane defined, History of the tissue plane in regional anaesthesia, The modern era of the tissue plane in regional anaesthesia, Tissue plane dynamics and some misunderstandings, Dye studies on tissue plane dynamics, High-definition ultrasound studies and the tissue plane, Tissue plane blocks versus compartment blocks, Systematic reviews, Research opportunities, and Conclusion.
A tissue plane is defined as a potential space separating structures such as organs, muscles, nerves and blood vessels [7]. It frequently but not exclusively contains fine loose areolar tissue which is easily divided by both sharp and blunt dissection [2, 8]. The finer quality of these connective tissues contrasts to the much denser connective tissue that forms fascial boundaries, e.g. the prevertebral fascia. This is an important distinction as local anaesthetic will not diffuse across a fascial boundary.
Tissue planes are located throughout the body [2]. Examples include; providing a conduit for nerves, blood vessels and lymphatics from one body region to another e.g., within the femoral canal, [8]; dividing elements of a structure into its component parts, e.g., the brachial plexus [8, 9]; or where structures can be easily separated, e.g., between the fascicles of rectus abdominis muscle and the posterior rectus sheath [10].
The surgeon divides these tissues with scalpel, scissors, probe or finger and in so doing creates the plane of dissection in order to excise tissue or access an anatomic area. In surgical practice there is also a plane of dissection which creates less bleeding, the so-called ‘avascular plane’ [2]. By contrast the regional anesthesiologist injects a bolus of fluid which spreads along and through the tissue plane/s, not so much dividing as separating the tissues and then diffusing into the nerve/s to create a conduction block.
It is important to keep reminding ourselves that the tissue plane is a concept, not actual anatomy. It points towards tissues which are easily dissected/divided vs. tissues which are not. In regional anaesthesia the tissue planes of interest contain nerves. In this respect it is required to know which nerves may be blocked, where and what they innervate, how and where to access the tissue plane safely and how the tissue plane/plane of dissection will spread the injected solution.
While the tissue plane concept is fundamental to surgical dissection technique [2, 3, 4], the lack of emphasis on its importance in regional anaesthesia is perhaps ironic given the number of publications in the literature which have in fact related to it prior to the introduction of ultrasound [11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34]. Indeed, the terms ‘loss of resistance’ and ‘pop’ refer to techniques accessing tissue planes, although they have not traditionally been described in that fashion.
The lack of acknowledgement of the tissue plane concept changed abruptly in 2007 with the publication of TAP (transversus abdominis plane) block [35]. In this paper the authors described the tissue plane between the fasciae of internal oblique and transversus abdominis muscles as a ‘fascial plane’ and then called it the ‘transversus abdominis plane’. The fascial plane label stuck as did the name TAP and the search was on for others which surfaced in quick succession [36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43]. This pursuit for new targets was undoubtedly promoted by the emerging use of ultrasound and it is fair to say that subsequently there has been an explosion of interest across the spectrum of practice [44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83]. The terms ‘fascial plane block’ and ‘interfascial plane block’ have been further promoted [84] although more recently ‘tissue plane’ has been used [9].
The common theme of course is that all of the above involves the study of tissue planes and their dynamics of solution spread. As in surgical practice the tissue plane concept has been and is fundamental to the practice of regional anaesthesia.
In the modern era, the rules have changed with the introduction of ultrasound. Now we are able to directly visualise tissue planes and at least in theory, manipulate them to our clinical advantage. While we now have a significant advantage with this development, a greater need for understanding the concept and its relevance to regional anaesthesia has arisen. A headlong rush to discover and name new blocks has often preceded the basic scientific work that should have underpinned the practice. Soft endpoints (e.g., ‘we have done 20 and they worked well’) and generic terms (e.g., ‘multimodal analgesia’) have the potential to hide the fact that a particular technique does not achieve the intended effect.
Added to this is a confused nomenclature. Surgical specialties have long used the term ‘tissue plane’ with a clear understanding of its meaning and it would seem odd to borrow this concept and claim it for regional anaesthesia under revised names. That being said, this author would also argue that for historic reasons it is important to retain the original name of individual techniques since these are the names given by authors to their techniques and which have been accepted through a peer-review process.
In the following paragraphs, we examine several of these techniques through the lens of intended clinical application versus anatomic scientific foundations.
PECS block was originally published as a technique to provide analgesia following breast surgery [37]. The name refers to the tissue plane between pectoralis major and pectoralis minor muscles, and the aim is to block the medial and lateral pectoral nerves which derive from the brachial plexus. This creates somewhat of a dilemma as the pectoral nerves do not innervate the breast. There have been modifications since, possibly reflecting that fact and correcting the record somewhat.
The pecto-intercostal fascial block was first published as an analgesic technique for breast surgery [52] and anterior chest wall trauma [53]. It aims to block the anterior cutaneous sensory branches of the intercostal nerves where they penetrate the chest wall near the edge of the sternum. Whilst the cutaneous termination of the intercostal nerves T2-T6 do innervate the skin over the medial aspect of the breast, these same cutaneous sensory nerves do not innervate the bony structures of the anterior chest wall. Further study of the relevant tissue planes is awaited.
By contrast, the superior cluneal nerve block was first published as a very different type of anatomic study [85]. These nerves derive from the first three lumbar dorsal rami and innervate the skin over the buttock area. This technique creates a plane of dissection just deep to the superficial layer of the thoracolumbar fascia in its inferolateral aspect. The authors of that paper first studied a cadaveric model, but then in recognition of the inherent flaws of such modelling repeated the block in volunteers with accompanying mapping of sensory loss against potential surgical incisions. The accompanying editorial suggested that new techniques required similar basic science study so that in the clinical environment, we know exactly what we are doing and what we can expect to achieve [86].
Erector spinae plane block (ESP block), an injection into a tissue plane deep to the erector spinae group of muscles, has quickly become one of the most popular techniques since its first description [60]. It was almost immediately accompanied by multiple case reports with dramatic claims of efficacy [87, 88, 89, 90]. There followed several quite different randomised controlled trials with claims of efficacy [91, 92, 93, 94], and the indications for the technique have multiplied almost exponentially [95]. The source of greatest debate has seemed only related to the mechanism of action. A cadaveric study [65] disputed the theory that there was adequate spread of local anaesthetic to the ventral rami and instead suggested local anaesthetic spread to the lateral cutaneous branches of the ventral rami through the lateral aspect of the tissue plane. The original authors then followed up with their own cadaveric study [66] showing spread to the ventral rami and hence providing a mechanism of action for their observed results. The tie breaker in this debate was a volunteer study [96] which demonstrated inconsistent spread of injectate to the ventral rami. Hence the enthusiasm to use ESP block has far outrun our understanding of the technique. Can this enthusiasm cause harm? Yes, by lack of effect or failure to use alternative techniques of known efficacy. Some hospitals now run programs using continuous ESP block for rib fractures – one wonders how they work when the ribs are innervated by the ventral rami, and the lateral cutaneous nerves neither pass through the erector spinae group of muscles nor innervate the ribs. Hence the exact role of ESP block remains uncertain.
Continuous rectus sheath block has re-emerged as an option for analgesia post-midline laparotomy. The modern version of placement is a surgical technique, where a plane of dissection is developed between the rectus abdominis muscle and the posterior rectus sheath with a catheter placed in the ensuing compartment for upper abdominal procedures [10], and a plane of dissection developed between the rectus abdominis and the anterior rectus sheath for lower abdominal procedures [97]. It took little time for ultrasound-guided versions of the same technique to emerge [38, 39], although for the majority of placements there is little logic in placing the catheters percutaneously after the wound has been surgically closed [98]. It is suggested that an approach with ultrasound might be indicated if there is intraabdominal sepsis or adhesions making surgical access to the tissue plane unwise or impossible. In this scenario, avoidance of lateral approaches to the rectus sheath is recommended due to the risk of perforation of the epigastric vasculature. There have now been two dye studies confirming the spread of local anaesthetic throughout the developed tissue planes for rectus sheath block [99, 100]. One study demonstrated that inferior to the arcuate line where the posterior rectus sheath is less distinct, a tissue plane containing the relevant abdominal wall nerves lies between rectus abdominis muscle and the transversalis fascia [99], while the other demonstrated the importance of volume to ensure spread of solution across the tissue plane [100]. It is important to note that both of these studies used boluses and this has management implications for continuous systems.
Pericapsular nerve group (PENG) block is a recently published tissue plane block. First described in 2018 [69] it has been accompanied by multiple clinical reports and recently a randomised controlled study in the hip fracture population [101]. Whilst it appears remarkably effective for analgesia for hip fractures, the reasons for this are yet to be fully answered. It purports to block just the sensory branches to the hip joint from the femoral and obturator nerves [69]. Could there also be spread further posteriorly to include the superior gluteal nerves? A dye study [102] sheds some light on the characteristics of spread in this tissue plane deep to iliopsoas muscle. In this study, the needle was slightly more caudad to the site of PENG block but in the same plane and suggested that restriction of spread of injectate was only possible with small volumes. Larger volumes could spread to reach the femoral nerve, defeating the purpose of the technique. In this respect, is this tissue plane limited anteriorly by iliopsoas muscle fascia or by fascia iliaca, the latter being suggested by the spread characteristics of the larger volume in the study?
The IPACK block (infiltration between the popliteal artery and the capsule of the knee) for analgesia post-total knee joint replacement was introduced in 2019 as a cadaveric study [103] although there had been keen interest in this area in the years prior but without an accepted name for the technique [104, 105, 106]. A plane of dissection is developed deep to the popliteal artery with the intention to bathe the articular sensory branches of the knee joint in local anaesthetic as they traverse this area to reach the joint capsule. Since 2019 there have been over 10 randomised controlled trials [107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118] and 3 meta-analyses [119, 120, 121] reflecting widespread interest in techniques which might provide pain relief without hindrance to ambulation post-total knee joint replacement. There has also been widespread adoption of the IPACK block as reflected by reports of programmes in the literature [122, 123]. It is therefore somewhat concerning that the meta-analyses are not supportive of the technique, at least in its current format. Has enthusiasm outweighed clinical realities in this particular circumstance? Is this a technique that has yet to find its real indication? Or could the literature somehow not be accurately reflecting current effective clinical practice?
In 2006 we published a paper in Anesthesiology which was provocatively entitled ‘The Sheath of the Brachial Plexus: Fact or Fiction?’ [7]. It may have been better entitled ‘The Sheath of the Brachial Plexus: Actual Anatomy or Concept?’, as negative reaction to the title may have distracted from what we believed to be the importance of the paper. This was a discussion about tissue planes and their significance to the practice of regional anaesthesia and to our knowledge the first time this had been directly addressed in the literature.
The notion of the brachial plexus ‘sheath’ has been attributed to various authors [124, 125, 126]. Two of these authors were in fact referencing the brachial fascia which is the deep investing fascia of the arm [125, 126], and one also referenced the intermuscular septum of the arm [126]. This is confusing as neither fascia is in intimate relationship with the neurovascular bundle.
Winnie [11] subsequently suggested that the ‘sheath’ was merely the final part of a tubular prolongation of the prevertebral fascia and promoted the concept of a continuous fascia-enclosed space extending from the cervical transverse processes to several centimetres into the arm. He likened brachial plexus anaesthesia to epidural anaesthesia where, once the space had been entered only a single injection was needed, an analogy intended to stop practitioners performing multiple injections which thereby increased the chances of neural injury. Various publications subsequently presented findings which significantly modified his concept [14, 16, 18, 20, 23, 28, 68].
The discussion section in our paper addressed tissue planes and their dynamics. The tough tissues of the prevertebral fascia give way rapidly to much thinner, softer and translucent connective tissues which encircle and entwine the brachial plexus and blood vessels [8]. As a collective, these thin and translucent connective tissues form the tissue planes of the brachial plexus. Indeed, in the current age of ultrasound-guidance the presence of these tissue planes is well accepted [9].
Within the tissue planes there may be minimal room for expansion at any one point and therefore flow has to occur along the tissue planes according to resistances encountered along the way [7]. The layers of connective tissue are not homogeneous, do not necessarily interconnect, and can hinder or prevent diffusion. Injection at one point does not guarantee spread elsewhere [8]. At the level of the trunks and divisions of the brachial plexus, the neural elements reorganise significantly and their associated tissue planes interconnect. This is readily observable during surgical dissection [8]. This arrangement allows for a more even spread of solution, a feature which has indeed been observed clinically [9, 127, 128, 129, 130]. The belief that supraclavicular blocks are more effective because the neural elements are closer together [131] is better explained by the interconnection of tissue planes at this level. By contrast, at axillary level where the nerves do not interconnect and the tissue planes containing each nerve are largely separate [14, 16, 18], efficacy is lower unless each nerve was blocked separately. Side effect profiles can also be explained by spread of injectate via tissue planes, e.g., phrenic paresis with subomohyoid suprascapular nerve block [132].
The sheath concept also does not take into account the impact that surrounding rigid anatomy has on flow dynamics. Our work on the ‘axillary tunnel’ [133] calculated the dimensions of the tunnel and explained the significant impact of the varying dimensions. The injected dye did not spread as in a cylindrical tube but followed the contours of the rigid anatomy. The volume of the axillary tunnel at any one point was less than 10 ml, and so flow inevitably occurred along the tunnel. The tunnel had two constrictions and flow of injectate from the needle tip could be anterograde, bidirectional or retrograde depending on where the point of injection occurred in respect of these constrictions. The more lateral constriction was clearly the obstruction to flow at this lower level [133] rather than the head of the humerus as previously described [134]. Historic dye studies of the brachial plexus [11, 134] fitted with our predictions of flow patterns based on the contours of the rigid anatomy.
The CT dye studies from the axillary tunnel work also revealed the reason we were able to avoid the phrenic nerve during anaesthesia and analgesia for shoulder surgery [135]. We were manipulating the tissue planes of the brachial plexus by injecting into the tissue planes posterior to the artery, with retrograde spread restricted to these same tissue planes, well away from the anteriorly situated phrenic nerve. This phenomenon has subsequently been demonstrated by another group [136].
Given that brachial plexus regional anaesthesia had been based for many years on the concept of the sheath, it was unsurprising that a cadaveric study was subsequently published demonstrating apparent macroscopic evidence of the brachial plexus sheath [137]. We had significant issues with this evidence, including: 1. a significant connective tissue structure was demonstrated covering the emerging nerve roots in the root of the neck, but this was the prevertebral fascia. There were difficulties with calling this the brachial plexus sheath, partly because it already had an anatomic name. 2. the brachial plexus, as revealed prior to disappearing from view under the clavicle, was covered by a thin layer of opaque connective tissue. It was agreed by both sets of authors that this was what had been identified as the enveloping tubular structure called the sheath. This opaque connective tissue enveloping the plexus in the cadaver was remarkable for its difference to the equivalent tissue in a patient undergoing surgical dissection of the plexus [8], and we believe that this most likely reflected post-mortem changes in connective tissues [5, 6]. Interestingly, not all investigators using cadaveric specimens have encountered an opaque layer of connective tissue surrounding similar major nerves or plexuses. Indeed, they have echoed our words of ‘thin, transparent and fragile’ when describing such connective tissues [138].
We concluded that tissue planes, in conjunction with the influence of surrounding rigid anatomy, provided a better explanation for outcomes in brachial plexus regional anaesthesia than the concept of a sheath.
The regional anaesthesia literature already has a reasonably large number of dye studies [11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83] and they encompass most of the techniques in current common usage. One could be forgiven for believing that we now have most of the answers, but this is an area where for various reasons there is still room for improvement. Our work on the axillary tunnel raised some generic questions to be answered in other areas – under what conditions do flow characteristics change, can flow characteristics be manipulated to clinical advantage and what anatomic features can be disadvantageous in terms of flow characteristics? These questions infer that the tissue plane is a dynamic environment and that this can be used to clinical advantage.
It has been unusual in this type of research work to use any model other than cadavers but for various reasons these cannot provide an accurate replication for clinical application. Connective tissue changes in quality and appearance very soon after death [5, 6]. As pointed out by Ivanusic et al. [65] it is also not possible to investigate for any block-related phenomenae that may be linked to physiological occurrences such as breathing in a dead body. Specific block-related positioning is not possible in cadaveric specimens. At best, with carefully planned and executed dissection, cadaveric models provide a sort of basic static road map of where fluid may spread and what nerve/s might be blocked.
In the above context a dye and latex study by Mayes et al. [139] investigated serratus anterior plane block (SAP) as a potential analgesic technique for rib fractures. It demonstrated a clear plane of dissection between serratus anterior and the external intercostal muscle/ribs, bathing the lateral cutaneous branches of the intercostal nerves in solution as per the description in the original publication [42]. This means that the technique will not provide analgesia for rib fractures, a conclusion framed by the authors in subtle language [139], because the intercostal nerves which innervate the ribs will not be blocked. Does trauma to the chest wall provide a pathway to these nerves? This is unlikely and not a dependable mechanism in this author’s opinion. Can solution track along the lateral cutaneous branches to the intercostal nerves of origin? This again is unlikely as it requires the passage of these nerves through the muscle layers of the chest wall to be the path of least resistance as the injected fluid flows through the tissue plane. It is up to those who wish to prove any of these mechanisms to create the models and test their hypotheses.
Another technical issue at play in dye studies relates to where the tip of the catheter is located when injections are made. In a study on continuous parasacral sciatic nerve block [31], the investigators used 8 ml of dye for confirmation of location of their perineural catheters. In our work on the axillary tunnel [133], we realised that we could only locate the tip of the catheter by using a much smaller volume of injectate of 2 ml, a larger volume obscuring the location.
Adductor canal block [54] has gained popularity as an analgesic technique post-total knee joint replacement due to less motor block than femoral nerve block [140] albeit with some accompanying loss of pain relief [140, 141]. There have been several dye studies examining this technique [142, 143, 144, 145], with ensuing cautions about volume used, where the injection is placed to limit spread of injectate beyond the adductor canal, and consideration of the impact of tourniquets on the spread of solution. However, there has been no work directly measuring the potential volume of the canal, nor how this might change with application of a tourniquet, nor what flow restrictions if any are present, all of which would require 3-dimensional imaging. This is a more costly investigative modality but provides much more information.
The cadaveric dye studies of ESP block [64, 65] and the subsequent volunteer study of ESP block [96] have been discussed earlier in this chapter. Perhaps this illustrates the peril of having cadaveric studies as stand-alone evidence of efficacy. The volunteer study certainly seems to be one potential bridging option to clinical practice but may not always be possible due to safety considerations. Some authors do combine their cadaveric studies with a clinical case series as additional evidence, but is this practice consistent with the current ethical standards in human research? Multiple pathways are probably likely required to establish efficacy and safety across the range of techniques and indications prior to widespread adoption in clinical practice. In this respect, randomised controlled trials are only as good as the science which underpins them.
There have now been several studies examining nerves of the upper and lower extremities and the soft tissues which surround and envelope these nerves [146, 147, 148, 149]. These have given rise to the term ‘paraneural sheath’ of the sciatic nerve [146] and brachial plexus [149] respectively. In one recent study, the sonographic imaging was correlated with histologic specimens [149] to demonstrate what the authors described as ‘fascial tissue planes’ within the paraneural sheath.
It is to be noted on the images of the brachial plexus [149] that the pectoral fascia is much more visible, i.e., it exhibits greater anisotropy, than the tissues within the plexus complex. This is not artefactual – fasciae such as the pectoral or prevertebral are much sturdier connective tissue structures than the relatively fragile connective tissues surrounding the brachial plexus. The imaging also demonstrates both the tissue planes of the plexus and the phenomenon of injected fluid separating the tissue planes as it flows through the length of the plexus complex. The ‘paraneural sheath’ has the same anisotropy as the tissue planes within the neurovascular bundle, i.e., the same type of tissue, which is quite distinct from fascial tissue. This study demonstrates very well some characteristics of the dynamics of the tissue planes of the brachial plexus.
In some literature it has been suggested that the local anaesthetic fills a compartment to achieve its effect, particularly where the injection is made within the fascia enclosing muscles such as rectus abdominis or perhaps even the erector spinae plane block [150]. The actual phenomenon can be viewed on ultrasound in real time as the injected solution can be seen to develop a plane of dissection between the muscles and the fascia or bone. Once again, the concept of the tissue plane becomes the focus of our attention.
There have been a number of systematic reviews over the last few years which have not specifically mentioned tissue planes in the context of regional anaesthesia but which clearly relate to that concept [151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164]. These have all been procedure specific and, despite apparent clinical enthusiasm for the different techniques, are quite often neutral or negative in their recommendations. This may reflect the difficulties in the development phase of various techniques to which the author has alluded earlier in this chapter.
There is a wealth of opportunity for further research in this area. Regional anaesthesia in some respects is in its infancy in understanding and manipulating tissue planes. Ultrasound allows novel tissue plane targets to emerge and the challenge is to fit these new techniques into practice in a scientifically sound fashion. Now more than ever we are required to learn anatomy from a different perspective; what nerve/s innervate this area/region? how do they get there? where can I access them? does this raise safety issues, and how are these overcome? how will the tissues spread the fluid I inject? are there potential complications from this? how do I answer these questions in a scientifically meaningful fashion? do I need to create a new technique when one already exists for my purposes?
I would venture to suggest that after the initial idea comes thoughtful reading, basic science preparation and careful analysis. This is all before consideration is given to conducting randomised controlled trials.
Although it has been suggested by many to be the era of ultrasound in regional anaesthesia, it could equally be termed the era of the tissue plane. This of course is courtesy of ultrasound, but the technology alone will not get us the results we want. It has been suggested that ‘if we can see it, we can block it’ [84], but this invites invocation of the old adage ‘primum non nocere’. Was the block necessary? Did it add real benefit? All interventions risk harm. Perhaps we could change the saying to ‘now that we can see it, how do we better understand what we are seeing, and how can this aid our practice?’ The challenge is to methodically and responsibly work our craft so that it helps us as well as our patients.
The author declares no conflict of interest.
The author wishes to thank Anne Cornish for her assistance in editing the manuscript.
Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are specially designed to handle data that consists of multiple arrays/matrixes such as an image composed of three matrixes in RGB channels [1]. The key idea behind CNNs is the convolution operation, which is to use multiple small kernels/filters to extract local features by sliding over the same input. Each kernel can output a feature map and all the feature maps are concatenated together, this is also known as a convolutional layer and it is the core component in a CNN. Note that these concatenated maps can be further processed by the next layer. To reduce the computational cost, the pooling operation such as maximum pooling is usually applied on these feature maps. A typical CNN is usually structured as a series of layers, including multiple convolutional layers and a few of fully connected layers. For example, the famous LeNet [2] consists of two convolutional layers and three fully connected layers, and the pooling operation is used after each convolutional layer.
In addition to building a neural network, a loss function is essential to measure the model performance. Therefore, the process of training a CNN model is transformed into an optimization problem, which normally seeks to minimize the value of the loss function over the training data. Specifically, a gradient-descent based algorithm is usually adopted to iteratively optimize the parameters in a CNN.
Figure 1 shows the high-level abstraction of CNNs in this survey. Specifically, we firstly introduce two types of convolution operations in Section 2. Then four methods are summarized for constructing convolutional layers in CNNs in Section 3. In Section 4, we group the current CNN architectures into three types: encoder, encoder-decoder and GANs. Next, we discuss two main types of loss functions in Section 5. In Section 6, we give the advanced applications based on the three types of CNN structures. Finally in Section 7, we conclude this research and give future trends.
High-level abstraction of convolutional neural networks in this survey.
The main reason why CNNs are so successful on a variety of problems is that kernels (also known as filters) with fixed numbers of parameters are adopted to handle spacial data such as images. In particular the weight sharing mechanism can help reduce the number of parameters for low computational cost while remaining the spacial invariance properties. In general, there are mainly two types of convolution operations, including basic convolution and transposed convolution.
As shown on the left in Figure 2, convolution operation essentially is a linear model for the local spacial input. Specifically, it only performs the sum of element-wise dot products between the local input and the kernels (usually including a bias), and output a value after an activation function. Each kernel slides overall spacial locations in the input with a fixed step. The result is that we can get an 1-channel feature map. Note that there are generally many kernels in one convolutional layer, and all of the output feature maps are concatenated together, e.g., if the number of kernels used in this convolutional layer is
While the kernel size of
Normally the size of output feature maps generated from the basic convolution is smaller than the input space (i.e., the dimension of input
Similarly, we can still use dilated kernels in transposed convolution. The main reason why we need transposed convolution is that it is the fundamental idea to construct a decoder network, which is used to map a latent space into an output image, such as the decoders in U-Net [6] and GANs. Specifically, the transposed convolution is widely used in tasks such as model visualization [7], image segmentation [6], image classification [8] and image super-resolution [9].
The core components in CNNs are convolutional layers. In the last section, we have demonstrated two types of convolution operations and they are the main idea to construct convolutional layers. In this part, we summarize the main methods in deep learning for building convolutional layers, including basic convolutional layers, convolutional layers with shortcut connection, convolutional layers with mixed kernels and convolutional capsule layers.
Recall that there are normally
where
While there are many variants related to the activation function, the typical ones which are widely adopted are ReLU
Note that after convolution operation, the width and height of the output feature map
where
It is true that deep neural networks normally can learn better representation from the data than shallow neural networks. However, stacking more layers in a CNN can lead to the problems of vanishing or exploding gradients, which make the networks hard to optimize. A simple and effective way to address this problem is to use shortcut connections, which can help directly transform the information from the previous layer to the current layer in a network.
Note that
So far we have demonstrated that we normally use many convolutional kernels with the same size in one convolutional layer such as
where pool(I) denotes the pooling operation such as max-pooling. Therefore, the size of the output feature map is
However, if we directly add different sizes of kernels in one convolutional layer, the computational cost involved will increase sharply. In the inception module [13, 14], a
In general, pooling operation is essential to reduce the size of output feature maps so that we can obtain high-level abstractions from input by stacking multiple convolutional layers in a CNN. However, the cost is that some information in the feature maps has been abandoned such as conducting max-pooling.
In 2017 [15], Hinton et al. proposed an alluring version of convolutional architectures, which is known as capsule networks, followed by the updated versions in 2018 [16] and 2019 [17]. The convolutional capsule layers in capsule networks are very similar to the traditional convolutional layers. The main difference is that each capsule (i.e., an element in convolutional feature maps) has a weight matrix
Although numerous variants of CNN architectures for solving different tasks are proposed from the deep learning community every year, their essential components and over-all structures are very similar. We group the recent classic network structures into three main types, including encoder, encoder-decoder and GANs.
In 1990, LeCun et al. proposed a seminal network called LeNet [2], which help establish the modern CNN structure. Since then, many new methods and compositions are proposed to handle the difficulties encountered in training deep networks for challenging tasks such as objective detection and recognition in computer vision. Some representative works in recent years are AlexNet [18], ZFNet [7], VGGNet [19], GoogleNet [13], ResNet [11], Inception [14]. As mentioned earlier, new methods for constructing convolutional layers in these networks are proposed, e.g., shortcut connection [11] and mixed kernels [14, 20].
In general, the above-mentioned networks can all be regarded as encoders, in which each input such as an image is encoded into a high-level feature representation, as shown on the left in Figure 4. And this encoded representation can be further used for, such as image classification, object detection etc. In some literatures, an encoder is also called as a feature extractor. Specifically, the basic convolutional layers are the main components for constructing an encoder network, by stacking multiple layers, each layer in the network can learn high-level abstractions from previous layers [1]. More formally, an encoder network can be written as
where
In some specific tasks such as image segmentation [20], our goal is to map an input image to a segmented output image rather than an abstraction. An encoder-decoder structure is specifically designed for solving this type of task. There are many possible ways to implement an encoder-decoder structure, and many variants have also been proposed to improve the drawbacks in the last few years. A naive version of encoder-decoder network which was introduced in [20] can be denoted as
where
As shown in the middle in Figure 4, an encoder-decoder network is still one complete network and we can train it with an end-to-end method. Note that there are generally many convolutional layers in each coder network, which results that it can be challenging to train a deep encoder-decoder network directly. Recall that the shortcut connection is often adopted to address the problems in deep CNNs. Naturally, we can add connections between the encoder and the decoder. An influential network based on this idea is U-Net [6], which is widely applied in many challenging domains such as medical image segmentation. The above two equations can also be rewritten as a composition of two functions.
Specifically, in unsupervised learning, an encoder-decoder network is also well known as autoencoder. And there are many variants of autoencoders proposed in recent years, some famous ones including variational autoencoder [21], denoising variational autoencoder [22] and conditional variational autoencoder [23, 24].
Since generative adversarial networks were firstly proposed by Goodfellow et al. [25] in 2014, this type of architectures for playing two-player minimax game has been most extensively studied. Partly because it is an unsupervised learning method and we can obtain a fancy generator network which can help generate fake examples from a latent space (i.e., a vector with some random noise). On the right in Figure 4 shows the basic structure of GANs, in which a generator network can map some input noise into a fake example and make it look as real as possible and a discriminator network always tries to identify the fake sample from its input. By iteratively training the two players, they can both improve their methods. More formally, we can have
where
As shown in Table 1, numerous variants of GANs architectures can be found in the recently published literatures and we broadly summarize these representative networks according to their published time. Note that the fundamental methods behind these architectures are very similar.
Name | Year | Summary |
---|---|---|
GANs [25] | 2014 | The original version of GANs, where |
Conditional GANs [26] | 2014 | Labels are included in |
Laplacian Pyramid GANs [27] | 2015 | CNNs with the laplacian pyramid method. |
Deep Convolutional GANs [28] | 2015 | Transposed convolutional layers are used to construct |
Bidirectional GANs [29] | 2016 | An extra encoder was adopted based on the traditional GANs. |
Semi-supervised GANs [30] | 2016 | The |
InfoGANs [31] | 2016 | An extra classifier was added into the GANs. |
Energy-based GANs [32] | 2016 | The |
Auxiliary Classifier GANs [33] | 2017 | An auxiliary classifier was used in the |
Progressive GANs [34] | 2017 | Progressive steps are adopted to explain the networks. |
BigGANs [35] | 2018 | A large GANs with self-attention module and hinge loss. |
Self-attention GANs [36] | 2019 | The self-attention mechanism is proposed to build |
Label-noise Robust GANs [37] | 2019 | A noise transition model is included in |
AutoGANs [38] | 2019 | The neural architecture search algorithm is used to obtain |
Your Local GANs [39] | 2020 | A new local sparse attention layer was proposed. |
MSG-GANs [40] | 2020 | There are connections from |
Representative architectures of GANs in recent years.
Before introducing the loss functions, we need to understand that the ultimate goal to train a neural network
where
Note that there are numerous variants of loss functions used in the deep learning literature. However, the fundamental theories behind them are very similar. We group them into two categories, namely Divergence Loss Functions and Margin Loss Functions. And we also introduce six typical and classic loss functions that are commonly used for training neural networks.
Divergence loss functions denote a family of loss functions based on computing the divergences between the predicted results and true labels, mainly including Kullback-Leibler Divergence, Log Loss, Mean Squared Error.
Before introducing the Kullback–Leibler divergence, we need to understand that the fundamental goal of deep learning is to learn a data distribution
where
Specifically,
where
Log loss is widely used in the current deep neural networks due to its simplicity and power. The binary log loss function is defined as
where
When the learning task is multi-class classification, each sample label is normally encoded with the one-hot-encoding format, which can be denoted as
where
We may wonder why the log loss is a reasonable choice. Informally, let
And our goal is to minimize the divergence between
Probably the mean squared error is one of the most familiar loss functions as it is really like the least square loss function. It directly calculates the difference between the predicted result and the true label, which is denoted as
One example which can help us deeply understand the mean squared error is that minimize the mean squared loss of a linear regression model is equivalent to maximum likelihood. In other words, this is a method to optimize the parameters of our model so that the distribution learned by our model is most probable under the observed training data. Therefore, the fundamental goal is still the same as above, which is to make the model distribution and the data distribution as close as possible.
Margin loss functions represent a family of margin maximizing loss functions. The typical functions include Hinge Loss, Contrastive Loss and Triplet Loss. Unlike the divergence loss functions, margin loss functions calculate the relative distances between outputs and they are more flexible in terms of training data.
Hinge loss is well known to train Support Vector Machine classifiers. Specifically, there are two main types of hinge losses. The first type is for each sample with only one correct label, it is denoted as
where
However, in real tasks such as attribute classification, each samples can have multiple correct labels. e.g., a photo posted on Facebook may include a set of hashtags. Therefore, the second type for multiple labels is
where
Contrastive loss is specially designed for measuring the similarity of a pair of training samples. Considering two pairs of samples
where
where
Triplet loss looks similar to the contrastive loss, but it is a measure of the difference between the matched pair and the unmatched pair. Considering three samples
Note that minimize the loss function is equivalent to minimizing the distances of matched pairs and maximizing the distances of unmatched pairs.
One of the most exciting areas in deep learning is that we can apply neural networks to a numerous number of applications that cannot be solved well or be handled by the traditional machine learning method. In this section, we summarize the typical advances that CNNs has achieved based on the three types of CNN structures.
A basic task in machine learning is classification, which is the problem of identifying to which of a list of labels a new sample belongs, such as the well-known CIFAR-10 dataset, in which there are 10 categories of images and the goal is to train a model for correctly classifying an unseen image based on observing the training dataset. In particular, CNNs have made many breakthroughs on large scale image datasets such as the ImageNet challenge [18]. As mentioned in Section 4.1, the classic encoders such as AlexNet [18], ZFNet [7], VGGNet [19], GoogleNet [13], ResNet [11], Inception [14] are regarded as the milestones in the past few years. The successes of these encoders are all based on supervised learning, which means that manual labelling is essential for the dataset such as the ImageNet dataset [42]. Specifically, a labeled dataset is normally divided into training and test dataset (may also include a validation dataset), and our goal is to achieve good performance on the test dataset after training a neural network with the training dataset, and the pre-trained model can be further used for classifying new images that are from the same data distribution space.
Classification can also be treated as a fundamental problem in machine learning, the successes of these encoders on image classification also help establish the foundation for many other applications. Specifically, we can utilize an encoder to extract high-level representation from the low-level input image, and the obtained representation can be further used for many other applications.
In addition to image classification, object detection is also very important in computer vision. Image classification gives us the answer to what a given image is, and object detection is about telling us the specific positions of objects in an image. Specifically, the goal is to train an encoder to output a suitable bounding box and associated class probabilities for each object in a given image. Two typical methods are widely used in the current computer vision, including YOLO [43] and SSD [44]. The core idea of YOLO is that object detection is treated as an regression problem, which means that each image is divided into multiple grids and each grid cell outputs a pre-defined number of bounding boxes, the corresponding confidence for each box and class probabilities [43]. Since the first version of YOLO was proposed, the updated versions have also been proposed. SSD is a more simple method, which utilizes a set of default boxes with different aspect ratios, and each box outputs the shape offsets and the class confidences [44].
The multiple levels of representations learned in the multiple layers of CNNs can also be used for solving the task of human-body pose estimation. Specifically, there are mainly two types of approaches, including regression of body joint coordinates and heat-map for each body part. In 2014, a framework called DeepPose [45] was introduced to learn pose estimation by a deep CNN, in which estimating human-body pose is equivalent to regressing the body joint coordinates. There are also some extension works based on this method, such as a process called iterative error feedback [46], which encompasses both the input and output spaces of CNN for enhancing the performance. In 2014, Tompson et al. [47] propose a hybrid architecture which consists of a CNN and a Markov Random Field, in particular the output of the CNN for an input image is a heat-map. Some recent works based on the heat-map method such as [48], in which a multi-context attention mechanism was proposed to incorporate with CNNs.
The operation of image restoration is to recover a damaged or corrupt image for the clean image such as image denoising and super-resolution. Therefore, a natural way to implement this idea is to utilize a pre-trained encoder-decoder network, where the encoder can map a noise image into a high-level representation, and the decoder can transform the representation into an original image. For example, Mao et al. [49] apply a deep convolutional encoder-decoder network for image restoration, in particular the shortcut connection method is adopted between the encoder and decoder, which has been demonstrated in Section 3.2. And the transposed convolution is used for constructing the decoder network, as mentioned in Section 2.2. Similar work in [50] has also been introduced for image restoration, in which a residual method is used in the network (i.e., in Section 3.2).
The task of image segmentation is to map an input image into a segmented output image. The encoder-decoder networks have been developed dramatically in recent years and achieve a significant impact on computer vision. Specifically, there are mainly two types of tasks including semantic segmentation and instance segmentation. In 2015, Long et al. [20] firstly showed that an end-to-end fully CNN can achieve state-of-art in image segmentation tasks. Similar work has also been introduced in [6] in 2015, in which a U-Net architecture is proposed for medical image segmentation, and the main advance in this architecture is that the shortcut connection method is also used between the encoder and decoder network. Since then, a series of papers based on these two methods have been published. In particular nowadays the U-Net based architectures are widely used for the medical image diagnosis.
One of the exciting applications achieved by CNNs is image captioning, which is to describe the content of an input image with natural language. The basic idea is as follows: Firstly, a pre-trained CNN encoder is used to extract some high-level features from an input image. Secondly, these features are typically fed into an recurrent neural network for generating a sentence. For example, Li et al. [51] proposed a fully convolutional localization network for extracting representation from images and the decoder for generating captions is LSTM. Recently, attention mechanism has been widely used for sequence processing and achieved significant improvements such as machine translation, Huang et al. [52] introduce an encoder-decoder framework, where an attention module is used in the encoder and decoder respectively. Specifically, the encoder is a CNN based network.
Note that speech signals exhibit spectral variations and correlations, CNNs are very suitable to reduce them. Therefore, CNNs can also be utilized for the task of speech processing, such as speech recognition. Sainath1 et al. [53] applied deep CNNs for large vocabulary speech tasks. In [54, 55, 56], the CNNs are used for speech recognition. And the fundamental methods are very similar, both of them use the CNNs to extract features from the raw input, and then these features are fed into an decoder for the specific learning tasks.
The most typical application of GANs is to generate fake examples. Recall that there normally are two dependent networks in GANs, including
Generating fake samples can be regarded as data augmentation, which means that these fake data can be further used to train models. Note that deep learning is also well known as a data-driven approach. In particular most of the advances that deep neural networks achieved are based on supervised learning. Specifically, the current successful neural network models usually consist of millions of parameters. And annotated data is essential to optimize these parameters for guaranteeing the model accuracy when conducting supervised learning. However, manually labeling data is time-consuming and expensive, especially in some specific domains such as medicine. Even more severe is that it can be hard to collect enough data due to the privacy concerns. There are numerous works to utilize GANs for enhancing model performance. E.g., in [57], a semi-supervised framework based on GANs is applied to semantic segmentation in order to address the lack of annotations. [58] is a work of utilizing synthetic medical images for enhancing the performance of liver lesion classification.
Despite the successes of GANs, generating high-resolution, diverse samples is still a challenging task. In [35], they introduce the progressive GANs which can generate high-resolution human faces. Another impressive work to generate realistic photographs is BigGANs [36].
Another interesting application derived from GANs is image translation. While there are many specific applications, we summarize them into three categories, including translation of image to image, translation of text to image and translation of image to super-resolution.
Image editing is regarded as a fundamental problem in computer vision. The emergence of GANs has also brought new chances for this task. In the past few years, GANs have been developed for image editing, such as image inpainting and image matting.
In this research, we have conducted a hierarchically-structured survey of the main components in CNNs from the low level to the high level, namely, convolution operations, convolutional layers, architecture design, loss functions. In addition to introducing the recent advances of these aspects in CNNs, we have also discussed the advanced applications based on the three types of architectures including encoder, encoder-decoder and GANs, from which we can see that CNNs have made numerous breakthroughs and achieved state-of-the-art in computer vision, natural language processing and speech recognition, especially these fantastic results based on GANs.
From the above analyses, we can summarize that the current development tendencies in CNNs mainly focus on designing new architectures and loss functions. Because these two aspects are the core parts when applying CNNs into various types of tasks. On the other hand, the fundamental ideas behind these various applications are very similar, as summarized above.
However, there are still many disadvantages in the current deep learning. The first problem is the requirement of large-scale datasets, in particular constructing a labeled dataset is very time-consuming and expensive such as in the medical domain. Therefore, we need to pay much more attention to semi-supervised learning and unsupervised learning. The second disadvantage is the high computational cost related to training deep CNNs, as the current standard CNN structures become deeper and deeper and they usually consists of millions of parameters. The third issue is that applying CNNs into tasks is not an easy job and it usually requires professional skills and experiences, because training a network involves a lot of hyper-parameters to tune, such as the number of kernels in each layer, the size of kernels, the total number of layers, learning rate etc.
Future work should focus on deep learning theory as the solid theory for supporting the current neural models is lacking. Unlike other machine learning algorithms such as support vector machines that have obvious mathematical logic, it is usually very hard to totally understand why a deep network can achieve such an excellent performance on a task. Therefore, based on the current developments of deep learning, we give three trends on which we need to work in the future: Neural Topologies such as the graph neural networks, Uncertainty Estimation such as Bayesian neural networks and Privacy Preservation.
This work is supported by China Scholarship Council and Data61 from CSIRO, Australia.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
The Internet has irrevocably changed the dynamics of scholarly communication and publishing. Consequently, we find it necessary to indicate, unambiguously, our definition of what we consider to be a published scientific work.
",metaTitle:"Prior Publication Policy",metaDescription:"Prior Publication Policy",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/prior-publication-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"A significant number of working papers, early drafts, and similar work in progress are openly shared online between members of the scientific community. It has become common to announce one’s own research on a personal website or a blog to gather comments and suggestions from other researchers. Such works and online postings are, indeed, published in the sense that they are made publicly available. However, this does not mean that if submitted for publication by IntechOpen they are not original works. We differentiate between reviewed and non-reviewed works when determining whether a work is original and has been published in a scholarly sense or not.
\\n\\nThe significance of Peer Review cannot be overstated when it comes to defining, in our terms, what constitutes a published scientific work. Peer Review is widely considered to be the cornerstone of modern publishing processes and the key value-adding contribution to a scholarly manuscript that a publisher can make.
\\n\\nOther than the issue of originality, research misconduct is another major issue that all publishers have to address. IntechOpen’s Retraction & Correction Policy and various publication ethics guidelines identify both redundant publication and (self)plagiarism to fall within the definition of research misconduct, thus constituting grounds for rejection or the issue of a Retraction if the work has already been published.
\\n\\nIn order to facilitate the tracking of a manuscript’s publishing history and its development from its earliest draft to the manuscript submitted, we encourage Authors to disclose any instances of a manuscript’s prior publication, whether it be through a conference presentation, a newspaper article, a working paper publicly available in a repository or a blog post.
\\n\\nA note to the Academic Editor containing detailed information about a submitted manuscript’s previous public availability is the preferred means of reporting prior publication. This helps us determine if there are any earlier versions of a manuscript that should be disclosed to our readers or if any of those earlier versions should be cited and listed in a manuscript’s references.
\\n\\nSome basic information about the editorial treatment of different varieties of prior publication is laid out below:
\\n\\n1. CONFERENCE PAPERS & PRESENTATIONS
\\n\\nGiven that conference papers and presentations generally pass through some sort of peer or editorial review, we consider them to be published in the accepted scholarly sense, particularly if they are published as a part of conference proceedings.
\\n\\nAll submitted manuscripts originating from a previously published conference paper must contain at least 50% of new original content to be accepted for review and considered for publication.
\\n\\nAuthors are required to report any links their manuscript might have with their earlier conference papers and presentations in a note to the Academic Editor, as well as in the manuscript itself. Additionally, Authors should obtain any necessary permissions from the publisher of their conference paper if copyright transfer occurred during the publishing process. Failure to do so may prevent Us from publishing an otherwise worthy work.
\\n\\n2. NEWSPAPER & MAGAZINE ARTICLES
\\n\\nNewspaper and magazine articles usually do not pass through any extensive peer or editorial review and we do not consider them to be published in the scholarly sense. Articles appearing in newspapers and magazines rarely possess the depth and structure characteristic of scholarly articles.
\\n\\nSubmitted manuscripts stemming from a previous newspaper or magazine article will be accepted for review and considered for publication. However, Authors are strongly advised to report any such publication in an accompanying note to the External Editor.
\\n\\nAs with the conference papers and presentations, Authors should obtain any necessary permissions from the newspaper or magazine that published the work, and indicate that they have done so in a note to the External Editor.
\\n\\n3. GREY LITERATURE
\\n\\nWhite papers, working papers, technical reports and all other forms of papers which fall within the scope of the ‘Luxembourg definition’ of grey literature do not pass through any extensive peer or editorial review and we do not consider them to be published in the scholarly sense.
\\n\\nAlthough such papers are regularly made publicly available via personal websites and institutional repositories, their general purpose is to gather comments and feedback from Authors’ colleagues in order to further improve a manuscript intended for future publication.
\\n\\nWhen submitting their work, Authors are required to disclose the existence of any publicly available earlier drafts in a note to the Academic Editor. In cases where earlier drafts of the submitted version of the manuscript are publicly available, any overlap between the versions will generally not be considered an instance of self-plagiarism.
\\n\\n4. SOCIAL MEDIA, BLOG & MESSAGE BOARD POSTINGS
\\n\\nWe feel that social media, blogs and message boards are generally used with the same intention as grey literature, to formulate ideas for a manuscript and gather early feedback from like-minded researchers in order to improve a particular piece of work before submitting it for publication. Therefore, we do not consider such internet postings to be publication in the scholarly sense.
\\n\\nNevertheless, Authors are encouraged to disclose the existence of any internet postings in which they outline and describe their research or posted passages of their manuscripts in a note to the Academic Editor. Please note that we will not strictly enforce this request in the same way that we would instructions we consider to be part of our conditions of acceptance for publication. We understand that it may be difficult to keep track of all one’s internet postings in which the researcher´s current work might be mentioned.
\\n\\nIn cases where there is any overlap between the Author´s submitted manuscript and related internet postings, we will generally not consider it to be an instance of self-plagiarism. This also holds true for any co-Author as well.
\\n\\nFor more information on this policy please contact permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2017-03-20
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'A significant number of working papers, early drafts, and similar work in progress are openly shared online between members of the scientific community. It has become common to announce one’s own research on a personal website or a blog to gather comments and suggestions from other researchers. Such works and online postings are, indeed, published in the sense that they are made publicly available. However, this does not mean that if submitted for publication by IntechOpen they are not original works. We differentiate between reviewed and non-reviewed works when determining whether a work is original and has been published in a scholarly sense or not.
\n\nThe significance of Peer Review cannot be overstated when it comes to defining, in our terms, what constitutes a published scientific work. Peer Review is widely considered to be the cornerstone of modern publishing processes and the key value-adding contribution to a scholarly manuscript that a publisher can make.
\n\nOther than the issue of originality, research misconduct is another major issue that all publishers have to address. IntechOpen’s Retraction & Correction Policy and various publication ethics guidelines identify both redundant publication and (self)plagiarism to fall within the definition of research misconduct, thus constituting grounds for rejection or the issue of a Retraction if the work has already been published.
\n\nIn order to facilitate the tracking of a manuscript’s publishing history and its development from its earliest draft to the manuscript submitted, we encourage Authors to disclose any instances of a manuscript’s prior publication, whether it be through a conference presentation, a newspaper article, a working paper publicly available in a repository or a blog post.
\n\nA note to the Academic Editor containing detailed information about a submitted manuscript’s previous public availability is the preferred means of reporting prior publication. This helps us determine if there are any earlier versions of a manuscript that should be disclosed to our readers or if any of those earlier versions should be cited and listed in a manuscript’s references.
\n\nSome basic information about the editorial treatment of different varieties of prior publication is laid out below:
\n\n1. CONFERENCE PAPERS & PRESENTATIONS
\n\nGiven that conference papers and presentations generally pass through some sort of peer or editorial review, we consider them to be published in the accepted scholarly sense, particularly if they are published as a part of conference proceedings.
\n\nAll submitted manuscripts originating from a previously published conference paper must contain at least 50% of new original content to be accepted for review and considered for publication.
\n\nAuthors are required to report any links their manuscript might have with their earlier conference papers and presentations in a note to the Academic Editor, as well as in the manuscript itself. Additionally, Authors should obtain any necessary permissions from the publisher of their conference paper if copyright transfer occurred during the publishing process. Failure to do so may prevent Us from publishing an otherwise worthy work.
\n\n2. NEWSPAPER & MAGAZINE ARTICLES
\n\nNewspaper and magazine articles usually do not pass through any extensive peer or editorial review and we do not consider them to be published in the scholarly sense. Articles appearing in newspapers and magazines rarely possess the depth and structure characteristic of scholarly articles.
\n\nSubmitted manuscripts stemming from a previous newspaper or magazine article will be accepted for review and considered for publication. However, Authors are strongly advised to report any such publication in an accompanying note to the External Editor.
\n\nAs with the conference papers and presentations, Authors should obtain any necessary permissions from the newspaper or magazine that published the work, and indicate that they have done so in a note to the External Editor.
\n\n3. GREY LITERATURE
\n\nWhite papers, working papers, technical reports and all other forms of papers which fall within the scope of the ‘Luxembourg definition’ of grey literature do not pass through any extensive peer or editorial review and we do not consider them to be published in the scholarly sense.
\n\nAlthough such papers are regularly made publicly available via personal websites and institutional repositories, their general purpose is to gather comments and feedback from Authors’ colleagues in order to further improve a manuscript intended for future publication.
\n\nWhen submitting their work, Authors are required to disclose the existence of any publicly available earlier drafts in a note to the Academic Editor. In cases where earlier drafts of the submitted version of the manuscript are publicly available, any overlap between the versions will generally not be considered an instance of self-plagiarism.
\n\n4. SOCIAL MEDIA, BLOG & MESSAGE BOARD POSTINGS
\n\nWe feel that social media, blogs and message boards are generally used with the same intention as grey literature, to formulate ideas for a manuscript and gather early feedback from like-minded researchers in order to improve a particular piece of work before submitting it for publication. Therefore, we do not consider such internet postings to be publication in the scholarly sense.
\n\nNevertheless, Authors are encouraged to disclose the existence of any internet postings in which they outline and describe their research or posted passages of their manuscripts in a note to the Academic Editor. Please note that we will not strictly enforce this request in the same way that we would instructions we consider to be part of our conditions of acceptance for publication. We understand that it may be difficult to keep track of all one’s internet postings in which the researcher´s current work might be mentioned.
\n\nIn cases where there is any overlap between the Author´s submitted manuscript and related internet postings, we will generally not consider it to be an instance of self-plagiarism. This also holds true for any co-Author as well.
\n\nFor more information on this policy please contact permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2017-03-20
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6598},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5903},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2400},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12538},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1006},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17561}],offset:12,limit:12,total:132762},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"-dateEndThirdStepPublish",src:"N-T-0-T1"},books:[{type:"book",id:"9985",title:"Geostatistics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"423cb3896195a618c4acb493ce4fd23d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Jeffrey M. Yarus, Dr. Marko Maucec, Dr. Timothy C. Coburn and Associate Prof. Michael Pyrcz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9985.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"78011",title:"Prof.",name:"Jeffrey M.",surname:"Yarus",slug:"jeffrey-m.-yarus",fullName:"Jeffrey M. Yarus"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12050",title:"Advanced Biodiesel - Technological Advances, Challenges, and Sustainability Considerations",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"bb86ab5c5ca0dab95f01941eb350f920",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. IMR Fattah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12050.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"463663",title:"Dr.",name:"IMR",surname:"Fattah",slug:"imr-fattah",fullName:"IMR Fattah"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12059",title:"Hydraulic Structures - Impact on River Flow and Sediment Transport-Dimensioning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8e41aab8223c29ce69c00e8c8f6f560d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Vlassios Hrissanthou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12059.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"37707",title:"Prof.",name:"Vlassios",surname:"Hrissanthou",slug:"vlassios-hrissanthou",fullName:"Vlassios Hrissanthou"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11513",title:"Gas Sensors",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8eeb7ab232fa8d5c723b61e0da251857",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Soumen Dhara and Dr. Gorachand Dutta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11513.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"196334",title:"Dr.",name:"Soumen",surname:"Dhara",slug:"soumen-dhara",fullName:"Soumen Dhara"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12061",title:"Masonry for Sustainable Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"85ef86d046d15e7d4b1988f1ec5dd750",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Amjad Almusaed and Prof. Asaad Almssad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12061.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"446856",title:"Prof.",name:"Amjad",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11817",title:"Next Generation Fiber-Reinforced Composites - New Insights",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"bdff63f3c5e98fc95d76217516cb1420",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Longbiao Li",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11817.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"260011",title:"Dr.",name:"Longbiao",surname:"Li",slug:"longbiao-li",fullName:"Longbiao Li"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12078",title:"Schiff Base in Organic, Inorganic and Physical Chemistry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"ce51efbe2cae97ca3199350ef6c498ec",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Takashiro Akitsu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12078.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"147861",title:"Dr.",name:"Takashiro",surname:"Akitsu",slug:"takashiro-akitsu",fullName:"Takashiro Akitsu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11556",title:"Numerical Simulation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0a68fbeb303684344bda285aa06769af",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ali Soofastaei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11556.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"257455",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",surname:"Soofastaei",slug:"ali-soofastaei",fullName:"Ali Soofastaei"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12107",title:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety - Volume 2",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3fe674b93710773f0db746ca96d6e048",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Philip Salen and Dr. Stanislaw P. Stawicki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12107.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"217603",title:"Dr.",name:"Philip",surname:"Salen",slug:"philip-salen",fullName:"Philip Salen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11784",title:"Bryophytes - The State of Knowledge in a World Under Climate Change",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"80743b2add35e11b09c10e6895a45831",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Jair Putzke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11784.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"324930",title:"Prof.",name:"Jair",surname:"Putzke",slug:"jair-putzke",fullName:"Jair Putzke"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11903",title:"Covalent Organic Frameworks",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8125f3f415f5d2fa9583abde0143602d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Yanan Gao and Dr. Fei Lu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11903.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"171387",title:"Prof.",name:"Yanan",surname:"Gao",slug:"yanan-gao",fullName:"Yanan Gao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11992",title:"New Advances in Carbon Fibers",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f4c2d09100983c6404dba2981b93b0cb",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Guanming Yuan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11992.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"308403",title:"Prof.",name:"Guanming",surname:"Yuan",slug:"guanming-yuan",fullName:"Guanming Yuan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:43},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:23},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:21},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:62},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:29},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:123},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:12},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:12,limit:12,total:423},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11001",title:"Density Functional Theory",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"82d53383af78ab41eb982086c02fb2bb",slug:"density-functional-theory-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11001.jpg",editors:[{id:"198499",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Glossman-Mitnik",slug:"daniel-glossman-mitnik",fullName:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10356",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"943e56ccaaf19ff696d25aa638ae37d6",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11752",title:"Natural Drugs from Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a0a83c0822608ef7592bf16a5ed0ada4",slug:"natural-drugs-from-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11752.jpg",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10853",title:"Recent Advances in Polynomials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e8671bae09ccaa8b8e276c639a737fc",slug:"recent-advances-in-polynomials",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10853.jpg",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10676",title:"Recent Applications in Graph Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900c60742d224080732bd16bd25ccba8",slug:"recent-applications-in-graph-theory",bookSignature:"Harun Pirim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10676.jpg",editors:[{id:"146092",title:"Dr.",name:"Harun",middleName:null,surname:"Pirim",slug:"harun-pirim",fullName:"Harun Pirim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10903",title:"Genetically Modified Plants and Beyond",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d7ed4faab99c92cd4d676dc86501df9",slug:"genetically-modified-plants-and-beyond",bookSignature:"Idah Sithole Niang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10903.jpg",editors:[{id:"90172",title:"Prof.",name:"Idah",middleName:null,surname:"Sithole-Niang",slug:"idah-sithole-niang",fullName:"Idah Sithole-Niang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10904",title:"Fusarium",subtitle:"An Overview of the Genus",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49d9063e43f94bd1517d65fbc58b93c3",slug:"fusarium-an-overview-of-the-genus",bookSignature:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10904.jpg",editors:[{id:"100573",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Mahyar",middleName:null,surname:"Mirmajlessi",slug:"seyed-mahyar-mirmajlessi",fullName:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10871",title:"Computed-Tomography (CT) Scan",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"966d8cf74fa27eea1b9cbc9a6ee94993",slug:"computed-tomography-ct-scan",bookSignature:"Reda R. Gharieb",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10871.jpg",editors:[{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",slug:"reda-r.-gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11196",title:"New Updates in E-Learning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6afaadf68e2a0a4b370ac5ceb5ca89c6",slug:"new-updates-in-e-learning",bookSignature:"Eduard Babulak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11196.jpg",editors:[{id:"10086",title:"Prof.",name:"Eduard",middleName:null,surname:"Babulak",slug:"eduard-babulak",fullName:"Eduard Babulak"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4387},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3340,editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11001",title:"Density Functional Theory",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"82d53383af78ab41eb982086c02fb2bb",slug:"density-functional-theory-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11001.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1845,editors:[{id:"198499",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Glossman-Mitnik",slug:"daniel-glossman-mitnik",fullName:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1096,editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:995,editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10356",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"943e56ccaaf19ff696d25aa638ae37d6",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3791,editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11752",title:"Natural Drugs from Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a0a83c0822608ef7592bf16a5ed0ada4",slug:"natural-drugs-from-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11752.jpg",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2982,editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10853",title:"Recent Advances in Polynomials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e8671bae09ccaa8b8e276c639a737fc",slug:"recent-advances-in-polynomials",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10853.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:559,editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10676",title:"Recent Applications in Graph Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900c60742d224080732bd16bd25ccba8",slug:"recent-applications-in-graph-theory",bookSignature:"Harun Pirim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10676.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:546,editors:[{id:"146092",title:"Dr.",name:"Harun",middleName:null,surname:"Pirim",slug:"harun-pirim",fullName:"Harun Pirim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10903",title:"Genetically Modified Plants and Beyond",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d7ed4faab99c92cd4d676dc86501df9",slug:"genetically-modified-plants-and-beyond",bookSignature:"Idah Sithole Niang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10903.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:539,editors:[{id:"90172",title:"Prof.",name:"Idah",middleName:null,surname:"Sithole-Niang",slug:"idah-sithole-niang",fullName:"Idah Sithole-Niang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10904",title:"Fusarium",subtitle:"An Overview of the Genus",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49d9063e43f94bd1517d65fbc58b93c3",slug:"fusarium-an-overview-of-the-genus",bookSignature:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10904.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:535,editors:[{id:"100573",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Mahyar",middleName:null,surname:"Mirmajlessi",slug:"seyed-mahyar-mirmajlessi",fullName:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10853",title:"Recent Advances in Polynomials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e8671bae09ccaa8b8e276c639a737fc",slug:"recent-advances-in-polynomials",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10853.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10871",title:"Computed-Tomography (CT) Scan",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"966d8cf74fa27eea1b9cbc9a6ee94993",slug:"computed-tomography-ct-scan",bookSignature:"Reda R. Gharieb",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10871.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",slug:"reda-r.-gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10903",title:"Genetically Modified Plants and Beyond",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d7ed4faab99c92cd4d676dc86501df9",slug:"genetically-modified-plants-and-beyond",bookSignature:"Idah Sithole Niang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10903.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"90172",title:"Prof.",name:"Idah",middleName:null,surname:"Sithole-Niang",slug:"idah-sithole-niang",fullName:"Idah Sithole-Niang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10904",title:"Fusarium",subtitle:"An Overview of the Genus",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49d9063e43f94bd1517d65fbc58b93c3",slug:"fusarium-an-overview-of-the-genus",bookSignature:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10904.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"100573",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Mahyar",middleName:null,surname:"Mirmajlessi",slug:"seyed-mahyar-mirmajlessi",fullName:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10654",title:"Brain-Computer Interface",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a5308884068cc53ed31c6baba756857f",slug:"brain-computer-interface",bookSignature:"Vahid Asadpour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10654.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10676",title:"Recent Applications in Graph Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900c60742d224080732bd16bd25ccba8",slug:"recent-applications-in-graph-theory",bookSignature:"Harun Pirim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10676.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"146092",title:"Dr.",name:"Harun",middleName:null,surname:"Pirim",slug:"harun-pirim",fullName:"Harun Pirim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11196",title:"New Updates in E-Learning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6afaadf68e2a0a4b370ac5ceb5ca89c6",slug:"new-updates-in-e-learning",bookSignature:"Eduard Babulak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11196.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"10086",title:"Prof.",name:"Eduard",middleName:null,surname:"Babulak",slug:"eduard-babulak",fullName:"Eduard Babulak"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"184",title:"Immunology, Allergology and Rheumatology",slug:"immunology-allergology-and-rheumatology",parent:{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"},numberOfBooks:78,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:2141,numberOfWosCitations:1043,numberOfCrossrefCitations:597,numberOfDimensionsCitations:1589,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"184",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10426",title:"Inflammation in the 21st Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"73637d19c1b71e285a3483d6df1c2e0f",slug:"inflammation-in-the-21st-century",bookSignature:"Vijay Kumar, Alexandro Aguilera Salgado and Seyyed Shamsadin Athari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10426.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63844",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",slug:"vijay-kumar",fullName:"Vijay Kumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11031",title:"Rheumatoid Arthritis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b27b90045995c761c0d2f975e895c5d4",slug:"rheumatoid-arthritis",bookSignature:"Hechmi Toumi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11031.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196403",title:"Prof.",name:"Hechmi",middleName:null,surname:"Toumi",slug:"hechmi-toumi",fullName:"Hechmi Toumi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10312",title:"Graves' Disease",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c5b62e83b942e3b6efb47e69ac55f386",slug:"graves-disease",bookSignature:"Robert Gensure",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10312.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16515",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Gensure",slug:"robert-gensure",fullName:"Robert Gensure"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9848",title:"Antimicrobial Immune Response",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"81f326b26578dca756e003ba6980add0",slug:"antimicrobial-immune-response",bookSignature:"Maria del Mar Ortega-Villaizan and Veronica Chico",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9848.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"254101",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Del Mar",middleName:null,surname:"Ortega-Villaizan",slug:"maria-del-mar-ortega-villaizan",fullName:"Maria Del Mar Ortega-Villaizan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9104",title:"Lupus",subtitle:"Need to Know",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3bf7e412a25b5e723ece6658aaf36917",slug:"lupus-need-to-know",bookSignature:"Reem Hamdy A. Mohammed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9104.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36290",title:"Prof.",name:"Reem Hamdy A.",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammed",slug:"reem-hamdy-a.-mohammed",fullName:"Reem Hamdy A. Mohammed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8959",title:"Innate Immunity in Health and Disease",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cea4f56328f9d1ee0c6f1486a12afa23",slug:"innate-immunity-in-health-and-disease",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena and Hridayesh Prakash",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8959.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"287184",title:"Dr.",name:"Hridayesh",middleName:null,surname:"Prakash",slug:"hridayesh-prakash",fullName:"Hridayesh Prakash",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/287184/images/system/287184.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hridayesh Prakash is a fellow of the Royal Society of Biology, London. Currently, he is an associate professor at the Institute of Virology and Immunology, Amity University, NOIDA. He has expertise in innate immunity with a special interest in macrophage immunobiology, tumor immunology/immunotherapy, cell-based immunotherapies, pulmonary infection biology, and radiation biology. \n\nDr. Prakash conducts research to exploit various immunotherapeutics for managing persistent bacterial and viral Infections and gastric cancer. He is unraveling the therapeutic potential of M1 effector macrophages against solid tumors. He is also studying various mechanisms that certain pathogens like Helicobacter pylori, Chlamydia, and Mycobacteria are exploiting for polarizing M1 effector macrophages towards the M2 phenotype during chronic and persistent infections. Under this major objective, he is now validating the therapeutic impact of M1 effector macrophages for the control of persistent infection-driven cancer (adenocarcinoma) progression. \n\nDr. Prakash is also exploring the palliative potential of macrophages against autoimmunity and chronic inflammatory disorders like IBD, radio-pneumonitis, pulmonary fibrosis, and radiation syndrome.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10585",title:"Interleukins",subtitle:"The Immune and Non-Immune Systems’ Related Cytokines",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6d4ebb087fdb199287bc765704246b60",slug:"interleukins-the-immune-and-non-immune-systems-related-cytokines",bookSignature:"Payam Behzadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10585.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"45803",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Payam",middleName:null,surname:"Behzadi",slug:"payam-behzadi",fullName:"Payam Behzadi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8564",title:"Cell Interaction",subtitle:"Molecular and Immunological Basis for Disease Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98d7f080d80524285f091e72a8e92a6d",slug:"cell-interaction-molecular-and-immunological-basis-for-disease-management",bookSignature:"Bhawana Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8564.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"315192",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhawana",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"bhawana-singh",fullName:"Bhawana Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9607",title:"Immunosuppression",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e4a6d6f6a85696f31c1afb3edba3306",slug:"immunosuppression",bookSignature:"Xuehui He",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9607.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"284559",title:"Dr.",name:"Xuehui",middleName:null,surname:"He",slug:"xuehui-he",fullName:"Xuehui He"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8860",title:"Rheumatoid Arthritis",subtitle:"Other Perspectives towards a Better Practice",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c54266db62a1e6965367d1de6481f8cf",slug:"rheumatoid-arthritis-other-perspectives-towards-a-better-practice",bookSignature:"Reem Hamdy A. Mohammed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8860.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36290",title:"Prof.",name:"Reem Hamdy A.",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammed",slug:"reem-hamdy-a.-mohammed",fullName:"Reem Hamdy A. Mohammed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7539",title:"Connective Tissue Disease",subtitle:"Current State of the Art",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"392aff20e98be42f46dd35a6bf02e392",slug:"connective-tissue-disease-current-state-of-the-art",bookSignature:"Akira Takeda",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7539.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"202405",title:"Dr.",name:"Akira",middleName:null,surname:"Takeda",slug:"akira-takeda",fullName:"Akira Takeda"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7853",title:"Cytokines",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8f4e8633673d74a52a8394aa6c7b68f2",slug:"cytokines",bookSignature:"Payam Behzadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7853.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"45803",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Payam",middleName:null,surname:"Behzadi",slug:"payam-behzadi",fullName:"Payam Behzadi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:78,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"21681",doi:"10.5772/20747",title:"Inflammatory Response and Acute Phase Proteins in the Transition Period of High-Yielding Dairy Cows",slug:"inflammatory-response-and-acute-phase-proteins-in-the-transition-period-of-high-yielding-dairy-cows",totalDownloads:3137,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:39,abstract:null,book:{id:"534",slug:"acute-phase-proteins-as-early-non-specific-biomarkers-of-human-and-veterinary-diseases",title:"Acute Phase Proteins as Early Non-Specific Biomarkers of Human and Veterinary Diseases",fullTitle:"Acute Phase Proteins as Early Non-Specific Biomarkers of Human and Veterinary Diseases"},signatures:"Erminio Trevisi, Massimo Amadori, Ivonne Archetti, Nicola Lacetera and Giuseppe Bertoni",authors:[{id:"40371",title:"Dr.",name:"Massimo",middleName:null,surname:"Amadori",slug:"massimo-amadori",fullName:"Massimo Amadori"},{id:"47776",title:"Prof.",name:"Erminio",middleName:null,surname:"Trevisi",slug:"erminio-trevisi",fullName:"Erminio Trevisi"},{id:"47777",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivonne",middleName:null,surname:"Archetti",slug:"ivonne-archetti",fullName:"Ivonne Archetti"},{id:"47778",title:"Prof.",name:"Nicola",middleName:null,surname:"Lacetera",slug:"nicola-lacetera",fullName:"Nicola Lacetera"},{id:"47779",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Bertoni",slug:"giuseppe-bertoni",fullName:"Giuseppe Bertoni"}]},{id:"54555",doi:"10.5772/67790",title:"Catalytic Antibodies in Norm and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus",slug:"catalytic-antibodies-in-norm-and-systemic-lupus-erythematosus",totalDownloads:1420,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:29,abstract:"Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is known as a systemic polyethiologic diffuse autoimmune disease characterized by connective tissue disorganization and the paramount damage of skin and visceral capillaries. Usually, SLE symptoms include high fever, hair loss, mouth ulcers, chest pain, swollen lymph nodes, painful and swollen joints, increased fatigue, and appearance of red rash more often on the face. The exact reason of SLE appearance is not really clear. Detection of catalytic Abs (abzymes) was shown to be the earliest indicator of different AI disease development. Some abzymes are cytotoxic and can play a dangerous negative role in the pathogenesis of AI diseases. SLE is characterized by the appearance of abzymes with several different catalytic functions including hydrolysis of peptides and proteins, DNA, RNA, and oligosaccharides. In addition, monoclonal SLE abzymes are characterized by extraordinary diversity in the affinity to the substrates, physicochemical and catalytic characteristics, optimal conditions of catalysis, cytotoxicity, etc. Production of abzymes in SLE mice is associated with changes in the differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells of bone marrow, increase in lymphocyte proliferation, and significant suppression of cell apoptosis in different organs. In this chapter, abzymes with different catalytic activities in SLE are described.",book:{id:"5875",slug:"lupus",title:"Lupus",fullTitle:"Lupus"},signatures:"Georgy A. Nevinsky",authors:[{id:"47119",title:"Dr.",name:"Georgy",middleName:null,surname:"Nevinsky",slug:"georgy-nevinsky",fullName:"Georgy Nevinsky"}]},{id:"41491",doi:"10.5772/54703",title:"Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants in the Risk of Osteoporosis — Role of the Antioxidants Lycopene and Polyphenols",slug:"oxidative-stress-and-antioxidants-in-the-risk-of-osteoporosis-role-of-the-antioxidants-lycopene-and-",totalDownloads:3588,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:27,abstract:null,book:{id:"3516",slug:"topics-in-osteoporosis",title:"Topics in Osteoporosis",fullTitle:"Topics in Osteoporosis"},signatures:"L.G. Rao and A.V. Rao",authors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",middleName:null,surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"},{id:"163766",title:"Dr.",name:"Leticia",middleName:null,surname:"Rao",slug:"leticia-rao",fullName:"Leticia Rao"}]},{id:"41756",doi:"10.5772/55642",title:"Andrographolide a New Potential Drug for the Long Term Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis Disease",slug:"andrographolide-a-new-potential-drug-for-the-long-term-treatment-of-rheumatoid-arthritis-disease",totalDownloads:6054,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:23,abstract:null,book:{id:"3397",slug:"innovative-rheumatology",title:"Innovative Rheumatology",fullTitle:"Innovative Rheumatology"},signatures:"María A. Hidalgo, Juan L. Hancke, Juan C. Bertoglio and Rafael A. Burgos",authors:[{id:"159637",title:"Dr.",name:"Rafael",middleName:null,surname:"Burgos",slug:"rafael-burgos",fullName:"Rafael Burgos"},{id:"161003",title:"Dr.",name:"María A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hidalgo",slug:"maria-a.-hidalgo",fullName:"María A. Hidalgo"},{id:"161004",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan L.",middleName:null,surname:"Hancke",slug:"juan-l.-hancke",fullName:"Juan L. Hancke"},{id:"166639",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan C.",middleName:null,surname:"Bertoglio",slug:"juan-c.-bertoglio",fullName:"Juan C. Bertoglio"}]},{id:"21456",doi:"10.5772/18241",title:"Haptoglobin and Hemopexin in Heme Detoxification and Iron Recycling",slug:"haptoglobin-and-hemopexin-in-heme-detoxification-and-iron-recycling",totalDownloads:4103,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:20,abstract:null,book:{id:"234",slug:"acute-phase-proteins-regulation-and-functions-of-acute-phase-proteins",title:"Acute Phase Proteins",fullTitle:"Acute Phase Proteins - Regulation and Functions of Acute Phase Proteins"},signatures:"Deborah Chiabrando, Francesca Vinchi, Veronica Fiorito and Emanuela Tolosano",authors:[{id:"30837",title:"Prof.",name:"Emanuela",middleName:null,surname:"Tolosano",slug:"emanuela-tolosano",fullName:"Emanuela Tolosano"},{id:"48270",title:"Dr.",name:"Deborah",middleName:null,surname:"Chiabrando",slug:"deborah-chiabrando",fullName:"Deborah Chiabrando"},{id:"48271",title:"Dr.",name:"Francesca",middleName:null,surname:"Vinchi",slug:"francesca-vinchi",fullName:"Francesca Vinchi"},{id:"48272",title:"Dr.",name:"Veronica",middleName:null,surname:"Fiorito",slug:"veronica-fiorito",fullName:"Veronica Fiorito"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"64747",title:"Bone Development and Growth",slug:"bone-development-and-growth",totalDownloads:5897,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:19,abstract:"The process of bone formation is called osteogenesis or ossification. After progenitor cells form osteoblastic lines, they proceed with three stages of development of cell differentiation, called proliferation, maturation of matrix, and mineralization. Based on its embryological origin, there are two types of ossification, called intramembranous ossification that occurs in mesenchymal cells that differentiate into osteoblast in the ossification center directly without prior cartilage formation and endochondral ossification in which bone tissue mineralization is formed through cartilage formation first. In intramembranous ossification, bone development occurs directly. In this process, mesenchymal cells proliferate into areas that have high vascularization in embryonic connective tissue in the formation of cell condensation or primary ossification centers. This cell will synthesize bone matrix in the periphery and the mesenchymal cells continue to differentiate into osteoblasts. After that, the bone will be reshaped and replaced by mature lamellar bone. Endochondral ossification will form the center of primary ossification, and the cartilage extends by proliferation of chondrocytes and deposition of cartilage matrix. After this formation, chondrocytes in the central region of the cartilage start to proceed with maturation into hypertrophic chondrocytes. After the primary ossification center is formed, the marrow cavity begins to expand toward the epiphysis. Then the subsequent stages of endochondral ossification will take place in several zones of the bone.",book:{id:"7156",slug:"osteogenesis-and-bone-regeneration",title:"Osteogenesis and Bone Regeneration",fullTitle:"Osteogenesis and Bone Regeneration"},signatures:"Rosy Setiawati and Paulus Rahardjo",authors:null},{id:"65210",title:"Introductory Chapter: Concept of Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)",slug:"introductory-chapter-concept-of-human-leukocyte-antigen-hla-",totalDownloads:2714,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"7140",slug:"human-leukocyte-antigen-hla-",title:"Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)",fullTitle:"Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)"},signatures:"Batool Mutar Mahdi",authors:[{id:"77656",title:"Dr.",name:"Batool Mutar",middleName:null,surname:"Mahdi",slug:"batool-mutar-mahdi",fullName:"Batool Mutar Mahdi"}]},{id:"21456",title:"Haptoglobin and Hemopexin in Heme Detoxification and Iron Recycling",slug:"haptoglobin-and-hemopexin-in-heme-detoxification-and-iron-recycling",totalDownloads:4106,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:20,abstract:null,book:{id:"234",slug:"acute-phase-proteins-regulation-and-functions-of-acute-phase-proteins",title:"Acute Phase Proteins",fullTitle:"Acute Phase Proteins - Regulation and Functions of Acute Phase Proteins"},signatures:"Deborah Chiabrando, Francesca Vinchi, Veronica Fiorito and Emanuela Tolosano",authors:[{id:"30837",title:"Prof.",name:"Emanuela",middleName:null,surname:"Tolosano",slug:"emanuela-tolosano",fullName:"Emanuela Tolosano"},{id:"48270",title:"Dr.",name:"Deborah",middleName:null,surname:"Chiabrando",slug:"deborah-chiabrando",fullName:"Deborah Chiabrando"},{id:"48271",title:"Dr.",name:"Francesca",middleName:null,surname:"Vinchi",slug:"francesca-vinchi",fullName:"Francesca Vinchi"},{id:"48272",title:"Dr.",name:"Veronica",middleName:null,surname:"Fiorito",slug:"veronica-fiorito",fullName:"Veronica Fiorito"}]},{id:"79657",title:"Introductory Chapter: The Journey of Inflammation and Inflammatory Disease Research - Past, Present, and Future",slug:"introductory-chapter-the-journey-of-inflammation-and-inflammatory-disease-research-past-present-and-",totalDownloads:102,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"10426",slug:"inflammation-in-the-21st-century",title:"Inflammation in the 21st Century",fullTitle:"Inflammation in the 21st Century"},signatures:"Vijay Kumar",authors:[{id:"63844",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",slug:"vijay-kumar",fullName:"Vijay Kumar"}]},{id:"48112",title:"Classifications and Definitions of Normal Joints",slug:"classifications-and-definitions-of-normal-joints",totalDownloads:2553,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"4520",slug:"osteoarthritis-progress-in-basic-research-and-treatment",title:"Osteoarthritis",fullTitle:"Osteoarthritis - Progress in Basic Research and Treatment"},signatures:"Xiaoming Zhang, Darryl Blalock and Jinxi Wang",authors:[{id:"70899",title:"Prof.",name:"Jinxi",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jinxi-wang",fullName:"Jinxi Wang"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"184",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",issn:null,scope:"\r\n\tThis series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in business and management, economics, and marketing. Topics will include asset liability management, financial consequences of the financial crisis and covid-19, financial accounting, mergers and acquisitions, management accounting, SMEs, financial markets, corporate finance and governance, managerial technology and innovation, resource management and sustainable development, social entrepreneurship, corporate responsibility, ethics and accountability, microeconomics, labour economics, macroeconomics, public economics, financial economics, econometrics, direct marketing, creative marketing, internet marketing, market planning and forecasting, brand management, market segmentation and targeting and other topics under business and management. This book series will focus on various aspects of business and management whose in-depth understanding is critical for business and company management to function effectively during this uncertain time of financial crisis, Covid-19 pandemic, and military activity in Europe.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/22.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 18th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:1,editor:{id:"356540",title:"Prof.",name:"Taufiq",middleName:null,surname:"Choudhry",slug:"taufiq-choudhry",fullName:"Taufiq Choudhry",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000036X2hvQAC/Profile_Picture_2022-03-14T08:58:03.jpg",biography:"Prof. Choudhry holds a BSc degree in Economics from the University of Iowa, as well as a Masters and Ph.D. in Applied Economics from Clemson University, USA. In January 2006, he became a Professor of Finance at the University of Southampton Business School. He was previously a Professor of Finance at the University of Bradford Management School. He has over 80 articles published in international finance and economics journals. His research interests and specialties include financial econometrics, financial economics, international economics and finance, housing markets, financial markets, among others.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Southampton",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"86",title:"Business and Management",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/86.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"128342",title:"Prof.",name:"Vito",middleName:null,surname:"Bobek",slug:"vito-bobek",fullName:"Vito Bobek",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/128342/images/system/128342.jpg",biography:"Dr. Vito Bobek works as an international management professor at the University of Applied Sciences FH Joanneum, Graz, Austria. He has published more than 400 works in his academic career and visited twenty-two universities worldwide as a visiting professor. Dr. Bobek is a member of the editorial boards of six international journals and a member of the Strategic Council of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Slovenia. He has a long history in academia, consulting, and entrepreneurship. His own consulting firm, Palemid, has managed twenty significant projects, such as Cooperation Program Interreg V-A (Slovenia-Austria) and Capacity Building for the Serbian Chamber of Enforcement Agents. He has also participated in many international projects in Italy, Germany, Great Britain, the United States, Spain, Turkey, France, Romania, Croatia, Montenegro, Malaysia, and China. Dr. Bobek is also a co-founder of the Academy of Regional Management in Slovenia.",institutionString:"Universities of Applied Sciences FH Joanneum, Austria",institution:null},editorTwo:{id:"293992",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatjana",middleName:null,surname:"Horvat",slug:"tatjana-horvat",fullName:"Tatjana Horvat",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hXb0hQAC/Profile_Picture_1642419002203",biography:"Tatjana Horvat works as a professor for accountant and auditing at the University of Primorska, Slovenia. She is a Certified State Internal Auditor (licensed by Ministry of Finance RS) and Certified Internal Auditor for Business Sector and Certified accountant (licensed by Slovenian Institute of Auditors). At the Ministry of Justice of Slovenia, she is a member of examination boards for court expert candidates and judicial appraisers in the following areas: economy/finance, valuation of companies, banking, and forensic investigation of economic operations/accounting. At the leading business newspaper Finance in Slovenia (Swedish ownership), she is the editor and head of the area for business, finance, tax-related articles, and educational programs.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Primorska",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"87",title:"Economics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/87.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"327730",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaime",middleName:null,surname:"Ortiz",slug:"jaime-ortiz",fullName:"Jaime Ortiz",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002zaOKZQA2/Profile_Picture_1642145584421",biography:"Dr. Jaime Ortiz holds degrees from Chile, the Netherlands, and the United States. He has held tenured faculty, distinguished professorship, and executive leadership appointments in several universities around the world. Dr. Ortiz has previously worked for international organizations and non-government entities in economic and business matters, and he has university-wide globalization engagement in more than thirty-six countries. He has advised, among others, the United Nations Development Program, Inter-American Development Bank, Organization of American States, Pre-investment Organization of Latin America and the Caribbean, Technical Cooperation of the Suisse Government, and the World Bank. Dr. Ortiz is the author, co-author, or editor of books, book chapters, textbooks, research monographs and technical reports, and refereed journal articles. He is listed in Who’s Who in the World, Who’s Who in America, Who’s Who in Finance and Business, Who’s Who in Business Higher Education, Who’s Who in American Education, and Who’s Who Directory of Economists. Dr. Ortiz has been a Fulbright Scholar and an MSI Leadership Fellow with the W.K. Kellogg Foundation. His teaching interests revolve around global economies and markets while his research focuses on topics related to development and growth, global business decisions, and the economics of technical innovation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Houston",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"88",title:"Marketing",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/88.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!1,editor:null,editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{id:"81831",title:"Deep Network Model and Regression Analysis using OLS Method for Predicting Lung Vital Capacity",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104737",signatures:"Harun Sümbül",slug:"deep-network-model-and-regression-analysis-using-ols-method-for-predicting-lung-vital-capacity",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Decision Science - Recent Advances and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11604.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"11392",title:"Leadership in a Changing World",subtitle:"A Multidimensional Perspective",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11392.jpg",slug:"leadership-in-a-changing-world-a-multidimensional-perspective",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Bilal Khalid, Md. Samim Al Azad and Slimane Ed-dafali",hash:"86a6d33cf601587e591064ce92effc02",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Leadership in a Changing World - A Multidimensional Perspective",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038UqSfQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-13T10:39:03.jpg",biography:"Dr. Muhammad Mohiuddin is an Associate Professor of International Business at Laval University, Canada. He has taught at Thompson Rivers University, Canada; University of Paris-Est, France; Osnabruck University of Applied Science, Germany; and Shanghai Institute of Technology and Tianjin University of Technology, China. He has published research in Research Policy, Applied Economics, Review of Economic Philosophy, Strategic Change, International Journal of Logistics, Sustainability, Journal of Environmental Management, Journal of Global Information Management, Journal of Cleaner Production, M@N@GEMENT, and more. He is a member of CEDIMES Institut (France), Academy of International Business (AIB), Strategic Management Society (SMS), Academy of Management (AOM), Administrative Science Association of Canada (ASAC), and Canadian council of small business and entrepreneurship (CCSBE). He is currently the director of the Research Group on Contemporary Asia (GERAC) at Laval University. He is also co-managing editor of Transnational Corporations Review and a guest editor for Electronic Commerce Research and Journal of Internet Technology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Université Laval",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"11576",title:"Malaria - Recent Advances, and New Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11576.jpg",hash:"5a01644fb0b4ce24c2f947913d154abe",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"April 26th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"76041",title:"Prof.",name:"Pier Paolo",surname:"Piccaluga",slug:"pier-paolo-piccaluga",fullName:"Pier Paolo Piccaluga"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11577",title:"Tick-Borne Diseases - A Review and an Update of Knowledge on Infections in Human and Animal Population",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11577.jpg",hash:"3d72ae651ee2a04b2368bf798a3183ca",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"April 29th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"51521",title:"Prof.",name:"Elisa",surname:"Pieragostini",slug:"elisa-pieragostini",fullName:"Elisa Pieragostini"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11570",title:"Influenza - New Approaches",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11570.jpg",hash:"157b379b9d7a4bf5e2cc7a742f155a44",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 10th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"139889",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyyed Shamsadin",surname:"Athari",slug:"seyyed-shamsadin-athari",fullName:"Seyyed Shamsadin Athari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11569",title:"Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infections - New Findings, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11569.jpg",hash:"069d6142ecb0d46d14920102d48c0e9d",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"May 31st 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"189561",title:"Dr.",name:"Mihaela Laura",surname:"Vica",slug:"mihaela-laura-vica",fullName:"Mihaela Laura Vica"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11568",title:"Staphylococcal Infections - Recent Advances and Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11568.jpg",hash:"92c881664d1921c7f2d0fee34b78cd08",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"June 1st 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"59719",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime",surname:"Bustos-Martínez",slug:"jaime-bustos-martinez",fullName:"Jaime Bustos-Martínez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:17,paginationItems:[{id:"81791",title:"Self-Supervised Contrastive Representation Learning in Computer Vision",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104785",signatures:"Yalin Bastanlar and Semih Orhan",slug:"self-supervised-contrastive-representation-learning-in-computer-vision",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"79345",title:"Application of Jump Diffusion Models in Insurance Claim Estimation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99853",signatures:"Leonard Mushunje, Chiedza Elvina Mashiri, Edina Chandiwana and Maxwell Mashasha",slug:"application-of-jump-diffusion-models-in-insurance-claim-estimation-1",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81557",title:"Object Tracking Using Adapted Optical Flow",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102863",signatures:"Ronaldo Ferreira, Joaquim José de Castro Ferreira and António José Ribeiro Neves",slug:"object-tracking-using-adapted-optical-flow",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",subseries:{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision"}}},{id:"81558",title:"Thresholding Image Techniques for Plant Segmentation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104587",signatures:"Miguel Ángel Castillo-Martínez, Francisco Javier Gallegos-Funes, Blanca E. Carvajal-Gámez, Guillermo Urriolagoitia-Sosa and Alberto J. Rosales-Silva",slug:"thresholding-image-techniques-for-plant-segmentation",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",subseries:{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision"}}},{id:"81471",title:"Semantic Map: Bringing Together Groups and Discourses",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103818",signatures:"Theodore Chadjipadelis and Georgia Panagiotidou",slug:"semantic-map-bringing-together-groups-and-discourses",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"79491",title:"Fuzzy Perceptron Learning for Non-Linearly Separable Patterns",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101312",signatures:"Raja Kishor Duggirala",slug:"fuzzy-perceptron-learning-for-non-linearly-separable-patterns",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Raja Kishor",surname:"Duggirala"}],book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81234",title:"Cognitive Visual Tracking of Hand Gestures in Real-Time RGB Videos",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103170",signatures:"Richa Golash and Yogendra Kumar Jain",slug:"cognitive-visual-tracking-of-hand-gestures-in-real-time-rgb-videos",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",subseries:{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision"}}},{id:"81331",title:"Machine Learning Algorithm-Based Contraceptive Practice among Ever-Married Women in Bangladesh: A Hierarchical Machine Learning Classification Approach",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103187",signatures:"Iqramul Haq, Md. Ismail Hossain, Md. Moshiur Rahman, Md. Injamul Haq Methun, Ashis Talukder, Md. Jakaria Habib and Md. Sanwar Hossain",slug:"machine-learning-algorithm-based-contraceptive-practice-among-ever-married-women-in-bangladesh-a-hie",totalDownloads:18,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11422.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81321",title:"Velocity Planning via Model-Based Reinforcement Learning: Demonstrating Results on PILCO for One-Dimensional Linear Motion with Bounded Acceleration",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103690",signatures:"Hsuan-Cheng Liao, Han-Jung Chou and Jing-Sin Liu",slug:"velocity-planning-via-model-based-reinforcement-learning-demonstrating-results-on-pilco-for-one-dime",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Applied Intelligence - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11418.jpg",subseries:{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence"}}},{id:"80937",title:"Assessing Heterogeneity of Two-Part Model via Bayesian Model-Based Clustering with Its Application to Cocaine Use Data",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103089",signatures:"Ye-Mao Xia, Qi-Hang Zhu and Jian-Wei Gou",slug:"assessing-heterogeneity-of-two-part-model-via-bayesian-model-based-clustering-with-its-application-t",totalDownloads:18,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Applied Intelligence",value:22,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Computer Vision",value:24,count:8,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",value:26,count:8,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:27,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",volumeInSeries:28,fullTitle:"Reactive Oxygen Species",editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9008",title:"Vitamin K",subtitle:"Recent Topics on the Biology and Chemistry",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9008.jpg",slug:"vitamin-k-recent-topics-on-the-biology-and-chemistry",publishedDate:"March 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hiroyuki Kagechika and Hitoshi Shirakawa",hash:"8b43add5389ba85743e0a9491e4b9943",volumeInSeries:27,fullTitle:"Vitamin K - Recent Topics on the Biology and Chemistry",editors:[{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10799",title:"Phenolic Compounds",subtitle:"Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10799.jpg",slug:"phenolic-compounds-chemistry-synthesis-diversity-non-conventional-industrial-pharmaceutical-and-therapeutic-applications",publishedDate:"February 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",hash:"339199f254d2987ef3167eef74fb8a38",volumeInSeries:26,fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9659",title:"Fibroblasts",subtitle:"Advances in Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Cancer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9659.jpg",slug:"fibroblasts-advances-in-inflammation-autoimmunity-and-cancer",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mojca Frank Bertoncelj and Katja Lakota",hash:"926fa6446f6befbd363fc74971a56de2",volumeInSeries:25,fullTitle:"Fibroblasts - Advances in Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Cancer",editors:[{id:"328755",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mojca",middleName:null,surname:"Frank Bertoncelj",slug:"mojca-frank-bertoncelj",fullName:"Mojca Frank Bertoncelj",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/328755/images/system/328755.jpg",institutionString:"BioMed X Institute",institution:{name:"University Hospital of Zurich",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Switzerland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8977",title:"Protein Kinases",subtitle:"Promising Targets for Anticancer Drug Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8977.jpg",slug:"protein-kinases-promising-targets-for-anticancer-drug-research",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rajesh Kumar Singh",hash:"6d200cc031706a565b554fdb1c478901",volumeInSeries:24,fullTitle:"Protein Kinases - Promising Targets for Anticancer Drug Research",editors:[{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8018",title:"Extracellular Matrix",subtitle:"Developments and Therapeutics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8018.jpg",slug:"extracellular-matrix-developments-and-therapeutics",publishedDate:"October 27th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula, Joseph Orgel P.R.O. and Zvi Loewy",hash:"c85e82851e80b40282ff9be99ddf2046",volumeInSeries:23,fullTitle:"Extracellular Matrix - Developments and Therapeutics",editors:[{id:"212416",title:"Dr.",name:"Rama Sashank",middleName:null,surname:"Madhurapantula",slug:"rama-sashank-madhurapantula",fullName:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212416/images/system/212416.jpg",institutionString:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institution:{name:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9759",title:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease",subtitle:"Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9759.jpg",slug:"vitamin-e-in-health-and-disease-interactions-diseases-and-health-aspects",publishedDate:"October 6th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Júlia Scherer Santos",hash:"6c3ddcc13626110de289b57f2516ac8f",volumeInSeries:22,fullTitle:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease - Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoğlu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoğlu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/109978/images/system/109978.jpg",institutionString:"Hacettepe University",institution:{name:"Hacettepe University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9753",title:"Terpenes and Terpenoids",subtitle:"Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9753.jpg",slug:"terpenes-and-terpenoids-recent-advances",publishedDate:"July 28th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shagufta Perveen and Areej Mohammad Al-Taweel",hash:"575689df13c78bf0e6c1be40804cd010",volumeInSeries:21,fullTitle:"Terpenes and Terpenoids - Recent Advances",editors:[{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9403",title:"Human Microbiome",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9403.jpg",slug:"human-microbiome",publishedDate:"June 16th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Natalia V. Beloborodova and Andrey V. Grechko",hash:"c31366ba82585ba3ac91d21eb1cf0a4d",volumeInSeries:20,fullTitle:"Human Microbiome",editors:[{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9731",title:"Oxidoreductase",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9731.jpg",slug:"oxidoreductase",publishedDate:"February 17th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",hash:"852e6f862c85fc3adecdbaf822e64e6e",volumeInSeries:19,fullTitle:"Oxidoreductase",editors:[{id:"224662",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmoud Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Mansour",slug:"mahmoud-ahmed-mansour",fullName:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/224662/images/system/224662.jpg",institutionString:"King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences",institution:{name:"King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9742",title:"Ubiquitin",subtitle:"Proteasome Pathway",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9742.jpg",slug:"ubiquitin-proteasome-pathway",publishedDate:"December 9th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xianquan Zhan",hash:"af6880d3a5571da1377ac8f6373b9e82",volumeInSeries:18,fullTitle:"Ubiquitin - Proteasome Pathway",editors:[{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223233/images/system/223233.png",institutionString:"Shandong First Medical University",institution:{name:"Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9002",title:"Glutathione System and Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9002.jpg",slug:"glutathione-system-and-oxidative-stress-in-health-and-disease",publishedDate:"August 26th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Margarete Dulce Bagatini",hash:"127defed0a50ad5ed92338dc96e1e10e",volumeInSeries:17,fullTitle:"Glutathione System and Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease",editors:[{id:"217850",title:"Dr.",name:"Margarete Dulce",middleName:null,surname:"Bagatini",slug:"margarete-dulce-bagatini",fullName:"Margarete Dulce Bagatini",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217850/images/system/217850.jpeg",institutionString:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:3},{group:"subseries",caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:6},{group:"subseries",caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:8},{group:"subseries",caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:10}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:7},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:12},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:2}],authors:{paginationCount:25,paginationItems:[{id:"429683",title:"Dr.",name:"Bilal",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"bilal-khalid",fullName:"Bilal Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/429683/images/system/429683.png",biography:"Dr. Bilal Khalid received a Ph.D. in Industrial Business Administration from KMITL Business School, Bangkok, in 2021, and a master’s in International Business Management from Stamford International University, Bangkok, in 2017. Dr. Khalid\\'s research interests include leadership and negotiations, digital transformations, gamification, eLearning, blockchain, Big Data, and management of information technology. Dr. Bilal Khalid also serves as an academic editor at Education Research International and a reviewer for international journals.",institutionString:"KMITL Business School",institution:{name:"King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038UqSfQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-13T10:39:03.jpg",biography:"Dr. Muhammad Mohiuddin is an Associate Professor of International Business at Laval University, Canada. He has taught at Thompson Rivers University, Canada; University of Paris-Est, France; Osnabruck University of Applied Science, Germany; and Shanghai Institute of Technology and Tianjin University of Technology, China. He has published research in Research Policy, Applied Economics, Review of Economic Philosophy, Strategic Change, International Journal of Logistics, Sustainability, Journal of Environmental Management, Journal of Global Information Management, Journal of Cleaner Production, M@N@GEMENT, and more. He is a member of CEDIMES Institut (France), Academy of International Business (AIB), Strategic Management Society (SMS), Academy of Management (AOM), Administrative Science Association of Canada (ASAC), and Canadian council of small business and entrepreneurship (CCSBE). He is currently the director of the Research Group on Contemporary Asia (GERAC) at Laval University. He is also co-managing editor of Transnational Corporations Review and a guest editor for Electronic Commerce Research and Journal of Internet Technology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Université Laval",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"189147",title:"Dr.",name:"Hailan",middleName:null,surname:"Salamun",slug:"hailan-salamun",fullName:"Hailan Salamun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/189147/images/19274_n.jpeg",biography:"Hailan Salamun, (Dr.) was born in Selangor, Malaysia and graduated from Tunku Ampuan Jamaah Religious High School at Shah Alam. Obtained a degree from the International Islamic University (UIA), Gombak in the field of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Heritage. Next, I furthered my studies to the professional level to obtain a Diploma in Education at UIA. After serving for several years in school, I furthered my studies to the Master of Dakwah and Leadership at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi. I graduated with a Doctor of Philosophy in Principalship Leadership from the University of Malaya (UM) in 2010. I am currently a senior lecturer in the Department of Nationalism and Civilization, Center for Basic and Continuing Education, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. Prior to that, I had served in several educational institutions such as schools, the Institute of Teacher Education (IPG), and also the University of Malaya. I am also actively involved in paper presentation, writing and publishing. My research interests are focused on leadership, education, society and Islamic civilization. This area of research requires a detailed understanding of Islamic studies and research studies in leadership. Another research interest that I have explored recently is the politics of the Malay community and also the leadership of the mosque.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"442081",title:"Dr.",name:"Audrey",middleName:null,surname:"Addy",slug:"audrey-addy",fullName:"Audrey Addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"437993",title:"Mr.",name:"Job",middleName:null,surname:"Jackson",slug:"job-jackson",fullName:"Job Jackson",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Management College of Southern Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"428495",title:"Prof.",name:"Asyraf",middleName:null,surname:"Ab Rahman",slug:"asyraf-ab-rahman",fullName:"Asyraf Ab Rahman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"429650",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacqueline",middleName:null,surname:"Kareem",slug:"jacqueline-kareem",fullName:"Jacqueline Kareem",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Christ University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"421041",title:"Dr.",name:"Sunil",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar Ramdas",slug:"sunil-kumar-ramdas",fullName:"Sunil Kumar Ramdas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jain University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"421833",title:"Mr.",name:"Eugene",middleName:null,surname:"Owusu-Acheampong",slug:"eugene-owusu-acheampong",fullName:"Eugene Owusu-Acheampong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"239876",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Luciana",middleName:null,surname:"Mourão",slug:"luciana-mourao",fullName:"Luciana Mourão",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Salgado de Oliveira",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"421735",title:"Dr.",name:"elizabeth",middleName:null,surname:"addy",slug:"elizabeth-addy",fullName:"elizabeth addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"442083",title:"Dr.",name:"James",middleName:null,surname:"Addy",slug:"james-addy",fullName:"James Addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"437991",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Hoque",slug:"muhammad-hoque",fullName:"Muhammad Hoque",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421006",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Uster",slug:"anna-uster",fullName:"Anna Uster",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"470243",title:"Dr.",name:"Md Samim",middleName:null,surname:"Al Azad",slug:"md-samim-al-azad",fullName:"Md Samim Al Azad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"470244",title:"Dr.",name:"Slimane",middleName:null,surname:"Ed-dafali",slug:"slimane-ed-dafali",fullName:"Slimane Ed-dafali",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421011",title:"Dr.",name:"Afatakpa",middleName:null,surname:"Fortune",slug:"afatakpa-fortune",fullName:"Afatakpa Fortune",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"446057",title:"Mr.",name:"Okedare",middleName:null,surname:"David Olubukunmi",slug:"okedare-david-olubukunmi",fullName:"Okedare David Olubukunmi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421778",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatimah",middleName:"Saeed",surname:"AlAhmari",slug:"fatimah-alahmari",fullName:"Fatimah AlAhmari",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421024",title:"Prof.",name:"Harold Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Patrick",slug:"harold-andrew-patrick",fullName:"Harold Andrew Patrick",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421065",title:"Ms.",name:"Euzália",middleName:null,surname:"do Rosário Botelho Tomé",slug:"euzalia-do-rosario-botelho-tome",fullName:"Euzália do Rosário Botelho Tomé",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421053",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ken",middleName:null,surname:"Kalala Ndalamba",slug:"ken-kalala-ndalamba",fullName:"Ken Kalala Ndalamba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421826",title:"Dr.",name:"Inusah",middleName:null,surname:"Salifu",slug:"inusah-salifu",fullName:"Inusah Salifu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"420823",title:"Prof.",name:"Gardênia da Silva",middleName:null,surname:"Abbad",slug:"gardenia-da-silva-abbad",fullName:"Gardênia da Silva Abbad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"437613",title:"MSc.",name:"Juliana",middleName:null,surname:"Legentil",slug:"juliana-legentil",fullName:"Juliana Legentil",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"12",type:"subseries",title:"Human Physiology",keywords:"Anatomy, Cells, Organs, Systems, Homeostasis, Functions",scope:"Human physiology is the scientific exploration of the various functions (physical, biochemical, and mechanical properties) of humans, their organs, and their constituent cells. The endocrine and nervous systems play important roles in maintaining homeostasis in the human body. Integration, which is the biological basis of physiology, is achieved through communication between the many overlapping functions of the human body's systems, which takes place through electrical and chemical means. Much of the basis of our knowledge of human physiology has been provided by animal experiments. Because of the close relationship between structure and function, studies in human physiology and anatomy seek to understand the mechanisms that help the human body function. The series on human physiology deals with the various mechanisms of interaction between the various organs, nerves, and cells in the human body.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/12.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11408,editor:{id:"195829",title:"Prof.",name:"Kunihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Sakuma",slug:"kunihiro-sakuma",fullName:"Kunihiro Sakuma",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195829/images/system/195829.jpg",biography:"Professor Kunihiro Sakuma, Ph.D., currently works in the Institute for Liberal Arts at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. He is a physiologist working in the field of skeletal muscle. He was awarded his sports science diploma in 1995 by the University of Tsukuba and began his scientific work at the Department of Physiology, Aichi Human Service Center, focusing on the molecular mechanism of congenital muscular dystrophy and normal muscle regeneration. His interest later turned to the molecular mechanism and attenuating strategy of sarcopenia (age-related muscle atrophy). His opinion is to attenuate sarcopenia by improving autophagic defects using nutrient- and pharmaceutical-based treatments.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tokyo Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:{id:"331519",title:"Dr.",name:"Kotomi",middleName:null,surname:"Sakai",slug:"kotomi-sakai",fullName:"Kotomi Sakai",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000031QtFXQA0/Profile_Picture_1637053227318",biography:"Senior researcher Kotomi Sakai, Ph.D., MPH, works at the Research Organization of Science and Technology in Ritsumeikan University. She is a researcher in the geriatric rehabilitation and public health field. She received Ph.D. from Nihon University and MPH from St.Luke’s International University. Her main research interest is sarcopenia in older adults, especially its association with nutritional status. Additionally, to understand how to maintain and improve physical function in older adults, to conduct studies about the mechanism of sarcopenia and determine when possible interventions are needed.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ritsumeikan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},series:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261"},editorialBoard:[{id:"213786",title:"Dr.",name:"Henrique P.",middleName:null,surname:"Neiva",slug:"henrique-p.-neiva",fullName:"Henrique P. Neiva",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/213786/images/system/213786.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Beira Interior",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"39275",title:"Prof.",name:"Herbert Ryan",middleName:null,surname:"Marini",slug:"herbert-ryan-marini",fullName:"Herbert Ryan Marini",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/39275/images/9459_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Messina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"196218",title:"Dr.",name:"Pasquale",middleName:null,surname:"Cianci",slug:"pasquale-cianci",fullName:"Pasquale Cianci",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196218/images/system/196218.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Foggia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{id:"81566",title:"New and Emerging Technologies for Integrative Ambulatory Autonomic Assessment and Intervention as a Catalyst in the Synergy of Remote Geocoded Biosensing, Algorithmic Networked Cloud Computing, Deep Learning, and Regenerative/Biomic Medicine: Further Real",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104092",signatures:"Robert L. Drury",slug:"new-and-emerging-technologies-for-integrative-ambulatory-autonomic-assessment-and-intervention-as-a-",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"81286",title:"Potassium Derangements: A Pathophysiological Review, Diagnostic Approach, and Clinical Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103016",signatures:"Sairah Sharif and Jie Tang",slug:"potassium-derangements-a-pathophysiological-review-diagnostic-approach-and-clinical-management",totalDownloads:24,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Potassium in Human Health",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10794.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80895",title:"Heart Rate Variability as a Marker of Homeostatic Level",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102500",signatures:"Moacir Fernandes de Godoy and Michele Lima Gregório",slug:"heart-rate-variability-as-a-marker-of-homeostatic-level",totalDownloads:25,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Moacir",surname:"Godoy"},{name:"Michele",surname:"Gregório"}],book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80433",title:"Heart Autonomic Nervous System: Basic Science and Clinical Implications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101718",signatures:"Elvan Wiyarta and Nayla Karima",slug:"heart-autonomic-nervous-system-basic-science-and-clinical-implications",totalDownloads:50,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80316",title:"Central Control of the Larynx in Mammals",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102009",signatures:"Manuel Víctor López-González, Marta González-García, Laura Carrillo-Franco, Amelia Díaz-Casares and Marc Stefan Dawid-Milner",slug:"central-control-of-the-larynx-in-mammals",totalDownloads:36,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80402",title:"General Anesthesia and Autonomic Nervous System: Control and Management in Neurosurgery",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101829",signatures:"Irina Alexandrovna Savvina, Anna Olegovna Petrova and Yulia Mikhailovna Zabrodskaya",slug:"general-anesthesia-and-autonomic-nervous-system-control-and-management-in-neurosurgery",totalDownloads:58,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80035",title:"Healthy Lifestyle, Autonomic Nervous System Activity, and Sleep Status for Healthy Aging",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101837",signatures:"Miki Sato, Feni Betriana, Ryuichi Tanioka, Kyoko Osaka, Tetsuya Tanioka and Savina Schoenhofer",slug:"healthy-lifestyle-autonomic-nervous-system-activity-and-sleep-status-for-healthy-aging",totalDownloads:60,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80175",title:"Signaling Pathways Regulating Axogenesis and Dendritogenesis in Sympathetic Neurons",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102442",signatures:"Vidya Chandrasekaran",slug:"signaling-pathways-regulating-axogenesis-and-dendritogenesis-in-sympathetic-neurons",totalDownloads:68,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Vidya",surname:"Chandrasekaran"}],book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80176",title:"Impacts of Environmental Stressors on Autonomic Nervous System",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101842",signatures:"Mayowa Adeniyi",slug:"impacts-of-environmental-stressors-on-autonomic-nervous-system",totalDownloads:66,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"79655",title:"The Autonomic Nervous System, Sex Differences, and Chronobiology under General Anesthesia in In Vivo Experiments Involving Rats",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101075",signatures:"Pavol Svorc Jr and Pavol Svorc",slug:"the-autonomic-nervous-system-sex-differences-and-chronobiology-under-general-anesthesia-in-in-vivo-e",totalDownloads:91,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"79194",title:"Potassium in Solid Cancers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101108",signatures:"Jessica Iorio, Lisa Lastraioli and Elena Lastraioli",slug:"potassium-in-solid-cancers",totalDownloads:119,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Potassium in Human Health",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10794.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"78820",title:"Potassium Homeostasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100368",signatures:"Shakuntala S. Patil and Sachin M. Patil",slug:"potassium-homeostasis",totalDownloads:108,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Potassium in Human Health",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10794.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"78193",title:"Potassium and Cardiac Surgery",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99735",signatures:"Shawn Kant, Frank W. Sellke and Jun Feng",slug:"potassium-and-cardiac-surgery",totalDownloads:176,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Potassium in Human Health",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10794.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:8,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7999",title:"Free Radical Medicine and Biology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7999.jpg",slug:"free-radical-medicine-and-biology",publishedDate:"July 15th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Kusal Das, Swastika Das, Mallanagouda Shivanagouda Biradar, Varaprasad Bobbarala and S. Subba Tata",hash:"083e5d427097d368a3f8a02bd6c76bf8",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Free Radical Medicine and Biology",editors:[{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8762",title:"Melatonin",subtitle:"The Hormone of Darkness and its Therapeutic Potential and Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8762.jpg",slug:"melatonin-the-hormone-of-darkness-and-its-therapeutic-potential-and-perspectives",publishedDate:"June 24th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marilena Vlachou",hash:"bfbc5538173f11acb0f9549a85b70489",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Melatonin - The Hormone of Darkness and its Therapeutic Potential and Perspectives",editors:[{id:"246279",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Marilena",middleName:null,surname:"Vlachou",slug:"marilena-vlachou",fullName:"Marilena Vlachou",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246279/images/system/246279.jpg",institutionString:"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens",institution:{name:"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8002",title:"Tumor Progression and Metastasis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8002.jpg",slug:"tumor-progression-and-metastasis",publishedDate:"April 8th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Ahmed Lasfar and Karine Cohen-Solal",hash:"db17b0fe0a9b6e80ff02b81a93bafa4e",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Tumor Progression and Metastasis",editors:[{id:"32546",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Lasfar",slug:"ahmed-lasfar",fullName:"Ahmed Lasfar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32546/images/system/32546.png",institutionString:"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey",institution:{name:"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6897",title:"Biophysical Chemistry",subtitle:"Advance Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6897.jpg",slug:"biophysical-chemistry-advance-applications",publishedDate:"February 19th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mohammed A. A. Khalid",hash:"0ad18ab382e2ffb9ff202d15282297eb",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Biophysical Chemistry - Advance Applications",editors:[{id:"137240",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"mohammed-khalid",fullName:"Mohammed Khalid",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/137240/images/system/137240.png",institutionString:"Taif University",institution:{name:"Taif University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8008",title:"Antioxidants",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8008.jpg",slug:"antioxidants",publishedDate:"November 6th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Emad Shalaby",hash:"76361b4061e830906267933c1c670027",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Antioxidants",editors:[{id:"63600",title:"Prof.",name:"Emad",middleName:null,surname:"Shalaby",slug:"emad-shalaby",fullName:"Emad Shalaby",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63600/images/system/63600.png",institutionString:"Cairo University",institution:{name:"Cairo University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6924",title:"Adenosine Triphosphate in Health and Disease",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6924.jpg",slug:"adenosine-triphosphate-in-health-and-disease",publishedDate:"April 24th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Gyula Mozsik",hash:"04106c232a3c68fec07ba7cf00d2522d",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Adenosine Triphosphate in Health and Disease",editors:[{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",middleName:null,surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58390/images/system/58390.png",institutionString:"University of Pécs",institution:{name:"University of Pecs",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Hungary"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6925",title:"Endoplasmic Reticulum",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6925.jpg",slug:"endoplasmic-reticulum",publishedDate:"April 17th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Angel Català",hash:"a9e90d2dbdbc46128dfe7dac9f87c6b4",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Endoplasmic Reticulum",editors:[{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196544/images/system/196544.jpg",institutionString:"Universidad Nacional de La Plata",institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7264",title:"Calcium and Signal Transduction",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7264.jpg",slug:"calcium-and-signal-transduction",publishedDate:"October 24th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"John N. Buchholz and Erik J. Behringer",hash:"e373a3d1123dbd45fddf75d90e3e7c38",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Calcium and Signal Transduction",editors:[{id:"89438",title:"Dr.",name:"John N.",middleName:null,surname:"Buchholz",slug:"john-n.-buchholz",fullName:"John N. Buchholz",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89438/images/6463_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Loma Linda University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",scope:"Fungi are ubiquitous and there are almost no non-pathogenic fungi. Fungal infectious illness prevalence and prognosis are determined by the exposure between fungi and host, host immunological state, fungal virulence, and early and accurate diagnosis and treatment. \r\nPatients with both congenital and acquired immunodeficiency are more likely to be infected with opportunistic mycosis. Fungal infectious disease outbreaks are common during the post- disaster rebuilding era, which is characterised by high population density, migration, and poor health and medical conditions.\r\nSystemic or local fungal infection is mainly associated with the fungi directly inhaled or inoculated in the environment during the disaster. The most common fungal infection pathways are human to human (anthropophilic), animal to human (zoophilic), and environment to human (soilophile). Diseases are common as a result of widespread exposure to pathogenic fungus dispersed into the environment. \r\nFungi that are both common and emerging are intertwined. In Southeast Asia, for example, Talaromyces marneffei is an important pathogenic thermally dimorphic fungus that causes systemic mycosis. Widespread fungal infections with complicated and variable clinical manifestations, such as Candida auris infection resistant to several antifungal medicines, Covid-19 associated with Trichoderma, and terbinafine resistant dermatophytosis in India, are among the most serious disorders. \r\nInappropriate local or systemic use of glucocorticoids, as well as their immunosuppressive effects, may lead to changes in fungal infection spectrum and clinical characteristics. Hematogenous candidiasis is a worrisome issue that affects people all over the world, particularly ICU patients. CARD9 deficiency and fungal infection have been major issues in recent years. Invasive aspergillosis is associated with a significant death rate. Special attention should be given to endemic fungal infections, identification of important clinical fungal infections advanced in yeasts, filamentous fungal infections, skin mycobiome and fungal genomes, and immunity to fungal infections.\r\nIn addition, endemic fungal diseases or uncommon fungal infections caused by Mucor irregularis, dermatophytosis, Malassezia, cryptococcosis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidiosis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, and other fungi, should be monitored. \r\nThis topic includes the research progress on the etiology and pathogenesis of fungal infections, new methods of isolation and identification, rapid detection, drug sensitivity testing, new antifungal drugs, schemes and case series reports. It will provide significant opportunities and support for scientists, clinical doctors, mycologists, antifungal drug researchers, public health practitioners, and epidemiologists from all over the world to share new research, ideas and solutions to promote the development and progress of medical mycology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",keywords:"Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Invasive Infections, Epidemiology, Cell Membrane, Fungal Virulence, Diagnosis, Treatment"},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",scope:"Parasitic diseases have evolved alongside their human hosts. In many cases, these diseases have adapted so well that they have developed efficient resilience methods in the human host and can live in the host for years. Others, particularly some blood parasites, can cause very acute diseases and are responsible for millions of deaths yearly. Many parasitic diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases because they have received minimal funding over recent years and, in many cases, are under-reported despite the critical role they play in morbidity and mortality among human and animal hosts. The current topic, Parasitic Infectious Diseases, in the Infectious Diseases Series aims to publish studies on the systematics, epidemiology, molecular biology, genomics, pathogenesis, genetics, and clinical significance of parasitic diseases from blood borne to intestinal parasites as well as zoonotic parasites. We hope to cover all aspects of parasitic diseases to provide current and relevant research data on these very important diseases. In the current atmosphere of the Coronavirus pandemic, communities around the world, particularly those in different underdeveloped areas, are faced with the growing challenges of the high burden of parasitic diseases. At the same time, they are faced with the Covid-19 pandemic leading to what some authors have called potential syndemics that might worsen the outcome of such infections. Therefore, it is important to conduct studies that examine parasitic infections in the context of the coronavirus pandemic for the benefit of all communities to help foster more informed decisions for the betterment of human and animal health.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",keywords:"Blood Borne Parasites, Intestinal Parasites, Protozoa, Helminths, Arthropods, Water Born Parasites, Epidemiology, Molecular Biology, Systematics, Genomics, Proteomics, Ecology"},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",scope:"The Viral Infectious Diseases Book Series aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends and discoveries in various viral infectious diseases emerging around the globe. The emergence of any viral disease is hard to anticipate, which often contributes to death. A viral disease can be defined as an infectious disease that has recently appeared within a population or exists in nature with the rapid expansion of incident or geographic range. This series will focus on various crucial factors related to emerging viral infectious diseases, including epidemiology, pathogenesis, host immune response, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical recommendations for managing viral infectious diseases, highlighting the recent issues with future directions for effective therapeutic strategies.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",keywords:"Novel Viruses, Virus Transmission, Virus Evolution, Molecular Virology, Control and Prevention, Virus-host Interaction"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:null},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/280243",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"280243"},fullPath:"/profiles/280243",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()