Expressions for search time and energy consumption
\r\n\t
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This trend has led to an increasing demand for devices and services (e.g., [1-8]) that can help elderly individuals to live well and independently.
Existing object locators
Existing object locators are not ideal in many aspects: The number of buttons on the interrogator and tags is fixed, and the number is small. Extending the locator to track more objects is impossible. – If the user were to use more than one tag of the same color, the tags would all respond to the search signal for tag(s) of the color from the interrogator. This situation is clearly not desirable. – When a tag breaks, the user must purchase a replacement tag of the same color as the broken one. Tags are battery-powered. A tag might become a lost object itself after it runs out of battery. More seriously, the interrogator itself can be misplaced. Obviously, these are serious shortcomings.
This chapter describes three designs and a proof-of-concept prototype of object locators based on the
This chapter makes two contributions: The first is the object locator designs presented here. The designs use different hardware components and have different hardware-dependent software requirements. The information provided by the chapter on these aspects should enable a developer to build a suitable object locator platform, or an extension to one of the commonly used computer and smart mobile device platforms. The functionality of hardware-independent object locator software is well defined, and a C-like pseudo code description can be found in [9].
The hardware capabilities and object search schemes used by the designs lead to differences in search time and energy consumption. We provide here a numeric model that can be used to determine the tradeoffs between these figures of merit. Developers of RFID-based object locators can use the results of the analysis as design guides. Today, object locators based on all designs are too costly: Typical RFID readers have capabilities not needed by our application and cost far more than what is suitable for the application. Through this analysis, we identify the design that is the most practical for the current state of RFID technology and project the advances in the technology required to make RFID-based object locators affordable (i.e., with prices comparable with some of the locators one can now find in stores.) This is the second contribution of the chapter.
The rest of this chapter is organized as follows. Section 2 describes closely related works. Section 3 describes use scenarios that illustrate how a RFID-based object locator may be used. Section 4 presents three designs of RFID-based object locators. Section 5 describes the implementation of a proof-of-concept prototype based on one of the designs. It also describes the reader collision problem [10] encountered in the prototype and the solution we use to deal with the problem. Section 6 describes a numeric model for computing energy consumption and search time and compares the merits of the designs. Section 7 concludes the chapter and discusses future works.
This section first presents a brief overview of RFID technology as a way to state the assumptions made in subsequent chapters on state-of-the-art readers and tags. Our object locator resembles location detection systems in its goal: assisting users to locate objects. The section describes existing location systems and compare and contrast them with our object locators.
RFID technology is now applied to a wide spectrum of applications. As an example, personal identification application is used to provide authentication and authorization to individuals carrying their RFID tags so that they can be automatically identified by a central computer. Card-like RFID tags used as smart cards in public transports is another example: Information on money stored in a tag is automatically deducted when the card holder presents the card in front of a reader while getting on or off a transporter. Other applications include using RFID tags as markings of books for more efficient library management, shipping containers for tracking them by retail industry, and so on.
Figure 2 shows a typical system that uses RFID technology. The host machine uses one or more RFID readers to retrieve digital information stored in RFID tags and processes the information according to the needs of one or more applications. In general, a RFID tag contains a globally unique identification (UID) as well as data fields organized in a standard way [11]. A RFID-based object locator only needs the UID information; other data fields are not used.
A configuration of RFID system
There are three types of RFID tags: passive, semi-passive and active. A
Each message sent from a reader to tags contains a command code. Among the sets of commands defined by ISO15693 [12], our object locators use only
The command used to read UID of a tag is the
Many different location detection systems are available today. Global Positioning System (GPS) [13] is the most well known. Priced at about $ 100 US each, GPS navigators are widely used in cars, buses and so on. However GPS has its limitations. Reflection, occlusion and multipath effects seriously interfere with distance measurement and make GPS ineffective indoors. For this reason, indoor location detection systems use a variety of other technologies.
Active Badge [14] is representative of infrared-based location detection systems. A badge containing an infrared transmitter is attached to each object to be tracked by the system. The transmitter sends periodically messages containing the unique identification of the badge. The messages are caught by some infrared receivers at fixed known locations and relayed by the receivers to a central computer. The central computer resolves the position of the badge based on the locations of the receivers. Shortcomings of systems such as Active Badge arise from the fact that infrared signals cannot penetrate most materials in a building and are easily interfered by other infrared sources.
Ultrasound is used to assist with distance measurement in Bat [15] and Cricket [16]. These systems use both ultrasound and RF signals to measure distances between beacons (transmitters) and listeners (receivers): When a beacon at a known location transmits an ultrasound signal and a RF signal concurrently, a listener can calculate the distance to the beacon from the difference between the arrival times of the signals.
Many indoor location detection systems use RF-based technology to take advantage of the fact that RF signals penetrate most non-metallic materials. RADAR [17] is an example. The system estimates distance by estimating the strength of RF signals. Specifically, the system measures in the initialization phase at a set of fixed locations the strengths of a RF signal sent by a location-known transmitter. The measured strengths are stored in a database to be used later as yardsticks during the working phase. In the working phase, each receiver measures the strength of a RF signal transmitted from a tracked object and sends the strength to a central computer. The computer compares the measured strengths with the information stored in the database and then resolves the possible position of the transmitter (i.e., the tracked object). MoteTrack [18], similar to RADAR, uses empirical distance measurement to estimate positions of objects. WLAN (wireless local area network) can be used to build location detection systems also. SpotON [19] and Nibble [20] are examples.
Compared with the above mentioned location detection systems, an object locator must be a far more low cost solution and must be ultra easy to set up and use. Many indoor location detection systems (e.g. Bat and Active Badge) rely on a big infrastructure or a pre-computed database (e.g. RADAR) to support location estimation. These systems are too costly to deploy and maintain and hence, unsuitable for home use. Cricket system provides a low cost location-aware service. An object with a receiver can determine its location. This is not what an object locator does. A misplaced object does not need to know its own location; the user looking for it needs to know.
The routine usage of an object locator requires only three operations: Add, Delete and Query. We describe these operations here to illustrate how a locator may be used. Without loss of generality, we assume that a new object locator kit contains a portable interrogator, a dozen of RFID tags and agents. As illustrated by Figure 3, the interrogator resembles a smart phone. It has a small non-volatile storage and a RF transceiver together with a network address. We will return in the next section to describe how the RF transceiver is used, as well as what agents are and do. Unlike common smart phones, however, the interrogator has a RFID reader. The reader is used for the Add operation described below.
Specifically, Figure 3 shows parts of the user interface on an interrogator with a LCD touch screen and two buttons. The LCD touch screen is used as both input and output user interface. A user can select an item among the items displayed on the screen, the button at the bottom left corner to confirm a selection, and the button at the bottom right corner to cancel the selection. Some operations need text input. The virtual keyboard shown on right is for this purpose.
Object locator user interface
Figures 4 and 5 illustrate Add and Query operations, respectively. Add operation works in a similar way as the address book of a smart phone. Using this operation, the user can add the registration of an object to be tracked into the interrogator. By registration, we mean a mapping between the id of the tag attached to an object and the name of the object. The user queries the locations of objects by their names. In response to a query, the interrogator uses the object-name-tag-id mappings to resolve which one of the registered objects to search. Figure 4 shows a scenario: The user picks an unused tag and attaches it to an object to be tracked as shown in Figure 4(a) and (b). Then, the user puts the tag close to the interrogator and selects Add object. This step is shown in Figure 4(c). In response to Add object command, the interrogator reads the id of the tag, displays a new text field and prompts the user to enter a name (e.g., Key). When the user confirms the name, the interrogator creates a mapping associating the name with the id of the tag attached to the object, and stores the mapping in its local non-volatile memory. This is illustrated in Figure 4(d). The user repeats the above steps to register each object until all objects to be tracked are registered.
Add operation
Query operation
Query operation is the work horse of the object locator. The user presses Query object on the touch screen, as illustrated by Figure 5(a), to invoke this operation for assistance in finding misplaced objects. When the names of registered objects are displayed, the user selects the object to be searched; in this example, it is Key. After the user confirms the selection, as shown in Figure 5(b), the interrogator retrieves from its local storage the id of the tag attached to the object with the selected name and starts a search for the tag with that id. Hereafter, we call the tag being searched the
Object locators of different designs present the result of Query operation in different ways. As examples, Figure 5(c) and (d) shows two different responses. In Figure 5(c), the interrogator directs the user to the place (e.g. bedroom 1) where the queried object is found. In Figure 5(d), the queried tag beeps, allowing the user to look for it by following the sound. This version works like the existing locator described in Section I.
Delete operation removes the registration of an object, i.e., the object-name-tag-id mapping stored in the interrogator: The user can invoke the operation by pressing Delete object on the touch screen. In response, the interrogator displays the list of registered objects, allowing the user to select the object (e.g. Key) to be deleted. The interrogator deletes the mapping after the user confirms the selection. Delete operation frees the tag attached to the now unregistered object and makes the tag free for use to track some other object.
The three designs of object locator are called Room-level Agents, Interrogator and Tags (RAIT) locator, Desk-level Agents, Interrogator and Tags (DAIT) locator and Desk-level and Room-level Agents, Interrogator and Tags (DRAIT) locator. As their names imply, each of the locator consists of tags, agents and at least one interrogator. The adjectives room-level and desk-level describe the ranges of RFID readers used by the designs. The ranges of room-level readers and desk-level readers are sufficiently large to cover a typical-size room or desk, respectively.
The term tag refers specifically to RFID tags. Each tag has a unique id, hereafter called
An
A disadvantage of the existing locator is that a user needs to walk around the house when searching an object and the interrogator needs to repeatedly send the query signal until the user hears the queried tag or gives up the search. RAIT locator is designed to eliminate this disadvantage.
RAIT locator uses one or more agents to cover each room, and the house is fully covered by agents as shown in Figure 6. When the user invokes a Query operation, the interrogator sends a query message containing the TID of the queried tag to agents and thus requests the agents to search the queried tag on its behalf. Each agent broadcasts an addressed mode read request with the TID retrieved from the query message to read the tags within range. The tag with id matching the TID beeps upon receiving a read request, in addition to responding to the agent. The agent finding the queried tag reports its network address to the interrogator. This information enables the interrogator to display the results illustrated by Figure 5(c), telling the user to go to the specified room where the queried object has been found.
Configuration of RAIT locator
Obviously, the agents must be set up before a RAIT locator can be used. Figure 7 lists the steps carried out by the user and work done by the system during the set up process. The goal of Steps 3-5 is to make sure that there is no blind region. A
Agent set-up process
The Register Agent operation in Step 6 is similar to Add operation described in Section 3. Its goal is to assign a human-readable location name to an agent, so that the interrogator can later generate query results illustrated by the example in Figure 5(c). During the operation, the interrogator prompts the user to provide a unique name for the location of each agent. For example, if the living room needs two agents, Living Room R(ight) and Living Room L(eft) are good names for them.
The interrogator also assigns a unique network address to the agent being registered. The id of the tag in an agent is the product serial number of the agent. The interrogator uses the id to distinguish the agent from previously registered agents. By assigning successive network addresses to agents as they are registered and initialized one by one, successive Register Agent operations enable each initialized agent to join the WLAN and later compute the addresses of other agents by adding or substituting some number from its own address.
Figure 8 depicts the format of messages in a RAIT locator. This format supports multiple interrogators: The src_addr allows agents to identify the interrogator issuing the query message. The dest_addr allows them to address their responses to a specified interrogator. Data field allows interrogators to synchronize their databases created by Add and Register Agent operations. We will discuss how the other fields are used shortly.
RAIT locator message format
DAIT locator, shown in Figure 9, is an extension of RAIT locator. The designs are similar in how the Query operation is handled by the interrogator and agents. DAIT differs from RAIT primarily in the required read ranges of agents. The read range of agents used in a DAIT locator is less than one meter. Agents with such a small range offer higher accuracy in locations of queried tags. Information on the agent that finds the queried tag tells the user the location of the searched object within a small vicinity of the agent. Tags in DAIT locators are passive; they do not beep because a user can easily find the misplaced object even though the tag does not beep. Because tags do not need to beep, they can be battery free. This is a major advantage of DAIT locator.
Configuration of DAIT locator
However, it is significantly more complicated to set up desk-level agents. Blind regions of RAIT locator are easy to detect and eliminate because a blind region is typically created by walls and is near the read boundary of an agent. In the case of DAIT locator, a room cannot be fully covered by one or two agents. Any three adjacent agents may create a blind region. Our solution is to give a user a circular thread whose circumference is less than
DRAIT locator has a hybrid design that aims to extend the lifetime of semi-passive tags. A DRAIT locator contains both room-level and desk-level agents. Its interrogator asks desk-level agents to search first. The interrogator asks room-level agents only when no desk-level agent finds the queried object. We set up desk-level agents on furniture in addition to setting up room-level agents as described above. Because misplaced objects are often on furniture or in vicinities of them, the queried object can often be found by a desk-level agent, and the tag on it does not need to beep.
A queried object can be searched in three ways: broadcast, relay and polling. The
The knowledge on the agent network addresses and the number of agents enables an interrogator to request assistance from agents one at a time using the
According to the
We implemented a proof-of-concept prototype of DAIT locator, the design that does not require customized semi-passive tags. Indeed, all components used in our prototype are readily available today. Parts (a) and (b) of Figure 10 show an agent and the portable interrogator of our prototype, respectively. The agent is composed of a microcontroller, a RF transmitter, a RF receiver and a RFID reader module. The microcontroller is ATMEL ATmega128. It runs at 8MHz and has 128k bytes flash / 4k bytes EPPROM. The RF transmitters and receivers interconnecting interrogator(s) and agents are LINX TXM(RXM)-433-LR, which use 433MHz ASK. RFID reader modules are MELEXIS EVB90121, which is ISO15693-compliant and uses a directional antenna. We use TI OMAP5912 and NEC Q-VGA to implement the portable interrogator. The current version of our prototype supports the three operations described in Section II and uses the polling search scheme.
The lack of customized antenna design for tags and readers and the reader collision problem seriously affects the performance of our prototype. Our DAIT prototype uses only tags with directional antennae. (Again, the reason is that such tags are readily available.) When the antennae of tags and readers are directional, the read performance of agents depends on the orientation of the antennae. Clearly, tagged objects may be placed in arbitrary orientations. As a consequence, it is impossible to ensure optimal or near optimal alignment of the tag antennae towards the agents covering their locations. This is the reason that tags in a DAIT object locator should have omni-directional antennae. Agents with omni-directional antennae can be simply set on furniture as shown in Figure 11(a). Agents with directional antennae should be attached to the ceiling as shown in Figure 11(b). This arrangement requires a read range of 2-3 meters. With readers of a sufficiently large read range, RAIT locators can use tags with directional antennae without performance concern.
Agent and interrogator
Arrangement of agents
Close proximity of readers (i.e., agents) is necessary in order to avoid blind regions. Our DAIT prototype is no exception. When RFID readers have overlap coverage areas, signals sent at the same time from them to tags in the overlap region interfere with each other. This is called the
A DAIT locator that uses the broadcast scheme can circumvent the reader collision problem in many ways. For example, the DAIT prototype can let each agent delay transmitting its query signal by an amount of time that is a function of its network address. In this way, agents try to avoid transmitting query signals at the same time. This solution is practical and easy to implement.
Another solution requires each agent to know the network addresses of its neighbors. Each agent can be viewed as a node in a connected graph. There is an edge between two nodes when the agents represented by them have overlapping coverage regions. A graph coloring algorithm can be used to assign different colors to adjacent nodes. The reader collision problem never occurs as long as agents labeled by different colors do not transmit query signals concurrently. This solution is likely to have a better response time than the solution mentioned above or the relay and polling schemes. However it requires additional hardware for each agent to automatically detect its neighbors or connectivity information entered by the user manually. The additional hardware makes agents more costly, and complicated operations by the user make an object locator hard to use.
We use search time and energy consumption of a single query to measure the relative merits of object locator designs. Search time and energy consumption per query depend on many factors including the number of agents, search scheme, search sequence and locations of misplaced objects.
The expressions of energy consumption and search time per query according to broadcast, relay and polling schemes are listed in Table 1. The expressions assume that agents and interrogator(s) are battery powered and communicate in the manners described in Section 4. The notations used in the expression are defined in Table 2.
The total energy consumed by the object locator for processing a Query operation according to the broadcast scheme is the sum of the three terms in the first row of Table 1. In this case, the interrogator transmits only one query message per Query operation. The energy it consumes is
In the expressions,
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t
Expressions for search time and energy consumption
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t
Notations
The expression of the expected time taken by the locator using the broadcast scheme to respond to a Query operation assumes that agents search the queried tag in sequence in order to avoid the reader collision problem. The first term in the expression is the time taken by the query message from the interrogator to reach all the agents. If the first agent finds the queried tag, which occurs with probability
The average search time of an object locator that uses the relay and polling scheme are estimated by the expressions in the fourth and sixth rows in Table 1, respectively. Relay and polling scheme also lets all agents search the queried tag in sequence. This is why the coefficients in these expressions are the same as the coefficients in the expression of
As stated earlier, Table 1 is based on the assumption that agents and the interrogator are battery powered. Hence, the total energy consumption includes energy consumptions of agents and an interrogator. However, agents can be connected to wall plugs, especially when the number of agents is small, as in the case of RAIT locators. The interrogator using relay and broadcast scheme consumes exactly
The probability
We call the probability of finding a queried object at
Figure 12 gives an illustrative example. The figure is not drawn scale, and each unit square in this example is 10 cm by 10 cm in dimension. Two agents
Locality model
We call the area where a misplaced object might be placed an
The environment we used to evaluate the relative performance of our designs has a 10m by 10m search space, containing 1000 × 1000 unit squares of size 1 cm by 1 cm. Agents are placed according to the arrangement in Figure 13(a). The number of agents is
Possible arrangement of agents
In Section 4, we said that the agent with the smallest network address is the first agent and the other agents are asked one by one in order of agent ids to search for the queried object. We call this search order
Our evaluation program assumes that object regions are circular for the sake of simplicity. The center and radius of an object region are randomly generated. The variables
Figure 14(a) and (b) show the average search time for broadcast scheme, relay scheme, and polling scheme (i.e., polling in sequential order), as well as polling scheme with profiling. The search time of relay and polling schemes is higher than broadcast scheme for all values of DRatio. The search time of polling scheme with profiling is less than that of broadcast scheme when DRatio is less than about 1 (100) for
Search time Vs DRatio: (a) top NA = 42; (b) bottom NA = 6
Figure 15 shows the average energy consumption consumed by agents when
Energy consumption of agents Vs ERatio: (a) top NA = 42; (b) bottom NA = 6
Table 3 gives a summary. The table suggests the broadcast scheme when DRatio is high and search time is more important than energy consumption. When DRatio is low, the differences among the search times of all search schemes are small. Energy consumption becomes the dominant factor for comparison. It is possible for agents in a RAIT locator to connect to power source. For energy saving on interrogators, we suggest polling scheme with profiling for stationary interrogators and relay or broadcast scheme for portable interrogators. As for DAIT locators, we consider energy consumption of an interrogator and agents. We suggest polling scheme with profiling when ERatio is low and the same suggestions as that for a RAIT locator if ERatio is high.
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t
Summary of suggested search schemes
PI: portable interrogator; SI: stationary interrogator
We described here three alternative designs for RFID-based object locator. These object locators are extensible, reusable and low maintenance. They are easy for users to set up and use. Our analysis shows that search time and energy consumption for all designs and search schemes depend the capabilities of RFID readers and RF transceivers used by agents. Roughly speaking, polling and relay schemes are competitive to broadcast scheme only when DRatio or ERatio are less than 10.
We implemented a proof-of-concept DAIT prototype object locator to demonstrate the object locator concept and designs. The prototype uses only readily available hardware components, including readers and tags with directional antennae. The performance of the prototype is far from ideal, primarily for this reason. Because it is impossible to control the orientation of tag antennae, omni-directional antennae are better suited for our application.
The total cost of an object locator depends on many factors. The total hardware cost of a minimum object locator is the sum of the costs of an interrogator and required number of agents and tags. Compared with the costs of interrogator and agent, the hardware cost of tags is significantly lower and, for the discussion here, can be neglected.
Currently, the total hardware cost of an object locator is dominated by the total cost of agents, and the cost of an agent is dominated by the RFID reader in the agent. The number of agents required to fully cover a house depends on dimensions
This work is partially supported by the Taiwan Academia Sinica thematic project SISARL (Sensor Information System for Active Retirees and Assisted Living (http://www.sisarl.org).
Essential oils (EOs) are complex mixtures of aromatic terpenes (monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes) and other aromatic or aliphatic compounds, formed as secondary metabolites in specialized secretory tissues of aromatic plants [1]. Various parts of the aromatic plants (leaves, flowers, fruits, roots, bark) could be used for essential oil extraction by multiple techniques including steam distillation, solvent extraction or supercritical fluid extraction [2]. A verified botanical origin (chemical composition) and protection against contamination and oxidative degradation provided by adequate recipients are key factors influencing essential oils quality. Essential oils from peppermint, lavender, jasmine or ylang-ylang have been used from Antiquity in European and Asian traditional medicine for the prevention and treatment of several diseases but also for food flavoring. Nowadays, over 3000 compounds have been identified in EOs and more than 300 essential oils are commercially available [3] (Table 1).
\nNo. | \nPlant species | \nCommon name of EO | \n
---|---|---|
1. | \n\n | \nFrankincense | \n
2. | \n\n | \nYlang-Ylang | \n
3. | \n\n | \nCaraway | \n
4. | \n\n | \nCinnamon | \n
5. | \n\n | \nNeroli | \n
6. | \n\n | \nCypress | \n
7. | \n\n | \nLemongrass | \n
8. | \n\n | \nCardamom | \n
9. | \n\n | \nFennel | \n
10. | \n\n | \nWintergreen | \n
11. | \n\n | \nJuniper | \n
12. | \n\n | \nTea tree | \n
13. | \n\n | \nNiaouli | \n
14. | \n\n | \nPeppermint | \n
15. | \n\n | \nRosemary | \n
16. | \n\n | \nThyme | \n
17. | \n\n | \nGinger | \n
Essential oils are extensively used as food flavors, as fragrances in cosmetic industry but also, a para-medicinal use like aromatherapy has become increasingly popular in the last decades (Figure 1). Moreover, due to a complex chemical composition, they are capable to interact with multiple pharmacological targets (receptors, ion channels or enzymes), being studied with promising results for the development of new drug candidates. Some essential oils like peppermint oil are already used in clinical settings for the treatment of functional dyspepsia or irritable bowel syndrome. Numerous
Main uses of essential oils.
Despite their extensive use, key information concerning the safety profile of essential oils are not known to the general public or practitioners of aromatherapy. A significant proportion of the general public mistakenly believes that all essential oils are completely safe for human use, being hailed as “natural and risk-free medicines.” Therefore, the aim of this chapter is to increase the awareness of healthcare and food industry professionals, but also general public, concerning possible safety issues of essential oils. Common adverse effects of essential oils like sensitization and dermatitis but also more severe phenomena like neurotoxicity will be presented in detail, concerning their epidemiology, mechanism and clinical significance. A thorough understanding of the safety profile of essential oils is necessary in order to maximize their beneficial effects while minimizing the risk for the users.
\nEssential oils have a significant lipophilicity due to a high content of monoterpenes, being capable of easily passing through several biological barriers. Thus, a systemic absorption of specific chemical constituents is possible after oral, cutaneous or pulmonary administration of essential oils with beneficial therapeutic effects but also with toxicological implications [6].
\nAfter an oral administration of EOs, the systemic absorption of several molecules present in their chemical composition could be significant. A study in rats showed that after oral administration of radio-labeled trans-anethole, over 90% of the substance was absorbed from the digestive tract into the bloodstream, being subsequently metabolized and excreted in feces and urine [7]. Recently, a study from 2018 showed that an immediate release formulation with geraniol orally administered in Sprague-Dawley rats showed an absolute bioavailability of 92%, thus showing an increased systemic absorption [8]. In humans, the absorption of 1,8-cineole from the digestive tract was clearly demonstrated in a study which used enteric coated capsules with a mixture of three terpenoids: limonene, 1,8-cineole and α-pinene [9].
\nThe contact of essential oils with the skin, frequently encountered in aromatherapy massage, could also lead to a systemic absorption of the chemical constituents, depending on the contact time, size of exposed skin surface and concentration of the compound. Essential oils and their volatile constituents can penetrate the skin barrier and facilitate the absorption of other topically applied drugs by inducing a conformational modification of intercellular proteins in the corneal layer and by increasing the drug partitioning [10]. Transdermal absorption was demonstrated for several monoterpenes like α-pinene, camphor or limonene, other structurally related compounds being also capable of passing the skin barrier and generating systemic effects [6].
\nThe volatility of essential oils makes them ideal for pulmonary administration, suitable in the treatment of respiratory diseases. Nevertheless, a fraction of the inhaled compounds could be rapidly absorbed at alveolar level and through airway mucosa, with the apparition of plasmatic concentrations and possible systemic effects. The pulmonary absorption was confirmed for α-pinene, camphor and menthol, the rate of absorption depending on the nature and concentration of inhaled volatile substances and local physiological factors like breathing mechanics [6].
\nEssential oils are easily available in pharmacies, supermarkets or online, being used by large segments of the general public. A recent study found that 11% of Australians have used essential oils in 2016, for medicinal purposes, usually self-prescribed [11]. Despite their popularity and extensive use, the safety profile of essential oils has not been fully determined to date. Chemical complexity of essential oils is challenging when investigating which individual components are responsible for certain unwanted effects. Nevertheless, some necessary steps have already been undertaken.
\nPotential toxic effects of some essential oils and their components were tested on laboratory animals, usually rodents. Acute toxicity was evaluated by LD50 test (median lethal dose) in rats, which revealed that most essential oils have a LD50 of 1–20 g/kg, indicating a low toxicity. In humans, some essential oils like lemon oil have an LD50 of above 5 g/kg. Thus, the lethal dose would be 350 g for an adult of 70 kg, difficult to reach in normal circumstances [12, 13].
\nA few notable exceptions are EOs from
Essential oils are susceptible to oxidative degradation, some of the resulting molecules like oxidation products of limonene being potential skin sensitizers [14]. Therefore, a proper storage of essential oils is necessary to conserve their effectiveness and reduce the risk of adverse reactions. Essential oils should be stored in a refrigerator or in a cool, dark place in tightly sealed recipients (brown bottles).
\nAlthough most essential oils received the GRAS (generally recognized as safe) status, granted by Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association (FEMA), it should be pointed out that they were evaluated as flavors with a very low concentration in the tested products. For a concentrated essential oil, certain toxic effects, local or systemic, could develop in specific circumstances [12].
\nAcute intoxication (poisoning) with essential oils almost invariably results from an oral ingestion of large quantities of undiluted oil, usually accidental. The intoxicated person may present polypnea, convulsions, nausea and vomiting or even death in rare cases. Tea tree oil and the oils of wintergreen, clove, cinnamon and eucalyptus are responsible for most cases, although acute intoxication with other essential oils is possible [13].
\nIn the US, 966 intoxication cases due to tea tree oil ingestion were recorded in 2006, most subjects being represented by children up to 6 years old [13]. In Australia, a recent study identified 1387 cases of essential oil poisoning between 2014 and 2018 [15]. The exposures were accidental or due to a confusion between liquid cough medicines and essential oils. In young children, oral ingestion of 0.6–5 mL of pure eucalyptus oil is sufficient to cause severe symptoms, a fatal case being reported after the ingestion of 30 mL of the oil by an 8-month-old infant [16]. In acute intoxication, infants and young children are particularly at risk due to their reduced body weight combined with the immaturity of enzymatic systems capable of metabolizing essential oils.
\nEssential oil poisoning was reported also in dogs and cats treated topically with tea tree oil used in large doses for dermatological conditions. The animals presented depression, weakness, motor incoordination and tremors but they recovered after supportive treatment was given [17].
\nIn order to reduce acute intoxication risk, it is recommended that essential oils are kept in child proof recipients, with droppers, separated from oral medication, to avoid confusion.
\nIn aromatherapy, essential oils, usually diluted in a carrier oil, are applied directly to the skin. The most important dermatological adverse reactions that may occur include irritation, sensitization and photosensitization [18, 19].
\nThe severity of a dermatological reaction is variable, according to factors like applied substance (aldehydes, phenols), used vehicle, quality/adulteration of the essential oil, method of application, dilution, anatomical site of exposure, integrity of the skin and age of the subject. Environmental conditions could play also an important role. The presence of ultraviolet (UV) light is the decisive factor in photosensitization. Also, ambient temperature and humidity can influence general sensitivity, warm and humid conditions being more favorable for increased severity of adverse reactions [18, 19].
\nCutaneous irritation is the biological response of the skin to a variety of external stimuli that can induce skin inflammation. The main pathological mechanisms of irritancy include skin barrier disruption, induction of a cytokine cascade and involvement of the oxidative stress network [20]. Primary irritation (contact dermatitis) occurs rapidly the first time an essential oil is used, manifesting as a red wheal or burn and is more likely to occur when essential oils contain large amounts of compounds like phenol, carvacrol and thymol (oregano, savory or thyme), phenolic ethers like eugenol and anethole (clove) or aromatic aldehydes like cinnamaldehyde (cinnamon) (Figure 2). Skin reaction is usually limited to the area where the essential oil is applied [21].
\nChemical structures of the main skin irritant compounds.
The plants whose essential oils are potentially irritant to the skin are listed in Table 2. Considering all these aspects, it is recommended that a patch test should be performed before using these oils.
\nLatin name (botanical family)/common name | \nPart used in EO extraction | \n
---|---|
\n | \nFruits | \n
\n | \nLeaves | \n
\n | \nAerial parts | \n
\n | \nLeaves | \n
\n | \nLeaves | \n
\n | \nAerial parts | \n
\n | \nAerial parts | \n
\n | \nAerial parts | \n
\n | \nBarks | \n
\n | \nLeaves, barks | \n
\n | \nFruits, leaves | \n
\n | \nBuds, leaves, stems | \n
\n | \nAerial parts | \n
\n | \nAerial parts | \n
\n | \nLeaves | \n
Essential oils potentially irritant to the skin (in alphabetical order of the botanical family) [22].
In contrast to irritation, skin sensitization is a response of the adaptive immune system to certain chemical substances called sensitizers or haptens, which can modify skin proteins and induce a delayed T-cell-mediated allergic response [23]. Some of the ingredients which may trigger allergic reactions are listed in the seventh amendment of directive 76/768 CEE (directive 2003/15/CE) and include benzyl alcohol, cinnamyl alcohol, citral, eugenol, hydroxycitronellal, isoeugenol, benzyl salicylate, cinnamaldehyde, coumarin, geraniol, anisyl alcohol, benzyl cinnamate, farnesol, linalool, benzyl benzoate, citronellol, or limonene [24, 25]. Skin sensitization occurs on first exposure to a substance, with only a slight (or absent) effect on the skin. Subsequent exposure to the same compound/compounds will produce a severe inflammatory reaction caused by T-lymphocytes.
\nSymptoms include a bright red rash, which may be painful to some individuals and sometimes a pigmentation of the skin, more frequently in Asians [21, 24]. In order to prevent sensitization, it is recommended to avoid known dermal sensitizers and avoid application of the same essential oil every day for a long period of time.
\n\nTable 3 lists some of the oils considered to be dermal sensitizers, but the sensitization process can occur for any essential oil [22, 25].
\nLatin name (botanical family)/common name | \nPart used in EO extraction | \n
---|---|
\n | \nFlowers | \n
\n | \nFlowers, leaves | \n
\n | \nRoots | \n
\n | \nResin | \n
\n | \nResin | \n
\n | \nResin | \n
\n | \nBarks | \n
\n | \nLeaves, barks | \n
\n | \nLeaves | \n
\n | \nLeaves | \n
\n | \nLeaves | \n
\n | \nFruits, leaves | \n
\n | \nBuds, leaves, stems | \n
\n | \nLeaves | \n
\n | \nAerial parts | \n
\n | \nLeaves | \n
Essential oils obtained from different species of
Skin sensitization reactions are idiosyncratic, identification of the causative allergen(s) and their subsequent withdrawal generally leading to a resolution of the problem. Some standard mixtures (fragrance mixture) can be used in a patch test to screen for allergic reactions in susceptible individuals, but not all the allergies can be predicted by this method [26, 27].
\nPhotosensitization is a reaction between a phototoxin from an essential oil that is applied to the skin in the presence of sunlight or ultraviolet A (UVA) light. The interaction with the light may be either phototoxic or photoallergic.
\nPhotoallergy is an immune-mediated skin reaction, while phototoxicity may lead to photocarcinogenesis. Furanocoumarins (psoralens) appear to be primarily responsible for phytophototoxic reactions in humans. Reactions can vary from pigmentation, blistering, to severe full-thickness burns. Furanocoumarins occur mainly in expressed citrus peel oils (
The most common compounds are bergapten and psoralen (Figure 3). They are not found in distilled citrus peel oils [21].
\nChemical structure of the most common furanocoumarins involved in photosensitization.
The factors influencing risk of photosensitization include the amount of essential oil applied topically and the area of exposure. It is considered there is no risk of photosensitization if the skin is covered to prevent exposure to UVA light for at least 2 h [28].
\nEssential oils could easily pass the blood-brain barrier, reaching the central nervous system after a systemic absorption. In an experimental setting, essential oils from
In humans, essential oils from
The identified chemical constituents responsible for convulsions were usually 1,8-cineole, camphor, thujone, pulegone and pinocamphone (Figure 4) [29, 30].
\nChemical structure of terpenes with epileptogenic potential.
Molecular mechanisms of the convulsant effect of essential oils and their constituents were investigated in laboratory animals. According to a study, some essential oils resemble pentylentetrazole, a powerful convulsive agent, modifying tissue gradients of Na and K and leading to increased cellular excitability in the brain [32]. In another experimental study, thujone one of the frequently incriminated pro-convulsant terpenes, suppressed GABA-induced peak currents in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons, with the subsequent apparition of convulsions, terminated by diazepam or phenobarbital [33]. On the contrary, other research proved that different terpenes could have an anticonvulsant effect. Menthol, another terpene derivative found in the chemical composition of some essential oils enhanced electric currents induced by low concentrations of GABA and directly activated GABAA receptors in laboratory animals [34].
\nIn the context of potential neurological toxicity of essential oils, European Medicines Agency (EMA) reviewed the safety of suppositories containing terpenes used in seven European countries (France, Belgium, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Luxembourg and Finland) for the treatment of respiratory diseases. The report concluded that terpenes could induce convulsions in children less than 30 months, recommending they should be contraindicated in this particular segment of patients [35].
\nIn the last decade, there has been an accumulation of evidence suggesting a possible endocrine disrupting effect of some essential oils. Initially, a report signaled the apparition of idiopathic male prepubertal gynecomastia in patients with topically applied lavender oil or tea tree oil [36]. The experimental data showed that both lavender oil and tea tree oil effects are produced by the activation of estrogenic receptors (ER), with a potency of 50% of estradiol, being attenuated in the presence of fulvestrant, a pure antagonist of ER receptors.
\nRecently, another study published in 2019, confirmed the mentioned data, showing that a continuous exposure to lavender-fragranced products induced a premature thelarche in four patients [37]. The chemical constituents from the essential oils were individually tested concerning their capacity of stimulating ERα estrogen response element (ERE)-mediated activity. The most active compounds with estrogenic activity were α-terpineol, 4-terpineol and linalool. Further research on a more statistically significant population is needed to confirm the relevance of these findings [37].
\nThe main concerns of the use of essential oils during pregnancy is related to the risk of chemical compounds crossing the placental barrier with direct effects on the product of conception, but also to the direct abortive effect. The use of essential oils during pregnancy is a controversial topic and one that is yet to be fully understood.
\nSome essential oils are abortifacients, being capable of inducing miscarriage/abortion. Essential oils like persil oil (
Chemical compounds responsible for the abortifacient effect.
Due to their chemical properties (low molecular weight, lipophilicity), it is likely that certain essential oil components could cross the placental barrier, reaching fetal circulation. Following a possible biotransformation into polar molecules, they can accumulate in the fetus due to a reduced glomerular filtration rate and low content of plasma proteins capable of binding xenobiotics [13, 38].
\nEssential oils should not be used in pregnancy (or breastfeeding) if they contain large amounts of the following components: (E)-anethole (aniseed-
Essential oils have gained an increased attention in the last decades, being used as flavors, fragrances, medicines or in aromatherapy. Although generally considered as “natural and safe,” some essential oils could cause significant adverse effects like skin sensitization and contact dermatitis, neurological toxicity or endocrine dysregulations.
\nAn increased awareness of healthcare professionals and general public concerning the safety profile of essential oils is needed in order to correctly exploit their diverse biological effects.
\nThe authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Simulation results in Matlab/Simulink and experimental results on a 150-W four-phase 8/6 SRM are used to validate the fault identification, and on a 750-W, three-phase 12/8 SRM are used to validate the fault tolerance operation of the proposed strategy, which may have significant implications for EV/HEV applications.",book:{id:"5079",slug:"new-applications-of-electric-drives",title:"New Applications of Electric Drives",fullTitle:"New Applications of Electric Drives"},signatures:"Yihua Hu, Chun Gan, Wenping Cao and Stephen Finney",authors:[{id:"174154",title:"Prof.",name:"Wenping",middleName:null,surname:"Cao",slug:"wenping-cao",fullName:"Wenping Cao"}]},{id:"49509",title:"Electric-driven Zonal Hydraulics in Non-Road Mobile Machinery",slug:"electric-driven-zonal-hydraulics-in-non-road-mobile-machinery",totalDownloads:2502,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"The goal of this research is to apply direct-driven hydraulics (DDH) to the concept of zonal (i.e., locally and operation-focused) hydraulics, which is an essential step in the hybridization and automation of machines. 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Heikkinen and Matti Pietola",authors:[{id:"176561",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatiana",middleName:null,surname:"Minav",slug:"tatiana-minav",fullName:"Tatiana Minav"},{id:"176562",title:"Dr.",name:"Jani",middleName:null,surname:"Heikkinen",slug:"jani-heikkinen",fullName:"Jani Heikkinen"},{id:"176563",title:"Prof.",name:"Matti",middleName:null,surname:"Pietola",slug:"matti-pietola",fullName:"Matti Pietola"}]},{id:"49318",title:"Electric Drives in Alternative Fuel Vehicles — Some New Definitions and Methodologies",slug:"electric-drives-in-alternative-fuel-vehicles-some-new-definitions-and-methodologies",totalDownloads:2798,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"This chapter focuses on some new definitions and methodologies of electric drives that are facing new challenges raised by alternative fuel vehicles. It starts with the objectives, fundamentals, and current research issues of alternative fuel vehicles based electric drives, before moving on to new definitions of unified modeling of the entire electric drive system and design of the proposed DC active power filter aimed at energy storage system chaotic current elimination. Next, novel motor control strategies taking into account alternative fuel vehicle operations are presented for improvement of sensorless drive and flux weakening control performance. Finally, conclusions of this chapter are drawn.",book:{id:"5079",slug:"new-applications-of-electric-drives",title:"New Applications of Electric Drives",fullTitle:"New Applications of Electric Drives"},signatures:"Xi Zhang",authors:[{id:"176403",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Xi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"xi-zhang",fullName:"Xi Zhang"}]},{id:"49272",title:"Battery Management System for Electric Drive Vehicles – Modeling, State Estimation and Balancing",slug:"battery-management-system-for-electric-drive-vehicles-modeling-state-estimation-and-balancing",totalDownloads:3639,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"Electric-drive vehicles (EDVs) have drawn more and more attention worldwide. As one of the most important parts of EDVs, battery management systems (BMSs) manage the huge amount of battery cells in EDVs and assures their safety. To achieve these goals, researches in BMS, such as battery modeling, battery state estimation, and battery balancing have gained a new vigor. This chapter will review the existing researches and introduce several advances in these areas.",book:{id:"5079",slug:"new-applications-of-electric-drives",title:"New Applications of Electric Drives",fullTitle:"New Applications of Electric Drives"},signatures:"Jun Xu and Binggang Cao",authors:[{id:"176468",title:"Dr.",name:"Jun",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"jun-xu",fullName:"Jun Xu"},{id:"176486",title:"Prof.",name:"Binggang",middleName:null,surname:"Cao",slug:"binggang-cao",fullName:"Binggang Cao"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"742",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:31,numberOfPublishedChapters:314,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:16,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:4,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:14,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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He is currently the Director of the Postgraduate Program in Implantology of the Bioface/UCAM/PgO (Montevideo, Uruguay), Director of the Cathedra of Biotechnology of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain), an Extraordinary Full Professor of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain) as well as the Director of the private center of research Biotecnos – Technology and Science (Montevideo, Uruguay). Applied biomaterials, cellular and molecular biology, and dental implants are among his research interests. He has published several original papers in renowned journals. In addition, he is also a Collaborating Professor in several Postgraduate programs at different universities all over the world.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. 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He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. 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He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. 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Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. 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She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:43,paginationItems:[{id:"82374",title:"The Potential of the Purinergic System as a Therapeutic Target of Natural Compounds in Cutaneous Melanoma",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105457",signatures:"Gilnei Bruno da Silva, Daiane Manica, Marcelo Moreno and Margarete Dulce Bagatini",slug:"the-potential-of-the-purinergic-system-as-a-therapeutic-target-of-natural-compounds-in-cutaneous-mel",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:null,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82103",title:"The Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Its Regulation in the Progression of Neurological and Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105543",signatures:"Mary Dover, Michael Kishek, Miranda Eddins, Naneeta Desar, Ketema Paul and Milan Fiala",slug:"the-role-of-endoplasmic-reticulum-stress-and-its-regulation-in-the-progression-of-neurological-and-i",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82212",title:"Protein Prenylation and Their Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104700",signatures:"Khemchand R. 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Waisundara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194281/images/system/194281.jpg",biography:"Dr. Viduranga Waisundara obtained her Ph.D. in Food Science\nand Technology from the Department of Chemistry, National\nUniversity of Singapore, in 2010. She was a lecturer at Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore from July 2009 to March 2013.\nShe relocated to her motherland of Sri Lanka and spearheaded the Functional Food Product Development Project at the\nNational Institute of Fundamental Studies from April 2013 to\nOctober 2016. She was a senior lecturer on a temporary basis at the Department of\nFood Technology, Faculty of Technology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. She is\ncurrently Deputy Principal of the Australian College of Business and Technology –\nKandy Campus, Sri Lanka. She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI)",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7978",title:"Vitamin A",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7978.jpg",slug:"vitamin-a",publishedDate:"May 15th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",hash:"dad04a658ab9e3d851d23705980a688b",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Vitamin A",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka is currently an associate professor in the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. 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He is also a faculty member in the Molecular Oncology Program. He obtained his MSc and Ph.D. at Oregon State University and Texas Tech University, respectively. He pursued his postdoctoral studies at Rutgers University Medical School and the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIDDK), USA. His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. 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Then, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor of Neurology, UTHSC in 2005. He moved to the Cleveland Clinic in USA as a Project Scientist/Staff in 2006 where he focused on the studies of eye disease proteomics and biomarkers. He returned to UTHSC as an Assistant Professor of Neurology in the end of 2007, engaging in proteomics and biomarker studies of lung diseases and brain tumors, and initiating the studies of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) in cancer. In 2010, he was promoted to Associate Professor of Neurology, UTHSC. Currently, he is a Professor at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in China, Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM), the European EPMA National Representative in China, Regular Member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), European Cooperation of Science and Technology (e-COST) grant evaluator, Associate Editors of BMC Genomics, BMC Medical Genomics, EPMA Journal, and Frontiers in Endocrinology, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Med One. He has\npublished 116 peer-reviewed research articles, 16 book chapters, 2 books, and 2 US patents. 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He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",middleName:null,surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038Ugi5QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:48:28.png",biography:"Biotechnologist with 15 years of research including 6 years of teaching experience. Demonstrated record of scientific achievements through consistent publication record (H index = 13, with 874 citations) in high impact journals such as Nature Communications, Oncotarget, Annals of Oncology, PNAS, and AJRCCM, etc. Strong research professional with a post-doctorate from ACTREC where I gained experimental oncology experience in clinical settings and a doctorate from IGIB where I gained expertise in asthma pathophysiology. A well-trained biotechnologist with diverse experience on the bench across different research themes ranging from asthma to cancer and other infectious diseases. An individual with a strong commitment and innovative mindset. Have the ability to work on diverse projects such as regenerative and molecular medicine with an overall mindset of improving healthcare.",institutionString:"DY Patil Deemed to Be University",institution:null},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035QxIDQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:47:01.jpg",biography:"Soumya Basu, Ph.D., is currently working as an Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India. With 16+ years of trans-disciplinary research experience in Drug Design, development, and pre-clinical validation; 20+ research article publications in journals of repute, 9+ years of teaching experience, trained with cross-disciplinary education, Dr. Basu is a life-long learner and always thrives for new challenges.\r\nHer research area is the design and synthesis of small molecule partial agonists of PPAR-γ in lung cancer. She is also using artificial intelligence and deep learning methods to understand the exosomal miRNA’s role in cancer metastasis. Dr. Basu is the recipient of many awards including the Early Career Research Award from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"354817",title:"Dr.",name:"Anubhab",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"anubhab-mukherjee",fullName:"Anubhab Mukherjee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y0000365PbRQAU/ProfilePicture%202022-04-15%2005%3A11%3A18.480",biography:"A former member of Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, USA, Dr. Anubhab Mukherjee is an ardent votary of science who strives to make an impact in the lives of those afflicted with cancer and other chronic/acute ailments. He completed his Ph.D. from CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India, having been skilled with RNAi, liposomal drug delivery, preclinical cell and animal studies. He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. Ltd. and heads the Hyderabad R&D center of the organization.",institutionString:"Esperer Onco Nutrition Pvt Ltd.",institution:null},{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/319365/images/system/319365.png",biography:"Manash K. Paul is a Principal Investigator and Scientist at the University of California Los Angeles. He has contributed significantly to the fields of stem cell biology, regenerative medicine, and lung cancer. His research focuses on various signaling processes involved in maintaining stem cell homeostasis during the injury-repair process, deciphering lung stem cell niche, pulmonary disease modeling, immuno-oncology, and drug discovery. He is currently investigating the role of extracellular vesicles in premalignant lung cell migration and detecting the metastatic phenotype of lung cancer via machine-learning-based analyses of exosomal signatures. Dr. Paul has published in more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and is highly cited. He is the recipient of many awards, including the UCLA Vice Chancellor’s award, a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and an editorial board member for several international journals.",institutionString:"University of California Los Angeles",institution:{name:"University of California Los Angeles",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329248",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Faheem",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"md.-faheem-haider",fullName:"Md. Faheem Haider",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329248/images/system/329248.jpg",biography:"Dr. Md. Faheem Haider completed his BPharm in 2012 at Integral University, Lucknow, India. In 2014, he completed his MPharm with specialization in Pharmaceutics at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India, in 2018. He was selected for the GPAT six times and his best All India Rank was 34. Currently, he is an assistant professor at Integral University. Previously he was an assistant professor at IIMT University, Meerut, India. He has experience teaching DPharm, Pharm.D, BPharm, and MPharm students. He has more than five publications in reputed journals to his credit. Dr. Faheem’s research area is the development and characterization of nanoformulation for the delivery of drugs to various organs.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",middleName:"Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329795/images/15648_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mohd Aftab Siddiqui is currently working as Assistant Professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow for the last 6 years. He has completed his Doctor in Philosophy (Pharmacology) in 2020 from Integral University, Lucknow. He completed his Bachelor in Pharmacy in 2013 and Master in Pharmacy (Pharmacology) in 2015 from Integral University, Lucknow. He is the gold medalist in Bachelor and Master degree. He qualified GPAT -2013, GPAT -2014, and GPAT 2015. His area of research is Pharmacological screening of herbal drugs/ natural products in liver and cardiac diseases. He has guided many M. Pharm. research projects. He has many national and international publications.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:null},{id:"333824",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmad Farouk",middleName:null,surname:"Musa",slug:"ahmad-farouk-musa",fullName:"Ahmad Farouk Musa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333824/images/22684_n.jpg",biography:"Dato’ Dr Ahmad Farouk Musa\nMD, MMED (Surgery) (Mal), Fellowship in Cardiothoracic Surgery (Monash Health, Aust), Graduate Certificate in Higher Education (Aust), Academy of Medicine (Mal)\n\n\n\nDato’ Dr Ahmad Farouk Musa obtained his Doctor of Medicine from USM in 1992. He then obtained his Master of Medicine in Surgery from the same university in the year 2000 before subspecialising in Cardiothoracic Surgery at Institut Jantung Negara (IJN), Kuala Lumpur from 2002 until 2005. He then completed his Fellowship in Cardiothoracic Surgery at Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia in 2008. He has served in the Malaysian army as a Medical Officer with the rank of Captain upon completing his Internship before joining USM as a trainee lecturer. He is now serving as an academic and researcher at Monash University Malaysia. He is a life-member of the Malaysian Association of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery (MATCVS) and a committee member of the MATCVS Database. He is also a life-member of the College of Surgeons, Academy of Medicine of Malaysia; a life-member of Malaysian Medical Association (MMA), and a life-member of Islamic Medical Association of Malaysia (IMAM). Recently he was appointed as an Interim Chairperson of Examination & Assessment Subcommittee of the UiTM-IJN Cardiothoracic Surgery Postgraduate Program. As an academic, he has published numerous research papers and book chapters. He has also been appointed to review many scientific manuscripts by established journals such as the British Medical Journal (BMJ). He has presented his research works at numerous local and international conferences such as the European Association for Cardiothoracic Surgery (EACTS) and the European Society of Cardiovascular Surgery (ESCVS), to name a few. He has also won many awards for his research presentations at meetings and conferences like the prestigious International Invention, Innovation & Technology Exhibition (ITEX); Design, Research and Innovation Exhibition, the National Conference on Medical Sciences and the Annual Scientific Meetings of the Malaysian Association for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. He was awarded the Darjah Setia Pangkuan Negeri (DSPN) by the Governor of Penang in July, 2015.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Monash University Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"30568",title:"Prof.",name:"Madhu",middleName:null,surname:"Khullar",slug:"madhu-khullar",fullName:"Madhu Khullar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/30568/images/system/30568.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madhu Khullar is a Professor of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology at the Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India. She completed her Post Doctorate in hypertension research at the Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, USA in 1985. She is an editor and reviewer of several international journals, and a fellow and member of several cardiovascular research societies. Dr. Khullar has a keen research interest in genetics of hypertension, and is currently studying pharmacogenetics of hypertension.",institutionString:"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research",institution:{name:"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223233/images/system/223233.png",biography:"Xianquan Zhan received his MD and Ph.D. in Preventive Medicine at West China University of Medical Sciences. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics at the Central South University, China, and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), USA. He worked at UTHSC and the Cleveland Clinic in 2001–2012 and achieved the rank of associate professor at UTHSC. Currently, he is a full professor at Central South University and Shandong First Medical University, and an advisor to MS/PhD students and postdoctoral fellows. He is also a fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine and European Association for Predictive Preventive Personalized Medicine (EPMA), a national representative of EPMA, and a member of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) and the American Association for the Advancement of Sciences (AAAS). He is also the editor in chief of International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, an associate editor of EPMA Journal, Frontiers in Endocrinology, and BMC Medical Genomics, and a guest editor of Mass Spectrometry Reviews, Frontiers in Endocrinology, EPMA Journal, and Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. He has published more than 148 articles, 28 book chapters, 6 books, and 2 US patents in the field of clinical proteomics and biomarkers.",institutionString:"Shandong First Medical University",institution:{name:"Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"297507",title:"Dr.",name:"Charles",middleName:"Elias",surname:"Assmann",slug:"charles-assmann",fullName:"Charles Assmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/297507/images/system/297507.jpg",biography:"Charles Elias Assmann is a biologist from Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM, Brazil), who spent some time abroad at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU, Germany). He has Masters Degree in Biochemistry (UFSM), and is currently a PhD student at Biochemistry at the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of the UFSM. His areas of expertise include: Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Enzymology, Genetics and Toxicology. He is currently working on the following subjects: Aluminium toxicity, Neuroinflammation, Oxidative stress and Purinergic system. Since 2011 he has presented more than 80 abstracts in scientific proceedings of national and international meetings. Since 2014, he has published more than 20 peer reviewed papers (including 4 reviews, 3 in Portuguese) and 2 book chapters. He has also been a reviewer of international journals and ad hoc reviewer of scientific committees from Brazilian Universities.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"217850",title:"Dr.",name:"Margarete Dulce",middleName:null,surname:"Bagatini",slug:"margarete-dulce-bagatini",fullName:"Margarete Dulce Bagatini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217850/images/system/217850.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Margarete Dulce Bagatini is an associate professor at the Federal University of Fronteira Sul/Brazil. She has a degree in Pharmacy and a PhD in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry. She is a member of the UFFS Research Advisory Committee\nand a member of the Biovitta Research Institute. She is currently:\nthe leader of the research group: Biological and Clinical Studies\nin Human Pathologies, professor of postgraduate program in\nBiochemistry at UFSC and postgraduate program in Science and Food Technology at\nUFFS. She has experience in the area of pharmacy and clinical analysis, acting mainly\non the following topics: oxidative stress, the purinergic system and human pathologies, being a reviewer of several international journals and books.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"27",type:"subseries",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",keywords:"Collaborative Intelligence, Learning, Distributed Control System, Swarm Robotics, Decision Science, Software Engineering",scope:"Multi-agent systems are recognised as a state of the art field in Artificial Intelligence studies, which is popular due to the usefulness in facilitation capabilities to handle real-world problem-solving in a distributed fashion. The area covers many techniques that offer solutions to emerging problems in robotics and enterprise-level software systems. Collaborative intelligence is highly and effectively achieved with multi-agent systems. Areas of application include swarms of robots, flocks of UAVs, collaborative software management. Given the level of technological enhancements, the popularity of machine learning in use has opened a new chapter in multi-agent studies alongside the practical challenges and long-lasting collaboration issues in the field. It has increased the urgency and the need for further studies in this field. We welcome chapters presenting research on the many applications of multi-agent studies including, but not limited to, the following key areas: machine learning for multi-agent systems; modeling swarms robots and flocks of UAVs with multi-agent systems; decision science and multi-agent systems; software engineering for and with multi-agent systems; tools and technologies of multi-agent systems.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11423,editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",slug:"mehmet-aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mehmet Emin Aydin is a Senior Lecturer with the Department of Computer Science and Creative Technology, the University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. His research interests include swarm intelligence, parallel and distributed metaheuristics, machine learning, intelligent agents and multi-agent systems, resource planning, scheduling and optimization, combinatorial optimization. Dr. Aydin is currently a Fellow of Higher Education Academy, UK, a member of EPSRC College, a senior member of IEEE and a senior member of ACM. In addition to being a member of advisory committees of many international conferences, he is an Editorial Board Member of various peer-reviewed international journals. 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possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht 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living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine"},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation"},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:{title:"Biomedical Engineering",id:"7"},selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 24th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:314,numberOfPublishedBooks:31,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/81926/images/system/81926.png",institutionString:"Suez Canal University",institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/277718",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"277718"},fullPath:"/profiles/277718",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()