Physical property values of several liquids at room temperature. [19].
\r\n\r\n
\r\n\r\nThis work has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 634476 for project with acronym TREASURE. The content of this book reflects only the authors\' view and the European Union Agency is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains.\r\n',isbn:"978-1-78985-408-4",printIsbn:"978-1-78985-407-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-011-9",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83749",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"european-local-pig-breeds-diversity-and-performance-a-study-of-project-treasure",numberOfPages:318,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"182fe65256f9a0bbc25b0b7576412b0e",bookSignature:"Marjeta Candek-Potokar and Rosa M. Nieto Linan",publishedDate:"February 6th 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9356.jpg",numberOfDownloads:22793,numberOfWosCitations:37,numberOfCrossrefCitations:35,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:14,numberOfDimensionsCitations:62,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:19,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:134,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"December 21st 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"January 11th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"March 12th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 31st 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 30th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:'
This work has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 634476 for project with acronym TREASURE. The content of this book reflects only the authors\' view and the European Union Agency is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains.
Presently, graphene is widely researched worldwide because of its unique properties such as zero bandgap, remarkable electron mobility at room temperature, high thermal conductivity and stiffness, large surface area, impermeability to gases, etc. Graphene charge carrier exhibits core mobility, is massless, and moves a few micrometers distance maintaining its structure at room temperature. Recently, graphene-based materials have gained intense awareness on energy storage systems, electronics, chemical sensors, optoelectronics, nanocomposites, and health such as osteogenic. Graphene is among the allotropes of carbon; its carbon atoms are arranged in a single layer. These carbon atoms are organized in a honeycomb lattice with a two-dimensional arrangement. The carbon–carbon bond distance in a single graphene sheet approximates 0.142 nm [1]. One of the unique and major properties of graphene is that increased researcher’s interest is its constituent’s electrons that seem to be massless relativistic particles, hence, anomalous quantum Hall effect and the absence of localization [2, 3]. Graphene has been used in many applications, which include energy storage devices like supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries [4], gas detection [5], and conducting electrodes [6]. Recently, the rate at which graphene awareness is rising is highly remarkable and suggests that it is a good route of the scientists’ search for new materials for advancement in science, engineering, health, and composite industries. This brief introduction of graphene narrates its brief history, synthesis method, derivatives, and applications. Addition of graphene in a composite inhibits the fabrications of active material in a nanosize, enhances non-faradaic capacitive behavior, increases conductivity, and prevents disintegration. Graphene also induces a physical barrier in between the electrolyte and active material, hence increasing cycling stability, specific capacitance, and rate capability.
\nGraphene synthesis means any process of fabricating or extracting graphene from graphite. The method to be chosen is governed by the desired size, quantity, and purity. Synthesis technique contributes to the structure and properties of graphene produced. There are variations of graphene layers from different techniques such as a single layer, double layer, or multiple layers, and they have different applications in various fields of science and technology like energy storage devices, biotechnology, memory, electronics, sensors, etc. Researchers employ different techniques especially when a large quantity is required. Subsequently, we will discuss various synthesis techniques, applications, its status now, progress so far, and future prospects.
\nIn the synthesis of graphene-based materials, ball milling and hydrothermal methods show to be cheaper, the electrospinning method exhibits the benefits in the nanowire composite assembly, and the microwave-assisted method is easier and superfast in fabrication. We also explained methods of graphene synthesis while its derivatives are discussed in the second chapter of this book. The third chapter explained the new technique such as liquid phase exfoliation method for the synthesis and concentration enhancement of graphene which is suitable for the fabrication of the highly efficient modern electronic devices (Figure 1).
\nStructure of graphene sheet, stacked graphene, wrapped graphene, and rolled graphene. Reproduced from Ref. [
This method is divided into two: (1) mechanical exfoliation and (2) chemical exfoliation. Mechanical exfoliation is the distortion of weak van der Waals force holding carbon–carbon atom together. The chemical method is the production of colloidal suspension which produces graphene from graphite compounds. Graphite is several densely packed layers of graphene sheets, hence, fixed together by weak van der Waals force. High-purity graphene sheets can be produced from graphite sheet by breaking the bonds that held them together. Therefore, exfoliation and cleavage are the use of mechanical or chemical energy to break down these weak bonds and separate distinctive graphene sheets. Viculis et al. [4] were the first to apply this principle by using potassium metal to separate pure graphite sheet and then exfoliate them using ethanol to form a dispersion of graphene sheets.
\nChemical vapor techniques use steam phase exfoliation. This method chemically extracts graphene sheets from graphite without passing through exfoliation stage. Horiuchi et al. [9] were the first people to produce graphene sheets using this method. They engaged the method to fabricate carbon nanofilms (CNF) using regular graphite sheets.
\nThere are many types of CVD, depending on the precursors available, the structure needed, quality of material, and dimension, and there are many applicable CVD processes such as thermal, plasma-enhanced (PECVD), cold wall, reactive, hot wall [9], etc. Graphene thin films are formed on copper or nickel mostly by a chemical vapor deposition method.
\nThe pyrolysis uses solvothermal technique to synthesize graphene from graphite by a bottom-up approach. Sodium ethoxide and ethanol were mixed in a molar mass ratio of 1:1 in a closed vessel with intense heat treatment and sonication; this process detaches graphene from graphite [10].
\nOne of the most recent techniques of fabricating graphene is a type of synthesis that uses multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNT) as initial material. This method is commonly known as “
Graphene single layers can be grown on single crystal ruthenium (Ru 0001) surface at ultra-high vacuum (4.0 × 10−11 Torr) [11]. It was discovered that graphene could form on the crystal surface. This can be achieved by heat breakdown of ethylene (pre-adsorbed on the crystal surface at room temperature) at 1000 K or by controlled segregation of carbon from the bulk of the substrate [12].
\nThermal disintegration of silicon on the surface plane of a single crystal of 6H-SiC to produce graphene recently gained researchers’ awareness. It takes less time to achieve and become popular techniques of graphene growth recently [13].
\nGraphene oxide (GO) is a product of graphene obtained by oxidizing graphene. It has a single monomolecular layer containing oxygen functionalities such as carboxyl, carbonyl, epoxide, or hydroxyl groups [14]. These added functionalities expand the separation between the layers and make the material hydrophilic (meaning that they can be dispersed in water). Layers of graphene stacked on top of each other form graphite, with an interplanar spacing of 0.335 nm. The separate layers of graphene in graphite are held together by van der Waals forces. GO are synthesized mostly based on widely reported Hummers method in which graphite is oxidized by a solution of potassium permanganate in hydrogen tetraoxosulfate (IV) acid [15].
\nThe diagram in Figure 2 illustrates the processes and stages involved in moving from graphite to graphene, graphene to graphene oxide, and graphene oxide to reduced graphene oxide [14, 16]. Many scientists are confused about the difference between carbon derivatives (Figure 3).
\nStages of synthesis of GO and rGO. Reproduced from Ref. [
Cycle synthesis of graphene/GO/rGO. Reproduced from Ref. [
Graphene oxide is dispersible in water and other organic solvents like ethanol, 1-propanol, acetone, methanol, ethylene glycol, pyridine, etc. as well as in different matrixes. This property of GO was due to the presence of the oxygen functionalities.
\nReduced graphene oxide (rGO) is a graphene oxide (GO) in which its oxygen content is reduced either by thermal, chemical, or any other methods. Graphene oxide is reduced to improve the honeycomb hexagonal lattice distorted during oxidation from graphene to graphene oxide and also enhance its electrical conductivity [14, 34]. It is also observed that once most of the oxygen groups are removed, the reduced graphene oxide obtained becomes indispersible in a solvent due to its tendency to create aggregates (Figure 4).
\nDiagram of reduced graphene oxide (rGO). Reproduced from Ref. [
Graphite and its derivate recently gained science and engineering awareness due to its numerous applications. The discovery of graphene is rightly regarded as a milestone in the world of material science; as can be seen in the worldwide attention, the material has received in the fields of electronics, photonics, capacitors/supercapacitors, biosensing, etc. They are used in numerous applications as illustrated below. In this book, applications of graphene and its derivatives are discussed in detail. These applications include photocatalysis, electronics, gas sensing, graphene-based heterogeneous electrodes for energy storage devices, etc. In addition, sound devices based on graphene is also explained in this book.
\nGO are used in electronic fabrications as initial materials. Electronic devices such as graphene effect transistors (GFETs) and field effect transistors (FETs) are graphene-based [17]. Reduced graphene oxides (rGO) are used as chemical sensors [18]. Functionalized graphene oxide in conjunction with glucose oxidase deposited on electrode material is used as an electrochemical glucose sensor [19]. They are widely used in the manufacturing of electronic devices like light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and solar cells. Reduced graphene oxide dispersed in a solvent can be used in the production of the transparent electrode, which is an alternative transparent electrode like FTO and ITO [20].
\nReduced graphene oxide nanocomposites have a high surface area and good conductivity, which suited them for use in supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries with good energy storage capacity. GO-based supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries possess high-energy storage capacity, long life span, and good cycle stability.
\nAs far, back as the 1960s [21], scientists have started studying graphite oxide usage in desalination of water. In 2011, some group of researchers employed the principle of reverse osmosis using GO to achieve the same goal [22]. It was discovered that graphite allows water to pass through but retain some larger ions [23]. Its narrow mono- or bilayer capillaries allow water but restrain heavy ions.
\nMoreover, in the year 2015, a group of scientists also purified water using graphene tea by removing 95% of heavy metal ions in water solution [24].
\nIt was reported that in 2006, engineers fabricated graphene-based thin film powered by solar energy that possesses the quality of filtering dirty and salty water. These films are non-heavy and can be easily produced on a large scale [24].
\nGraphite and its derivative like GO are widely used in the biomedical field as a constituent in the drug delivery system. Magnetite stacked with GO and doxorubicin hydrochloride (DXR) drug adsorbed onto the system is used as anticancer treatment by targeting it to a specific site to kill cancer cells.
\nGraphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide have been incorporated into many gadgets. These GO-/rGO-based gadgets are fabricated with the quality to identify biologically significant molecules. GO/rGO uses fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) characteristics to work effectively as a biosensor.
\nAll elements that form part of GO or rGO functional groups can be effectively stored in their sheets and extracted later for use and are also being explored for their applications in hydrogen storage.
\nRecently, the science of plasmonics discovered that near field infrared optical microscopy [25] and infrared spectroscopy [26] of graphene provide accommodations for plasmonic surface mode [27].
\nScientists recently found out that graphene lubricants perform better than regularly used graphite lubricants. A graphene lubricant applied to a ball and bearing roller or steel ball and steel disc lasted for 6500 cycles, while our usually used graphite lubricants lasted only for 1000 cycles [24].
\nA heavenly crammed graphene layer deposited on glass substrates absorbs radio waves of the wavelength range of 125–165 GHz bandwidth by 90% [24]. In our modern houses, graphene serves as roof, door, and window coatings to safeguard houses from radio wave interference [28].
\nA nanoantenna called graphene-based plasmonic nanoantenna (GPN) operates on a wavelength of millimeter within the radio wavelength range. This nanoantenna is better than our conventional antennas because its operational surface plasmon polaritons wavelength is much smaller compared to the wavelength of electromagnetic waves propagating at the same frequency. Our conventional antenna operational frequencies range from 100 to 1000, which is very huge compared to GPNs [29].
\nGraphene has been predicted as a good candidate for the manufacturing of electrostatic audio microphones and speakers due to their lightweight, which provides moderately good frequency response [30]. In 2015 an A model audio ultrasonic microphone and the speaker was fabricated; it operates at a frequency range of 20–500 kHz [31]. Its performance operation was up to 99% efficiency, good and uniform frequency output throughout the audible range [32].
\nThere has been much debate about whether microwave irradiation acts as heat in chemical synthesis or whether it has a nonthermal effect [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]. This problem has been discussed in many cases based on changes in the reaction rate and in the selectivity of the difference between the results with and without the application of microwaves. What is particularly important here is whether the temperatures of the two conditions to be compared are exactly the same. In microwave irradiation, it is difficult to use a general thermometer such as a metal thermocouple or an alcohol thermometer. This is because the distribution of the electromagnetic field changes significantly due to the insertion of a metal material (thermocouple or mercury thermometer), or because the indicator material (alcohol) itself is heated. As an alternative, an indirect method such as measuring the temperature from radiation on the surface of the vessel is used. In the comparison between microwave irradiation and non-irradiation, if the measurement does not correctly indicate the internal temperature, the difference may be due to the microwave irradiation condition being higher than the non-irradiation condition.
The heat source in microwave irradiation is the loss of electromagnetic wave energy, i.e., loss of the electric or the magnetic fields due to undulation of the molecule itself. Therefore, the movement behavior varies depending on the molecular species of the irradiated material. A different momentum obtained for each molecule means that it is not in a thermal equilibrium state, meaning that it does not match the definition of temperature, which requires an isotropic equilibrium motion.
The aforementioned is an inductive argument that discusses differences due to microwave irradiation, such as changes in reaction rates and in selectivity. A lot of data are reported every year, but the interpretations are diverse, and there are cases where it is “both hard to explain and hard to ignore” [1].
On the other hand, in this review, the original physical meaning is examined based on the dielectric relaxation phenomenon and how the material behaves under microwave irradiation. Based on this, we will discuss deductions about what action should be generated if there is an effect other than heat based on principles, rather than data.
When an object is heated by irradiation with microwaves, the microwave energy is attenuated inside the object [7]. The Beer–Lambert law in optics can also be applied in the microwave region. The refractive index, n, and the attenuation factor, k, can be combined as a complex refractive index
where
Undulation and complex refractive index at
Physical properties in the microwave region are indicated by the complex permittivity
When Eq. (3) is transformed to Eq. (4), c represents the reciprocal of the square root of
To be precise, vacuum is not a material, but electromagnetic waves propagate through it. Since the same relationship applies to materials, they can be treated equally well in terms of mathematical expressions. The velocity
Therefore, the refractive index
Here, the relative permittivity
When attenuation of electromagnetic waves occurs in a material, the complex relative permittivity
The superscripts ‘and “indicate a real part and an imaginary part, respectively.
Discussions dealing only with dielectrics generally introduce important assumptions here. Since dielectrics often do not exhibit magnetism, the permeability is considered to be the same as that of vacuum, and
Here, Eq. (1) is reviewed again. Since
On the other hand, since attenuation does not occur in a vacuum, it is difficult to understand
Furthermore, when Eq. (9) is transformed, Eqs. (12) and (13) are obtained:
From these equations,
Simulation of the electromagnetic field of water in a cylindrical vessel in an oven-type furnace. A: Oven shape. B: PLD of 25°C water. C: PLD of 100°C water.
When the same material is irradiated with electromagnetic waves having the same frequency, the applied power intensity
There are two methods for describing
The
Eq. (15) can be obtained from a modification in which the second and subsequent terms are ignored in the Maclaurin expansion when tan2
The correlation with the horizontal axis representing frequency and the vertical axis representing complex permittivity is called a Bode diagram. The Bode diagram of the water is shown in Figure 3, indicating that the dielectric constants
Nyquist diagram and bode diagram of water (200 MHz–14 GHz).
When the complex permittivity at each frequency is plotted on a Nyquist diagram with a real part on the horizontal axis and an imaginary part on the vertical axis, they draw a semicircular locus as shown in Figure 3. Such behavior is called Debye relaxation. Debye relaxation is a behavior commonly found in nonionic liquid materials. Examples that cannot be applied include cases where the relaxation frequency is not single, and those where a conductive material is included (described at 2.10 and 2.11).
In the previous section, we described how many liquids show a characteristically semicircular geometric locus due to Debye relaxation. We will return to the basics to explain why and what information can be gleaned below. The characteristic behavior in the microwave band is called dielectric relaxation. The deformation of electron clouds and molecular structures is a response in the UV and IR bands and is faster than in the microwave band. These contributions are prompt responses to undulated fields.
On the other hand, molecular orientation is a phenomenon based on rotation of an electric dipole. A large moment like a molecule causes a time delay in orientation with respect to field changes. The time delay referred to here is a phase delay and does not vibrate at a different period from that of the applied external field. Since the molecule cannot rotate if the external field vibration is too fast, but it can follow a too-slow external field vibration without time delay, the behavior is distributed around a specific vibration frequency [11, 12, 13, 14]. The prompt response is only a propagation delay and does not contribute to the loss. This is expressed as
The part of the electric flux density in the material
On the other hand, the contribution of the delayed response includes not only the electric field
In Eq. (19),
Substituting Eq. (21) into Eq. (20) and rewriting the response function to
Next, an appropriate expression is set for a response function. In Debye-type relaxation, Eq. (23) is used as a response function to Eq. (7):
Here,
When Eq. (23) is substituted into Eq. (22) and transformed,
Eliminating
From the aforementioned, if the measured values are plotted on a semicircle, it indicates that the material has a response that can be explained by Debye relaxation theory and is not in a special state.
The dielectric loss is also written as tan
Three angles on a semicircle.
Substituting Eqs. (25) and (26) into Eq. (16) shows that tan
If the central angle
Substituting Eqs. (25) and (26) into Eq. (29) eliminates
As shown in Figure 4, if
Substituting Eqs. (25) and (26) into Eq. (31) yields Eq. (32):
transforming it yields Eq. (33) for relaxation time
When calculating
From Eq. (32),
Entry | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Calcd. | Found | Calcd. | Found | ||||||
1 | H2O | 16.8 | 59.4 | 79.8 | 4.8 | 78.2− | 78.9− | 71.8− | 72.0− |
2 | ProC | 3.5 | 287 | 66.2 | 7.4 | 46.7− | 46.5− | 23.0− | 22.9− |
3 | DMSO | 7.7 | 130 | 47.6 | 7.9 | 44.0− | 44.2− | 33.2− | 33.6− |
4 | DMAc | 8.6 | 116 | 40.5 | 6.2 | 37.9− | 37.8− | 29.8− | 29.7− |
5 | MeNO2 | 32.3 | 31.0 | 37.1 | 11.0 | 37.0− | 37.4− | 36.3− | 36.4− |
6 | DMF | 13.9 | 72.0 | 37.6 | 8.2 | 36.7− | 36.9− | 33.2− | 33.0− |
7 | MeCN | 39.2 | 25.5 | 35.6 | 12.2 | 35.5− | 35.4− | 35.1− | 35.0− |
8 | Me-Im | 5.0 | 198 | 38.0 | 5.5 | 31.8− | 31.8− | 19.5− | 19.7− |
9 | NMP | 6.8 | 148 | 33.4 | 6.0 | 30.2− | 30.2− | 21.8− | 22.0− |
10 | PhNO2 | 3.5 | 285 | 35.0 | 4.5 | 25.0− | 24.6− | 12.7− | 12.2− |
11 | MeOH | 3.0 | 338 | 33.7 | 6.1 | 22.5− | 22.2− | 11.8− | 11.6− |
12 | PhCN | 4.5 | 223 | 26.0 | 4.4 | 21.1− | 21.4− | 12.5− | 12.7− |
13 | Me2CO | 44.4 | 22.5 | 21.2 | 5.8 | 21.2− | 21.0− | 21.0− | 21.1− |
14 | MEK | 24.2 | 41.3 | 18.7 | 9.0 | 18.6− | 18.6− | 18.1− | 18.0− |
15 | PhCHO | 5.2 | 191 | 18.9 | 4.0 | 16.2− | 16.2− | 10.7− | 10.8− |
16 | DCE | 15.4 | 65.1 | 10.4 | 5.2 | 10.2− | 10.2− | 9.7− | 9.7− |
17 | CH2Cl2 | — | — | 9.3 | 8.5 | — | 9.3− | — | 9.1− |
18 | EtOH | 0.9 | 1100 | 25.8 | 4.6 | 7.2− | 7.5− | 5.1− | 5.3− |
19 | MeI | 17.9 | 55.9 | 7.3 | 5.7 | 7.3− | 7.2− | 7.2− | 7.1− |
20 | AcOEt | 13.0 | 76.6 | 6.3 | 4.6 | 6.2− | 6.2− | 6.0− | 6.0− |
21 | PhCl | 10.4 | 96.3 | 5.8 | 3.2 | 5.7− | 5.7− | 5.2− | 5.2− |
22 | PhF | 13.8 | 72.6 | 5.8 | 4.0 | 5.7− | 5.7− | 5.5− | 5.5− |
23 | PhBr | 7.5 | 134 | 5.8 | 3.1 | 5.6− | 5.5− | 4.8− | 4.9− |
24 | CHCl3 | 11.1 | 89.9 | 5.1 | 3.9 | 5.0− | 5.1− | 4.8− | 4.9− |
25 | PhI | 5.2 | 192 | 5.0 | 3.0 | 4.7− | 4.7− | 3.9− | 3.9− |
26 | Et2O | — | — | 4.5 | 4.1 | — | 4.5− | — | 4.4− |
27 | 2-PrOH | 0.4 | 2730 | 20.1 | 3.4 | 3.8− | 4.1− | 3.5− | 3.6− |
28 | CPME | 27.8 | 36.0 | 4.0 | 2.3 | 4.0− | 3.9− | 3.9− | 3.9− |
29 | 1-BuOH | 0.3 | 3170 | 16.3 | 3.4 | 3.6− | 3.9− | 3.4− | 3.5− |
30 | 2-BuOH | 0.3 | 3540 | 15.4 | 3.2 | 3.3− | 3.6− | 3.2− | 3.3− |
31 | 0.2 | 4070 | 16.1 | 3.1 | 3.3− | 3.5− | 3.2− | 3.2− | |
32 | 0.3 | 2910 | 11.6 | 2.9 | 3.1− | 3.3− | 2.9− | 3.0− | |
33 | PhMe | — | — | 2.5 | 2.4 | — | 2.5− | — | 2.4− |
34 | PhH | — | — | 2.4 | 2.3 | — | 2.4− | — | 2.4− |
35 | — | — | 2.2 | 2.1 | — | 2.1− | — | 2.1− | |
36 | — | — | 2.0 | 1.4 | — | 2.0− | — | 2.0− |
Physical property values of several liquids at room temperature. [19].
Entry 1: distilled water; 2: propylene carbonate; 3: dimethyl sulfoxide; 4: N,N-dimethylacetamide; 5: nitromethane; 6: N,N-dimethylformamide; 7: acetonitrile; 8: N-methylimidazole; 9: N- methyl-2-pyrrolidone; 10: nitrobenzene; 11: methanol; 12: benzonitrile; 13: acetone; 14: methyl ethyl ketone; 15: benzaldehyde; 16: 1,2-dichloroethane; 17: dichloromethane; 18: ethanol; 19: methyl iodide; 20: ethyl acetate; 21: chlorobenzene; 22: fluorobenzene; 23: bromobenzene; 24: chloroform; 25: iodobenzene; 26: diethyl ether; 27: 2-propanol; 28: cyclopentyl methyl ether; 29: 1-butanol; 30: 2-butanol; 31: isobutyl alcohol; 32:
The propagation of the electromagnetic wave energy of the microwave is propagation of electromagnetic field vibration. Specifically, this vibration is caused by continuously and repeatedly converting the electric field energy into magnetic field energy and vice versa. The propagation equations are shown as follows (Eqs. (34)–(38)):
Here,
The applied
D in the dielectric produced by aligning the directions of the dielectric molecules undulates with a phase shift (delay) of
From Eq. (37), the product of
Substituting Eqs. (39) and (40) into Eq. (41) and converting the exponential function to a trigonometric function using Euler’s formula yields the Eqs. (42) and (43). Eq. (42) divided by Eq. (43) matches Eq. (16):
Next, the energy consumption per unit volume when the electric flux density of the dielectric changes by
In Eq. (44),
After transforming Eq. (46) with the cosine difference formula, differentiating with
By substituting Eq. (47) into Eq. (44), we obtain Eq. (48):
Since w is repeated
Rewriting Eq. (49) yields Eq. (50). Here, when
When the frequency is very low and the change in the electric field is very slow, the molecules align their dipole moments in a direction that cancels the electric field without delay in proportion to the electric field strength, and this flux density can follow without delay. Since
If the target frequencies are the same,
Figure 5 shows a model in which microwaves pass through media in the order of air, water, and air. Here, for the sake of simplicity, the electric flux is indicated by a straight arrow, and the reflected wave at the boundary is not considered. Wavelength reduction is considered first [17]. The electric flux density in air is
Model structure of heating considerations. Area 1:Air, area 2:Water, area 3:Air.
In actual examinations, it is difficult to measure the electric field strength inside the irradiation target. Therefore, irradiation with a predetermined irradiation power is performed. Thus, the following interpretation is derived:
Eq. (52) indicates that the loss is proportional to
Eq. (53) indicates that the loss is proportional to tan
The applied electric field and applied power referred to here are the net electric field and power applied to the materials. As will be described later, not all irradiation power is always applied. The irradiated and reflected powers can be measured in area 1. The passing through power can be measured in area 3.
From the Nyquist diagram, the maximum value of tan
Furthermore,
The tan
The frequency at which
The semicircle in the Nyquist diagram shows that the maximum values of
The complex dielectric constant according to Debye relaxation can be generalized by obtaining
When the temperature rises, the molecule becomes disturbed. As a result, the external response amount
When the temperature rises, the intermolecular bond becomes weaker and the relaxation time
If the dielectric loss is based on the response-phase difference
As shown in Figure 6, the Bode diagrams of
Area division of the bode diagram. Left: area division; Right: temperature rising.
Type I is the case where the relaxation frequency
Type II is the case where
Type III is when
Type IV is when
Type V is the case where
Type 0 is not shown in this figure. This corresponds to the case where contributions to the original dielectric loss, such as that from nonpolar molecules, are very small.
When the irradiated
For the relaxation time
Nyquist diagrams with two
Figure 8 shows the Argan diagram as a complex relative permittivity at 2.45 GHz by the reflection probe method [21, 22, 23]. One line indicates the nine mixtures made with a volume ratio of 9:1 to 1:9 between two pure liquids. If the
Argan diagrams of liquid mixtures. 1: Water; 2: Propylene carbonate; 3: Dimethyl sulfoxide; 7: Acetonitrile; 11: Methanol; 13: Acetone; 18: Ethanol; 27: 2-propanol; 28: Cyclopentyl methyl ether.
A plot of the responses at other frequencies on the Argan diagram is also shown in Figure 8. Apparently, these figures have changed greatly. However, as shown in point A, ethanol:water = 4:6 mixed solution, acetonitrile:propylene carbonate = 2:8 mixed solution, and acetone:propylene carbonate = 2:8 mixed solution had close
The conductive material is heated by the conductive loss [10, 24, 25, 26, 27]. This property agrees with the dielectric loss in that it is proportional to the square of the electric field strength. These are losses to the electric field and not to the magnetic field. Since
Nyquist and bode diagrams of 0.1-Mol/L NaCl aqueous solution.
In many cases, only one parameter
The power density
Here,
Since
Here,
Comparing Eqs. (50) and (64), it can be seen that
The apparent relative permittivity measured in Figure 9 is the sum of the permittivity term and the conductivity term. This response is represented by
When the complex conductivity
In the previous diagram of the NaCl aqueous solution, the Nyquist diagram shows a semicircle in the high-frequency band, so this region has dielectric properties. On the other hand, in the low-frequency region, a locus different from a semicircle based on the movement of ions is shown. This means the loss due to the phase delay is small and mainly due to the motion of the ionic molecules. Whether the heat generation behavior at the irradiated frequency is mainly caused by dielectric or conductive loss cannot be distinguished by measurement at one frequency. Unless it is a Nyquist or Bode diagram, the contribution ratio of the dielectric and conductive losses cannot be separated from the locus.
In many discussions of microwave chemistry, temperature and heat are very important. It is shown that the loss of electromagnetic energy is based on the imaginary part, i.e.
When the chemical reaction field under microwave irradiation is different from the non-irradiation condition, its form can be classified into four types.
Fast reaction rate (acceleration);
Slow reaction rate (deceleration);
Different products (selective production);
Different consumptions (selective consuming).
The first is an example in which the reaction speed increases when microwave energy is applied, and as a result, the reaction’s end time is shortened. Since the reaction rate can be significantly accelerated by increasing the temperature, one can always discuss whether the temperature was accurately measured or whether the actual reaction field temperature was high. The second is an example opposite to the first. This phenomenon appears when the actual reaction field temperature is low, but this case has little detailed discussion. If phase transition is included in the category, supercooling and overheating phenomena correspond to this. The third is an example in which products differ depending on the presence or absence of microwave irradiation when multiple products are considered. This happens when there are multiple reaction paths, one of which is particularly accelerated. This includes cases where only intermediates are obtained in a multistep reaction. The fourth is an example of a case with multiple substrates, and a reaction of the specific substrates is prioritized. In any of these cases, the reaction rate is considered to have changed due to the application of microwave energy. That is,
The target reaction speed increased;
The inhibition reaction speed increased;
The reaction speed for obtaining target products increased;
The reaction speed for consuming specific substrates increased.
All four of these interpretations mean that the specific reaction rate was increased by the application of microwave energy. From the aforementioned, when the chemical reaction under microwave irradiation is different from that in the non-irradiation case, if it is not a thermal effect, an equation for changing the reaction rate must be derived even if the temperature
Eq. (63) describes the attenuation of the energy of the electric field. Considering the propagation here, it is an expression in which the imaginary part is changed to a real part. This means that the propagation equation is derived as Eq. (65):
Since the conductive material can be regarded as a special state of the dielectric, discussion of the material including
Therefore, propagation of electromagnetic waves occurs according to the following stages:
E-stage 1: Electric field energy given in the system is accumulated as propagation amount
E-stage 2: Propagation amount
H-stage 1: The magnetic field energy given in the system is accumulated as propagation amount
H-stage 2: Propagation amount
These stages are repeated. What this equation indicates is transition of the electromagnetic wave energy, not a chemical reaction; thus, to consider the effect on the chemical reaction, one uses the following quantities:
A combination of these.
Whether
In the reaction kinetics, the activation energy theory described by Arrhenius (Eq. (70)), which originated from gas molecular kinetics, is discussed:
Strictly speaking, it cannot be applied theoretically except for the secondary reaction of two gas molecules, but it is useful as an empirical formula and can be used in a solution system. Here,
The Arrhenius equation can be interpreted as follows. The horizontal axis in Figure 10 shows the molecular velocity v in an arbitrary reaction coordinate system. The vertical axis
Relationship between molecular velocity v and existence probability
Here, the mass per mol is
Reaction coordinate and energy distribution at temperature
The progress of the reaction is assumed to occur when the motion of the original molecule coincides with the positive direction of the reaction coordinate system and its kinetic energy exceeds
Therefore, the ratio of the region exceeding
The value obtained by Eq. (75) is the Boltzmann factor. In the Arrhenius equation, the reaction rate is proportional to the Boltzmann factor because of the occupation ratio of the high energy state.
Here, the temperature
When any one direction is taken as the reaction coordinate, the energy distribution is the same in any state from Sb to Pd in the reaction coordinate system. Therefore, as expected,
Reaction coordinate and energy distribution at temperature
Next, consider the supply of microwave energy instead of
Herein, the effective efficiency is defined by
The coefficient
From the right-hand side of Figure 13, integration of the region
Reaction coordinate and energy distribution at temperature
From the aforementioned, it is apparent that the exponential form of the Boltzmann factor is maintained, and this expression is irrelevant to
Comparing both equations,
Generalizing Eq. (81) under an applied microwave irradiation yields Eq. (82):
Eq. (82) does not change
Eqs. (81) or (82) can be transformed into Eq. (83).
If the effect of microwave irradiation is expressed by Eq. (81), the ratio
When
This equation suggests that in a system having an effective
Microwave chemistry was described with a focus on the behavior of dielectrics. We discussed the relationship between physical properties such as dielectric constant, energy propagation in the material, and energy loss in the material. By discussing energy, if there is a special effect other than heat in microwave chemical reactions, we have derived
In order to confirm the results of this deduction inductively, correct measurements are required. A simple method is a surface temperature measurement with a radiation thermometer, but the fact that there is a temperature difference from the inside has been investigated in various experiments, and unless this problem is solved, it will lead to incorrect measurement. The temperature and its distribution should be validated with multiple methods, such as internal radiation measurements using an optical fiber, a fiber-grating method that measures the local volume changes of the optical fiber, and temperature dependence of the lifetime of the fluorescent material at the tip [30, 31, 32].
As presented in this paper, understanding microwave effects algebraically in terms of energy theory is different from considering energy distribution geometrically. For example, the existence of nonequilibrium local heating, which is influenced by the structure of the irradiated object, has been reported [33]. This phenomenon, which can be explained as a peculiar heating method occurring in microwave heating, is due to the geometric intensity of the electromagnetic field distribution. In this example, the unique heat distribution structure gives “geometric” microwave effects rather than “algebraic” microwave effects.
Microwaves in the GHz band have a decimator wavelength. If the size of the reaction vessel is smaller than the wavelength, the result may vary greatly depending on the place of installation and the shape of the vessel, based on the microwave interference. Therefore, in chemical synthesis assisted by microwave heating, it is necessary to consider the shape of the electromagnetic field distribution in the apparatus. Otherwise, other conditions may change at the same time that the temperature, substrate, solvent, and scale are changed. If this unintended influence is ignored, it becomes difficult to clarify general trends in the condition search, or the result will lead to excessively good or bad evaluations. Thus, microwave chemistry seems to be complicated in terms of chemistry and electromagnetic field analysis. However, it can be expected that more efficient reaction control will be possible by fully utilizing the control as an external field and utilizing it highly. In addition to the algebraic interpretation based on energetics, if the structure of the irradiated object is geometrically controlled as a metamaterial, further microwave effects will be manifested. We believe that microwave chemistry will be a useful technique that can be used to manipulate chemical synthesis by applying external energy to a simple heating reaction.
IntechOpen has always supported new and evolving ideas in scholarly publishing. We understand the community we serve, but to provide an even better service for our IntechOpen Authors and Academic Editors, we have partnered with leading companies and associations in the scientific field and beyond.
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Kasenga",hash:"91cde4582ead884cb0f355a19b67cd56",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Malaria",editors:[{id:"86725",title:"Dr.",name:"Fyson",middleName:"Hanania",surname:"Kasenga",slug:"fyson-kasenga",fullName:"Fyson Kasenga",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/86725/images/system/86725.jpg",institutionString:"Malawi Adventist University",institution:{name:"Malawi Adventist University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malawi"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. 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Saxena",hash:"d92a4085627bab25ddc7942fbf44cf05",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:7}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:250,paginationItems:[{id:"274452",title:"Dr.",name:"Yousif",middleName:"Mohamed",surname:"Abdallah",slug:"yousif-abdallah",fullName:"Yousif Abdallah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274452/images/8324_n.jpg",biography:"I certainly enjoyed my experience in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, particularly it has been in different institutions and hospitals with different Medical Cultures and allocated resources. Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University Plovdiv",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"243698",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"7227",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroaki",middleName:null,surname:"Matsui",slug:"hiroaki-matsui",fullName:"Hiroaki Matsui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Tokyo",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"312999",title:"Dr.",name:"Bernard O.",middleName:null,surname:"Asimeng",slug:"bernard-o.-asimeng",fullName:"Bernard O. Asimeng",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"5",type:"subseries",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Blood Borne Parasites, Intestinal Parasites, Protozoa, Helminths, Arthropods, Water Born Parasites, Epidemiology, Molecular Biology, Systematics, Genomics, Proteomics, Ecology",scope:"Parasitic diseases have evolved alongside their human hosts. In many cases, these diseases have adapted so well that they have developed efficient resilience methods in the human host and can live in the host for years. Others, particularly some blood parasites, can cause very acute diseases and are responsible for millions of deaths yearly. Many parasitic diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases because they have received minimal funding over recent years and, in many cases, are under-reported despite the critical role they play in morbidity and mortality among human and animal hosts. The current topic, Parasitic Infectious Diseases, in the Infectious Diseases Series aims to publish studies on the systematics, epidemiology, molecular biology, genomics, pathogenesis, genetics, and clinical significance of parasitic diseases from blood borne to intestinal parasites as well as zoonotic parasites. We hope to cover all aspects of parasitic diseases to provide current and relevant research data on these very important diseases. In the current atmosphere of the Coronavirus pandemic, communities around the world, particularly those in different underdeveloped areas, are faced with the growing challenges of the high burden of parasitic diseases. At the same time, they are faced with the Covid-19 pandemic leading to what some authors have called potential syndemics that might worsen the outcome of such infections. Therefore, it is important to conduct studies that examine parasitic infections in the context of the coronavirus pandemic for the benefit of all communities to help foster more informed decisions for the betterment of human and animal health.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11401,editor:{id:"67907",title:"Dr.",name:"Amidou",middleName:null,surname:"Samie",slug:"amidou-samie",fullName:"Amidou Samie",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/67907/images/system/67907.jpg",biography:"Dr. Amidou Samie is an Associate Professor of Microbiology at the University of Venda, in South Africa, where he graduated for his PhD in May 2008. He joined the Department of Microbiology the same year and has been giving lectures on topics covering parasitology, immunology, molecular biology and industrial microbiology. 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