The main parameters and characteristics of the APS process [15].
\r\n\tThere are generally two types of masonry: brick and stone masonry. Brick masonry: a type of masonry that uses bricks. However, masonry is further divided into "clay work," which uses clay to fill various joints with bricks to build walls, and "cement masonry," the cheapest type of masonry. Masonry: this is the art of building with bricks or stone. The ability of masonry to support the load imposed by the structural elements above it is called strength. The application of loads to masonry creates internal stresses and deformations. The brand of mortar and brick, the shape and size of masonry materials, and the thickness and density of mortar joints affect the strength of masonry. The ability of masonry to maintain its position under horizontal load is called stability. This property limits the height of masonry depending on its thickness and the magnitude of wind loads. The thermal conductivity of bricks of different types (silicate, ceramic, facing, refractory) is considered. A comparison of bricks in terms of their thermal conductivity is made; the thermal conductivity coefficients of refractory bricks are presented at different temperatures - from 20 to 1700°C. The thermal conductivity depends mainly on the density and the configuration of the voids. Architecture and construction consist of various elements for building works, and masonry is the main element with which these constructions are realized. Masonry is a piece of fired clay with a rectangular shape and is used to build walls and structures. Nowadays, eco-masonry can be made of different materials that offer a variety of advantages, but all of them offer benefits at the level of the environment and sustainability; some of these utensils are plastic bottles, clay, etc. The book addresses the holistic issue of using modern masonry in construction. This book interprets masonry as an essential theme of contemporary architecture and sustainable construction. It is one of the most valuable materials in the history of mankind.
",isbn:"978-1-83768-126-6",printIsbn:"978-1-83768-125-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83768-127-3",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"85ef86d046d15e7d4b1988f1ec5dd750",bookSignature:"Prof. Amjad Almusaed and Prof. Asaad Almssad",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12061.jpg",keywords:"Unreinforced Masonry Buildings, Masonry in Sustainable Building, Energy Saving and Masonry, Eco-Friendly Masonry, Modern Architecture and Masonry, Masonry and Human Behavior, Esthetic and Masonry, History of Advanced Masonry, Structural Masonry, Modeling of Masonry Structures, Modern Masonry Manufacturing, Masonry Walls",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 20th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 21st 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 19th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 8th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 6th 2023",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"a month",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Prof. Amjad Almusaed, affiliated with Jönköping University has carried out a great deal of research and technical survey work and has performed several studies in these areas. He has edited many international books and is an active member of many worldwide architectural associations. He has published more than 170 international academic works (papers, research, books, and book chapters) in different languages.",coeditorOneBiosketch:"Associate Prof. Asaad Almssad has more than thirty years of experience in industry, academia, and research at Umeå University, Sweden; Karlstad University, Sweden; and various European and non-European institutions. His research focuses on building structures, materials, sustainable building, and energy efficiency in building systems. He has authored and co-authored more than fifty research papers and many books. 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It is now widely used to deposit thick coatings (from hundreds of micrometers up to a few millimeters) in a substrate to protect in aggressive environments or to improve its function. APS is commonly used in many industrial sectors, including aeronautics, energy, automotive, mining, biomedical, and electronics [1]. The synthesis of coatings by APS technique occurs by stacking the lamellae resulting from the impact, flattening, and solidification by the colliding molten particles [2]. The material precursor of the coating may be in the form of powders, wires, melt materials, solutions, or suspensions [3]. APS can be applied to a wide variety of materials, including metallic and refractory materials. In this technique, a carrier gas conducts the material particles by injecting them at high velocity through the plasma, where they are molten or partially molten, taking the form of droplets that settle and solidify on the surface being coated. The material to be deposited is carried in the form of a solution or powder to a torch with sufficient enthalpy to generate a plasma jet to melt the particles [4, 5]. The parameters of the plasma spraying process, as well as the characteristics of the precursor (solids or liquids) used for coating, influence the properties of the deposited materials [6, 7]. Characteristics of the coatings such as porosity, atomic structure, roughness, cohesion, and adhesion are fundamentally related to the interaction of the precursor with the plasma jet [8, 9].
\nThe main driving force for the manufacture of thick coatings by APS is their high deposition rate; a few kilograms per hour of raw material can be processed with torches, with a power level of a few tens of kilowatts at a relatively low operating cost. Plasma spray is probably the most versatile of all thermal spray processes because there are few limitations of materials that can be sprayed or on the material, size, and shape of the substrate [4]. The coatings are characterized by a highly anisotropic lamellar structure. In addition, stacking of the particles generates specific interlamellar characteristics throughout the structure, especially voids, which may connect or not through the particles encountering the coating thereafter.
\nConventional plasma spray processes (CPS) use powders with a particle size ranging from 10 to 100 μm. Typically, these result in coatings formed by lamellae of micrometer thickness and diameter of a few tens to hundreds of micrometers. The interest in developing and studying plasma spray coatings that have nanometric and non-micrometric characteristics has been the focus of the last 30 years. This interest stems from improved nanometric coating properties compared to micron size [10]. Reducing the structure to the nanoscale improves hardness, elasticity modulus, and thermal conductivity of the coating as well as reduces defects (voids). One of the main drawbacks in the processing of nanometric particles by APS is the difficulty in injecting them into the high enthalpy jet core. In this case, it is necessary to adjust the injection angle and the transport gas flow of the material in such a way that it is not so intense that it crosses the plasma jet or so smooth that it cannot reach the center of the jet [11]. For this reason, new plasma torches have been developed using axial injection, which is a method by which the material is injected directly into the plasma torch, ensuring that all material is processed. This feature assists in the processing of materials with nanometric magnitude, which can mainly be dispersed in liquid medium to facilitate loading and processing [12].
\nCoatings are applied to substrates (metallic, ceramic, polymeric, or composite) to incorporate to their surface one or more characteristics or qualities that they do not originally possess, to maximize the useful life of a material/equipment, by increasing its resistance to corrosion, wear, oxidation, thermal protection, or gaining efficiency, depending on its application [13].
\nThe improved performance of a given component means, in addition to a providing greater longevity, reduces costs related to the project and subsequent maintenance. In this context, the choice of material is as important as the design of the final product. New materials have been developed for the most diverse applications, which are subjected to extreme conditions, such as in high temperatures, abrasive wear, oxidizing and corrosive atmospheres, or even in a combination of these conditions. However, it is impossible for a single material to meet all these requirements, even for special alloys. This fact contributes to increased demand for the applied coatings, which can be deposited in substrates of most materials and with properties adjusted to specific necessities [14].
\nCoatings can be divided into thin and thick films. The thin films have thicknesses up to 20 μm and are typically synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) or physical vapor deposition (PVD). However, most thin film deposition processes require reactors that work at low pressures, increasing process costs and limiting the dimensions and geometry of the substrate to be coated. Another category of coatings are thick films, which have thicknesses greater than 20 μm, or even a few millimeters. These are applied when the performance of the protection depends directly of the thickness of the coating, for example, coatings applied in aerospace devices, which are subjected to severe erosion, corrosion, and oxidation environments. The deposition methods of thick films include chemical/electrochemical plating, brazing, solder overlays, and plasma spray that are performed at atmospheric pressure [15].
\nThe evolution of these coatings is often the limiting factor in the development of a technology. For example, the input temperature of the first gas turbine (1933) was 400°C. In 2011, the Japanese company Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems developed an advanced gas turbine with input temperature of 1600°C, and efforts are under way to raise this temperature to 1700°C [16]. Initially this evolution occurred through the development of super leagues and the consolidation of these by directional solidification and monocrystals. The construction projects also promoted advances, mainly in the cooling through internal channels of the parts in the hot section of the turbine, where cold air is injected. However, the greatest advance in the temperature operation of these thermal machines occurred with the application of thermal barrier coatings (TBC), which are applied with APS process [17]. The TBCs (Figure 1) are composed of three layers: the first layer is a metallic layer (bond coat), which provides resistance to oxidation and corrosion, and has an intermediate coefficient of thermal expansion between the substrate and the ceramic layer. The second is a layer of oxide (thermal grown oxide (TGO)) that appears, along the thermal cycles, in the interface between the metallic layer and ceramic, due to the oxidation of the metallic layer. The third layer is a ceramic (top coating), which is responsible for the durability of TBC as a whole, as it promotes thermal insulation and protects the metallic layer and substrate from exposure to hot and oxidizing gases from combustion.
\nThermal barrier coatings applied on turbine blade.
Atmospheric plasma spray belongs to a family of processes called thermal spray. Thus, the thermal spray process encompasses a set of processes where sprayed materials (powder on the order of μm or solutions in the form of suspensions, solutions, sol-gel or colloids) are heated (to be melted or semi-melted or partially evaporated) and accelerated against a substrate to form a coating, which may be lamellar or columnar. The thermal source may be by combustion of hydrocarbons or electric arc. The plasma spray process consists of forming the plasma jet, which interact the particles with the plasma. The plasma jet provides thermal and kinetic energy to the material to be deposited by directing it to a substrate to produce coating [18].
\nIn the deposition process of plasma spray, the substrate is usually prepared to receive the coating by performing cleaning procedures (removing oils and greases), inducing surface roughness, preheating, and controlling movement. The adhesion of the particles to the substrate and between the lamellae strongly depends on the preparation of the substrate, preheating temperature, and morphology and composition of the material. Preheating, generally performed with the plasma jet itself, is a key point and has to be controlled according to the size and thickness of the part to be coated. Substrate and coating temperatures, either for preheating or during deposition, are linked to the residual voltage distribution, which is a controlled parameter [19].
\nAnother important step in the deposition process is the material injection, which is mainly influenced by the injection method, feed system type, and the characteristics of the material. The injection method may be radial or axial (Figure 2).
\nRadial and axial material injection.
In the radial injection method, the parameters to be optimized primarily include the flow of the loading gas and the position and geometry of the injector. The point is to ensure that the momentum density of the particles (product of the specific mass by velocity) is equal to the momentum of the plasma jet at the point of injection. The radial injection method has restrictions and some negative aspects, such as the heterogeneity of the heating and the acceleration of the particles, according to their granulometric distribution; and the difficulty of processing precursors with high particle velocity, because of the low plasma-particle heat transfer efficiency. The APS process should attempt to maximize the residence time of the particles in the plasma jet. To overcome the residence time problem, small amounts of hydrogen are added to the working gas to increase the enthalpy of the plasma jet; however, this also increases the electric arc oscillation [20].
\nAnother method is axial injection, which is used in flame spray, high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF), induction (RF) plasma torches, and some plasma torches from a direct current source (DC). In axial injection the distribution of particles are keeping more concentrated, and the interaction time between plasma-particle is greater, which ensures a better processing of the material. With higher heat transfer efficiency between plasma/particle, there is a lower incidence of unmelted particles that may weaken the coating. The problems are the clogging of the nozzle and the operational stability of the plasma torch. Thus, there is a need to develop new plasma torches that operate better with this injection method.
\nCaliari et al. [21] presented a plasma torch with axial material injection, which can produce high velocity plasma jet (>1200 m/s). The materials are injected into the back of the plasma torch (Figure 3), ensuring that all material passes through hot area near of the electric arc, which is the hottest part of the torch, thereby obtaining a lower rate of unmelted particles. The process called “High Velocity Plasma Spray” has a stable torch that operates with low currents between 50~150 A and voltage of 240~360 V, unlike conventional torches, which operate at low voltages and up to five times higher current values. This differential guarantees lower erosion of the electrodes, and its geometry provides better use of the energy with close to 80% efficiency of electric to thermal energy conversion. This high efficiency enables the processing of metallic and ceramic materials, both solids or liquids precursors (suspensions or solutions) [12].
\nHigh velocity plasma spray with axial injection presented by Caliari et al. [
The principal components of the plasma spray systems are (see Figure 4): plasma torch, process control, power supply, gas supply, material feeder (powder or liquid), and dynamic sample holder. The main element of a plasma spray system is the plasma torch, which is responsible for converting electric energy into thermal energy, necessary for material processing. A process control console allows adjustment of the operating parameters, i.e., the control of arc current, arc ignition, plasma gas flow rates, material and carrier gas flow rates. The additional systems necessary for operation are the plasma gas supply system, the power supply system (including the high-frequency starter unit), the high-pressure cooling water system, and the material (powder or solutions) feed system. The systems also have mechanical equipment (sample holder) to control relative motion between the plasma torch and the substrate.
\nPlasma spray system: (1) gas supply, (2) material supply, (3) control panel, (4) DC power supply, (5) plasma torch, (6) sample holder, and (7) cooling system.
Plasma torches are devices used to stabilize an electric discharge with gas flow and to convert electric energy into thermal energy. In a thermal plasma torch, operating from an electric discharge, the high enthalpy plasma results from the interaction of the gas with the electric arc. The study of electric discharges in gases and plasma jet formation involves the phenomena of gas dynamics, mass and heat transfer, and electrophysical and aero-thermodynamic processes [22].
\nPlasma torches can be classified according to the source of electrical energy (electric arcs generated from a direct current, DC, or alternating current, AC source) or by the type of discharge used (transferred or non-transferred arc). Transferred arc torches have one of the electrodes external to the torch body, through which the arc extends from the inner electrode. Due to the electric current transport in the generated plasma jet, this configuration forms higher enthalpy plasma jets than non-transferred arc torches. For non-transferred arc torches, both electrodes are positioned inside the torch. Thus, the electric arc remains confined in the discharge channel and the generated plasma jet does not carry electric current [23].
\nIn the design of a thermal plasma torch, one should consider the type of electric power source, the enthalpy and temperature of the plasma jet suitable for the application, the choice of appropriate materials, the implementation of arc stabilization, and control system for the length of the electric arc (if any). In the case of non-transferred arc torches, the stabilization of the electric arc can be done with a gas vortex (that forms the plasma), discharge chamber wall, magnetic field and its combinations. In most cases the arc self-fixation method, based on shunting effect, is used. In addition, to fix the arc length, a magnetic field generated by one or more solenoids may be used. In this case, the radial part of the electric arc moves axially to the place where the axial component of the magnetic field is greater. Moreover, the interaction between the magnetic field and the electric arc current produces the driving force that displaces the arc tangentially, which avoids the positioning of the arc spot at a fixed point, thus reducing erosion of the electrode [24].
\nThe materials applied in plasma torches, especially those exposed to the electric arc, are submitted to a high thermal load in the place of fixation of the electric arc, that destroyed the electrode. Properties such as specific heat, melt temperature, coefficient of thermal expansion, thermal conductivity, work function, and electrical resistivity should be considered in the choice of these materials.
\nFigure 5 presents a generic scheme of a non-transferred arc plasma torch with the electrodes (cathode, 1, and anode, 2) arranged concentrically and between the electric arc [25]. To stabilize the arc, the gas vortex formed by the vortex camera (4) installed between the insulated electrodes (3). To fix the arc in the anode surface, a magnetic field produced by the solenoids (7) is applied. The electrodes are subjected to high heat flows, and to maintain their functionality, they are cooled by a continuous flow of water through the cooling jacket (6).
\nDiagram of a linear thermal plasma torch, (1) hot cathode, (2) anode, (3) electrical insulation, (4) vortex chamber, (5) gas inlet, (6) cooling water inlet and outlet, and (7) solenoid.
Although there is a great diversity of plasma torch designs, their principle of operation is based on the generation of plasma flow due to forced convective interaction of a gas with the electric arc, established between two electrodes [23]. The application of a high frequency and high voltage at electrodes allows transform the electrical insulator gas into conductor and form an electric conductor channel. The high temperature in the channel, caused by Joule effect reduces the electrical resistance of the gas, due to an increase in the number of charged particles, thus allowing the passage of high current by the gas, establishing the arc. The electrons, accelerated by the electric field in the region between the electrodes, transfer their kinetic energy to the heavy particles through collisions, raising the temperature of the gas, dissociating its molecules, and exciting and ionizing the atoms, which are factors that contribute to the increased degree of plasma ionization. The electric field generated near the cathode accelerates the positively charged heavy particles, which collide against the surface of the cathode. As the mobility of heavy particles is much smaller than that of the electrons, an excess of positive volume of charged particles is formed in the region near the cathode. This phenomenon increases the electric field in the vicinity of the electrode, which in turn, facilitates the emission of the electrons of the electrode (due to the tunneling and field effect) by increasing the density of electrons in the plasma [23]. The constriction of the arc in the cathode (another important phenomenon) increases the current density and, respectively, the thermal flow to the surface of the cathode, increasing its temperature and the emission of the electrons by thermionic effect.
\nThe input parameters and the operational characteristics of the plasma spray process are described in Table 1 [15]. The input parameters are controlled during the experiment and, therefore, are independent variables. However, the operational characteristics often depend on the combination of the input parameters, thus, they are dependent variables.
\nThe main parameters and characteristics of the APS process [15].
To obtain operational control of the plasma torch, it is necessary to know the operating range of the input parameters in order to stabilize the electric arc. Hence, one must know the current-voltage characteristics (SVS) (voltage—versus current for different flow rates) of the electric arc, (CVC), which usually influenced by the characteristic curve of the electric power source. According to Heimann [26], the most common gases used in plasma torches are nitrogen, argon, helium, and hydrogen. Gas flow and its chemical composition, current and outlet electrode (nozzle) design directly influence the energetic and kinetic characteristics of the plasma jet and its stability. The arc voltage, in turn, depends on the gas flow rate, plasma torch geometry and mode of arc stabilization. Thermal efficiency represents the ability to convert electrical energy into thermal one (enthalpy of the plasma jet). Part of the thermal energy is dissipated in the electrodes with cooled walls. In conventional plasma torches, the thermal efficiency is approximately 50% [15].
\nThe applications of atmospheric plasma spray technology have changed considerably since its beginning in the 1950s. The global pressures on prices have forced companies to face challenges in their manufacturing processes; they generally answer by an acceleration of production, increasing in throughput and consistency in quality of the coating. Also, plasma-sprayed coatings have to cover a greater demand of applications such as higher operation temperatures, wear and corrosion under extreme conditions, and longer life span of parts and devices. A potential response for coatings with improved properties is the deposition of coatings with finer microstructure, i.e., finer lamellae and smaller voids as well as coating with microstructure more resistant to mechanical and thermal stresses than the lamellar microstructure exhibited by conventional plasma-sprayed coatings. This requirement has led to the development of innovative plasma coating processes for producing coatings with grain size in the nanometer range while keeping the high deposition rate and flexibility of plasma spraying [27, 28]. The process uses the basic equipment of the conventional plasma spray process but the feedstock is a liquid suspension or a solution of chemical precursors instead of the conventional powder feedstock, which takes advantage of the high enthalpy content of the plasma jet to evaporate the spray material and then forms a coating by fine droplets and/or condensation of the vaporized material on the substrate [29, 30]. To form the coating with liquid precursors, these must be injected into the plasma region in smaller droplets (sprayed or atomized). Then the solvent is evaporated, forming the solid material, which is melted (or forms a shell) and accelerated towards the substrate, as shown in Figure 6. As all these steps occur almost instantaneously, the plasma generator must provide suitable energy to process the liquid precursor and form the material.
\nFormation of the material from a liquid precursor with low and high concentration of the material to be deposited.
Available since the 1990s, nanostructured materials are still considered a new concept that increase the performance of engineering components. Many studies have instigated the properties of nanostructured materials used in structural components and coatings. Ceramic materials gained attention mainly because they have greater hardness due to the smaller grain size, greater resistance to wear, and less incidence of defects [10, 31].
\nNanostructured coatings can be obtained by plasma spray processes using liquid precursors. Solid precursors (powders) with nanometric distribution have difficulty with fluidity between the feed line and the plasma torch, causing intermittent injection of the material. The fluidity problem is overcome by increasing the flow of the carrier gas; however, this causes the plasma jet axis to shift and produce a non-uniform coating on the substrate. Another factor is that the nanoparticle may not penetrate the center of the plasma jet by inhibiting fusion and acceleration processes towards the substrate to form the coating [5, 32, 33, 34, 35].
\nThe solution plasma spray technique allows the deposition of thick nanostructured coatings (Figure 7), without the need for a very sophisticated infrastructure. Expenditure on materials (liquid precursor) is much lower than on the powders. The flexibility to use different feedstock enables a variety of compositions of the liquid precursor to be exploited by adjusting its concentration according to the desired application.
\n(a) Top view of the coating, (b) nanostructure of coatings, and (c) particle measurements.
Biomaterials can be obtained with different techniques, thermal spraying shows significant advantages; in particular, the fact that the deposition and consolidation of the coating occur simultaneously without the need of a sintering treatment. Bioactive glasses are considered promising materials to be used as coatings onto implant devices, due to their high bioactivity [36, 37]. The use of solutions precursor instead of traditional thermal spraying feedstock provides unique properties, i.e., high purity materials (avoiding possible contamination from feedstock preparation steps), and nanostructured coatings with denser and more homogeneous microstructures [38].
\nSeveral efforts to use solution plasma spray process to fabricate superhydrophobic coatings have been reported [39]. Metals and metal oxides, as the most important and commonly used engineering materials, are hydrophilic for most part due to their high surface energy. There is immense interest in developing the ability to control the surface wettability of metals and metal oxides in order to improve their performance in corrosion resistance, friction reduction and efficiency in liquid transportation [40]. Xu et al. [41] presented superhydrophobic ceramic coatings with nano-sized hierarchical structure and high water contact angle, coatings were fabricated by a one-step solution precursor plasma spray process.
\nIn addition, plasma reactivity can be exploited to obtain a final coating with composition different from the original precursor. In the study presented by Miranda et al. [12], a plasma spray system with axial injection was used to deposit nanostructured coatings. Coatings with graded composition between SiO2/SiC (Figure 8) on carbon/carbon composites substrates were obtained.
\nSEM image of cross-section of sample and EDS results showing the composition of coating (A), interface (B), and substrate (C).
A relevant result, obtained during the analysis of the chemical and structural composition of the coating, was the SiC formation due to the reactions between the carbon and the liquid precursor (SiO) promoted by the plasma jet. These reactions are exemplified by means of Figure 9. The formation of SiC in the coating helps to protect the substrate because it reduces the permeability of oxygen, preventing its oxidation and, consequently, the loss of its structural characteristics. Although no coating adhesion tests were carried out, the higher SiC concentration at the substrate/coating interface indicates the occurrence of a chemical adhesion process of the coating [42]. Thus, at this stage of the deposition process, the composite is “doped” with a SiC layer and thus exposed to differentiated oxidation processes in relation to the original C/C substrate.
\nSiC formation in the deposition process [
The coatings aim at the environmental protection of carbon/carbon composite substrates of great application in the aerospace sector. The main tool of this system is the non-transferred arc plasma torch calibrated and specifically characterized by forming a high enthalpy and high velocity plasma jet, capable to processing precursors with high melt temperatures at atmospheric pressure. With these characteristics, adjusted to power systems, gas feed and liquid precursors, it is possible to obtain nanostructured coatings with low fraction of pores and inclusions.
\nIn processes using DC or RF plasma torches, typically the material is introduced into the plasma jet in the form of micrometric powders. They are accelerated due to moment transfer of the plasma jet and at the same time the process of heat transfer and mass begins. The residence time of the powder in the plasma jet, and consequently the efficiency of the process, depend on the particle’s speed and the flight distance. The process of forming nanostructured coatings relates to these factors, since particles within the plasma flame must remain a sufficient time for total evaporation of the liquid precursor and melt the particles or particle’s surface. The formation of nanostructures occurs with the rapid cooling of the vapor. It is important to point out that this process is most commonly observed in works that employ short-arc plasma torches transferred for better utilization of process energy [43, 44]. In these systems, the vapor cooling process is the main stage of nanoparticle formation. Homogeneous nucleation is facilitated by the combination of heating, evaporation, and rapid cooling, such as happens in a plasma reactor [45].
\nNanostructured materials have unique characteristics in relation to their mechanical and thermal properties, in addition to producing a lower index of defects and a lower porosity than coatings obtained in the traditional method using solid feedstock (which are limited to the size of the particle in flight). The use of atmospheric spray plasma systems is shown as an effective alternative to produce nanostructured and composite materials, which can be adjusted according to the need for application, as in the case of the use of liquid precursors. Therefore, it is necessary to advance the development of plasma torches capable of processing various types of materials to increase its range of application and consequently contribute to the technological advancement of materials processing.
\nThe authors acknowledge the financial support grant #88887.185537/2018-00 provided by the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) and the Technological Institute of Aeronautics (ITA).
\nIn the field of physics and applied mathematics research getting an exact solution of a nonlinear partial differential equation is very important. The elaboration of many complex phenomena in fluid mechanics, plasma physics, optical fibers, biology, solid-state physics, etc. is possible if analytical solutions can be obtained. Most of the differential equation arises in these field has no explicit solution as popularly known. This problem creates hindrances in the study of nonlinear phenomena and makes it time-consuming in the research of nonlinear models in the plasma and other science. However recent researches in nonlinear differential equations have seen the development of many approximate analytical solutions of partial and ordinary differential equations.
\nThe history behind the discovery of soliton is not only interesting but also significant. In 1834 a Scottish scientist and engineer—John Scott-Russell first noticed the solitary water wave on the Edinburgh Glasgow Canal. In 1844 [1] in “Report on Waves” he accounted his examinations to the British Association. He wrote “I was observing the motion of a boat which was rapidly drawn along a narrow channel by a pair of horses, when the boat suddenly stopped not so the mass of water in the channel which it had put in motion; it accumulated round the prow of the vessel in a state of violent agitation, then suddenly leaving it behind, rolled forward with great velocity, assuming the form of a large solitary elevation, a rounded, smooth and well defined heap of water, which continued its course along the channel apparently without change of form or diminution of speed. I followed it on horseback and overtook it still rolling on at a rate of some eight or nine miles an hour, preserving its original figure some thirty feet long and a foot to a foot and a half in height. Its height gradually diminished and after a chase of one or two miles I lost it in the windings of the channel. Such in the month of August 1834 was my first chance interview with that singular and beautiful phenomenon which I have called the Wave of Translation.” He coined the word “solitary wave.” The solitary wave is called so because it often occurs as a single entity and is localized. The most important characteristics of solitary waves were unearthed after thorough study along with extensive wave-tank experiments. The following are the properties of solitary waves:
\n(a) These localized bell-shaped waves travel with enduring form and velocity. The speed of these waves are given by \n
John Scott-Russell’s study created a stir in the scientific community. His study not only initiated a debate with the prevailing knowledge of the theories of waves but also challenged the antecedent knowledge of waves. The previous study claimed that a periodic wave of finite amplitude and permanent shape are feasible only in deep water unlike Russell’s observation that the permanent profile is also possible in shallow water. Finally the stable form of solitary waves was received in scientific community with the aid of nonlinearity and dispersion. An ideal equilibrium between nonlinearity and dispersion can generate such waves.
\nDiederik Johannes Korteweg in 1895 [2] along with his PhD student Gustav De Vries obtained an equation from the primary equation of hydrodynamics. This equation explains shallow water waves where the existence of solitary waves was mathematically recognized. This equation is called KdV equation which is of the form \n
This chapter will discuss the analytical solitary wave solution of the KdV and KdV-like equations. In the study of nonlinear dispersive waves, these equations are generally seen. The KdV equation, a generic equation, is important in the study of weakly nonlinear long waves. This equation consists of a single humped wave characterized by several unique properties. The Soliton solutions of the KdV equation have been quite popular but it also not devoid of problems. The problems not only restrict to dispersion but also dissipation and interestingly these are not dominated by the KdV equation. The standard KdV equation fails to explain the development of small-amplitude solitary waves in case the particles collide in a plasma system. KdV equation with an additional damping term or the damped Korteweg-de Vries (DKdV) equation becomes handy in explaining this issue of elaborating the character of the wave. But in the presence of any critical physical situation (critical point) nonlinearity of the KdV equation disappears and the amplitude of the waves reaches infinity. To control this situation, a new nonlinear partial differential equation has to be derived that can explain the system at that critical point. This is known as the modified Korteweg-de Vries (MKdV) equation. In the presence of collisions, this equation is not also adequate and a damped MKdV equation is necessary. Also in the presence of force source term then the equation will be further modified and become DFKdV/DFMKdV.
\nNow we will derive the KdV equation from a classic plasma model, in which we consider a collision-free unmagnetized plasma consists of electrons and ions, in which ions are mobile and electrons obey the Maxwell distribution. The basic equation will be given as:
\nwhere the electrons obey Maxwell distribution, i.e., \n
To write Eqs. (1)–(3) in dimensionless from we introduce the following dimensionless variables
\nwhere \n
To linearized (5)–(7), let us write the dependent variable as sum of equilibrium and perturbed parts, so that we write \n
neglecting the nonlinear term \n
which is the linearized form of Eq. (5).
\nPutting \n
Neglecting the nonlinear term from (10), we get
\nThis is the linearized form of Eq. (6).
\nPutting \n
Hence Eqs. (9), (11), (12) are the linearized form of Eq. (5)–(7) respectively.
\nTo get dispersion relation for low frequency wave let us assume that the perturbation is proportional to \n
So,
\nPutting these value in Eqs. (9), (11) and (12), we get,
\nSince the system (22)–(24) is a system of linear homogeneous equation so for nontrivial solutions we have
\nThis is the
For small \n
The phase velocity as
\nso that \n
In this case, we have \n
For long-wave as \n
The \n
Now the phase of the waves can be written as
\nHere \n
Let us consider a new stretched coordinates \n
where \n
where
We can express (5)–(7) in terms of \n
Substituting the Eqs. (31)–(34) in Eqs. (38)–(40) and collecting the lowest order \n
Integrating Eqs. (41)–(43) and all the variables tend to zero as \n
From Eq. (44)–(46) we get the phase velocity as
\nSubstituting the Eqs.(31)–(34) in Eqs. (38)–(40) and collecting order \n
Differentiating Eq. (50) With respect to \n
Eq. (51) is known as
The steady-state solution of this KdV equation is obtained by transforming the independent variables \n
The steady state solution of the KdV Eq. (51) can be written as
\nwhere \n
Solitary wave solution of
Let us consider an unmagnetized collisional dusty plasma that contains cold inertial ions, stationary dusts with negative charge and Maxwellian electrons. The normalized ion fluid equations which include the equation of continuity, equation of momentum balance and Poisson’s equation, governing the DIAWs, are given by
\nwhere \n
where \n
The normalized electron density is given by
\nWe introduced the same stretched coordinates use in Eq.(31). The expansion of the dependent variables also considered as (32)–(34) with
\nSubstituting (31)–(34) and (58)–(59) along with stretching coordinates into Eqs. (53)–(55) and equating the coefficients of lowest order of \n
Taking the coefficients of next higher order of \n
where \n
It has been noticed that the behavior of nonlinear waves changes significantly in the presence of external periodic force. It is paramount to note that the source term or forcing term due to the presence of space debris in plasmas may be of different kind, for example, Gaussian forcing term [4], hyperbolic forcing term [4], (in the form of \n
which is termed as
In absence of \n
where \n
In this case, it is well established that
\nis a conserved. For small values of \n
where \n
Differentiating Eq. (64) with respect to \n
Again,
\nUsing Eq. (66) and (67) the expression of \n
Therefore, the solution of the Eq. (62) is
\nwhere \n
Solitary wave solution of
In Figure 3, the soliton solution of the damp force KdV equation is plotted from Eq. (65) for different values of the strength of the external periodic force \n
Variation of solitary wave from
Variation of solitary wave from
To obtain damped KdV Burgers equation we considered an unmagnetized collisional dusty plasma which contains cold inertial ions, stationary dusts with negative charge and Maxwellian distributed electrons. The normalized ion fluid equations are as follows
\nwhere \n
Here normalization is taken as follows
\n\n\n
To obtain damped KdV burger we introduced the same stretched coordinates use in Eq.(31). The expansion of the dependent variables are also considered same as (32)–(34) with
\nSubstituting the above expansions (32)-(34) and (73)–(74) along with stretching coordinates (31) into Eqs. (69)–(71) and equating the coefficients of lowest order of \n
Taking the coefficients of next higher order of \n
where \n
In absence of \n
where amplitude of the solitary waves \n
It is well established for the KdV equation that,
\nis a conserved quantity [7].
\nFor small values of \n
where the amplitude \n
Differentiating Eq. (78) with respect to \n
where,
\nand
\nSubstituting Eq. (81) and (82) into Eq. (80), we obtain
\nwhich is the Bernoulli’s equation, where \n
The solution of the Eq. (83) is
\nTherefore, the slow time dependence form of the ion acoustic solitary wave solution of the DKdVB Eq. (76) is given by (79)where.
\n\n\n
Let us consider an unmagnetized collisional dusty plasma that contains cold inertial ions, stationary dusts with negative charge and Maxwellian distributed electrons. The normalized ion fluid equations which include the equation of continuity, equation of momentum balance and Poisson’s equation, governing the DIAWs, are given by
\nwhere \n
where \n
The normalized \n
We introduced the same stretched coordinates use in Eq. (31). The expansion of the dependent variables also considered same as (32)–(34) and (58)–(59). Substituting (31)–(34) and (58)–(59) along with stretching coordinates into Eqs. (84)–(86) and equating the coefficients of lowest order of \n
with \n
where \n
Now at the certain values, for example \n
and expand of the dependent variables same as Eqs. (32)–(34) with
\nNow substituting Eq. (32)–(34) and (91)–(93) into the basic Eqs. (84)–(86) and equating the coefficients of lowest order of \n
Equating the coefficients of next higher order of \n
Equating the coefficients of next higher order of \n
where \n
From Eq. (94)–(96), one can obtain the Phase velocity as \n
where \n
It has been noticed that the behavior of nonlinear waves changes significantly in the presence of external periodic force. For simplicity, we assume that \n
Such a form of this source function is observed in experimental situations or conditions for a particular device. Eq. (104) is termed as
In absence of \n
The slow time dependence form of the ion acoustic waves solution of the DFMKdV Eq. (104) is given by,
\nwhere \n
The amplitude and width are as follows:
\nwhere
\nLet us consider a plasma model [9] consisting of cold ions, Maxwellian electrons in the presence of dust particles and the external static magnetic field \n
The normalized electron density is given by
\nwhere \n
Here the normalization is done as follows:
\nHere \n
To obtain the DFZK equation we introduce the new stretched coordinates as
\nwhere \n
Substituting the equations (112)-(119) into the system of Eqs. (106)-(110) equating the coefficient of \n
Equating the coefficient of \n
Considering the coefficient of \n
Comparing the coefficients of \n
Using the relationships (120)–(124), one can obtain the linear dispersion relation as
\nExpressing all the perturbed quantities in terms of \n
where
\nChoudhury et al. [5] studied analytical electron acoustic solitary wave (EASW) solution in the presence of periodic force for an unmagnetized plasma consisting of cold electron fluid, superthermal hot electrons and stationary ions. Motivated by the these works, here we consider the source term as \n
where \n
where \n
where, \n
The analytical solitary wave solution of the Eq. (134) as obtained in (68), is
\nwhere \n
It is clear from the structure of the solitary wave solution of the DFKdV, DFMKdV and DFZK that the soliton amplitude and width depends on the nonlinearity and dispersion of the evolution equations, which are the function of different plasma parameter involve in the consider plasma system. Also evident from the structure of the approximate analytical solution that the amplitude and the width of the soliton depends on the Mach number \n
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. 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My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University Plovdiv",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"243698",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"7227",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroaki",middleName:null,surname:"Matsui",slug:"hiroaki-matsui",fullName:"Hiroaki Matsui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Tokyo",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"312999",title:"Dr.",name:"Bernard O.",middleName:null,surname:"Asimeng",slug:"bernard-o.-asimeng",fullName:"Bernard O. Asimeng",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"11",type:"subseries",title:"Cell Physiology",keywords:"Neurodevelopment and Neurodevelopmental Disease, Free Radicals, Tumor Metastasis, Antioxidants, Essential Fatty Acids, Melatonin, Lipid Peroxidation Products and Aging Physiology",scope:"\r\n\tThe integration of tissues and organs throughout the mammalian body, as well as the expression, structure, and function of molecular and cellular components, is essential for modern physiology. The following concerns will be addressed in this Cell Physiology subject, which will consider all organ systems (e.g., brain, heart, lung, liver; gut, kidney, eye) and their interactions: (1) Neurodevelopment and Neurodevelopmental Disease (2) Free Radicals (3) Tumor Metastasis (4) Antioxidants (5) Essential Fatty Acids (6) Melatonin and (7) Lipid Peroxidation Products and Aging Physiology.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/11.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11407,editor:{id:"133493",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/133493/images/3091_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Angel Catalá \r\nShort Biography Angel Catalá was born in Rodeo (San Juan, Argentina). He studied \r\nchemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where received aPh.D. degree in chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From\r\n1964 to 1974, he worked as Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of MedicineUniversidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. From 1974 to 1976, he was a Fellowof the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor oBiochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. He is Member ofthe National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and Argentine Society foBiochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for manyears in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Professor Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, publishedover 100 papers in peer reviewed journals, several chapters in books andtwelve edited books. Angel Catalá received awards at the 40th InternationaConference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999: Dijon (France). W inner of the Bimbo PanAmerican Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South AmericaHuman Nutrition, Professional Category. 2006 award in pharmacology, Bernardo\r\nHoussay, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Angel Catalá belongto the Editorial Board of Journal of lipids, International Review of Biophysical ChemistryFrontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics, World Journal oExperimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International, W orld Journal oBiological Chemistry, Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, Diabetes and thePancreas, International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, International Journal oNutrition, Co-Editor of The Open Biology Journal.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261"},editorialBoard:[{id:"186048",title:"Prof.",name:"Ines",middleName:null,surname:"Drenjančević",slug:"ines-drenjancevic",fullName:"Ines Drenjančević",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186048/images/5818_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Osijek",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null},{id:"79615",title:"Dr.",name:"Robson",middleName:null,surname:"Faria",slug:"robson-faria",fullName:"Robson Faria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/79615/images/system/79615.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"84459",title:"Prof.",name:"Valerie",middleName:null,surname:"Chappe",slug:"valerie-chappe",fullName:"Valerie Chappe",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/84459/images/system/84459.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalhousie University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7726",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7726.jpg",slug:"swarm-intelligence-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Javier Del Ser, Esther Villar and Eneko Osaba",hash:"e7ea7e74ce7a7a8e5359629e07c68d31",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Swarm Intelligence - 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