\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"1363",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Numerical Analysis - Theory and Application",title:"Numerical Analysis",subtitle:"Theory and Application",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Numerical Analysis - Theory and Application is an edited book divided into two parts: Part I devoted to Theory, and Part II dealing with Application. The presented book is focused on introducing theoretical approaches of numerical analysis as well as applications of various numerical methods to either study or solving numerous theoretical and engineering problems. Since a large number of pure theoretical research is proposed as well as a large amount of applications oriented numerical simulation results are given, the book can be useful for both theoretical and applied research aimed on numerical simulations. 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Multiple doctor honoris causa, recipient of the Humboldt Award, member of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Author/co-author of over 780 journal and conference papers and 50 monographs. Editor of 28 books and 36 journal special issues. Principal investigator of numerous research grants. Member of Editorial Boards of 88 Journals (17 with IF). Organizer and Head of 14 International Conferences 'Dynamical Systems – Theory and Applications” (Lodz, 1992-2017) and 3 International Conferences 'Mechatronics: Ideas for Industrial Applications' (Warsaw, 2012; Lodz, 2014; Gdansk, 2015). 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Governments have locked down a majority of their economic activities in order to control and prevent the spread of virus in their economies. Countries have closed their borders and minimized their trade activities as precautions. They have simultaneously implemented several quarantine measures to their citizens.
In a few months, pandemic has brought the global economy to a catastrophic halt by introducing a wall between supply and demand. Still, world economies try to fight this invisible enemy while trying to adapt new conditions under several limitations which is referred to as “new normal”.
Uncertainty, which is the basic outcome of the pandemic is still a crucial problem. According to World Uncertainty Index [1], global uncertainty has increased significantly since 2012 for all 143 countries covered by the Index. Though it has unwinded by the second quarter of 2020, after a sky-high reached by the first quarter, it seems to stay as a serious threat for global economies for the coming quarters unless a widely used effective treatment and/or a vaccine is found.
Almost every sector has affected from Covid-19 negatively. In order to support economies on the fiscal side, governments have implemented several measures such as subsidizing corporations, forbidding layoffs, deferring debt and tax payments for a specific period. Simultaneously central banks employed conventional and nonconventional policies to prevent spillover effect of the crisis from real sector to the financial sector. For this reason, United States Fed has continued monetary easing and reached a balance sheet of almost 7 trillion dollars as of August 2020, from a level of almost 4. 3 trillion dollars of March 2020. Likewise, European Central Bank has announced a €1,350 billion pandemic emergency purchase programme (PEPP) to lower borrowing cost and increase lending in the euro zone [2].
Physical distancing and testing, tracing and isolating are the main instruments to fight the spread of the virus. However, these instruments create additional costs to economies. While waiting for good news, OECD published an economic outlook covering a potential single-hit and a double-hit scenario for the coming period. According to both scenarios, global economic activity seems not to turn back to pre-Covid-19 level in the short-run. Moreover, by the end of 2021, loss of income is expected to exceed that of any previous recessions over the last 100 years excluding wartimes. Restrictions in terms of mobilization, production, trade and investment have started to re-rotate the globalized world economies towards nationalization and reshape the way of doing business.
EMs deserve a closer look since they have several acute problems that have recurred during this period. Declining commodity prices, capital outflows, weaker consumer demand, decreasing investment, import and export, decreasing resources to fight Covid-19, decreasing consumer and business confidence, increasing government and corporate debt ratios and eventually, as a reflection of all these factors negative or low growth rates are the major challenges that EMs should confront.
During lockdowns some corporations benefit from teleworking which has made employment considerably sustainable especially for some sectors. For some others, lockdowns have deteriorated inequality among workers especially in EMs. Governments have tried to find solutions to the problem in the short-run with limited resources which seems impossible to sustain in the medium and long run. Monetary and fiscal policies are coordinated carefully as they would harm macro indicators more which are already fragile for some time.
Economic agents use alternative ways to fulfill their responsibilities such as teleworking, distance education, online meetings, increased e-commerce and telehealth. Since hygiene has turned out to be a very critical factor, countries like China has started to quarantine paper money as a way to fight the virus. Additionally, people have opted to use less money but more online banking to carry out their financial transactions. Some of the central banks like Central Bank of China have accelerated their preparations to shift digital money as this is a good time for rerailing. Observing the decreasing demand for cash, European Central Bank put digital money on its agenda and try to make a decision whether it is time to introduce digital Euro as a complement to cash in order to keep up with the digital transformation [3].
During the past two quarters with Covid-19, corporations have discovered that works can be done without being in an office. Moreover, they have seen that there is a crucial saving dimension of teleworking in terms of decreasing general expenditures and several cost items. Corporate meetings are started to be held online. Periodical meetings in terms of planning, budget, marketing, monitoring etc. have started to be held as digital meetings. Financial institutions have confronted with the necessity of further digitalization in lending activities. Manufacturing and trade finance corporations have found that supply-chain could be vulnerable as it depends overwhelmingly on human force. So, they have realized the importance of moving activities to digital which can make them more independent but which also requires considerable amount of investment to technology. Governments have found that there are several areas that could be moved to digital for non-stop functioning of economies under crisis environments.
In brief, we can state that in today’s fast-moving world there is no reversal to pre-Covid-19 environment so the only way is to adapt “digital new normal”. The more countries shift their activities to digital the more they will perform without interruption. It should be expected that there are pros and cons of this change. In this study, we will try to shed light to game changers such as cryptocurrency, blockchain and distributed ledger technology. We try to explore impacts of this game-changers on the economic development of EMs with a special focus on Turkey. Study proceeds as follows: Section 2 presents digital economy. Section 3 introduces blockchain implementations in business. Section 4 analyzes literature on digitalization and growth nexus. Section 5 focuses on Turkey. Concluding remarks are presented in Section 6.
Digital economy refers to a broad range of economic activities that use digitized information as key factors of production. Interconnectedness between individuals, businesses, data, processes and machines that arise from internet, mobile technology and internet of things (IoT) compose the backbone of digital economy [4]. Bukht and Heeks [5] highlight several definitions of digital economy as a reflection of the times and practices that this concept has emerged. They define digital economy as the part of economic output derived only from digital technologies with a business model based on digital goods and services. Due to the measurement problem of digital economy they suggest to use digitalized economy on a widest scale, which comprise use of Information and Telecommunication Technologies (ICTs) in all economic fields. In the study, when it’s difficult to separate these two concepts we opt to use digitalized economy to see the big picture.
Digitalized economy has started to change traditional approaches and processes in terms of business structures, firm interactions, consumer behaviors, information and goods and services especially since the onset of industry 4.0. which refers to technological transformation from embedded systems to cyber physical systems. Bitcoin is one of the financial instruments of the digital economy. It is a private, decentralized digital currency. It has first developed in 2008 and has become operational by 2009 [6]. Bitcoin is not backed by a government decree. There is no authority that is in charge of its supply. Bitcoin has a network that consists of computers covering the entire system. As a section of data in a massive database, it is just like a computer file that is assigned to a certain owner’s digital address. It operates using peer-to-peer networking that eliminates the intermediary so that the exchange can be realized directly between parties. Users have digital wallets so they can trade between themselves. System employs cryptography to maintain the anonymity of its users to secure the transactions and to control the creation of additional units of currency, namely the “cryptocurrency” [7]. Game theory is another factor that ensures the security of the process by mathematically modeling behaviors of strategic decision maker units.
There are thousands of cryptocurrencies with different marketcaps. Yet, majority of cryptocurrencies are almost clones of bitcoin and referred to as ‘altcoins’. On the other side, there are a number of cryptocurrencies that share common features of bitcoin but also have innovative features that provide substantial differences [8] such as stablecoins.
In one sense, blockchain is the underlying technology of bitcoin. We can call it as a public ledger that keeps the history of each transaction. Blockchain is sustained by participating computers which verify transactions in chunks called “blocks” and relay them across the network [9]. Validation process relies on data being encrypted using algorithmic hashing. Encrypted value is a series of numbers and letters that does not share similarity with the original data, and is called “hash”. Cryptocurrency mining involves working with this hash. Proof-of-work is a distributed consensus algorithm that Bitcoin’s blockchain network participants use to agree on the contents of a blockchain to create and hash blocks together. When the computer in a network employs proof-of-work for mining, it needs to solve a challenging mathematical problem. If the computer which is also named as node, successfully solves the problem, it must then be verified by other nodes in the network. Following this step, the transaction is deemed to be verified and completed, and the miner that solved the problem is rewarded by bitcoins. Mining requires a considerable computational power so to ease this difficulty, another consensus algorithm named proof-of-stake is employed by validators for minting but not for mining to determine valid transactions. In proof of stake, cryptocurrency amount in wallets are crucial to create blocks. The amount of cryptocurrency in wallets determines power of validators and the shares of validators within the system. So, cryptocurrencies are held not to make transactions but to get the right to create blocks in the system.
Proof of work and proof of stake are the leading consensus algorithms that are used. Yet, there are almost 80 other consensus mechanisms with different features such as proof of space, proof of burn and proof of activity. Most important functions of consensus algorithms are their prevention of double blockchain creation and double expenditure.
Blockchain, being the first and most popular example of distributed ledger technology is also a subsection of distributed database. Major difference between blockchain and distributed ledger technology is the way they form data.
Blockchain has some characteristics such as decentralization, persistency, anonymity and auditability. Being decentralized, blockchain does not require a third party. As a persistent system it is almost impossible to delete a transaction from the system when it is added to the chain. Besides, system quickly detects invalid transactions. Though there is no 100% anonymity, users interact via their generated addresses. If it is required, system may enable tracking transactions, as each transaction is dependent to one another [10].
There are different blockchain systems that can be listed as; public blockchain, private blockchain and consortium blockchain. In public blockchain, all records are open to public and anyone could join the consensus process. Consortium blockchain enables participation of just a group of nodes in the consensus process. Finally, private blockchain allows only nodes of a specific organization to participate the consensus mechanism [11].
Public blockchain attract interest of communities and users since it is open to everyone’s participation. Though, consortium blockchain is generally used for businesses [10].
Like agricultural revolution, industrial revolution was also backed by technology which enabled economic agents to produce more efficiently and made manufacturers more productive.
Transformation of industrial production can be divided into periods. The first period, where machines were operated by power of steam and water instead of human labor was defined as Industry 1.0. The second period where electricity, motors and invention of assembly line enabled producers to produce more efficiently was defined as Industry 2.0. Industry 3.0. was backed by computers, electronics so by automated production systems which raised significant cost saving and Industry 4.0. of today, denotes an integrated system of automation, internet of things and digital services that enables efficiency and flexibility in working processes. Developed as a multi-functional technology in 2008, blockchain has a big creative destruction potential that seems to reconfigure almost all aspects of society and way of doing things. Evolution of this technology can also be examined in periods. Namely, blockchain 1.0 presents currency and digital payment systems of cryptocurrencies. Blockchain 2.0 presents contracts for extensive transactions such as bonds, derivative products, smart property and smart contracts. Finally, Blockchain 3.0 introduces blockchain implementations especially in the areas of government, health, science, agriculture and culture [12].
A survey made by Cambridge University in 2017 covering data from over 200 companies, central banks and public sector organizations reveals the fact that much of the blockchain use cases are related to banking and finance which is followed by government, insurance and healthcare [13]. This result is quite understandable since jurisdictions and financial institutions are well aware the place of this creative destructors in global competition. In the current environment, blockchain technology offers solutions in a wide range of fields such as digital currency and tokens, digital identity verification, Know Your Customer (KYC), payment and cross-border payment, stock exchange transactions, trade finance, tax collection and management, microfinance, syndicated loans, crowdfunding, accounting, audit, reporting, hedge funds, voting, supply chain and all other fields that require trust between parties [14]. In a survey covered over 800 executives, World Economic Forum recorded that 58% of respondents expect 10% of GDP to be stored on the blockchain by 2025; and 73% of those surveyed expect tax to be first collected by a government via blockchain in 2023 [15]. Development of blockchain suggests a growth path that is far from linear and it signals the possibility to reach the stage of mainstream adoption by 2025 [16].
During the global financial crisis, a considerable number of economic agents have lost their trust in global financial system, its actors and its tools. On the other side, expectations for a fast, transparent, pseudonymous and cost-effective peer-peer payment system which would be processed 24/7 have raised significantly. Investors, in search for yield, have looked for alternative investment vehicles. Moreover, under Covid-19, economic agents have started to decrease their demand for cash because of the concern that cash may transmit the virus. These concerns and expectations have accelerated the intent to move towards digital payments [17].
Based on the ideas of Tobin [18], the concept of central bank digital currency has developed and discussed by a group of central banks. The idea of general purpose or retail central bank digital money is presented as a central bank liability, for the use of individuals and for non-financial corporations in less developed economies. On the contrary, wholesale central bank digital money concept is developed for the settlement between financial institutions of more advanced economies. Nevertheless, central bank digital currency project is still in the experimentation phase and no jurisdiction is announced to issue a central bank digital currency at the moment. Although there are several ongoing projects like E-dollar of Canada, E-euro of ECB, E-ringgit of Malaysia, E-rouble of Russia and E-rupiah of Indonesia we should note that China is at the most advanced stage of its project, Digital Currency Electronic Payments (DC/EP). Several countries declared their intent to use central bank digital currency as a complement to cash if they would realize the project [19]. Implementation of the process is expected to differ across countries according to their economic readiness, expectations and technical platforms. Apart from central bank digital currency project, central banks closely follow the developments on cryptocurrencies and underlying technologies in order to fasten and improve their transaction processes to preserve their roles in the digital new normal. Capital markets and wholesale banks globally cooperate with financial technology companies in experimenting distributed ledger technologies to eliminate expensive processes so to increase efficiency and transparency and to reduce costs. They also focus to the potential of smart contracts to increase automation in several areas. Cong and He [20], designed a trade finance transaction diagram covering all sides of the transaction. They suggest that smart contracts can shrink informational asymmetry and may add welfare and customer surplus through increased entry and competition.
Syndicated loan facility is another field that may benefit from blockchain technology. As an international financing method with a transaction volume of almost 5 trillion dollars globally [21], a large group of lenders work together to provide funds to a borrower. Participants act according to terms and conditions of the loan agreement. At maturity, parties of the agreement may agree to roll over the loan. So, blockchain may add value to the process by increasing transparency, speed, and by decreasing bureaucracy and cost. Smart contracts can be included to the system since participants act according to loan contracts with specific terms and conditions.
Microfinance institutions may replace conventional banking institutions in underdeveloped regions when customers deem ineligible for banking services. In Nigeria, an open-source platform, Stellar and a microfinancing software provider, Oradian built a platform for providing financial products and services to the users. With a user profile of over 90% female customers, the project reveals the potential of blockchain technology in the development of rural systems and economic empowerment of women in developing countries [22]. According to World Bank estimates, almost one billion people over the world do not have any legally recognized identification. Besides, almost 3.5 billion people have some kind of legally recognized identification but have limited ability to use it. While the remaining 3.2 billion have a legally recognized identity and participate in the digital economy they may have problems in online. Technology may increase financial inclusion of those who do not have a legally recognized identification and increase these groups’ access to financial services, government benefits, and labor markets which will lead to a saving of time and money. From institutions and government’s perspective, an increasing digital footprint of users means saved cost and time, increased GDP, increased labor productivity, expanded tax base, decreased fraud and further steps to a formal and deeper financial system [23].
Increasing digitalization in finance is expected to create some positive effects for emerging countries. According to the estimates, almost 1.5 billion people is expected to access financial services. Governments are expected to save almost 100 billion dollars from the decreasing leakage and increasing tax revenue. Financial institutions are expected to save almost 400 billion dollars annually from direct costs. Emerging economies are expected to reach an annual increase in their GDP by almost 4 trillion dollars by 2025. Almost two thirds of the increase is expected from productivity of businesses and government due to digital payments. One third would arise from financial inclusion of individuals and SMEs and the rest would stem from saved time that would enable increasing hours of work. Increased GDP is expected to create 95 million jobs across all sectors [24].
Jurisdictions and leading technology companies enhance their investments on this technology as they have already discovered the potential and have anticipated to share in its future. Although global patent filings remained limited during the first years of blockchain, they have considerably increased as of 2016. By the third quarter of 2019, number of patents filed globally has reached almost 6.000. Leading countries in the patent race are China with 3.200 patent applications and USA with 1.300 applications. These countries are followed by United Kingdom, Germany, Japan and Canada [25].
Since developing and emerging countries lag behind the developed ones, the way for developing and emerging counties to leapfrog the developed nations is reaching advanced technology. Yet in our case, it is quite difficult to analyze the specific effects of blockchain and digital economy on growth indicators. As highlighted by Bukht and Heeks [5], measuring proceeds of digital economy and separating it from ICT is quite impossible across countries and between different periods. So, we opt to focus ICT and growth nexus and use the concept of digitalization instead of ICT.
Burlamaqui and Kattel [26], defines technology leapfrogging as the adaption of advanced technology in a specific area. This concept overwhelmingly addresses the developing and emerging countries and it has been suggested that developing countries do not have any alternative in technology adoption, except to leapfrog to new and advanced technologies [27, 28, 29]. Literature on the relationship between ICT diffusion and economic growth is recent and it goes back to 1980s. Though theories predict a positive effect of digitalization on growth across countries, empirical studies produced mixed results.
Dewan and Kraemer [30] suggest a positive relation between digitalization and growth according to the data of 14 developing and 22 developed countries collected for years 1985–1993. However, results differ between developed and developing countries with respect to structure of returns from technological capital investments. While there is positive effect of capital stock on GDP growth in developed countries it is insignificant for the developing ones. Pohjola [31], performs his study based on an expectation that benefits from digitalization accrue as an improvement in productivity and economic growth. Based on a data of 42 countries for the period of 1985–1999, he finds that results differ between USA and the rest. While use of technology significantly impact the performance of the USA economy, evidence for other countries is reported as weak. Another interesting finding is that relationship is not statistically significant for the subsamples of industrial or high-income countries. Papaioannou and Dimelis [32] in their study comprising 42 developed and developing countries for 1993–2001 analyze the impact of digitalization on labor productivity growth. Findings of the study present high impact for developed countries than developing ones. Commander, Harrison and Filho [33] work with around 1000 manufacturing firms from Brazil and India with data of 2005 and they report a significant relation of technology and productivity in both countries. In India specific analysis, results suggest that poor infrastructure quality and labor market policy are associated with low return on investment and low levels of technology adoption. Dedrick, Kraemer, and Shih [34] work with a data set consists of 45 upper-income developing and developed countries for the period 1994–2007. They find that upper-income developing countries have significantly positive gains from technology in the recent period as they increase their investment more and as they gain more experience in the use of information technologies. They suggest that productivity effects of digitalization are bound to country specific factors which comprise human capital, foreign direct investment and quality and cost of technological infrastructure. Sassi and Goaied [35], analyze both the impact of financial development and digitalization on economic growth in Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries for years, 1960–2009. The interaction between digital penetration and financial development is found positive and significant in the empirical study. This implies that economies in MENA region can benefit from financial development only when a specific level of digitalization is reached. Cirera, Lage, and Sabetti [36] examine the firm-level data for a sample of six Sub-Saharan African countries. Although there is a huge gap in terms of digitalization between these group of countries and developed ones, results of the study point a considerable heterogeneity among samples. Findings reveal that digitalization has an important impact on production and innovation for all these countries but final impact depends on the degree of the novelty that is introduced in firm base. Luo and Bu [37] study how digitalization improves the productivity of emerging economies by analyzing 6236 firms from 27 emerging economies. They argue that technology enhances productivity since it leads to effective knowledge sharing and integration. They further argue that emerging economies’ level of economic development, institutionalization and qualified infrastructure would affect the level digitalization that contributes to knowledge management and thus to firm performance. Authors suggest that technology would enhance productivity in an emerging economy when the said economy is less economically developed. Niebel [38], in a recent research based on a sample of 59 countries for the period of 1995–2010 indicates that developing and emerging countries are not gained more from investments in digitalization than developed ones.
Some studies [39, 40, 41, 42] provide that digitalization could impose negative impacts on employment and labor market in developing countries. This literature argues that the rapid digitalization eliminates unskilled workers and exclude poor since they are not qualified, so it will increase poverty and income inequalities. Besides, they argue that digitalization provides more advantages to developed countries to compete with developing countries in their local markets.
There are few empirical studies on digitalization and growth nexus for Turkey. Yaprakli and Saglam [43] examine this relationship for the period of 1980–2008. According to results, economic growth is positively affected by digitalization in the short and long run. However, contribution to economic growth from this channel is less than that of other product factors in Turkey. Kılıçaslan et al. [44] examine the impact of digitalization on labor productivity growth in Turkish manufacturing industry for the period of 2003–2012. They report that the impact of digitalization on productivity is larger by about 25 to 50% than that of conventional capital. In a recent study, Sarıdogan and Kaya [45], find a positive relation between digitalization and economic performance for years 1998–2017 for 28 EU members and Turkey.
Empirical studies across countries reveal heterogeneous results. From our standpoint, this could be the result of differing countries, samples, time periods and measurement techniques.
Turkey is a dynamic emerging country with an average growth rate of around 4–5%. Though banking sector has an overwhelming share in the financial system, capital markets are progressing to reach a well-deserved place. Search for yield in a negative real interest environment, especially under Covid-19, leads local investors to alternative investment tools. Results from an international survey conducted with 1000 respondents in 2019 reveal the enthusiasm of Turkey towards cryptocurrencies and its underlying technologies. Index of positive attitudes towards cryptocurrencies is reported as 62% for Turkey while it is 20% for Germany, 24% for France and 24% for United Kingdom. 46% of Turkish respondents states their preference for a cashless society when the ratio is 22% in total Europe. 55% of Turkish respondents denote their personal efforts to learn the mechanism of cryptocurrency while it is 26% in Germany, 20% in France and 22% in United Kingdom [46]. Turkish authorities have a positive attitude towards cryptocurrency and blockchain technology, as well. For the time being there is no specific regulation about the use of cryptocurrencies. In order to make clear the difference, it is stated that cryptocurrency cannot be deem as an electronic money under The Law on Payment and Securities Settlement Systems, Payment Services and Electronic Money Institutions numbered 6493 [47].
Yet, in the Eleventh Development Plan, Turkish authorities declared their intent to introduce a blockchain based central bank digital currency within four years. Blockchain technology is planned to be used especially on transportation and custom services. Improving technological infrastructure and processes to benefit more from digitalization for the improvement of government services is aimed in the medium-run [48]. To synchronize the flow of information among Borsa Istanbul, Istanbul Settlement and Custody Bank and Central Securities Depository of the Turkish capital markets, Borsa Istanbul has developed Turkey’s first financial blockchain based project in 2018. The project that was designed under Know Your Customer concept enables addition of new customers, editing of information and management of documentation in the blockchain network [49]. Istanbul Settlement and Custody Bank developed a blockchain based “BiGA Digital Gold” Project, in 2019. It was established as the first known blockchain network with the contribution of participating banks in Turkey. In this project, gold that is physically stored in Borsa Istanbul is converted to BiGA and transferred to the BiGA Platform by issuing method. With this method, the transformation and reconciliation between the digital asset and the physical asset is possible. Gold balances can be transferred between participating banks 24/7 through the platform provided by Istanbul Settlement and Custody Bank via their own systems [50]. As another example of milestone to the increasing efforts on blockchain, Isbank, a major Turkish bank, joined a global blockchain platform, R3’s Corda, and completed an international trade finance transaction with Commerzbank based on distributed ledger technology. Trade transaction data was distributed only to the parties along the workflow of trade, making the settlement process much quicker and more efficient. It is also possible to integrate third parties into the data flow where required by banks and trade partners. All parties involved were able to communicate and view trading data simultaneously [51].
Akbank, another leading Turkish bank entered a business partnership with Ripple in 2017 to benefit from the transparency and low-cost provided by Ripple in international money transfers [52]. Aktif Bank, a large investment bank in Turkey has incorporated Attivo Bilisim to invest in the crypto-asset service industry. As the second bank-backed exchange around the world and structured by Attivo, Bitmatrix Crypto-Assets Trading Platform provides the crypto-assets custody service as of 2019 [53].
In this study we try to shed light to the transformation of economies and the role of creative destructors in this change. Covid-19 has served as a catalyst and accelerated the transition towards digital new normal. Central banks’ digital currency project, cryptocurrencies and distributed ledger technologies take the lead in this period. We have focused on the use cases of blockchain in business. Emerging countries try to benefit from digitalization to leapfrog the developed countries and to take their positions in the digital race. Yet, there are still issues to be solved such as defining new technologies, structuring regulations, tax collection, cyber security, fraud and energy consumption in digitalization. Besides, cooperation among countries would help developing common directives, regulations and implementations which could boost benefits from digitalization.
Nowadays retail industries are changing sharply. Sales are not only happening in physical stores but also in many new touchpoints. One of the challenges is to coordinate these channels and have the same information among them e.g., price of the product, which refers to one of Omnichannel’s features. More touchpoints mean more data; therefore, the need for data analytics is inevitable. With the help of data analytics tools, data that are generated from the touchpoints like social media can be analyzed and entered into each related PLM (Product Lifecycle Management) disciplines and make a change. The missing loop here is, data from PLM disciplines should also be transferred to the touchpoints because always all alterations cannot be practical and beneficial; therefore, before applying a change in the product lifecycle, the feedback whether positive or negative should as an input come to PLM, and the manufacturer should know the consequences of each small changes in design.
If channels work independently like the multi-channel concept, one of the issues would be creation of fragmented supply chains. Also, it would be difficult to deliver a consistent and reliable consumer experience. Besides, this independence leads to data mismatch, product/order information inconsistency, and poor inventory efficiency are more probable to happen. In the Omnichannel concept, the consumer can switch among channels easily e.g., they can search for a product in one channel and buy it in another channel and receive the product with a home delivery option which is the third channel.
Omnichannel has a vital role in sales by providing a seamless shopping experience for customers. The Omnichannel phase is more agile than before due to increasing the number of sales channels and also increasing the number and variety of new products. Customers are more demanding than before; therefore, to meet customer demands a strategy should be considered to be not only agile but also ahead of competitors. In the B2C phase, the most important factor which leads to profit is customer satisfaction. When a customer is satisfied, it is more plausible that another purchase is realized. Customer satisfaction is an important goal of Omnichannel strategy. For creating a seamless shopping experience different modes of delivery are considered in Omnichannel strategy like STS (ship-to-store), BOPS (buy-online-and-pick-up-in-store), Click & Collect, Click & Return, packet stations, home delivery, etc. Some of the benefits of applying Omnichannel are incremental sales due to new channels and devices, higher average sales to existing customers, a higher proportion of consumers making a purchase, promotional synergies across channels, lower inventory costs, reduced shipping costs due to in-store pick-up, and lower product returns.
The beneficial role of Omnichannel in sales and profit is clear, given that sales are also related to PLM and exist in PLM disciplines, and PLM has a vital role in all aspects and phases of the product, but a connection between Omnichannel and PLM is not considered yet. One of the objectives of this chapter is not only to relate these two concepts but also to consider a role for Omnichannel in PLM disciplines. Omnichannel is going to be embedded in the B2B concept.
For connecting PLM and Omnichannel a mediator is needed. Because Omnichannel is more agile and it grows rapidly day by day due to increasing the number of sales channels, increase the use of the internet, marketing strategies, etc. On the other hand, PLM is slower, and it is not like Omnichannel up to date. The relation between these two areas can happen through a mediator to balance the speed between them and also can transfer data.
It started with the creation of “Single channel” which is categorized in two formats: B&M (Brick and Mortar) refers to the traditional physical stores in which demands are fulfilled at retail stores [1]. Direct channel refers to a channel which directly connected to the on-hand inventory from the top-level (It happens through the internet). Due to the direct connection between channel and manufacturer, inventory tracking is easy [2, 3].
Then “Dual-channel” or “Multi-channel” is introduced. It is defined as using more than one channel for sale products e.g., B&M and direct channel. Multi-channel comes with the benefits like products are more available for customers by using more than one channel, more profit in comparison with single-channel [4].
Closed-Loop-Supply-Chain (CLSC) is classified in the Multi-channel category which defines as after product is used by the customer, end-product is returned to the manufacturer for remanufacturing and re-distribution and keep cooperation of customers, they receive compensation [5].
Cross-channel conception and cross-channeling are synonymous terms in media marketing to designate the properties of products or services that are marketed via various media, telecommunications, or institutional channels [6]. Communication and sales take place through different channels that are interconnected. A customer can therefore obtain information across all channels. The networking of the channels is noticeable to the customer- behind it, there is a common database [7]. Even though cross-channel helps in many ways but there is still a problem: the system relies on the customer to act as an integrator of the data; Furthermore, in cross-channel strategy, there is a lack of centralized product knowledge base for the supply chain to synchronize whole channels. To reach this level of matureness, the omnichannel concept has been launched to have a holistic view of all channels for both consumer and supply chain members [8].
The first definition of omnichannel retailing is defined as “an integration of sales experience that melds the benefits of physical stores with the information and rich experience of online shopping” [9]. The term “Omni-retailing” for the first time was used in 2012 [10]. In 2013, the phrase ‘Omni-retailing’ as “a coordinated multichannel offering that provides a seamless experience when using all of the retailer’s shopping channels” which indicates consumers use all channels and run into seamless integration is suggested [11]. In [12], is mentioned that the omnichannel idea emerged from the “click and mortar” context.
The concept of omnichannel is come from the evolution of multichannel, in multichannel, there is a gap between online and offline stores while in omnichannel customers can easily move among online stores, mobile devices, and B&M [13]. Even though multichannel retailing concentrates on the interaction among channels, omnichannel retailing goes to the upper level which is concentrated on the community and access to the mass/social media [14].
Omnichannel refers to the cooperative planning, management, and monitoring of the numerous available sales channels and customer touchpoints to optimize the customer experience and the company’s success across the dissimilar sales channels and process steps. Customers can shift among the various channels (stationary, online, mobile, call center, social media, catalogs) at any time. Channels and brands interact with one another. Customer-contact points are the result of direct or indirect contact with a brand or company (together with retailers). Omnichannel management is sometimes referred to as cross-channel management. However, some see cross-channel as an intermediate phase in the integration of the multiple channels of the multi-channel on the way to becoming an Omnichannel. Although the sales channels are connected in the cross-channel, the procedure steps are not all professionalized. Full multi-channel integration will only be attained in the future due to legal, technological, organizational, and operational challenges [15]. The evolution of Omnichannel has been shown in Figure 1.
Omnichannel evolution.
The reasons which cause failure in implementing Omnichannel:
Channels cannot communicate
The real-time stock visibility in the e-commerce site cannot be guaranteed
The staff has no way to know what’s available where (have access to real-time inventory in all touchpoints)
Cross-channel orders, returns, and exchanges cannot be offered
Tracking and tracing items [16]
Automation and centralization level of data management [16]
Customer Experience in a complex multi-channel environment (provide a seamless shopping experience e.g. fast delivery, data about the availability of products in inventory, etc.) [16]
Connecting the production and sales with the logistics and delivery services [16]
For implementing a successful Omnichannel strategy, the above-mentioned items should take into consideration. Based on the researches [17], the value of omnichannel could appear to increase customer loyalty, business revenue, and business agility.
Customer touchpoints have many vital effects, e.g. between producers and customers, customers can get information about product/service and make appraisals at various points and have an interaction with retailers through several various channels across a complicated purchase procedure [18].
Secondly, it is playing an important role in attracting customers and it is a direct and indirect intermediary between customer and brand [19].
Touchpoints are [14, 19, 20, 21]:
Traditional advertising media
Catalogs
Website
Social media
Brick and mortar
Return
TV
Customer Service
Payment
Feedback
Search Engines
Phone calls
Online reviews
Due to the importance of touchpoints, ways should be introduced to track (including real-time tracking, discrete vs. relational relationships) and have an effect on them. Touchpoints are where brands and customers interact. Therefore; it is one of the places to enhance engagement and profitability [22]. The results of touchpoints are gathered from pre-purchase, purchase, and post-purchase situations [23].
As more channels are initiated, more data are gathered in each touchpoint quickly. These data should be collected and be analyzed. This leads to understanding the importance of data integration among channels, ignoring this integration, leads to customer dissatisfaction and enterprise will be faced with an increase in costs [24]; Furthermore, consumers hope for a uniform, consistent, integrated platform which by this, can seamlessly move through channels (physical store, online and mobile) [25], without seeing any contradictions for example in terms of pricing or availability of the product and this uniformity will generate positive experiences. When channels are working independently from each other, it causes fragmented supply chains and it makes lots of effort to transport a consistent and reliable customer experience [26].
For implementing integration in omnichannel a three dimensions framework can be taken into consideration:
Integration among channel stages helps to provide a smooth customer purchase experience, with the total awareness of product/service provider about the total journey of customer shopping in earlier stages and also the post-shopping stages. This integration can help the consumer to move through channels forward and backward without any perplexity, losing control of order, facing mismatched data about the product/service [27].
Integration among channel types makes synchronization between operations and decisions among various channel types (online, offline), and meanwhile, proper communication should take place among them. This integration makes it possible for the customer to change channel types [28].
Integration among channel agents: This integration makes sure that various channel agents send identical data and supply the same product/service to the customer [29].
These points show that the omnichannel system should access information all over the touchpoints and can notice any change in any channel in real-time and inform the whole system e.g. if a customer cancels the order, it should be detected and send command to different sections for example in terms of packaging, logistics, payment, etc. to apply the change and re-schedule the plan instantly.
As mentioned before, there are challenges in Omnichannel strategy that can be solved with the help of technological developments like Industry 4.0 [30]. Based on Literature [31], Industry 4.0 is defined as “a collective term for technologies and concepts of value chain organization”. IoT, Cyber-physical systems, the Internet of services, smart factories are defined as the core of Industry 4.0.
IoT helps in different ways to solve challenges in Omnichannel strategy for example in terms of considering IoT-in-store-environment using RFID, NFC, Beacon to track products and in this regard can prevent theft and provide real-time inventory field [30, 32, 33, 34]. IoT by using sensors can detect customers entering the shop (with their mobile devices) and identify them and with the connection to the Omnichannel’s touchpoints can figure out the customer’s shopping history or recently searched items and offer related products in-store to the customers. By detecting entering customers to the shop, the number of cashiers and staffs which can fulfill their needs can be easily determined and it helps by decreasing waiting time, increase customer satisfaction and provide a good experience for customers and finally the chance of re-visiting the store will be increased [35, 36, 37, 38].
The concept of PLM was initiated to describe the evolution of the product which is categorized as, promotion, maturity, and decline phases [39]. In the 1980s, by introducing concurrent engineering, gradually the concept of PLM is entered in the manufacturing engineering field and it causes new categories in PLM processes for example market analysis, product design, process development, product manufacturing, production distribution, product use, post-sale service and recycling [40].
Product lifecycle management is one of the concepts whose focus is on managing whole product data (live data) from the first step (ideation) until the last step (disposal) together with support the local data and information integration in the stage of product design and development, for instance: assisting designer to access information generated from CAD, CAM, CAE, etc.
Conceive [specification, concept design]
Design [detailed design, validation, and analysis (simulation), tool design]
Realize [plan manufacturing, manufacture, build/assemble, test]
Service [sell and deliver, use, maintain and support, dispose]
Product lifecycle consists of three stages [41]:
BOL (beginning of life) includes design and manufacturing
MOL (middle of life) includes product usage, service, and maintenance
EOL (end of life) includes disassembly, remanufacture, recycling, reuse, disposal
These are some techniques used in PLM as shown in Figure 2:
Product lifecycle management [
Concurrent engineering workflow, Industrial design, Bottom-up design, Top-down design, Both-ends-against-the-middle design, Design in context, Modular design, NPD (new product development), DFSS (design for six sigma), Digital simulation engineering, Configuration management.
With the help of the internet and IT, efforts have been made to reduce costs, accelerate product development time and improve quality which are the main factors affecting customer satisfaction and in the same way increase profit, this is the main goal of the omnichannel strategy [43, 44]. PLM is the concept, which covers stages before production and according to omnichannel which has a great focus on post-production stages, the combination of these two concepts can help to develop omnichannel in the first stages of producing a product. The application of Big data in PLM outstandingly falls behind other areas, mainly for electronic commerce. The worse issue is: it becomes usual that manufacturers do not use stored data and they do not know how to use them [45].
Shorten product lifecycle: due to the agile market, for being able to fulfill the needs of customers on time, it is important to decrease the time spent especially in the design and manufacturing phase.
Production based on modularity: Nowadays, customization and personalization have received enormous attention among customers; therefore, production should consider modular products to be more flexible and provides more responsive design to fulfill needs.
Automation and intelligent equipment: There is a competitive atmosphere between retailers to produce low-cost goods but in the same or even better quality and provide short-delivery-time, to satisfy these factors, manufacturing activities should lead to automation.
Remote services: Nowadays customers looking forward to receiving higher quality which makes the company, develop data monitoring, tracking, and also management system to be able to be more responsive in the online platform and solve problems, for instance: remote product repair, maintenance and upgrade.
Then as the above-mentioned factors are discussed, the focus of PLM is changing from product gradually to service and also from informatization to intellectualization, in this case applying AI is a very effective [40, 46].
The power of social media cannot be neglected in recent years. With the help of social media, it is possible to reach features for example in terms of rating a product, promoting a product/service, asking a question from others about the product, sharing opinions about the product in real-time, sharing videos, and pictures about products (when it is positively, acts as an advertising and it will be caused more sales), show satisfaction/dissatisfaction about product/service.
Employing customers as brand advocates, involving them at different phases of product design, and use of their capabilities to obtain focus groups to try new products/services and share their opinions on social media. Nowadays, social media is used as an extra sales channel and also has a big role in attracting and in some cases repelling customers, that is the reason why social media is important in the marketing [25]. By analyzing the information on social media, it is possible to implement these data in PLM phases, for example: the design phase.
In some PLM solutions failure is noticed, the reason for this is complexity in integration. These concepts are not considered completely in PLM [47]:
major enterprises solutions for instance: CRM, ERP, logistic based Supply Chain Management
Marketing and sales
Distribution
HRM (Human resource management)
Finance
There is not an efficacious mechanism for knowledge and service exchange and sharing among the stakeholders in the product lifecycle [43].
Based on information and communication technology (ICT), different kinds of risks are observed. These risks, in some cases, are related to technology, while in other cases they are related to the data and business processes, and also human-related risks are noticed, knowing them can help to reduce the probability of PLM adoption failure.
Some affected risk factors are listed below, these items should take into account during implementation [48]:
Cultural changes
Improper data migration
Data security
User acceptance
Technology-process alignment
Technology-business alignment
PLM is considered as a solution to develop the product and helps to win in a competitive market [49]. Improvement in technologies helps companies to increase their productivity for example Industry 4.0 helps in terms of having a full data integration environment and automated processes related to the product [50, 51]. PLM is now busy with product data and processes, with the advancement of technology PLM should be able to manage and develop smart products and services. One of the important points is the ability to have a communicate in real-time and exchange data. With the help of Industry 4.0., all data through the whole product lifecycle can be collected and stored. As a result, Industry 4.0 developments provide new possibilities to obtain the entire lifecycle incorporation [52].
Maintenance is one of the disciplines in PLM which plays an important role in brand image, customer satisfaction, and profitability. Maintenance is a complicated phase that has a great effect on operating costs, and it is hard to manage. By using Industry 4.0., this phase can be managed easier and remotely (maintenance as a service) by having a real-time data [53].
As a result, Industry 4.0 has many potentials which can be used in PLM to make improvements, decrease costs, decrease production time, decrease waiting time (for customers), increase profitability for example in terms of collecting data in real-time, analyzing data for product design, product monitoring, product maintenance.
Omnichannel strategy is a new concept with a sales-oriented attitude by increasing sales channels, with increasing use of the internet and marketing strategies that affect customers mentally and emotionally by analyzing data attracting more attention.
Based on Literature, Omnichannel strategy is working especially on sales, which is one of the disciplines in PLM. From the other sideshow studies, outcomes of data analytics in Omnichannel strategy are usually promoted to be used in PLM, however, the mutual interactions and relations of these concepts together are not observed yet [40, 54, 55, 56, 57].
PLM has a great effect on the product, from the other side Omnichannel strategy has also affected the product, but these two concepts are not completely connected. The reason why there should be a connection between PLM and channels of Omnichannel is the important data that is generated in those channels. Before IoT, there wasn’t so much data to create added value. The data of the channel’s side (Omnichannel’s channel) is related to customers and competitors; therefore, it is valuable. Another reason for this connection is that the Omnichannel strategy can solve problems in PLM disciplines.
For developing a framework for merging Omnichannel strategy and PLM literature, these points should be considered.
To deal with the topic we have started from four steps:
The mechanism for embedding Omnichannel strategy in the sales part of PLM
Find the category of problems in different disciplines of PLM which can be solved by Omnichannel strategy
Create a bi-directional framework between Omnichannel strategy and PLM
The way of solving problems in PLM with the help of Omnichannel strategy
As mentioned before, Omnichannel strategy is working mainly on sales, and on the other hand, there are sales in one of the PLM disciplines; therefore, if Omnichannel strategy as an active agent be placed in the PLM sales department and be engaged from the first stage of producing a product it will come with improvements for example in terms of saving time, in this case in the first place, the way of selling, advertising, the place of selling (online, offline) and target group be considered from the beginning.
The omnichannel strategy has many potentials which PLM can get the benefit of them to solve complications that happen among disciplines. For example, if a company has a problem selling products in a physical store, an Omnichannel strategy can help in terms of introducing other online channels. Or even it can reach new customers with the help of online services this can help increase sales and as a result, reduce costs for generating new channels [58, 59]. In the first place, the category of problems which Omnichannel strategy can find a solution for them should be prepared.
Currently, there is a trend in which with the help of data analytics, data from the Omnichannel side (channels) is transferred to PLM and creates value. Just in the one-directional way. It means that data Analytics with analyzing data from the PLM side does not make a change on the Omnichannel side. If always one-side relations (from Omnichannel to PLM) are analyzed the result will be almost in a positive way but this is not lead to success every time, because the negative effects are neglected which can be realized through bi-directional relation it means that from omnichannel to PLM and also from PLM to Omnichannel side.
After finding a category of problems that can be solved by Omnichannel strategy, it is time to figure out for each category of problems, which potentials of Omnichannel strategy can be matched. Instead of solving problems inside PLM disciplines through traditional ways which take more time and cost more for business, Omnichannel can recommend solutions that are more cost and time saving and therefore prevent lost sales and delays which lead to dissatisfaction and negatively affects profitability.
This study aims to increase profit, customer satisfaction, convenience, see the cause and effect of modifications on customers before applying them, make use of Omnichannel whole abilities in PLM disciplines, investigate which problems can be solved by Omnichannel strategy and what is the effect of it, solve PLM’s problems in Omnichannel environment. Some of the elements which are affected by both PLM and Omnichannel are discussed below, and cause and effect loops are explained.
Sales: sales are one of the important factors due to having a direct effect on profit which is one of the important factors for enterprises. Omnichannel strategy is sales-oriented, and in PLM, sales are defined in the third stage of it. If sales increase under the condition of good quality, positive reviews from the customers will be increased and then these reviews act as a marketing agent and result in increasing the sales. In case of bad quality, two options can be considered: 1. refer to PLM and increase the quality by purchasing higher quality raw material, the problem here is, it takes time, and this delay causes lost sales then besides the lost sales, the budget is required for purchasing raw materials. 2. The suggestion can be as shown in Figure 3 to use less budget in comparison with the first solution to increase perceptive quality instead of actual quality by using the potential of Omnichannel strategy through generating a positive trend (using an influencer in social media for advertising the product) about the product and create a positive mindset about the product which leads to increase sales but in the same time, the first solution should take into consideration because increasing perceptive quality is a fast solution which works for a short time but it helps to prevent lost sales and buy more time to deal with the quality. For applying this, the Omnichannel strategy should be embedded among PLM disciplines to be able to face problems on time and recommend a solution.
Price: the price is the most important decision factor for purchasing a product or using a service. It is set by the PLM side and has a great impact on customers which is related to the Omnichannel side. Price has a range, which is influenced by costs coming from the PLM side like quality, raw material; therefore, it cannot be placed under lower bound in Omnichannel side just for attracting more customers. If the price from Omnichannel side is decided to approach to lower bound, in PLM side some changes should take place like finding cheaper suppliers and cheaper suppliers decrease reputation then it results in decreasing the demand more.
In this case, the cost of production will be increased (because of lower demand) then the price will be set more than before and it results in decreasing demand again and therefore decreasing profit and the cost will be increased again, it will be a reinforcing loop as shown in Figure 4. For balancing, the cost of production should be decreased for example by selecting a cheaper supplier. For keeping the brand reputation, by using the potential of Omnichannel, through setting the mindset that the selected supplier has still quality (even though for example: if the supplier is recognized as a low-quality brand image).
Design: this item should be mostly based on customer needs and should meet the functionality of the product. From the Omnichannel side, data should be collected and after analyzing entered into PLM (especially design phase) phases. The problem of re-designing in PLM is, with considering customer needs modifications on design are applied and then expectations of customers will be increased and more re-designing is needed, and it is a negative reinforcing loop. With the help of Omnichannel expectations of customers can be changed or replaced with companies’ expectations as shown in Figure 5. It can be aligned then with decreasing expectations the former loop will be balanced.
Quality: quality is essential because it has a direct effect on customer satisfaction which is one of the most important factors of Omnichannel strategy and it is determined by the PLM part. If the quality is lower than the desired level, more defects are expected, and more maintenance are applied then cost will be increased, and the result will be decreasing the profit. For decreasing maintenance costs, some costs should be reduced. For example, instead of normal workers using refugees with lower income, but for justification by using Omnichannel strategy, a wave-based on “this company is using refugees to engage them more in the society“in this case, if there would a problem in maintenance it can be neglected by the consumer because they know the story behind it. By using the Omnichannel strategy, the cost will be decreased then the profit will be increased, and it will be used to enhance the quality as shown in Figure 6. Without considering the Omnichannel loop, occurring complications from maintenance workers, lead to dissatisfaction, and it affects brand image then results in decreasing sales.
A sample of the cause-and-effect loop of sales in Omnichannel strategy and PLM.
A sample of the cause-and-effect loop for Price in PLM and Omnichannel strategy point of view.
A sample of the cause-and-effect loop of design from PLM and Omnichannel strategy point of view.
A sample of the cause-and-effect loop of quality in perspective of PLM and Omnichannel strategy.
The main reason for the recent attention to customer satisfaction is competitiveness between companies, which leads to more concentration on the performance of processes for product/service’s value which last in customer satisfaction. If customer satisfaction is not fulfilled, it makes lost sales.
One of the ways to reach customer satisfaction is customer experience, which is extremely important because, it starts a long time earlier than the time of shopping and it is a plus point to gain in competitive market [60], therefore; if this journey goes well it leads to purchase and one of customer satisfaction phase will be accomplished.
The omnichannel strategy should be integrated into three different stages: physical, business and application. At the first level, stock-keeping points and flows among channels should be connected and harmonized. At the second level, different channel processes and business models should cooperate. At the third level, information flows and databases should be in contact correctly [61]. With the increasing variety of products and increasing channels, the generation of data getting more than before; therefore, it is important to analyze data and extract vital information (customer’s behavior, feedback, customer’s needs, about competitors, etc.) to use in related phases to make improvement and increase profit. Omnichannel strategy is also playing an important role in marketing and can make a big difference in profit for producers, by implementing Omnichannel strategy in a brand, more customers are attracted to the brand, and it leads to more profit, but this strategy has many potentials which are not used yet, some aspects of it are discussed in this chapter. For instance, if there is an issue in the production part instead of changing whole disciplines (e.g., in the design phase, manufacturing, etc.), the problem can be solved through Omnichannel channels, by changing the idea of customers by inducing the band’s idea with smart advertisement.
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The tissue and cell deformations caused by shear forces are the most common pathological features in TBI and lead to long-term symptoms. Our current understanding of TBI derives mainly from in vivo studies of poststimulus pathology and the effects on brain function. Little is known about the early responses of brain cells during mechanical stimuli. In this chapter, we evaluate the early cell response to the rapid shear forces in vitro. We introduce advanced technologies capable of generating fast shear stimuli mimicking forces occurring in TBI and reporting internal forces in specific proteins at the time of injury. We define the threshold shear forces for calcium influx using an astrocyte model. We describe the spatiotemporal distribution of cytoskeletal forces and correlate them with variations in cell membrane tension. This chapter makes a strong argument that cells’ response to external forces is nonlinear. 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Then it introduces the basic concepts of kinematics, kinetics, and anthropometry and discusses in detail the muscle mechanics and electromyography. The muscle is the actuator of the human body, especially the skeletal muscles which are attached with the skeleton play an important role in defining the movements of the human body. The human body controls the muscle through the nervous system, and this nervous system generates signals called electroencephalogram (EEG) which upon leaving the nerves excites the muscle and converted into muscle signals usually called electromyogram (EMG). In this chapter, we will discuss the mechanics of the muscle in conjunction with the EMG. EMG is the tool to study the activity of the muscles and hence the key to understand the mechanics of the human body.",book:{id:"9575",slug:"recent-advances-in-biomechanics",title:"Recent Advances in Biomechanics",fullTitle:"Recent Advances in Biomechanics"},signatures:"Sarmad Shams, Muhammad Asif and Samreen Hussain",authors:[{id:"281496",title:"Prof.",name:"Samreen",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"samreen-hussain",fullName:"Samreen Hussain"},{id:"281500",title:"Dr.",name:"Sarmad",middleName:null,surname:"Shams",slug:"sarmad-shams",fullName:"Sarmad Shams"},{id:"321762",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Asif",slug:"muhammad-asif",fullName:"Muhammad Asif"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"686",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:91,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:333,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:144,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:125,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:23,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",slug:"mehmet-aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mehmet Emin Aydin is a Senior Lecturer with the Department of Computer Science and Creative Technology, the University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. His research interests include swarm intelligence, parallel and distributed metaheuristics, machine learning, intelligent agents and multi-agent systems, resource planning, scheduling and optimization, combinatorial optimization. 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He worked as a Executive Research & Development @ Cadila Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Ahmedabad. He received DBT-postdoc fellow @ Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore under the supervision of Prof. P. Balaram, later he moved to NIH-postdoc researcher at Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA, after his return from postdoc joined NITK-Surthakal as a Adhoc faculty at department of chemistry. Since from August 2013 working as a Associate Professor, and in 2016 promoted to Profeesor in the School of Basic Sciences: Department of Chemistry and having 20 years of teaching and research experiences.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rani Channamma University, Belagavi",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/158492/images/system/158492.jpeg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Yusuf Tutar conducts his research at the Hamidiye Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences, Turkey. He is also a faculty member in the Molecular Oncology Program. He obtained his MSc and Ph.D. at Oregon State University and Texas Tech University, respectively. He pursued his postdoctoral studies at Rutgers University Medical School and the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIDDK), USA. His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. 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He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics for two years at the Cancer Research Institute of Human Medical University in China. In 2001, he went to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) in USA, where he was a post-doctoral researcher and focused on mass spectrometry and cancer proteomics. Then, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor of Neurology, UTHSC in 2005. He moved to the Cleveland Clinic in USA as a Project Scientist/Staff in 2006 where he focused on the studies of eye disease proteomics and biomarkers. He returned to UTHSC as an Assistant Professor of Neurology in the end of 2007, engaging in proteomics and biomarker studies of lung diseases and brain tumors, and initiating the studies of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) in cancer. In 2010, he was promoted to Associate Professor of Neurology, UTHSC. Currently, he is a Professor at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in China, Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM), the European EPMA National Representative in China, Regular Member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), European Cooperation of Science and Technology (e-COST) grant evaluator, Associate Editors of BMC Genomics, BMC Medical Genomics, EPMA Journal, and Frontiers in Endocrinology, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Med One. He has\npublished 116 peer-reviewed research articles, 16 book chapters, 2 books, and 2 US patents. His current main research interest focuses on the studies of cancer proteomics and biomarkers, and the use of modern omics techniques and systems biology for PPPM in cancer, and on the development and use of 2DE-LC/MS for the large-scale study of human proteoforms.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Xiangya Hospital Central South University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",middleName:null,surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038Ugi5QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:48:28.png",biography:"Biotechnologist with 15 years of research including 6 years of teaching experience. Demonstrated record of scientific achievements through consistent publication record (H index = 13, with 874 citations) in high impact journals such as Nature Communications, Oncotarget, Annals of Oncology, PNAS, and AJRCCM, etc. Strong research professional with a post-doctorate from ACTREC where I gained experimental oncology experience in clinical settings and a doctorate from IGIB where I gained expertise in asthma pathophysiology. A well-trained biotechnologist with diverse experience on the bench across different research themes ranging from asthma to cancer and other infectious diseases. An individual with a strong commitment and innovative mindset. Have the ability to work on diverse projects such as regenerative and molecular medicine with an overall mindset of improving healthcare.",institutionString:"DY Patil Deemed to Be University",institution:null},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035QxIDQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:47:01.jpg",biography:"Soumya Basu, Ph.D., is currently working as an Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India. With 16+ years of trans-disciplinary research experience in Drug Design, development, and pre-clinical validation; 20+ research article publications in journals of repute, 9+ years of teaching experience, trained with cross-disciplinary education, Dr. Basu is a life-long learner and always thrives for new challenges.\r\nHer research area is the design and synthesis of small molecule partial agonists of PPAR-γ in lung cancer. She is also using artificial intelligence and deep learning methods to understand the exosomal miRNA’s role in cancer metastasis. Dr. Basu is the recipient of many awards including the Early Career Research Award from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"354817",title:"Dr.",name:"Anubhab",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"anubhab-mukherjee",fullName:"Anubhab Mukherjee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y0000365PbRQAU/ProfilePicture%202022-04-15%2005%3A11%3A18.480",biography:"A former member of Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, USA, Dr. Anubhab Mukherjee is an ardent votary of science who strives to make an impact in the lives of those afflicted with cancer and other chronic/acute ailments. He completed his Ph.D. from CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India, having been skilled with RNAi, liposomal drug delivery, preclinical cell and animal studies. He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. Ltd. and heads the Hyderabad R&D center of the organization.",institutionString:"Esperer Onco Nutrition Pvt Ltd.",institution:null},{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/319365/images/system/319365.png",biography:"Manash K. Paul is a scientist and Principal Investigator at the University of California Los Angeles. He has contributed significantly to the fields of stem cell biology, regenerative medicine, and lung cancer. His research focuses on various signaling processes involved in maintaining stem cell homeostasis during the injury-repair process, deciphering the lung stem cell niche, pulmonary disease modeling, immuno-oncology, and drug discovery. He is currently investigating the role of extracellular vesicles in premalignant lung cell migration and detecting the metastatic phenotype of lung cancer via artificial intelligence-based analyses of exosomal Raman signatures. Dr. Paul also works on spatial multiplex immunofluorescence-based tissue mapping to understand the immune repertoire in lung cancer. Dr. Paul has published in more than sixty-five peer-reviewed international journals and is highly cited. He is the recipient of many awards, including the UCLA Vice Chancellor’s award and the 2022 AAISCR-R Vijayalaxmi Award for Innovative Cancer Research. He is a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and an editorial board member for several international journals.",institutionString:"University of California Los Angeles",institution:{name:"University of California Los Angeles",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals. He is currently working on the protective activity of phenolic compounds in disorders associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329248",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Faheem",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"md.-faheem-haider",fullName:"Md. Faheem Haider",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329248/images/system/329248.jpg",biography:"Dr. Md. Faheem Haider completed his BPharm in 2012 at Integral University, Lucknow, India. In 2014, he completed his MPharm with specialization in Pharmaceutics at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India, in 2018. He was selected for the GPAT six times and his best All India Rank was 34. Currently, he is an assistant professor at Integral University. Previously he was an assistant professor at IIMT University, Meerut, India. He has experience teaching DPharm, Pharm.D, BPharm, and MPharm students. He has more than five publications in reputed journals to his credit. Dr. Faheem’s research area is the development and characterization of nanoformulation for the delivery of drugs to various organs.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",middleName:"Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329795/images/system/329795.png",biography:"Dr. Mohd Aftab Siddiqui is an assistant professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India, where he obtained a Ph.D. in Pharmacology in 2020. He also obtained a BPharm and MPharm from the same university in 2013 and 2015, respectively. His area of research is the pharmacological screening of herbal drugs/natural products in liver cancer and cardiac diseases. He is a member of many professional bodies and has guided many MPharm and PharmD research projects. Dr. Siddiqui has many national and international publications and one German patent to his credit.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"8",type:"subseries",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11404,editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",slug:"adriano-andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",biography:"Dr. Adriano de Oliveira Andrade graduated in Electrical Engineering at the Federal University of Goiás (Brazil) in 1997. He received his MSc and PhD in Biomedical Engineering respectively from the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU, Brazil) in 2000 and from the University of Reading (UK) in 2005. He completed a one-year Post-Doctoral Fellowship awarded by the DFAIT (Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada) at the Institute of Biomedical Engineering of the University of New Brunswick (Canada) in 2010. Currently, he is Professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (UFU). He has authored and co-authored more than 200 peer-reviewed publications in Biomedical Engineering. He has been a researcher of The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq-Brazil) since 2009. He has served as an ad-hoc consultant for CNPq, CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), FINEP (Brazilian Innovation Agency), and other funding bodies on several occasions. He was the Secretary of the Brazilian Society of Biomedical Engineering (SBEB) from 2015 to 2016, President of SBEB (2017-2018) and Vice-President of SBEB (2019-2020). He was the head of the undergraduate program in Biomedical Engineering of the Federal University of Uberlândia (2015 - June/2019) and the head of the Centre for Innovation and Technology Assessment in Health (NIATS/UFU) since 2010. He is the head of the Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering (UFU, July/2019 - to date). He was the secretary of the Parkinson's Disease Association of Uberlândia (2018-2019). Dr. Andrade's primary area of research is focused towards getting information from the neuromuscular system to understand its strategies of organization, adaptation and controlling in the context of motor neuron diseases. 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