List of organizations (level L and type T in columns 2 and 3) as simplices over the health-environment-related themes.
\r\n\tfires. Infrastructure development and human settlements are blocking migratory corridors, thus suppressing their critical role of maintaining the ecological processes including allowing for the movement of animals and the continuation of viable populations. Human-wildlife conflicts are growing as a
\r\n\tresult of population growth and, therefore, increasing demand for natural resources and increased proximity to wildlife.
\r\n\tExotic and invasive species are outcompeting native species for resources or habitat and altering community structure with detrimental consequences on native species.
\r\n\tImpacts of climate change on wildlife are increasing and manifested through habitat destruction, increased human-wildlife conflicts, diseases and death of wild animals. Illegal and unsustainable hunting is increasing to cater for subsistence and commercial demands within and outside the national boundaries, thus leading to a dramatic drop of populations or extinction of species.
\r\n\tChapters presented in this book attempt to respond to four questions: How do the political, economic, social, ecological and technological changes influence the survival of wildlife? How do these changes shape the management policies and approaches? How effective are the existing strategies and options to coping with these changes? Which are the possible options to address these changes and secure a future for wildlife?
\r\n\r\n\tThis Book serves as an important platform for information and experience sharing among the scientists, academicians, students, conservationists and policy-makers from different parts of the world.
",isbn:"978-1-83880-976-8",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-975-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-977-5",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a27827009edc70af81e12c10aa3e51dd",bookSignature:"Prof. Jafari Kideghesho",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8834.jpg",keywords:"Wildlife, Conservation, Poaching, Law Enforcement, Protected Areas, Wildlife Habitats, Migratory Corridors, Wildlife Diseases, Invasive Species, Wildlife Utilization, Human-Wildlife Interactions, Wildlife Conservation Policies",numberOfDownloads:233,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 15th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 5th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 4th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 23rd 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 22nd 2020",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"9 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Kideghesho served as a Deputy Director of Wildlife Division in Tanzania's Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism for two years (2012-2014). He is an active supporter of academic efforts within and outside Tanzania through teaching and serving as external examiner at different universities.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"280695",title:"Prof.",name:"Jafari R.",middleName:null,surname:"Kideghesho",slug:"jafari-r.-kideghesho",fullName:"Jafari R. Kideghesho",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/280695/images/system/280695.jpg",biography:"Prof. Jafari R Kideghesho is the current Rector of the College of African Wildlife Management (CAWM), Mweka and a seasoned expert in Conservation Biology. He obtained his PhD from Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim Norway in 2006, MSc (Conservation Biology) from Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology (DICE) of the University of Kent at Canterbury, UK in 1996 and a BSc. (Agriculture) from Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA), Tanzania in 1993. He has worked for over 25 years in various positions in the Wildlife Sector as Assistant Lecturer at CAWM, Mweka, Lecturer, Senior Lecturer and Associate Professor at the Department of Wildlife Management at SUA and Assistant Director (Wildlife Utilization) in the Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism. Kideghesho has been involved in over 20 local and international professional committees and organizations as a member, moderator, external examiner and a reviewer of scientific journals. He has published about 60 scientific articles and book chapters in peer reviewed journals and edited books, several articles in Conference Proceedings and 9 in Tanzania’s popular Wildlife Magazine. He is an editor of a book titled - Wildlife Management: Failures, Successes and Prospects. 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Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"878",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:"A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec77671f63975ef2d16192897deb6835",slug:"phytochemicals-a-global-perspective-of-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4816",title:"Face Recognition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"146063b5359146b7718ea86bad47c8eb",slug:"face_recognition",bookSignature:"Kresimir Delac and Mislav Grgic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"57771",title:"Governance Modeling: Dimensionality and Conjugacy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71774",slug:"governance-modeling-dimensionality-and-conjugacy",body:'In April 2010, in the Gulf of Mexico, started the BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill, considered one of the largest marine oil spills in the history of the petroleum industry (estimated to over 600,000 tons of oil released in Gulf of Mexico over 3 months) killing 11 workers and leading to a major environmental disaster. It raised a number of legal issues involving a variety of actors, various levels of decision-making and regulation (from international to local). Presented as “an important example of multidimensional governance in action” by Osofsky [1], it led to an attempt by the same author to provide a conceptual model for understanding complex regulatory problems. If the multidimensional aspect of governance is effectively considered as the central challenge in this complex socio-environmental tragedy and has been debated as such as it will be later on, in the case of climate change litigation [2], it is not at all addressed empirically but stay at a very descriptive level. Furthermore, some descriptions of multidimensionality through legal lenses are in contradiction with the mathematical notion of dimension (cf. the paragraph on multidimensionality in Ref. [3]).
Nevertheless, the notion of dimension is fundamental in mathematics and physics and therefore in disciplines using their formal representations (e.g. in ecology or epidemiology modeling). It is declined in various ways, depending on whether it attempts to characterize the space in which interactions are deployed (embedding dimension, local dimension), the geometry of an object (e.g. fractals) or the development of instabilities that work on the evolution of the state of a system (e.g. Lyapunov dimension) [4, 5]. The analysis of governance by political scientists or international relations scholars has made only an extremely limited use1 of this notion, which, however, is adaptable to the needs of this field of research and is likely to consolidate an empirical, evidence-based approach of governance.
The situation is similar concerning the notion of conjugacy: if a group of organizations is involved in the management of a set of environmental issues, the symmetrical point of view considers that these issues solicit organizations, thus offering another perspective on governance. This kind of duality of approaches is shown in a conjugate relation between two expressions of a formal entity, in this case a simplicial complex, a particular type of hypergraph [9, 10]. Continuing our approach of providing the network governance study with formal tools and the concepts that they provide [11, 12], we apply in this paper the notions of dimension and conjugacy as used in a discrete modeling of governance based on Q-analysis.
This approach proposed in the 1970s by the mathematician Ron Atkin [13, 14] has been used to formalize various problems in social sciences [15, 16, 17, 18, 19]. It is now developed in the context of the application of hypergraphs to the analysis of various complex systems (e.g. [19]). The formalism of the simplicial complexes intervenes in a very wide range of applications (for a brief overview, see e.g. [20, 21, 22]). A more general survey of data processing using topology methods is found in [23, 24].
The main notions of Q analysis are presented in Section 2. This study aims at illustrating their use by analyzing a network of health-environment institutions and themes in Southeast Asia are presented in Section 2. The concepts of dimension and conjugacy are presented in Section 3. As soon as the dimension of simplices or of paths in the structure is higher than 3, their representation is not readable. For the analysis, we rely on indicators defined in Section 4. Models corresponding to classical general ideal type of governance are then presented in Section 5 and are used as references to analyze empirical governance systems. In Section 6, we discuss the role of generalist organizations (organizations with a large and diverse portfolio of competences) as seen as high-dimensional simplices in a governance system. A discussion on the potential use of this approach and on the introduction of the concepts of dimension and conjugacy in governance analysis is proposed in Section 7, and a short conclusion in Section 8.
We consider a set of organizations with expertise on themes emerging from the analysis of the emergence or re-emergence of infectious diseases in Southeast Asia in a context of environmental change. Epidemiology shows that human health is likely to be affected by a wide variety of pathogens, themselves dependent on their vectors and hosts and on environmental (precipitation and ambient temperature climatology, surface hydrological regime) or socio-ecological dynamics (land cover and land use, biodiversity state and uses, economic exchanges, migration) [25]. In response to the risks of pandemics, the One Health approach [26, 27] promotes simultaneous consideration of the determinants of human health, animal health (domestic animals and wildlife) and environmental health.
This posture leads to considering both public health and environmental themes—such as climate change [28, 29] or the loss of biological diversity [30]—linked by epidemiological dynamics [31], as well as organizations operating from international to regional or local levels in these areas. Health governance in Southeast Asia, a hot spot for the emergence or re-emergence of infectious diseases and biodiversity [32], is also based on political or legal texts (e.g. international conventions [33]), which are themselves integral parts of governance systems [34]. In the One Health perspective, the following health and environmental themes are identified: human health (HH label), animal health (AH), ecosystem health (EH), climate change (CC), land use and land cover (LU), water resources (WR) and risk assessment or risk analysis (RA). The organizations we consider2 are listed in Table 1 with the themes for which they display competencies.
L | T | Websites of organizations | Acronym = Subset of Themes | |
---|---|---|---|---|
01 | GLOBAL | IO | FAO = {HH,AH,EH,CC,BD,FS,LU,WR,RA} | |
02 | IO | OIE = {AH,RA} | ||
03 | IO | WHO = {HH,CC,RA} | ||
04 | IObN | GEOBON = {BD} | ||
05 | IO | CORDS = {HH,AH,EH,RA} | ||
06 | ASEAN | RPo | See reference [35] | ASEAN2025 = {HH,CC,BD,FS,LU,WR,RA} |
07 | RO | ACB = {BD,RA} | ||
08 | RPr | ACEenv = {HH,CC,BD,WR} | ||
09 | RN | ASFN = {CC,BD,FS,RA} | ||
10 | RO | AICHR = {HH,CC} | ||
11 | NGO | ALAWASS = {RA} | ||
12 | RPF | ARAHIS = {AH} | ||
13 | SEAMEO | RO | SEAMEO = {HH} | |
14 | RO | BIOTROP = {HH,AH,EH,BD,WR} | ||
15 | RO | RECFON = {HH,FS,RA} | ||
16 | RO | SEARCA = {CC,BD,FS,LU,WR} | ||
17 | RN | TROPMED = {HH,RA} | ||
18 | Mekong | RN | MBDS = {HH,RA} | |
19 | RPr | CDC-ADB = {HH,AH,CC,RA} | ||
20 | RO | MRC = {HH,AH,EH,CC,BD,FS,LU,WR,RA} | ||
21 | NGO | MRLC = {BD} | ||
22 | RN | CANSEA = {CC,BD,FS,LU,WR} | ||
23 | RPr | BCI/CeP = {HH,EH,CC,BD,FS,LU,WR,RA} | ||
24 | RPr | LMI = {HH,BD,FS,WR,RA} | ||
25 | Asia-Pacific | RON | APBON = {BD} | |
26 | RPF | AeHIN = {HH,RA} | ||
27 | RPF | EVIPNetA = {HH} | ||
28 | RO | APEIR = {HH,AH,EH,RA} | ||
29 | RO | PEMSEA = {EH,BD,FS,WR} | ||
30 | RO | ADHRRA = {CC,BD,FS} | ||
31 | RPF | ESABII = {BD} | ||
32 | RPr | RFEH = {HH,EH,CC,RA} | ||
33 | RPr | COBSEA = {EH,CC,BD,FS,LU,WR} | ||
34 | RN | AECEN = {HH,CC,BD, RA} |
List of organizations (level L and type T in columns 2 and 3) as simplices over the health-environment-related themes.
Types are indicated by combining the following initials: I = international; R = regional; O = organization; Ob = observation; N = network; Po = policy; Pr = project or initiative; NG = non-governmental and PF = platform. The labels of themes read as follows: HH = human health; AH = animal health; EH = ecosystem health; CC = climate change; BD = biodiversity; FS = food security; LU = land use and land cover; WR = water resources and RA = risk assessment or risk analysis.
Under the generic term organization, we target organizations as such (FAO, WHO), networks (e.g. TROPMED, APEIR, GEOBON) or network of networks of organizations (CORDS), consortia (MBDS), information systems (ARAHIS), fora (FREH) or technical or cooperation platforms (ARAHIS, EVIPNeT). ASEAN2025 [35] outlines the ASEAN policy strategy for collaboration and development in member countries, and as such participates in regional governance, particularly on health-environment issues. All these entities have an institutionalized existence. Regional health-environment governance involves in fact the diversity of organizations and political and legal mechanisms that must be taken into account in an empirical approach.
To present the concepts we are interested in, we work out a small-size case and introduce some notations. We consider a set
(Left) Table of the relation between organizations (lines) and themes (columns) and (right) corresponding incidence matrix.
Now consider each organization
Example of simplicial complex KXexYR and conjugate complex KYexXR−1. The label of simplices (resp. vertices) is given in rectangular gray boxes (resp. ellipses). (A) 3D simplicial complex KXex. Each simplex is an organization, and the vertices are themes. (B) 2D simplicial complex KYex. Each simplex is a theme, and the vertices are organizations.
In a symmetrical or conjugated way, we can consider each theme as the set of organizations with which it is bound by the inverse relation
As for graphs, it is possible to define paths in a simplicial complex, but of various dimensions. The intersection between two simplices—for example
That is to say each pair of consecutive simplices of the sequence shares at least
We define three types of indexes to characterize a simplicial complex
A global size index is evaluated according to the formula:
If
where
where
The eccentricity of
To better understand the specificities of the system we are studying, we propose four models of comparisons corresponding to limiting types of organization of governance, say of ideal types. In the following examples, we assume the same number
0 | 8 | 100 | −1 | 0 | 0 | ||
7 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | ||
7 | 1 | 0 | {j = 1}:7 {j | {j = 1}:0.22 {j | {j = 1, q = 0}:1 { {j = 1, q | ||
1 | 5 | 57.1 | [1, 7] | {j = 1}:0 {j | {j = 1}:0.62 {j | {q = 0}:1 {q = 1}:0 | |
1 | 5.7 | 66.7 | [1, 8] | 1 | 0.67 | {q = 0}:0.56 {q = 1}:0 | |
2 | 4.5 | 50.0 | [1, 8] | 1/2 | 0.83 | {q = 0}:0.71 {q = 1}:0.56 {q = 2}:0 | |
3 | 3.8 | 40.0 | [1, 8] | 1/3 | 0.90 | {q = 0}:0.90 {q = 1}:0.71 {q = 2}:0.56 {q = 3}:0 |
Indices and structure vectors of simplicial complexes corresponding to main ideal type of governance (assuming
The values of j and q are specified (between braces) only if the value of the index considered is related to them. In the
In this model, each of the
Here, on the contrary, the organizations all work on all the themes and are thus fully interdependent, with no structural leadership. The incidence matrix
For comparison with the other models, in this ideal type, we also consider that the number of organizations is equal to the number of competences
While the diagram associated with
Let us suppose that we have
Consider now the complex
Complex | Complex | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
8 | 0 | 18.0 | 19 | |||||
8 | 0 | 2.5 | 3 | |||||
6 | 0.6 | 11.2 | 3 | |||||
4 | 28.3 | 5.0 | 3 | |||||
8 | 0 | 10.8 | 4 | |||||
5 | 7.9 | 13.7 | 5 |
Global indices and structure vectors of various complexes corresponding to empirical types of health-environment governance.
Values of the dimension + 1 (diamonds) and meso-index of size MSI (squares) for the simplices (organizations) of KXall. The values of the meso-index of size obtained by considering each organization group separately (global, ASEAN, SEAMEO, organizations of the Mekong Basin, Asia-Pacific organizations—see Table 1) are also represented (triangles).
No competence to solicit all organizations, the structure of the conjugate complex
Number of vertices (diamonds), meso-size index MSI×100 (squares) and eccentricity η×100 (triangles) of the complex of competences KYall.
The structure vector
Q-analysis tree of KYall: clique of competences (with labels given in Table 1) as a function of the threshold dimension q, with structure vector QKYall=11111123212433333331. The threshold dimension q is indicated in the bottom boxes.
The Q-analysis can be done by considering in turn each subgroup of organizations—global organizations, ASEAN, SEAMEO, Mekong Basin and Asia-Pacific organizations (see Table 1). The trees showing the fragmentation of the competence cliques with the increase of the threshold dimension are very different from each other (Figure 5) and do not make it possible to infer a priori that which results from their association in Figure 4. At the beginning, each group presents all the competences distributed among its member organizations (except ASEAN without competence in environmental health). But according to the organizations involved, each competence is more or less shared in the group. The main ones (at the top of the trees) will tend to promote the associated theme as one that federates the activities of the organization group: risk assessment for global organizations, human health for Asia-Pacific and SEAMEO, the importance of climate change for ASEAN, etc. Groups with the most member organizations tend to have higher competence trees (5 for Asia-Pacific). It is also observed that although the Global and Mekong groups have each a generalist organization (FAO and MRC respectively), the competence cliques are not comparable.
Q-analysis tree of cliques of competences considered separately for each group of organizations (labels in the rectangular boxes at the bottom). The threshold dimension q is indicated for each level.
Of course, the association of all these groups produces a higher clique tree (q = 19, Figure 4), with a more robust network of competences with respect to a change of skill, or even the discontinuance of an organization. The integration of groups in the regional governance system has differentiated effects for each organization. In Figure 2, it is observed, for example, that the meso-index of size
Without going into details, the tree of the cliques of organizations obtained according to the threshold dimension is less interesting in this context than that of competences presented in Figure 5. Indeed, the tree associated with each organization group resembles more or less that corresponding to another ideal type. This one, which we call pyramidal ideal type (inverted), is composed of
Path indexes (×100; x-axis) of FAO, ASEAN2025 policy text and COBSEA as a function of the threshold dimension (y-axis). Each entity is considered both in the KXall simplicial complex and in the complex corresponding to their organizations group (see text and Table 1). (A) FAO [squares: in KXall; triangles: in KXglobal]; (B) ASEAN2025 [diamonds: in KXall; crosses: in KXasean] and (C) COBSEA [dots: in KXall; plus: in KXasipac].
The change in the
The mathematical concepts used in this article remain elementary, but it is important to note that the two conjugate complexes associated with the same relation, even though they have generally very different combinatorial appearances, share strong topological properties. From the mathematical point of view, this is reflected in the identity of their homology groups and their homotopy groups [37, 38]. This goes well beyond the elementary considerations to which we limit ourselves here in our modeling but the identity of these topological characteristics reinforces the importance of the principle of conjugacy between the two simplicial complexes naturally associated with a given relation.
For governance studies, the interest of such an approach is that it allows understanding very different contexts of governance by describing the actors and organizations already into action and the way they connect to each other. Ultimately, it also makes possible to delineate the institutions and issues at stake and to highlight the different levels of decision-making and thus of regulations involved. It can apply in various settings. For instance, one of the issues underlined by Osofsky [1] in the case of the environmental disaster resulting from the BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill is the need for integration across scales. The spill stretched over the shoreline of five states of the United States, and due to the multiplicity of decision levels (local and federal governments) and the variety of institutions involved (such as the Department of Agriculture, Department of Defense, Department of Energy, Department of Homeland Security, Department of Justice, Department of the Interior, Department of Labor, Environmental Public Agency, Health and Human Services or National Aeronautics and Space Administration …), one of the legal difficulties was to disentangle the overlaps of regulations or on the contrary the gaps resulting from the legal fragmentation.
The approach can thus be used in this kind of context or either to determine in a specific area, like the Southeast Asian region, how the health and environmental governance works to identify the missing linkages or the possibilities for synergies. It is a flexible approach and the results and their interpretations are depending on the context chosen as well as on the organizations, networks and themes considered in the research scope. This flexibility can be seen not only as a limit of the approach but also as an advantage as it allows to change the analysis framework: in a first phase, we could choose to consider a specific type of organizations (in a predetermined typology) and thus extend the research to other types of organizations. It is particularly relevant when it comes to describing and interpreting multidimensional and multilevel interactions.
The modeling approach is also very useful when governance systems are composed of hundreds of organizations and tens of attributes or when the ambition is to simulate the impact of changes of governance structure through scenarios. System wide indexes (global indexes), local indexes attached to each organization or attribute and meso-indexes assessing how they are inserted are exploited not only to construct global governance diagnoses but also to follow each entity in the evolving governance architecture.
On a semantic point of view, the use of the term model itself in the legal or political arena is different than in mathematics, physics or computer sciences. This can have methodological repercussions, as the term “model” can be used to define a descriptive approach closer to an enumeration of facts than to a systemic approach. Indeed, when speaking about models of governance, legal scholars usually refers to an analytical or normative framework rather than to a model integrating interactions and showing a dynamic expressed through mathematical properties translating types of behaviors or linkages. Nevertheless, this type of formal model opens the perspective of many analyzes of real systems of governance seen from new and diversified angles.
We have enriched our analytical tools with another approach to modeling systemic governance based on Q-analysis and using the simplicial complexes as a mathematical object (type of hypergraph or hyper-network). The model allows taking into account a variety of entities as elements of governance, say organizations, networks (of networks) of organizations, technical platforms, but also legal instruments (e.g. norms, agreements) and public policies. Since these entities can be characterized in different ways, modeling leads us to consider governance under as many different angles as there are types of attributes associated with entities.
The simplicial complexes introduce formal concepts of dimension and conjugacy between the hyper-network of entities (e.g. organizations) and the hyper-network formed by a choice of attributes, the two simplicial complexes being bound by topological properties. Several indicators are evaluated to characterize the global (overall), mesoscale and local (at the scale of each organization or attribute) properties of each of the two conjugated complexes associated with a given context of governance. Moreover, these indicators also make it possible to compare distinct systems of governance. Thus, we have also established the indices associated with several ideal type of governance that stylizes limit situations between organizations (or other entities): complete independence, full interdependence, vertical integration and horizontal integration and cyclic governance. The flexibility of the analytical tool makes it suitable for exploring a wide variety of governance systems, the case discussed in more detail here considering groups of organizations involved in Southeast Asia on health-environment issues.
This study contributes to the International Multidisciplinary Thematic Network Biodiversity, Health and Societies in Southeast Asia, Thailand supported by the Ecology and Environment Institute of the National Centre for Scientific Research (InEE CNRS, France). It is supported by the FutureHealthSEA Project “Predictive scenarios of health in Southeast Asia: linking land use and climate changes to infectious diseases” (funded by ANR 2017) and by the GEMA project “Gouvernance Environnementale: Modélisation et Analyse” (funded by CNRS Défi interdisciplinaire InFIniti).
Four hundred years back, Paracelsus stated that, “All substances are poisons; there is none which is not a poison.” If the right dose is taken, it could become a remedy, otherwise poisonous [1, 2]. The therapeutic index or ratio, i.e., LD50/ED50, tells whether the chemical is safe or not.
Poisons are generally found in cases of homicides, suicides, or accidents. They have a significant role to play as the silent weapon to destroy life mysteriously and secretively.
Every poison has almost similar action on the victim’s body. In many cases, they either stop the transfer of O2 to the tissues or create an obstacle in the respiratory system by inhibition of enzymes which are associated with the process. In this, the myoneural junction and the ganglions and synapses are the sites of action. In some cases of insecticidal poisoning, hyperexcitement of voluntary and involuntary muscles can cause death. There are four categories of action of poisons—(i) local action, (ii) remote action, (iii) local and remote actions, and (iv) general action.
Local action: Local action means direct action on the affected site of the body. Examples include irritation and inflammation in strong mineral acids and alkalis, congestion and inflammation by irritants, the effect on motor and sensory nerves, etc.
Remote action: Remote action affects the person due to absorption of that poison into the system of that person. For example, alcohol is absorbed in the system and then it affects the person.
Local and remote actions: Some poisons can affect both local and remote organs. Thus, they not only affect the area with contact to the poison but also cause toxic effect after absorption into the system, for example, oxalic acid.
General action: General action means the absorbed poison affects more than one system of the body, for example, mercury, arsenic, etc.
Toxicity of a poison depends upon its inherent properties such as physiochemical as well as pharmacological properties.
The action of poisons mainly depends upon the following factors discussed below:
Forms of poison: There are three forms of poison:
Physical form: Gaseous/volatile/vaporous forms of poisons act faster than liquid poisons as they are quickly absorbed. Similarly, liquid poisons act faster than solid poisons.
Gaseous or volatile > liquid > solid.
For solid poisons, powdered poisons act quickly than the lumps. For example, there are certain seeds that escape the gastrointestinal tract as they are solid, but when crushed, they can be fatal.
For solids: powdered > lumps
Chemical form: Few substances like mercury or arsenic are not poisonous as they are insoluble and cannot be absorbed when they are in combination with other substances like mercuric chloride, arsenic oxide, etc.
In other cases, the action is vice versa. For example, there are some substances that become inert in combination with silver nitrate and hydrochloric acid and are deadly and poisonous when present in pure forms.
Mechanical combination: The effect of poisons is significantly altered when they are combined with inert substances.
Quantity: Large doses of toxin cause much lethal effect. But this statement is not always true. For example, sometimes when a toxin is taken in very large amount, the body produces a mechanism against it such as vomiting, and thus the intensity of the toxin is reduced.
Concentration: The absorption speed of poison is dependent on concentration; thus poison of higher concentration is fatal. However, there are still some exceptions. For example, a dilute oxalic acid is less corrosive, but the absorption rate is high and so it is more dangerous.
Methods of administration: It has a unique role in the process of absorption. It is fastest through inhalation and then through injection as compared to the oral mode.
Condition of the body: Different persons react differently when exposed to a poison. It is because the condition of our body is also responsible for the increase or decrease of the effect of a poison on the body:
Age: Children and older people are more affected than an adult by the same quantity of toxin.
Sleep: The body functions are slower during sleep; thus toxin circulation in the body is also slower.
Health: Healthy persons can tolerate a toxin better than a weak or ill person.
Dosage: The effect of the poison depends upon its dosage. It is said that the dose determines whether a substance is a poison or remedy. A substance is usually considered a poison after a certain fixed quantity. Although this quantity is not fixed for all people, it is considered according to the average effect on the population. There are two considerable effects of poison on the body of a person; these are the subtle long-term chronic toxicity and immediate fatality.
Some poisons are lethal in microquantities, while others can affect in large doses. The significance of a dose can be understood by taking an example of a metal essential in the food, for example, iron, copper, manganese, zinc, etc.; if its dose is higher than the body requires, it can be lethal.
Effective dose (ED): The effective dose is the quantity of a substance at which it shows its effect in the population. In most cases, ED50 is measured as a dose which induces a response in half of the targeted population.
Lethal dose: The lethal dose (LD) 50 is the amount of drug which is expected to cause death of 50% population.
Hypersensitivity: It is basically the type of reaction initiated by the body against any other substances. Sometimes, it could be related to allergy. There is an assumption that hypersensitivity does not depend on wrong doses. Every person who is hypersensitive to a particular substance has a dose related that defines the quantity required to cause hypersensitivity to that person. The allergic response is actually a toxic response and can be sometimes fatal.
Idiosyncrasy: It is defined as a reaction produced by the body to a chemical genetically. It is a type of person that affects only those people who are genetically sensitized to that particular chemical or substance but will show no effect on others. In such cases, the person experiences discomfort for several hours or if the dose is high can be fatal also. For example- peanut allergy in some people.
Tolerance: It is the capability of a person to not produce any effect against a chemical that usually causes reaction to normal persons. It is a state of reduced or no reaction to a chemical. There are basically two types of mechanism that induces tolerance. First is when the toxin reaches the effective site, its quantity is very less. This is called dispositional tolerance. The second is because the tissues show reduced response to the toxin.
Tolerance can also be achieved if a drug is taken in a small quantity on a regular basis. This can be explained by taking the example of alcohol. When any human consume alcohol for the first time, he/she will show an effect even when the quantity is small, but eventually the effect will decrease and the person can tolerate a large amount also.
Individual susceptibility: It is defined as the different kinds of responses produced by different individuals to a particular harmful compound. It can be due to occupational or environmental factors and exposures. It is determined by complex genetic factors. Its effect depends upon the intensity of exposure. There is a gene uniqueness that varies from person to person; thus the same amount of exposure can show no effect in one individual, cause illness to other individual, and also could be fatal to someone as well.
The route of administration is the path through which a drug, toxin, or poison is taken or administered into the body of a person which is distinguished by the location where any drug is applied. It is mostly classified on the basis of its target:
Topical—which has a local effect
Enteral—which has a wide effect, i.e., affect the whole system
Parental—which follows a systemic action
Poisons are given or taken so that death can occur at once by shock due to stoppage of body’s vital systems. Drug addicts take drugs through inhalation or injection.
Route of administration plays a very important role in determination of death by poison as time in which death occurs are fastest in inhaled poisons, relatively slow in injected and lastly when ingested orally.
Some important features that are considered during the administration of poisons and can make a poison fatal are:
Rate of dissolution of the poison that depends upon the physical form of the poison, i.e., gaseous, vapors, liquid, solid, etc.
The surface area affected at the site of administration of the poison
The circulation rate of blood in that route
The solubility of the poison, i.e., lipid soluble or water soluble
The concentration of the poison
The time required by the poison to be absorbed completely from the site of administration
Routes of administration can be classified into two categories:
Enteral routes/gastrointestinal routes.
Parenteral routes.
Enteral routes: When the drug is administered through the gastrointestinal tract, it is defined as an enteral route. It has both oral and rectal routes. It also includes sublingual and sublabial routes. It is comparatively a slower mode of action for absorption of drugs:
Oral route: Generally absorption takes place in the tongue and the gums of the oral passage. The pH of the buccal cavity and mouth ranges from 4 to 5. Sublingual and supralingual routes have a significant role in absorption. The sublingual absorption is faster as the toxin is transformed directly to the heart, but it takes more time.
Rectal route: Administration of drugs can be done through anus which directly absorbed in bloodstream through membrane of mucous. This administration can cause the burning of tissues or bleeding in rectum as the area is very sensitive.
Parental route: It includes all the other routes that does not involve the gastrointestinal tract. It has a systemic effect on the body. It has the following categories of administration:
Intradermal: Here, the administration of drugs takes place from surface of skin. This type of poisoning is mostly found in chronic poisoning cases.
Intravenous: It is one of the fastest modes of drug administration as the injection is directly taken and the drug is transferred directly into the veins and thus is directly circulated into the blood quickly. Immediate death might be caused by this type of drug.
Intraosseous: It involves an administration of a drug directly into the bone marrow. This mode is actually used for administration of drugs for medical purposes.
Intra-arterial: It involves an administration of a drug into the artery directly through injection. It is a fast mode of administration.
Intramuscular: In this mode, the drug or poison is administered into the muscle of the thigh, upper arm, or buttock. The time required in this mode is greater than other parental modes.
Subcutaneous: In this mode, the drug is injected into the layer beneath the skin, i.e., the subcutaneous layer. The drug then goes to the small blood vessels and then to the bloodstream. This mode is used for mostly those protein drugs that would be destroyed if administered through the gastrointestinal tract.
Inhalation: In this mode, the nose is the primary path. Because of the presence of mucous membrane, the nasal aperture is very absorptive. The microparticles of poisons are easily absorbed and transported quickly to the lungs. From the lungs, they are circulated into the blood.
Poisons are classified into two ways:
Based on their action on the body.
Based on their physical and chemical properties [1].
Classification based upon the effect of poison on the body:
Corrosive: The poisons burn the tissues or organs when they come in contact with them, e.g.:
Strong acids such as H2SO4, HNO3, HCL, etc.
Strong alkalis such as hydroxides of Na, K, NH4, etc.
Irritants: The poisons irritate the tissues or organs when they come in contact with them [3]:
Inorganic:
Nonmetallic phosphorous, chlorine, bromine, iodine, etc.
Metallic salts of arsenic, antimony, mercury, copper, lead, zinc, etc.
Organic:
Vegetable—castor oil, madar, croton oil, etc.
Animals—snake venom, cantharides, insect bites, etc.
Mechanical—glass powder, needles, diamond dust, hair, etc.
Neurotics: Poisons affect the nervous system and the brain [3]:
Cerebral:
Narcotic—opium and its alkaloids
Inebriant (depressant)—alcohol, ether, chloroform, and chloral hydrate
Spinal:
Excitant (stimulants)—nux vomica and strychnine
Depressant—gelsemium
Cardiorespiratory:
Cardiac—aconite, digitalis, oleander, and hydrocyanic acid (HCN)
Asphyxiants—carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide
Miscellaneous: A number of chemicals having diverse actions on their body are included in this group [4]:
Animal poisons
Curare (an arrow poison)
Poisonous food articles
Industrial poisons—methyl isocyanate (MIC)
Fuels—petroleum and kerosene
Insecticides—endrin, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), and
naphthalene
Radioactive substances
Classification of poisons based upon their properties:
Inorganic poisons
Metallic poisons:
Arsenic: It has been the most known and exclusively used throughout
the ages to poison men and animals [1].
It is a white tasteless powder and a pinch of the poisons can kill two adult persons.
Arsenic for homicidal purposes is mixed with various food articles, e.g., cooked food, milk, tea, liquors, or medicines.
Arsenic in a metal form is not poisonous; its oxides are highly poisonous. It is extensively used in insecticides, etc. [5].
Mercury: Chloride and nitrites of mercury are highly poisonous. They
are used in chemical industry and as fungicides.
Lead: Most of its compounds are poisonous. This is a slow poison,
e.g., Sindoor adulterated with red lead oxide.
Copper: Its salts are used in electroplating; copper sulfate is a poison.
Thallium: Thallium salt is used as rat poison [6].
Antimony: Its effect is like that of arsenic.
Nonmetallic poisons:
Cyanides: Cyanides of potassium and sodium are extremely
poisonous, even in small quantities. They react with the acid of
gastric juices in the stomach to form hydrocyanic acid, which
paralyzes the respiratory center in the brain resulting in death due to
respiratory failure [4].
Yellow phosphorus: In olden days it was used in match industry and
several times proved highly poisonous.
Iodine: Only elemental iodine in high quantity is poisonous.
Strong acids and alkalis: These are highly poisonous with corrosive
effects, e.g., sulfuric acid, nitric acid, sodium, potassium
hydroxides, etc.
Gases: Phosphine gas kills rats when used on the rat holes and is
poisonous for infants. MIC killed over 2000 persons and invalidated
several others in a gas leak tragedy in Bhopal in 1984. Some other
poisonous gases are HCN, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide,
arsine, etc. [3].
Organic poisons
Volatile poisons:
Ethyl alcohol: It is poisonous if taken in excess.
Other alcohols: Methyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol are poisonous.
Methanol, used in polish and chemical industries, is used in illicit
liquor, and its intake causes paralysis, blindness, and death [3].
Phenol: Phenol or carbolic acid could be poisonous. It is mostly used
as a disinfectant [6].
Miscellaneous substances: Various industrial chemicals like
chlorinated hydrocarbons, benzene, chloral hydrate, etc. are
poisonous. In several cases of poisoning, chloral hydrate could be
used in illicit liquors.
Nonvolatile substances:
Alkaloids: Several narcotics and vegetable poisons contain alkaloids,
e.g., strychnine, morphine, cocaine, nicotine, etc.
Barbiturates: These drugs are synthetic and induce sleep [1].
Glycosides: These drugs can cause cardiac arrest and could be fatal
such as aconite, oleander digitalis, etc.
Insecticides and pesticides
Poisoning: It is known as the injurious effect caused by the action of a poison or a detrimental chemical substance. It leads to the development of adverse reaction toward the harmful chemicals or drugs. It is basically differentiated in three categories: suicidal, homicidal, and accidental. Cattle poisoning is the poisoning related to animals. Accidental poisoning is caused by negligence and carelessness. Homicidal poisoning includes the killing of a person due to the poison. Suicidal poisoning refers to the use of toxic chemicals in order to kill oneself.
Corrosive poisoning: It is caused by poisons such as acids and alkalis. They produce a corrosive action on the human body by causing ulcers and acute inflammation.
Metallic poisoning: Metals such as arsenic, mercury, lead, etc., when ingested, cause a deleterious effect. This is known as metallic poisoning.
Plant poison: The study of plant poisons is known as phytotoxicology. Plant poisons, or phytotoxins, comprise a vast range of biologically active chemical substances, such as alkaloids, polypeptides, amines, glycosides, oxalates, resins, toxalbumins, etc.
An alcohol is a drink that contains ethanol. Ethanol is made by fermentation of grains, fruits, and some resources of sugar. Chemically, it is a group of compounds whose saturated carbon chain has a “-OH” group. Alcohol is also a depressant, and in low dose, it can reduce tension, cause euphoria, and improve sociability, but in high dose it can cause stupor, drunkenness, and even death. Regular alcohol intake can cause cancer, alcoholism, dependency, etc. 33% of the total people in the world consumes alcohol. Drinks containing alcohol are broadly classified into three classes, i.e., beer, spirit, and wine, whose alcohol content varies between 3% and 50%. When diluted, alcohol has nearly sweet taste, but when concentrated it gives a burning sensation. 90% of the absorbed alcohol is metabolized by the liver and broken down into less toxic metabolites. Alcohol acts on the central nervous system (CNS) as a depressant on the cells of the cerebral cortex. Its adverse effects like a decrease in cognitive and psychomotive skills are well documented. Alcohol percentage (ABV) differs from one brand to another, for example, beers contain 5%, wines contain typically 13.5%, fortified wines contain 15–22%, spirits contain 30–40%, fruit juice contains less than 0.1%, and cider/wine coolers contain 4–8% ABV [1].
The goal of blood alcohol test is to check the concentration of alcohol in the body. This test result is known as blood alcohol concentration (BAC) which indicates alcohol % in the blood. It is directly proportional to the alcohol in the body, and alcohol hinders with people’s decision, control on them and other characteristics [3]. This test can tell the presence of alcohol in blood for 12 hours [4]. Blood quickly absorbs alcohol and is measured within minutes of consuming alcoholic drink. The highest level of BAC result can be reached within an hour of consuming alcohol. Intake of food can vary the result. Liver breaks down almost 90% of alcohol and rest are given out from exhalation and urine [5].
In case of deaths due to alcoholic intoxication, the viscera is collected and preserved in saturated saline. Preservation of sample is very important as if wrongly preserved it can ruin the examination. Generally, urine and blood are taken as samples.
A sterile needle must be cleaned up by the swab of a nonalcoholic disinfectant like aqueous mercuric chloride and aqueous benzalkonium chloride (Zephiran) before the suspect’s skin is punctured with it. The use of an alcoholic disinfectant either may give false-positive results or may contribute to falsely high alcohol contents of blood. About 5–10 ml of the sample (blood) is taken in a test tube; an anticoagulant such as potassium oxide and EDTA and a preservative such as NaF are added and stored in the refrigerator at 40°C. The anticoagulant will prevent blood from clotting, and the preservative will inhibit the presence of microorganisms. The urine sample is also collected in the usual manner and preserved with 30 mg of phenyl mercuric nitrate for every 10 ml of urine [6].
Ethyl alcohol is isolated from biological materials by acid distillation. Viscera, vomit, stomach contents, and other materials should be analyzed separately. About 50–100 g of the viscera is taken and is finally minced by thin gruel and adding water (3–5 times) and sulfuric acid. It is passed to steam distillation which is generally heating it on the water bath. The condenser and the receiving flask should be well cooled with ice especially in the hot season, the outlet of the condenser being dipped in little water or NaOH solution. Some pieces of pumice stone are stored in the flask to avoid bumping. It is better to collect the distillate in 4–5 fractions, out of which the first one should not exceed 20 ml and the remaining fractions should be 50 ml each. The distillate contains alcohol and other volatile acids, etc. [6].
There are some tests which show the presence of ethyl alcohol in the exhibits.
Also known as triiodomethane reaction, it is used in the detection of CH3CH (OH) which is present in alcohol. There are mainly two types of different mixtures used in this reaction which are mainly chemically equivalent. A pale yellow precipitate occurs if the result is positive [6].
In the above structure, “R” can be hydrogen or alkyl group or any other hydrocarbon group. In case when R denotes hydrogen, then the compound we have the possibility to find is primary alcohol ethanol. Ethanol is the only alcohol that gives an iodoform reaction. In case R is any hydrocarbon group, then it gives secondary alcohol groups. Tertiary alcohol is not able to contain R group because of the absence of hydrogen atom [7].
In 1 ml of distillate, a few drops of 10% NaOH are added dropwise till the solution becomes brown and warmed for a few minutes. A few drops of iodoform solution are added to change the color to yellow. The mixture has to be again heated on low flame/water bath; a yellow-colored precipitate is formed on standing. The precipitate has to be observed under a microscope. Characteristic hexagonal crystals of iodoform are seen which usually shows the presence of ethanol, acetaldehyde, isopropanol which on standing for long time breaks into flower like structure. This test initially involves oxidation followed by substitution and hydrolysis [6].
Add 1 gm of molybdic acid in 25 ml of a concentrated sulfuric acid which has the reagent. Mix 2 ml of this reagent when hot and with 2 ml of distillate. At the junction of both liquids, a ring will be formed which is deep blue in color. On shaking, the whole mixture will become deep blue which is due to ethyl alcohol. This test is very sensitive and it gives a negative result with acetone, acetaldehyde, and dilute solution of methyl alcohol. Only the strong solution of methyl alcohol gives a light blue color after several minutes [6].
Mix two drops of benzoyl chloride with 2 ml of the distillate. Add 10% of sodium hydroxide drop by drop till the solution becomes alkaline. By providing heat the irritating smell of benzoyl chloride will be replaced by sweet fruity odor of ethyl benzoate. Methyl alcohol gives this test also but not the iodoform test [6].
In case of drunkenness, alcohol detection in the body is very important. Observing behavioral abnormalities of the suspect is the best method, but analyzing the breath, blood, and urine is the only way of confirming it. The analysis of breath alcohol can be performed on the spot with the help of breath-analyzer instruments like Alco-Sensor, Breathalyzer, etc. However, the alcohol content of the blood could be determined by using the modified version of the Kozelka and Hine/Cavett method [6].
In recent years, several methods in determining the alcohol in body fluids are described. Kent-Jones and Taylor reported the results of an investigation into the merits of two methods—the micro Cavett and that of Kozelka and Hine. The micro Cavett method is more accurate, but it suffered from serious inconsistencies in reproducibility, but the Kozelka and Hine method is less accurate and more time-consuming but gives good reproducibility.
Nickolls modified the micro Cavett method which appears to give a more accurate result in comparison with the unmodified method. The simplicity of this procedure increases its use for routine work in laboratory [8].
The principle behind this method is the oxidation of alcohol, which is easy with acetic acid in the presence of oxidizing agents such as sulfuric acid and potassium dichromate. Reduction of each mL of N/20 potassium dichromate solution takes place that is equivalent to 0.575 mg of alcohol [6].
This formula is used to estimate the amount in which alcohol is present in the body.
a. For blood analysis
Here, a = Total amount of alcohol absorbed in the body; p = Weight of the person; c = Concentration of alcohol in the blood; r = Constant which is 0.5 in women and 0.68 in men
b. In urine analysis.
Here, a = Total alcohol content present in the body; p = Total weight of the person; q = Alcohol concentration in the urine; r = Constant, namely, 0.68 for men and 0.5 in women [6].
There are several methods in determining ethanol in the blood, urine, and serum. One of the most important methods is gas chromatography (GC). The sample is injected in a heating chamber, and due to its high temperature, alcohol converts in vapors which are carried by inert carrier gas such as nitrogen through the column which is packed by an adsorbent material. Separation of different types of components depends on their different affinity, i.e., partition coefficient toward adsorbent phase which is stationary and later detected as shown in the figure below. A chromatogram so obtained helps in qualitative as well as quantitative analysis [6].
Various components of gas chromatography are [9]:
Carrier gas
Flow regulator
Injector
Column
Stationary phase
Oven
Detectors
Display device
The area covered by the peak represents the amount and position of a particular type of compound [6].
Operating conditions [10]:
Column: Porapak polymer bead 80–100 mesh or its equivalent, which can separate or resolve the ethanol.
Column temperature: 1600°C.
Carrier gas: Nitrogen.
Rate of gas flow: 50 ml/minute.
Detector: Flame ionization detector.
Alternative operating conditions:
Column: 0.3% Carbowax 20 M on 80–100 mesh Carbopak C, 2 m × 2 mm ID or its equivalent.
Column temperature: 350°C for 2 minutes and then programmed at 50°C per minute to 1750°C and hold for at least 8 minutes.
Carrier gas: Nitrogen at 30 ml/minute [6].
The purpose of this chapter is to discuss the mode of action and function of poisons once they reached in the human body. The impacts of poisons are severe and even cause death if not treated properly.
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\\n\\n2.4 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author) will not assert any rights under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 to object to derogatory treatment of the Chapter as a consequence of IntechOpen's changes to the Chapter arising from translation of it, corrections and edits for house style, removal of problematic material and other reasonable edits.
\\n\\n3. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S DUTIES
\\n\\n3.1 When distributing or re-publishing the Chapter, the Corresponding Author agrees to credit the Book in which the Chapter has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen. The Corresponding Author warrants that each Co-Author will also credit the Book in which the Chapter has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen, when they are distributing or re-publishing the Chapter.
\\n\\n3.2 When submitting the Chapter, the Corresponding Author agrees to:
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author will be held responsible for the payment of the Open Access Publishing Fees.
\\n\\nAll payments shall be due 30 days from the date of the issued invoice. The Corresponding Author or the payer on the Corresponding Author's and Co-Authors' behalf will bear all banking and similar charges incurred.
\\n\\n3.3 The Corresponding Author shall obtain in writing all consents necessary for the reproduction of any material in which a third-party right exists, including quotations, photographs and illustrations, in all editions of the Chapter worldwide for the full term of the above licenses, and shall provide to IntechOpen upon request the original copies of such consents for inspection (at IntechOpen's option) or photocopies of such consents.
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author shall obtain written informed consent for publication from people who might recognize themselves or be identified by others (e.g. from case reports or photographs).
\\n\\n3.4 The Corresponding Author and any Co-Author shall respect confidentiality rights during and after the termination of this Agreement. The information contained in all correspondence and documents as part of the publishing activity between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author are confidential and are intended only for the recipient. The contents may not be disclosed publicly and are not intended for unauthorized use or distribution. Any use, disclosure, copying, or distribution is prohibited and may be unlawful.
\\n\\n4. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S WARRANTY
\\n\\n4.1 The Corresponding Author represents and warrants that the Chapter does not and will not breach any applicable law or the rights of any third party and, specifically, that the Chapter contains no matter that is defamatory or that infringes any literary or proprietary rights, intellectual property rights, or any rights of privacy. The Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) the Chapter is the original work of themselves and any Co-Author and is not copied wholly or substantially from any other work or material or any other source; (ii) the Chapter has not been formally published in any other peer-reviewed journal or in a book or edited collection, and is not under consideration for any such publication; (iii) they themselves and any Co-Author are qualifying persons under section 154 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988; (iv) they themselves and any Co-Author have not assigned and will not during the term of this Publication Agreement purport to assign any of the rights granted to IntechOpen under this Publication Agreement; and (v) the rights granted by this Publication Agreement are free from any security interest, option, mortgage, charge or lien.
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author also warrants and represents that: (i) they have the full power to enter into this Publication Agreement on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author; and (ii) they have the necessary rights and/or title in and to the Chapter to grant IntechOpen, on behalf of themselves and any Co-Author, the rights and licenses expressed to be granted in this Publication Agreement. If the Chapter was prepared jointly by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, the Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) each Co-Author agrees to the submission, license and publication of the Chapter on the terms of this Publication Agreement; and (ii) they have the authority to enter into this Publication Agreement on behalf of and bind each Co-Author. The Corresponding Author shall: (i) ensure each Co-Author complies with all relevant provisions of this Publication Agreement, including those relating to confidentiality, performance and standards, as if a party to this Publication Agreement; and (ii) remain primarily liable for all acts and/or omissions of each such Co-Author.
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author agrees to indemnify and hold IntechOpen harmless against all liabilities, costs, expenses, damages and losses and all reasonable legal costs and expenses suffered or incurred by IntechOpen arising out of or in connection with any breach of the aforementioned representations and warranties. This indemnity shall not cover IntechOpen to the extent that a claim under it results from IntechOpen's negligence or willful misconduct.
\\n\\n4.2 Nothing in this Publication Agreement shall have the effect of excluding or limiting any liability for death or personal injury caused by negligence or any other liability that cannot be excluded or limited by applicable law.
\\n\\n5. TERMINATION
\\n\\n5.1 IntechOpen has a right to terminate this Publication Agreement for quality, program, technical or other reasons with immediate effect, including without limitation (i) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author commits a material breach of this Publication Agreement; (ii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being an individual) is the subject of a bankruptcy petition, application or order; or (iii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being a company) commences negotiations with all or any class of its creditors with a view to rescheduling any of its debts, or makes a proposal for or enters into any compromise or arrangement with any of its creditors.
\\n\\nIn case of termination, IntechOpen will notify the Corresponding Author, in writing, of the decision.
\\n\\n6. INTECHOPEN’S DUTIES AND RIGHTS
\\n\\n6.1 Unless prevented from doing so by events outside its reasonable control, IntechOpen, in its discretion, agrees to publish the Chapter attributing it to the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\\n\\n6.2 IntechOpen has the right to use the Corresponding Author’s and any Co-Author’s names and likeness in connection with scientific dissemination, retrieval, archiving, web hosting and promotion and marketing of the Chapter and has the right to contact the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author until the Chapter is publicly available on any platform owned and/or operated by IntechOpen.
\\n\\n6.3 IntechOpen is granted the authority to enforce the rights from this Publication Agreement, on behalf of the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, against third parties (for example in cases of plagiarism or copyright infringements). In respect of any such infringement or suspected infringement of the copyright in the Chapter, IntechOpen shall have absolute discretion in addressing any such infringement which is likely to affect IntechOpen's rights under this Publication Agreement, including issuing and conducting proceedings against the suspected infringer.
\\n\\n7. MISCELLANEOUS
\\n\\n7.1 Further Assurance: The Corresponding Author shall and will ensure that any relevant third party (including any Co-Author) shall, execute and deliver whatever further documents or deeds and perform such acts as IntechOpen reasonably requires from time to time for the purpose of giving IntechOpen the full benefit of the provisions of this Publication Agreement.
\\n\\n7.2 Third Party Rights: A person who is not a party to this Publication Agreement may not enforce any of its provisions under the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999.
\\n\\n7.3 Entire Agreement: This Publication Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties in relation to its subject matter. It replaces and extinguishes all prior agreements, draft agreements, arrangements, collateral warranties, collateral contracts, statements, assurances, representations and undertakings of any nature made by or on behalf of the parties, whether oral or written, in relation to that subject matter. Each party acknowledges that in entering into this Publication Agreement it has not relied upon any oral or written statements, collateral or other warranties, assurances, representations or undertakings which were made by or on behalf of the other party in relation to the subject matter of this Publication Agreement at any time before its signature (together "Pre-Contractual Statements"), other than those which are set out in this Publication Agreement. Each party hereby waives all rights and remedies which might otherwise be available to it in relation to such Pre-Contractual Statements. Nothing in this clause shall exclude or restrict the liability of either party arising out of its pre-contract fraudulent misrepresentation or fraudulent concealment.
\\n\\n7.4 Waiver: No failure or delay by a party to exercise any right or remedy provided under this Publication Agreement or by law shall constitute a waiver of that or any other right or remedy, nor shall it preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy. No single or partial exercise of such right or remedy shall preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy.
\\n\\n7.5 Variation: No variation of this Publication Agreement shall be effective unless it is in writing and signed by the parties (or their duly authorized representatives).
\\n\\n7.6 Severance: If any provision or part-provision of this Publication Agreement is or becomes invalid, illegal or unenforceable, it shall be deemed modified to the minimum extent necessary to make it valid, legal and enforceable. If such modification is not possible, the relevant provision or part-provision shall be deemed deleted.
\\n\\nAny modification to or deletion of a provision or part-provision under this clause shall not affect the validity and enforceability of the rest of this Publication Agreement.
\\n\\n7.7 No partnership: Nothing in this Publication Agreement is intended to, or shall be deemed to, establish or create any partnership or joint venture or the relationship of principal and agent or employer and employee between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author, nor authorize any party to make or enter into any commitments for or on behalf of any other party.
\\n\\n7.8 Governing law: This Publication Agreement and any dispute or claim (including non-contractual disputes or claims) arising out of or in connection with it or its subject matter or formation shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the law of England and Wales. The parties submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts to settle any dispute or claim arising out of or in connection with this Publication Agreement (including any non-contractual disputes or claims).
\\n\\nLast updated: 2020-11-27
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The Corresponding Author (acting on behalf of all Authors) and INTECHOPEN LIMITED, incorporated and registered in England and Wales with company number 11086078 and a registered office at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, United Kingdom, SW7 2QJ conclude the following Agreement regarding the publication of a Book Chapter:
\n\n1. DEFINITIONS
\n\nCorresponding Author: The Author of the Chapter who serves as a Signatory to this Agreement. The Corresponding Author acts on behalf of any other Co-Author.
\n\nCo-Author: All other Authors of the Chapter besides the Corresponding Author.
\n\nIntechOpen: IntechOpen Ltd., the Publisher of the Book.
\n\nBook: The publication as a collection of chapters compiled by IntechOpen including the Chapter. Chapter: The original literary work created by Corresponding Author and any Co-Author that is the subject of this Agreement.
\n\n2. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S GRANT OF RIGHTS
\n\n2.1 Subject to the following Article, the Corresponding Author grants and shall ensure that each Co-Author grants, to IntechOpen, during the full term of copyright and any extensions or renewals of that term the following:
\n\nThe aforementioned licenses shall survive the expiry or termination of this Agreement for any reason.
\n\n2.2 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of any Co-Author) reserves the following rights to the Chapter but agrees not to exercise them in such a way as to adversely affect IntechOpen's ability to utilize the full benefit of this Publication Agreement: (i) reprographic rights worldwide, other than those which subsist in the typographical arrangement of the Chapter as published by IntechOpen; and (ii) public lending rights arising under the Public Lending Right Act 1979, as amended from time to time, and any similar rights arising in any part of the world.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author confirms that they (and any Co-Author) are and will remain a member of any applicable licensing and collecting society and any successor to that body responsible for administering royalties for the reprographic reproduction of copyright works.
\n\nSubject to the license granted above, copyright in the Chapter and all versions of it created during IntechOpen's editing process (including the published version) is retained by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\n\nSubject to the license granted above, the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author retains patent, trademark and other intellectual property rights to the Chapter.
\n\n2.3 All rights granted to IntechOpen in this Article are assignable, sublicensable or otherwise transferrable to third parties without the Corresponding Author's or any Co-Author’s specific approval.
\n\n2.4 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author) will not assert any rights under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 to object to derogatory treatment of the Chapter as a consequence of IntechOpen's changes to the Chapter arising from translation of it, corrections and edits for house style, removal of problematic material and other reasonable edits.
\n\n3. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S DUTIES
\n\n3.1 When distributing or re-publishing the Chapter, the Corresponding Author agrees to credit the Book in which the Chapter has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen. The Corresponding Author warrants that each Co-Author will also credit the Book in which the Chapter has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen, when they are distributing or re-publishing the Chapter.
\n\n3.2 When submitting the Chapter, the Corresponding Author agrees to:
\n\nThe Corresponding Author will be held responsible for the payment of the Open Access Publishing Fees.
\n\nAll payments shall be due 30 days from the date of the issued invoice. The Corresponding Author or the payer on the Corresponding Author's and Co-Authors' behalf will bear all banking and similar charges incurred.
\n\n3.3 The Corresponding Author shall obtain in writing all consents necessary for the reproduction of any material in which a third-party right exists, including quotations, photographs and illustrations, in all editions of the Chapter worldwide for the full term of the above licenses, and shall provide to IntechOpen upon request the original copies of such consents for inspection (at IntechOpen's option) or photocopies of such consents.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author shall obtain written informed consent for publication from people who might recognize themselves or be identified by others (e.g. from case reports or photographs).
\n\n3.4 The Corresponding Author and any Co-Author shall respect confidentiality rights during and after the termination of this Agreement. The information contained in all correspondence and documents as part of the publishing activity between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author are confidential and are intended only for the recipient. The contents may not be disclosed publicly and are not intended for unauthorized use or distribution. Any use, disclosure, copying, or distribution is prohibited and may be unlawful.
\n\n4. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S WARRANTY
\n\n4.1 The Corresponding Author represents and warrants that the Chapter does not and will not breach any applicable law or the rights of any third party and, specifically, that the Chapter contains no matter that is defamatory or that infringes any literary or proprietary rights, intellectual property rights, or any rights of privacy. The Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) the Chapter is the original work of themselves and any Co-Author and is not copied wholly or substantially from any other work or material or any other source; (ii) the Chapter has not been formally published in any other peer-reviewed journal or in a book or edited collection, and is not under consideration for any such publication; (iii) they themselves and any Co-Author are qualifying persons under section 154 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988; (iv) they themselves and any Co-Author have not assigned and will not during the term of this Publication Agreement purport to assign any of the rights granted to IntechOpen under this Publication Agreement; and (v) the rights granted by this Publication Agreement are free from any security interest, option, mortgage, charge or lien.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author also warrants and represents that: (i) they have the full power to enter into this Publication Agreement on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author; and (ii) they have the necessary rights and/or title in and to the Chapter to grant IntechOpen, on behalf of themselves and any Co-Author, the rights and licenses expressed to be granted in this Publication Agreement. If the Chapter was prepared jointly by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, the Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) each Co-Author agrees to the submission, license and publication of the Chapter on the terms of this Publication Agreement; and (ii) they have the authority to enter into this Publication Agreement on behalf of and bind each Co-Author. The Corresponding Author shall: (i) ensure each Co-Author complies with all relevant provisions of this Publication Agreement, including those relating to confidentiality, performance and standards, as if a party to this Publication Agreement; and (ii) remain primarily liable for all acts and/or omissions of each such Co-Author.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author agrees to indemnify and hold IntechOpen harmless against all liabilities, costs, expenses, damages and losses and all reasonable legal costs and expenses suffered or incurred by IntechOpen arising out of or in connection with any breach of the aforementioned representations and warranties. This indemnity shall not cover IntechOpen to the extent that a claim under it results from IntechOpen's negligence or willful misconduct.
\n\n4.2 Nothing in this Publication Agreement shall have the effect of excluding or limiting any liability for death or personal injury caused by negligence or any other liability that cannot be excluded or limited by applicable law.
\n\n5. TERMINATION
\n\n5.1 IntechOpen has a right to terminate this Publication Agreement for quality, program, technical or other reasons with immediate effect, including without limitation (i) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author commits a material breach of this Publication Agreement; (ii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being an individual) is the subject of a bankruptcy petition, application or order; or (iii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being a company) commences negotiations with all or any class of its creditors with a view to rescheduling any of its debts, or makes a proposal for or enters into any compromise or arrangement with any of its creditors.
\n\nIn case of termination, IntechOpen will notify the Corresponding Author, in writing, of the decision.
\n\n6. INTECHOPEN’S DUTIES AND RIGHTS
\n\n6.1 Unless prevented from doing so by events outside its reasonable control, IntechOpen, in its discretion, agrees to publish the Chapter attributing it to the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\n\n6.2 IntechOpen has the right to use the Corresponding Author’s and any Co-Author’s names and likeness in connection with scientific dissemination, retrieval, archiving, web hosting and promotion and marketing of the Chapter and has the right to contact the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author until the Chapter is publicly available on any platform owned and/or operated by IntechOpen.
\n\n6.3 IntechOpen is granted the authority to enforce the rights from this Publication Agreement, on behalf of the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, against third parties (for example in cases of plagiarism or copyright infringements). In respect of any such infringement or suspected infringement of the copyright in the Chapter, IntechOpen shall have absolute discretion in addressing any such infringement which is likely to affect IntechOpen's rights under this Publication Agreement, including issuing and conducting proceedings against the suspected infringer.
\n\n7. MISCELLANEOUS
\n\n7.1 Further Assurance: The Corresponding Author shall and will ensure that any relevant third party (including any Co-Author) shall, execute and deliver whatever further documents or deeds and perform such acts as IntechOpen reasonably requires from time to time for the purpose of giving IntechOpen the full benefit of the provisions of this Publication Agreement.
\n\n7.2 Third Party Rights: A person who is not a party to this Publication Agreement may not enforce any of its provisions under the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999.
\n\n7.3 Entire Agreement: This Publication Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties in relation to its subject matter. It replaces and extinguishes all prior agreements, draft agreements, arrangements, collateral warranties, collateral contracts, statements, assurances, representations and undertakings of any nature made by or on behalf of the parties, whether oral or written, in relation to that subject matter. Each party acknowledges that in entering into this Publication Agreement it has not relied upon any oral or written statements, collateral or other warranties, assurances, representations or undertakings which were made by or on behalf of the other party in relation to the subject matter of this Publication Agreement at any time before its signature (together "Pre-Contractual Statements"), other than those which are set out in this Publication Agreement. Each party hereby waives all rights and remedies which might otherwise be available to it in relation to such Pre-Contractual Statements. Nothing in this clause shall exclude or restrict the liability of either party arising out of its pre-contract fraudulent misrepresentation or fraudulent concealment.
\n\n7.4 Waiver: No failure or delay by a party to exercise any right or remedy provided under this Publication Agreement or by law shall constitute a waiver of that or any other right or remedy, nor shall it preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy. No single or partial exercise of such right or remedy shall preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy.
\n\n7.5 Variation: No variation of this Publication Agreement shall be effective unless it is in writing and signed by the parties (or their duly authorized representatives).
\n\n7.6 Severance: If any provision or part-provision of this Publication Agreement is or becomes invalid, illegal or unenforceable, it shall be deemed modified to the minimum extent necessary to make it valid, legal and enforceable. If such modification is not possible, the relevant provision or part-provision shall be deemed deleted.
\n\nAny modification to or deletion of a provision or part-provision under this clause shall not affect the validity and enforceability of the rest of this Publication Agreement.
\n\n7.7 No partnership: Nothing in this Publication Agreement is intended to, or shall be deemed to, establish or create any partnership or joint venture or the relationship of principal and agent or employer and employee between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author, nor authorize any party to make or enter into any commitments for or on behalf of any other party.
\n\n7.8 Governing law: This Publication Agreement and any dispute or claim (including non-contractual disputes or claims) arising out of or in connection with it or its subject matter or formation shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the law of England and Wales. The parties submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts to settle any dispute or claim arising out of or in connection with this Publication Agreement (including any non-contractual disputes or claims).
\n\nLast updated: 2020-11-27
\n\n\n\n
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I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). 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