Postharvest diseases/pathosystem of leguminous vegetable crops.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"969",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Lung Diseases - Selected State of the Art Reviews",title:"Lung Diseases",subtitle:"Selected State of the Art Reviews",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The developments in molecular medicine are transforming respiratory medicine. Leading clinicians and scientists in the world have brought their knowledge and experience in their contributions to this book. Clinicians and researchers will learn about the most recent advances in a variety of lung diseases that will better enable them to understand respiratory disorders. This treatise presents state of the art essays on airways disease, neoplastic diseases, and pediatric respiratory conditions. Additionally, aspects of immune regulation, respiratory infections, acute lung injury/ARDS, pulmonary edema, functional evaluation in respiratory disorders, and a variety of other conditions are also discussed. 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\r\n\tThe importance and significance of aquifers are growing day by day as the world's population is becoming large. Many areas of the developing countries are since dependent on aquifers for their water needs; it is important to look at them holistically, whether mapping their future potential or monitoring. New tools and methods are now available, dictating the proper, judicious, and best use of our water resources that are available in the aquifers beneath the ground surface. The scientific approach to the various aspects of aquifers, including their management, will be the principal topic of focus in this book. Through case studies and technical contributions from several experienced authors all over the globe, the topic of aquifers has been covered. Most of the relevant aquifer sub-areas of significance will be described in this open access book, if not all. Hence, this publication will be a valuable one for avid book readers, particularly academicians, scientists, field personnel, researchers, and students in different countries.
",isbn:"978-1-80355-394-8",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-393-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-395-5",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"27c1a2a053cb1d83de903c5b969bc3a2",bookSignature:"Dr. Abhay Soni and Dr. Prabhat Jain",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11650.jpg",keywords:"Aquifers Types, Aquifers Characteristics, Aquifers Importance, Aquifers Groundwater Movement, Field Study, Aquifer Monitoring, Merits and Demerits, Conventional Mapping, Digital Mapping, Modeling and Aquifer, Unconfined Aquifers Management, Control of Pollution",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"June 14th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 12th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 10th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 29th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 28th 2023",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"a month",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Abhay Soni is a professional engineer with more than 30 years of experience in industry, R&D, and academia. He is a Chief Scientist at CSIR-Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research at Nagpur Research Centre, a Professor of AcSIR (Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research), and an avid writer. He is actively associated with professional societies in India, including the Mining Engineers Association of India (MEAI), Institution of Engineers (India), and Indian Society for Rock Mechanics.",coeditorOneBiosketch:"Dr. Prabhat Jain worked as Assistant Professor, Deptt. of Applied Geology, University of Sagar, before joining Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) through UPSC Batch 1985. Since then, he served in various capacities on Central Ground Water Board in different parts of India. He has also received a prestigious “Jal Seva” Award of IWWA for the year 2016-17, “Best lecture” Award in 2018-19, and Linga Raja Das Memorial Trophy 2019-20, IWWA.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"271093",title:"Dr.",name:"Abhay",middleName:null,surname:"Soni",slug:"abhay-soni",fullName:"Abhay Soni",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/271093/images/system/271093.jpg",biography:"Dr. A.K. Soni, Ph.D., graduated with a degree in Mining Engineering from Ravishankar University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, in 1983. He completed his post-graduate studies at the Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Rajasthan, India, and obtained a Ph.D. in Environmental Science and Engineering from the Centre of Mining Environment, Indian School of Mines (ISM), Dhanbad, India, in 1998. \n\n\n\nDr. Soni is currently working as Chief Scientist at CSIR-Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research (CSIR-CIMFR) at Nagpur Research Centre and engaged in research work on 'mine environment and allied areas.” His area of research interest is 'geo-hydrological problems related to mines.” He has more than 33 years of experience working in the Indian mining industry. As part of his research work, he has visited the United States and the United Kingdom and traveled widely across India. As a research scientist and technical administrator, he has more than 115 technical publications on mining and environmental topics to his credit. Dr. Soni has authored one book, Mining in the Himalayas: An Integrated Strategy. He has also written technical papers in the Hindi language. \n\n\n\nDr. Soni has handled more than 100 R&D projects in the capacity of project coordinator and principal investigator. He is actively associated with professional societies in India, including the Mining Engineers Association of India (MEAI), Institution of Engineers (India), Indian Society for Rock Mechanics and Tunneling Technology (ISRMTT), and International Mine Water Association (IMWA). Dr. Soni has received many honors and awards for his contributions. He is presently a member of the international advisory board for the Journal of Mine Water and Environment. He is also a member and chairman of important committees, and a subject area expert, advisor, and evaluator responsible for several noted professional assignments at the national level. He has been invited by academic institutes and Indian universities to deliver lectures and conduct examinations for post-graduate students. 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From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. 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Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3828",title:"Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"51a27e7adbfafcfedb6e9683f209cba4",slug:"application-of-nanotechnology-in-drug-delivery",bookSignature:"Ali Demir Sezer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3828.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"872",title:"Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention",subtitle:"Environmental and Analytical Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f01dc7077e1d23f3d8f5454985cafa0a",slug:"organic-pollutants-ten-years-after-the-stockholm-convention-environmental-and-analytical-update",bookSignature:"Tomasz Puzyn and Aleksandra Mostrag-Szlichtyng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/872.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84887",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",surname:"Puzyn",slug:"tomasz-puzyn",fullName:"Tomasz Puzyn"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"79995",title:"Postharvest Diseases of Vegetable Crops and Their Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101852",slug:"postharvest-diseases-of-vegetable-crops-and-their-management",body:'India is the second-largest producer of vegetables in the world after China, and shares about 16% of global vegetable production [1]. Processed vegetables have been exported at a compounded annual growth rate in the volume of 16% and in value of 25% [2, 3]. Vegetables have a significant role in enhancing farm income, sustainable global food as well as nutritional security. Vegetables suffer from several fungal and bacterial postharvest diseases [4, 5, 6]. Postharvest losses in vegetables are reported up to 30–40% owing to poor postharvest practices [7].
Fungicide is commonly applied for post-harvest disease control. Hot air, curing and hot-water brushing reduces disease incidence and increases the efficacy of antagonists. Biocontrol agents and botanicals may also reduce the amount of fungicide frequently used in postharvest disease management. Biocontrol of postharvest diseases of vegetable crops has great potential under storage conditions and biological products/biopesticides are available in the market. The biopesticides Ecogen US (Aspire™), Azotobactor (Bio-Save™), and Anchor (Yield Plus™) are involved to combine products with a low level of fungicide and salt solutions (calcium chloride or sodium bicarbonate @ 1–2%) and other food additives to improve efficacy against postharvest diseases. EcoSMART formulation based on rosemary oil, viz. EcoTrol™, Sporan™ (fungicide) and eugenol oil formulation Mataran™ (weedicides) are recognized as safe plant protectants. Therefore, the postharvest application of eco-friendly control methods may be exploited to manage the disease of vegetables.
Postharvest diseases cause qualitative and quantitative losses of vegetables and make them unfit for human consumption due to potential health risks. A large number of postharvest diseases are caused by black, white, and yellow fungi-derived carcinogenic mycotoxins and mutagenic secondary metabolites [8]. Losses due to postharvest disease may occur during the handling of produce from harvest to consumption. Primary and secondary agricultural practices are also important and costs such as harvesting, packaging, and transport must be taken into account when estimating the value of the produce lost as a result of postharvest wastage. Fresh vegetables are highly perishable, and they have relatively short shelf lives. Fresh vegetables are living, respiring tissues that start senescing immediately after harvest. They are mostly comprised of water, with most having 90–95% moisture content. Because of the perishable nature of vegetables, special skills are required for postharvest handling.
Application of good postharvest management practices which are supported by good technologies and also improving postharvest systems will maintain the quality of vegetables and reduce quantitative losses. Losses in vegetables are the result of (i) poor knowledge about the right harvesting index; thus, a large proportion of the harvested beans are usually over-mature (ii) poor handling practices, such as the use of plastic sacks for bulk packaging and transportation which results in mechanical damage that serves as entry points for disease-causing organisms leading to rotting of the pods (iii) poor transport practices such as the use of trucks that have no cover, thus exposing the produce to direct sunlight and high temperature (iv) the absence of low-temperature storage facilities and transport systems, and (v) rough handling practices during distribution in retail markets.
In general, postharvest diseases and losses of vegetables are incited by fungi and bacteria. Postharvest diseases are often classified on the basis of the infection as “quiescent”or “latent”, where the pathogen infects before harvest in the field. Examples of postharvest diseases arising from quiescent infections include anthracnose of various vegetables caused by
Pathogens were isolated on agar medium and identified on the basis of macroscopic and microscopic analysis of colony and conidia/spore morphology by Microscopy, Sero-diagnostics (ELISA, Dot-blot assays), and nucleic acid (PCR) based methods.
Why do we need, want, or should detect emerging postharvest pathogens (diseases) in vegetable crops?
Determine presence and quantity of the pathogen (s) for quarantine legislation.
Assess the effectiveness of Integrated Disease Management (IDM) modules.
Issuing of Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) certificate vegetable produce for safe export/transboundary movement under trade.
Quantify spatial and temporal pathogen populations in a specific location.
Quantify pathogen populations in relation with regional and seasonal yield losses.
Common postharvest diseases resulting from wound infections initiated during and after harvest includes blue and green mold (
White mold (
Typical symptoms of Sclerotinia white rot and culture plate. (A) Indian bean, (B) Indian bean, (C) French bean, (D) pea, (E) pea, (F) brinjal, (G) tomato, (H) bottle gourd, (I) PDA culture plate.
Pathogen | Disease | Symptom |
---|---|---|
Watery soft rot or white stem rot | Disease symptom initially appears in the form of water-soaked lesions on pods and stems. Later, infected tissues become whitish and covered with white mycelia mats and black-colored sclerotia. | |
Anthracnose | Disease symptoms appear in the form of brown to black sunken spots and lesions on leaves, stems, and pods. The center of anthracnose lesions on pods is covered with numerous black dot-like acervuli. | |
Black spot symptoms on pods result in the production of round tan-colored sunken spots bearing dark margins with pycnidia on pods. | ||
Charcoal rot or ashy stem blight | Disease symptoms appear in the form of dark brown to black charcoal-colored lesions covered with black dot-like fruiting bodies (resting microsclerotia and pycnidia) on pods. | |
Sclerotiorum rot | Whitish growth with mustard-like sclerotia on pods. | |
Cottony leak | White mycelial growth on pods. |
Postharvest diseases/pathosystem of leguminous vegetable crops.
Tomato (
Typical Symptom of
Chili (
Typical symptoms of
Gummy stem blight (GSB) is caused by
Disease | Pathogen | Incidence (%) |
---|---|---|
Black rot | 50 | |
Fruit spot | 18–23 | |
10 | ||
Blossom blight | 30 |
Postharvest diseases/pathosystems of cucurbitaceous vegetable crops.
Brinjal (
Disease | Pathogen | Crop | Incidence (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Brinjal | 40–60 | ||
Brinjal | 5–10 | ||
Fruit blight | Tomato | 15 | |
Tomato | 30 | ||
Tomato | 30 | ||
Tomato | 30 | ||
Colletotrichum fruit rot | Chili | 20 |
Postharvest diseases/pathosystems of solanaceous vegetable crops.
Typical symptom of
Phytopathogenic bacteria cause postharvest diseases of economically important vegetables. Different species of bacteria belonging to top ten genera viz.
Biological (culture media, diagnostic hosts, bacteriophages (phage typing); biochemical (based on properties of the bacteria in culture (gram stain, bacterial cell size, flagella), metabolic fingerprinting (API/BIOLOG system), thin layer chromatography, gel electrophoresis, conductance assays, isozyme analysis); immunoassays (agglutination, gel diffusion, ELISA, dot blot assays, immunofluorescence, flow cytometry); nucleic acid (hybridization, RFLPs, PCR, ICAN, DNA arrays, multilocus sequence typing) were used for reliable and accurate detection of plant pathogens for their effective management.
The disease is caused by pathogen,
Crop | Disease | Pathogen | Incidence (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Tomato | Soft rot | 5 | |
Bacterial speck | 5 | ||
Chili | Soft rot | 2 | |
Beans | Soft rot | 5 | |
Cabbage | Black rot | 10 | |
Cauliflower | Soft rot | 19 | |
Summer squash | Soft rot | 5–10 |
Postharvest bacterial diseases/pathosystem of vegetable crops.
Postharvest losses in vegetables are found due to fungal and bacterial infection worldwide. New challenges are faced under trade liberalization and globalization, and serious efforts are needed to reduce these losses in vegetables.
Chemical fungicides are commonly used for the management of postharvest disease in vegetables. For postharvest pathogens which infect produce before harvest, the fungicides should be applied at field level during the crop season, and/or strategically applied as systemic fungicides. At the postharvest level, the fungicides are often applied to reduce infections already established in the surface tissues of produce or they may protect against infections occurring during storage and handling. Fungicides used during postharvest are actually fungistatic rather than fungicidal under normal usage. The fungicides are applied on the produce as dips, sprays, fumigants, treated wraps, and box liners or in waxes and coatings. Dip and spray methods are very common in postharvest treatments. The fungicides generally applied as a dip or spray method are benzimidazoles (e.g. benomyl and thiabendazole) against anthracnose, and triazoles (e.g. prochloraz and imazalil) and fumigants, such as sulfur dioxide, for the control of gray mold used for postharvest disease control [24, 25]. Dipping in hot water (at 50°C for 5–10 min, depending on the size of produce in combination with the fungicide) is also used for effective control of the disease. Sodium hypochlorite as a disinfectant is used to kill spores of pathogens present on the surface of the vegetable produce.
International markets reject produce containing unauthorized pesticides, with pesticide residues exceeding permissible limits, and with inadequate labeling and packaging. Hence, biological control of postharvest diseases has great potential because postharvest environmental conditions like temperature and humidity can be strictly controlled to suit the needs of the biocontrol agent. Much information has been provided in relation to postharvest biocontrol and the problems faced by the development of commercial products [26, 27]. Biological control is used through microbes such as fungi, bacteria, actinomycetes, and viruses (bacteriophages) to control the postharvest disease of vegetables [1, 28, 29, 30, 31]. The degree of disease control or disease suppression achieved with these bioagents can be comparable to that achieved with chemicals. As per estimates, the market of Indian bioagents is equivalent to 2.89% of the overall pesticide market in India with the worth of rupees 690 crores. It is expected to show an annual growth rate of about 2.3% in the coming years [32, 33]. In India, so far only 18 types of bio-pesticides have been registered under the Insecticide Act of 1968. Among agriculturally important microbes,
Antagonistic yeast forms a biofilm to stick pathogen and parasitize on the hyphae of the pathogen. Bar-Shimon et al. [34] reported that biocontrol efficacy of yeast correlates with the production of lytic enzymes and their ability to tolerate high concentrations of salts. Further, molecular approaches were used to examine the role of glucanases in the biocontrol activity of the yeast
An effort has been made to develop two new products based on yeast antagonist
Botanical pesticides cause no adverse effects on non-target biota with biodegradability. It should be noted that most of the crops sprayed with botanical pesticides are quite safe for consumption after a short period after spraying. A large number of defensive of rich chemicals such as terpenoids, alkaloids, phenols, tannins, coumarins, flavonoids, etc. are present in plants which cause physiological effects on pathogens. These compounds have already been identified in the extracts/exudates of many plants. They have antimicrobial activities and are used for postharvest disease control.
The use of natural botanical products would be a supplement or an alternative to synthetic fungicide. Examples include 1,8-cineole, the major constituent of oils from rosemary (
Many exhaustive studies have been carried out on the utility of neem oil against various fungal pathogens. Its efficacy has been evaluated against fungal pathogens and found to be on par with the fungicide hymexazole in the control of the soil pathogens
Maintenance of hygiene in all stages of postharvest handling is critical to minimize the source of primary inoculum for postharvest diseases [39]. Produce should be harvested during the day instead of early morning. Field containers should be smoothed. Containers should be cleaned. Sterilized packing and grading equipment, particularly brushes and rollers, are used. Chlorinated water @ 100 ppm is commonly used for washing vegetables. This can be done with chlorine gas or with either liquid hypochlorite (pH 6.0–7.0). Containers should not be overfilled, which causes severe damage during stacking. Management of temperature is the most important factor to extend the shelf life of fresh vegetables after harvest. It begins with rapid removal of the field heat by using any of the following cooling methods: hydro-cooling, in-package ice, top icing, evaporative cooling, room cooling, forced air cooling, serpentine forced air cooling, vacuum cooling, and hydro-vacuum cooling. The relative humidity during storage should be maintained at about 85–95% for most fruits and 95–98% for vegetables. Transport vehicles should always be cleaned and sanitized before loading.
For postharvest disease management, various strategies such as postharvest handling systems, sanitation, and integration of botanicals/plant essential oil, microbial bioagents, and safe chemicals need to be integrated and develop integrated postharvest diseases management techniques under World Trade Organization (WTO) regime. Among them, it is expected that the knowledge of biocontrol will lead to new, innovative approaches to minimize postharvest decay of the product and it presents the best hope for the future of postharvest disease management of vegetable produce. Future research in this field will include a better understanding of the molecular basis of variability in the pathogen, pathogenesis, accurate and reliable diagnostic of the disease and to engineer novel and durable protection strategies against devastating postharvest diseases of vegetable crops.
Due to the genetic diversity of the hepatitis C virus (HCV), its accurate genotyping is still currently challenging despite the use of modern molecular techniques. In addition to the six widely-recognised HCV genotypes, a newly identified genotype (GT) 7 was reported in 2015 [1]. Molecular methods including reverse hybridization, real-time PCR and Sanger sequencing are commonly utilised for HCV genotyping and subtyping in clinical laboratories. HCV genotype and subtype (ST) have been the critical factors in decision-making for administering interferon-based therapies for the past decade [2]. According to the latest AASLD guidelines [3], determination of viral characteristics including GT, ST and resistance-associated variants (RAVs) profile is important in assigning direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) regimes in HCV patients.
\nTo help achieve the best clinical management of HCV patients, a routine diagnostic laboratory should aim at minimising reporting out non-informative HCV genotyping results which are due to inherent limitations of the diagnostic platform of choice. In general, about 2–8.5% of HCV positive samples have been reported to carry “indeterminate” GTs by several commercial assays [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]. To tackle uncertainties in determining HCV GT and ST, Sanger sequencing could be utilised to resolve indeterminate or discordant GTs or ST results produced by commercial assays [10, 11]. Despite the ability to provide definitive genotyping information most of the time, unfavourable features of Sanger sequencing including low throughput, time-consuming procedures and relatively high costs, pose a barrier to it becoming routinely adopted as a first-line genotyping method. With the advent of next-generation sequencing (NGS), limitations of probe-based genotyping assays and Sanger sequencing for HCV genotyping can be overcome. NGS provides a high-resolution means for direct sequence-based interrogation of the HCV genome. Moreover, NGS also allows concurrent profiling of RAVs where such value-added feature is highly relevant for the clinical management of HCV infection with appropriate use of DAAs.
\nIn the present study, the Sentosa SQ HCV genotyping assay (hereinafter referred to as Vela NGS) (Vela Diagnostics, Singapore) which primarily interrogates the NS5B region of HCV GTs 1–6 by ion torrent-based NGS technology, was evaluated in comparison to the VERSANT HCV Genotype 2.0 Assay (hereinafter referred to as LiPA) (Siemens Healthineers, Erlangen, Germany). HCV indeterminate GTs previously reported in clinical samples by LiPA were resolved using Vela NGS assay with further confirmation by Sanger sequencing. Information on RAVs was also harnessed from deeply sequenced NS3, NS5A and NS5B regions in samples classified as HCV 1a and 1b using Vela NGS.
\nThis study was performed on residual sera or plasma from 222 clinical specimens previously received for routine genotyping using the VERSANT HCV Genotype 2.0 Line Probe Assay (Siemens Healthineers, Erlangen, Germany). All samples were stored at -80°C post-LiPA analysis and were only thawed prior to re-analysis by NGS and Sanger sequencing. All samples were de-identified for anonymisation purposes, and hence, the treatment histories remain unknown and cannot be traced. These were all residual samples, which would otherwise be discarded, and were used for the purposes of assay validation only. In such situations, ethics approval is not normally required, as all samples could not be linked back to the original patients after anonymisation.
\nIn this study, NGS was performed using Sentosa SQ HCV Genotyping Assay (4 × 16) (Vela Diagnostics, Singapore) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The workflow started with automated extraction of total nucleic acids from 530 μL of sera or plasma using Sentosa SX Virus Total Nucleic Acid Plus II kit (Vela Diagnostics) on Sentosa SX101 (Vela Diagnostics). PCR amplification of the HCV NS3, NS5A and NS5B regions was performed on Veriti 96-Well Thermal Cycler (Applied Biosystems, CA, USA). In every individual run, a pooled library containing barcoded amplicons of 15 clinical samples and one system control, was prepared by Sentosa SX101. The pooled library was subject to sequencing template preparation and enrichment on Sentosa ST401 (Vela Diagnostics). Sequencing data generated by Sentosa SQ301 (Vela Diagnostics) was automatically channelled for primary and subsequent secondary analyses using Sentosa SQ Suite (Vela Diagnostics) and Sentosa SQ Reporter (Vela Diagnostics), respectively. Auto-generated quality control and pathology reports containing technical information, viral typing, and RAVs (available only for GTs 1a and 1b) results were manually reviewed, respectively.
\nTotal nucleic acids were extracted from 200 μL sera or plasma using EZ1 Virus Mini Kit v2.0 (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany) on Biorobot EZ1 (QIAGEN). Using VERSANT HCV Genotype 2.0 Line Probe Assay (LiPA) (Siemens Healthineers), a one-step reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) amplifying the 5’UTR and core regions was performed on GeneAmp PCR System 9700 (Applied Biosystems). Reverse hybridisation, washing and colour development steps were performed on Autoblot 3000H (Fujirebio Europe, Gent, Belgium). For GT and ST determination, band patterns were manually scored by aligning the strips to an interpretation chart provided by the manufacturer.
\nSanger sequencing was performed on samples previously reported by LiPA as indeterminate genotype. A primary PCR amplification of a 454 bp fragment of the NS5B region was initially attempted using primers 5Bo8254 and 5Bo8707 [12]. In samples with PCR failure using the above-mentioned primers, a secondary PCR amplifying a 446 bp fragment of the 5’UTR/core regions was subsequently performed using primers UTR45 and Cor490 [12]. PCR products from the amplifiable gene segments were subjected to direct sequencing with BigDye Terminator v3.1 Cycle Sequencing kit (Applied Biosystems) using the respective PCR primers on a 3130XL Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems).
\nSequence analysis was performed by querying the nucleotide sequences obtained from Sanger sequencing in the Los Alamos hepatitis C sequence database [13]. For Vela NGS, assembled contigs were downloaded from the Sentosa SQ Reporter software. In samples with discordant results between LiPA and Vela NGS, NGS contigs were uploaded to the Los Alamos hepatitis C sequence database [13] to verify Vela NGS results.
\nThe Vela NGS results at both GT and ST levels were tabulated in Table 1 for 170 clinical samples with GT and/or ST results from LiPA. Perfect (100%) concordance at HCV genotype level was achieved in GT 2 (N = 13), GT 3 (N = 55) and GT 5 (N = 7). For samples reported by LiPA as GT 1 (N = 40), 20% (N = 8) gave discrepant results when compared to Vela NGS. These samples had been previously classified by LiPA as either GT 1a with core inconclusive, GT 1b with 96.1% homology, GT 1b with core inconclusive, or GT 1b with core not available, due to their unconventional band patterns. There was no discrepancy between samples firmly reported as GT 1a and GT 1b by LiPA. In samples reported as GT 4 (N = 16) by LiPA, 43.8% (N = 7) were found to be GT 3 by Vela NGS. Two samples (5.1%) originally reported by LiPA as GT 3 were classified by Vela NGS as GT 6 samples.
\nComparison of GT and ST distribution in 170 samples tested by both LiPA and Vela NGS.
At ST level, Vela NGS reclassified 1 sample previously assigned as HCV 1a with core inconclusive by LiPA as 1c. Two samples each reported as 4a/4c/4d and 4e by LiPA, respectively, were reclassified as 4n and 4o by Vela NGS. Another 29 GT 6 (ST c-l) samples reported by LiPA were reassigned by Vela NGS as 6e/6u (N = 1), 6j (N = 1), 6m (N = 9), and 6n (N = 18), respectively. One sample with LiPA 6m (77.9% homology) was reassigned as 6u by Vela NGS.
\nOf the 170 samples tested, there were 104 agreements at both GT and ST levels, 49 partial agreements at genotype but not the subtype levels, and 117 discordant results generated by LiPA and Vela NGS (Table 1). At GT level, the calculated Cohen’s Kappa is 0.869 (95% confidence interval: 0.810–0.928), suggesting good strength of agreement between the two assays. The 66 NGS contig sequences of samples with partial agreement or discordant results were submitted to the online analysis in the Los Alamos hepatitis C sequence database. HCV GT and ST called by Vela NGS were verified in all 66 contigs.
\nHCV genotyping and subtyping results were found to be reproducible for a panel of 5 samples with different HCV GT/ST including 1a, 1b, 2a, 3a and 3b tested in triplicates within a single run on the Vela NGS platform (Figure 1a). For inter-run reproducibility testing (Figure 1b), GT and ST results were consistently reported in another panel of 7 samples including 1a, 1b, 2b, 3a, 4d, 5a and 6n, which were repeatedly tested in three separate runs on different days. Details of viral load and median coverage of the targeted NS5B region are depicted in Figure 1a and b, respectively.
\nPrecision studies on the Vela NGS. (a) Intra-run and (b) inter-run reproducibility on median read depth were tested on 5 and 7 clinical specimens, respectively. For RAV analysis, variants were called with reproducible frequency (c) within a run (intra-run) and (d) between runs (inter-run).
In the current Vela NGS assay, a list of variants differing from the wild-type codons are detectable for HCV 1a and 1b. The 16 target codons in the NS3 gene are 36, 41, 43, 54, 55, 80, 109, 122, 132 (1a only), 138, 155, 156, 158, 168, 170 (1b only) and 175 (1b only). For NS5A, variants at nine codons including 28 (1a only), 30 (1a only), 31, 32, 54 (1b only), 58, 62 (1b only), 92 and 93, are detectable. Eight codons in the NS5B gene including 414, 419, 422, 423, 495, 499 (1b only), 554 and 559, are also covered in this assay.
\nOf 13 GT 1a samples (Table 2), five were found to carry at least one target variant in the NS3 gene. Notably, two samples carried the Q80K RAV. For NS5A, the M28A variant was detected in one sample in which NS3 Q80K was also present. None of the GT 1a samples was found to carry any of target variants in the NS5B gene.
\nNo | \nID | \nGT1 STs | \nRAVs (variant frequency) | \n||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
NS3 | \nNS5A | \nNS5B | \n|||
1 | \nR02-BC02 | \n1a | \nS122G (99.21%), D168E (97.07%) | \n– | \n– | \n
2 | \nR02-BC03 | \n1a | \nV55A (91.44%) | \n– | \n– | \n
3 | \nR02-BC04 | \n1a | \nQ80K (25.63%) | \nM28V (99.47%) | \n– | \n
4 | \nR02-BC05 | \n1a | \nQ80K (4.84%) | \n– | \n– | \n
5 | \nR13-BC13 | \n1a | \nD168E (51.43%) | \n– | \n– | \n
6 | \nR01-BC02 | \n1b | \nQ80K (55.29%) M175L (87.81%) | \n– | \nV499A (98.15%) | \n
7 | \nR01-BC03 | \n1b | \n– | \n– | \nV499A (97.03%) | \n
8 | \nR01-BC04 | \n1b | \n– | \nL31M (22.03%), Q54H (98.82%) | \nV499A (33.65%) | \n
9 | \nR01-BC05 | \n1b | \n– | \nQ54H (99.11%), Y93H (99.73%) | \n– | \n
10 | \nR01-BC06 | \n1b | \nQ80L (99.52%), S122G (9.99%) | \nQ54H (99.05%) | \nV499A (97.91%) | \n
11 | \nR01-BC07 | \n1b | \n– | \nQ54H (98.76%), Y93H (99.61%) | \n– | \n
12 | \nR01-BC08 | \n1b | \n– | \nQ54H (99.22%), Q62E (99.04%) | \n– | \n
13 | \nR01-BC09 | \n1b | \nS122G (97.69%) | \nQ54H (99.21%), Q62E (51.64%) | \nP495A 8.83% | \n
14 | \nR01-BC11 | \n1b | \n– | \nY93H (99.24%) | \n– | \n
15 | \nR02-BC07 | \n1b | \n– | \nQ54H (99.37%) | \nV499A 98.9% | \n
16 | \nR02-BC-11 | \n1b | \nQ80R (92.29%) | \nQ62E (5.61%) | \nV499A 95.15% | \n
17 | \nR11-BC14 | \n1b | \nM175L (99.97%) | \nY93H (99.8%) | \nV499A 98.7% | \n
18 | \nR12-BC14 | \n1b | \n– | \nQ54H (80.35%), Y93H (8.07%) | \n– | \n
19 | \nR12-BC15 | \n1b | \n– | \nQ54H (98.82%), Q62R (99.79%) | \n– | \n
List of resistance-associated variants (RAVs) identified in GT 1a and 1b samples by Vela NGS.
In this study, RAVs with variant frequency less than 1% are not shown.
Of 18 HCV 1b samples (Table 2), five were detected with at least one target variant in the NS3 gene. Twelve samples were identified with at least one target variant in the NS5A gene. For NS5B, the P495A and V499A variants were detected in one and eight samples, respectively. Notably, there were four samples detected with at least one target variant in each of the NS3, NS5A and NS5B genes.
\nIn intra-run reproducibility analysis, the Q80K variant was reproducibly detected in the NS3 gene of the GT 1a samples. Another two variants, namely Q54H and V499A were also repeatedly identified in the NS5A and NS5B genes of the GT 1b sample, respectively. Variant frequencies of the three variants were highly reproducible within run (Figure 1c).
\nIn the inter-run reproducibility study, NS3 S122G and NS5B V499A variants were tested. Variant frequencies of the two variants were found to be highly reproducible among the three separate runs (Figure 1d).
\nForty specimens, which were previously reported as HCV indeterminate GT by LiPA, were subject to Vela NGS analysis. Sanger sequencing were successfully performed on NS5b (N = 30) or 5’UTR/core (N = 10) regions in 40 samples (Table 3). Of the 40 samples with Sanger sequencing results, Vela NGS results were confirmed at GT level in 39 samples (97.5%). In a sample with LiPA complex band patterns (5, 9, 10, 13, 14, 15 & 24), a mixed genotypes of GT 2a and GT 3a were assigned by Vela NGS. Sanger sequencing on NS5B showed overlapping nucleotide base calls in the overall sequences, in which putative mixed infection with two different HCV GTs was likely inferred.
\nNo | \nLiPA results (bands) | \nVela NGS | \nSanger sequencing | \nConcordance at GT or ST level | \n|
---|---|---|---|---|---|
NS5B | \n5‘UTR/core | \n||||
1 | \nIndeterminate (3,6,16,24) | \n6n | \nNot amplified | \n6n | \nGT & ST | \n
2 | \nIndeterminate (3,6,16,24) | \n6n | \nNot amplified | \n6n | \nGT & ST | \n
3 | \nIndeterminate (3,6,16,24) | \n6n | \nNot amplified | \n6n | \nGT & ST | \n
4 | \nIndeterminate (6,7,24) | \n3b | \n3b | \nNot done | \nGT & ST | \n
5 | \nIndeterminate (6,7,24) | \n6m/6u | \nNot amplified | \n6e/6d | \n|
6 | \nIndeterminate (6,7) | \n6u | \n6u/6n | \nNot done | \nGT & ST | \n
7 | \nIndeterminate (6,7) | \n6u | \n6m/6n | \nNot done | \n|
8 | \nIndeterminate (6,7) | \n6u | \n6n/6a | \nNot done | \n|
9 | \nIndeterminate (6) | \n6m/6l | \n6d/6e | \nNot done | \n|
10 | \nIndeterminate (17,24) | \n3b | \n3b | \nNot done | \nGT & ST | \n
11 | \nIndeterminate (17,18,24) | \n3b | \n3b | \nNot done | \nGT & ST | \n
12 | \nIndeterminate (6,17,24) | \n3b | \n3b | \nNot done | \nGT & ST | \n
13 | \nIndeterminate (7,8,14,15,24) | \n3a | \n3a | \nNot done | \nGT & ST | \n
14 | \nIndeterminate (7,13,17,18) | \n3b | \n3b | \nNot done | \nGT & ST | \n
15 | \nIndeterminate (7,13,17,18,24) | \n3b | \n3b | \nNot done | \nGT & ST | \n
16 | \nIndeterminate (13,16,17,18,24) | \n3b | \n3b | \nNot done | \nGT & ST | \n
17 | \nIndeterminate (13,14,15,18,24) | \n3b | \n3b | \nNot done | \nGT & ST | \n
18 | \nIndeterminate (3,4,13,25) | \n1a | \n1a | \nNot done | \nGT & ST | \n
19 | \nIndeterminate (3,4,7,13,25) | \n1a | \n1a | \nNot done | \nGT & ST | \n
20 | \nIndeterminate (3,4,7,13,24) | \n6e | \n6e | \nNot done | \nGT & ST | \n
21 | \nIndeterminate (3,4,6,7,13,24) | \n6e | \nNot amplified | \n6e/6d | \nGT & ST | \n
22 | \nIndeterminate (5,9,21,24) | \n6a | \nNot amplified | \n6a | \nGT & ST | \n
23 | \nIndeterminate (5,6,9,17,18) | \n4a | \nNot amplified | \n4a | \nGT & ST | \n
24 | \nIndeterminate (5,9,10,13,14,15,24) | \n2a & 3a | \nTwo mixed sequences | \nNot done | \nLikely mixed infections | \n
25 | \nIndeterminate (5,8,9,11) | \n2a | \n2a | \nNot done | \nGT & ST | \n
26 | \nIndeterminate (24) | \n3b | \n3b | \nNot done | \nGT & ST | \n
27 | \nIndeterminate (24) | \n3b | \n3b | \nNot done | \nGT & ST | \n
28 | \nIndeterminate (4,5,9,16,21,24) | \n6a | \n6a | \nNot done | \nGT & ST | \n
29 | \nIndeterminate (4,9,21) | \n6a | \nNot amplified | \n6a | \nGT & ST | \n
30 | \nIndeterminate (3,4,6,13,17,18,24,26) | \n3b | \n3b | \nNot done | \nGT & ST | \n
31 | \nIndeterminate (6) | \n6n/6a | \n6d/6u | \nNot done | \n|
32 | \nIndeterminate (3,4,13,25) | \n1a | \n1a | \nNot done | \nGT & ST | \n
33 | \nIndeterminate (6) | \n6u | \n6u | \nNot done | \nGT & ST | \n
34 | \nIndeterminate (13,16,24) | \n3b | \n3b | \nNot done | \nGT & ST | \n
35 | \nIndeterminate (7) | \n6u | \nNot amplified | \n6v/6l/6d/6k | \n|
36 | \nIndeterminate (17,18,24) | \n3b | \n3b | \nNot done | \nGT & ST | \n
37 | \nIndeterminate (3,4,5,16,25) | \n1a | \nNot amplified | \n1a | \nGT & ST | \n
38 | \nIndeterminate (5,6,18,24) | \n3k | \n3k | \nNot done | \nGT & ST | \n
39 | \nIndeterminate (8,9,21,24) | \n6a | \n6a | \nNot done | \nGT & ST | \n
40 | \nIndeterminate (3,4,6,16,24) | \n6q | \n6q | \nNot done | \nGT & ST | \n
Comparison of genotyping results produced by the Vela NGS and Sanger sequencing methods in 40 specimens with indeterminate genotypes by LiPA.
PCR amplification for NS5B was first attempted in all 40 specimens. A secondary PCR amplifying 5\'UTR/core regions were performed in samples with unsuccessful amplification of NS5B. Sanger sequencing was performed on PCR amplicon obtained.
The application of NGS assays to analyse quasispecies HCV genomes has been increasing in recent years. Several laboratory-developed NGS assays had been previously described in the literature for phylogenetic studies [14], outbreak investigation [15, 16], characterisation of HCV full genome [17, 18] and identification of HCV GT and ST in clinical samples [19, 20]. However, there are fewer reports of adoption of NGS assays in routine HCV genotyping. In 2016, Vela NGS became available as a CE-IVD certified commercial kit for diagnostic use in the clinical laboratories. In this study, we report the performance characteristics of Vela NGS in comparison to the widely used LiPA assay for HCV genotyping.
\nThe performance of Vela NGS in determining the HCV GT and ST in the clinical specimens had been discussed in several previous studies [21, 22, 23]. Perfect agreement at GT level was observed between Vela NGS and LiPA in a study by Manee et al. [21]. Samples with unclear ST results in GTs 2, 3, 4 and 6 reported by LiPA were each assigned with a specific subtype after subject to Vela NGS analysis. Dirani et al. [22] also performed a direct comparison of GT and ST calling between Vela NGS and LiPA for samples from patients infected with HCV GTs including GT 1, 2, 3 and 4, and found a high concordance (>99%) at GT level between the two tests. Vela NGS was also found to have better performance in assigning HCV STs among the four GTs when compared to LiPA [22]. In another study by Rodriguez et al. [23], Vela NGS achieved high concordance rates with Sanger sequencing in assigning GTs 1 to 6, 1a and 1b STs, and other STs for GTs 4, 5 and 6. Discrepant calls at ST level was mainly found among HCV GTs 1 and 2 between Vela NGS and Sanger sequencing; the latter was used as the reference method to sequence the 286 bp segment of NS5B for which phylogenetic analysis was performed.
\nIn the present study, discrepancy in results was mainly observed in samples with LiPA GT 1b with incomplete or missing bands at the core region. In this particular result group, GT 6 with different STs were assigned by Vela NGS. This observation was not unexpected as it has been specified in the LiPA interpretation chart that GT 6 (STs c-1) cannot be differentiated from ST 1a and 1b without additional information from the core region sequence. Among LiPA GT 4 samples, all ST 4h were reassigned as GT 3 by Vela NGS. Some geographical regions, for example, Southeast Asia, where GT 6 is highly prevalent [24], could thus be impacted more by this mis-classification with the use of LiPA method.
\nIn contrast to LiPA which utilises primarily the 5’UTR in GTs 1-6 and core regions for the discrimination of GT 6 STs c-l from 1a and 1b, Vela NGS targets the non-structural genes implicated in both accurate genotyping/subtyping and resistance to DAAs. The LiPA is known to be poor at detecting and identifying recombinant forms of HCV [25]. Due to the assay design of Vela NGS, this may also pose a problem for this platform, despite the application of NGS technology. The HCV recombinant forms can be accurately detected via sequencing of recombination breakpoint junctions or the whole HCV genome [26]. For example, in our study, one previously LiPA-indeterminate sample was reported by the Vela NGS to have mixed HCV infections with HCV 2a and 3a. This NGS finding was confirmed by Sanger sequencing in which overlapping Sanger electropherograms were observed for NS5B.
\nThe Vela NGS offers information on RAVs in HCV 1a or 1b positive samples, where such profiling will be useful when prescribing DAA regimes, and detecting of baseline or emerging RAVs. Targeted assays had been previously developed to identify a specific RAV [27, 28]. RAVs which are found at levels with at least 15% variant frequency, at baseline, are known to confer resistance to certain DAAs [29], and therefore may impact on the effectiveness of DAA treatment [30]. Vela NGS targets relevant RAVs in three non-structural gene segments (NS3, NS5A and NS5B) of HCV 1a and 1b, and although the RAV profiling is comprehensive but not exhaustive due to the assay design, any baseline RAVs present in any of these DAA target genes, can affect the therapeutic effectiveness [31]. In our study, four HCV 1b samples were found to harbour variants in all three NS3, NS5A and NS5B genes concurrently.
\nIn conclusion, the genotyping results of the Vela NGS were found to be highly concordant with those of the LiPA method. Vela NGS refined the ST assignment in GT 6 and resolved previously indeterminate GTs reported by LiPA. Technically, the HCV Vela NGS was found to have consistent intra- and inter-run reproducibility in terms of GT and ST calling and RAVs identification. Detection of infections with multiple HCV GTs or STs is feasible by Vela NGS. Due to the assay design which relies on investigating the HCV sub-genomic regions, HCV recombinant strains may still be potentially missed. Deep sequencing allows sensitive identification of RAVs in the GT1a and 1b NS3, NS5A and NS5B regions, but the list of target RAVs is not exhaustive. We would also suggest the RAVs detection spectrum should be extended to cover GTs other than HCV 1a and 1b, namely GTs 2-6.
\nWe thank Cui-Wen Chua, Mui-Joo Khoo and Lily Chiu of the Department of Laboratory Medicine at the National University Hospital, Singapore, for their technical assistance in performing the NGS and LiPA analysis. We also thank Vela Diagnostics Singapore for funding the NGS reagents in this study.
\nThe authors have no conflict of interest to declare.
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Gendeh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10725.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67669",title:null,name:"Balwant Singh",middleName:null,surname:"Gendeh",slug:"balwant-singh-gendeh",fullName:"Balwant Singh Gendeh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10336",title:"Pharynx",subtitle:"Diagnosis and Treatment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e6345b3e2fa581d433172c9dade14bca",slug:"pharynx-diagnosis-and-treatment",bookSignature:"Xiaoying Zhou and Zhe Zhang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10336.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"327700",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaoying",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"xiaoying-zhou",fullName:"Xiaoying Zhou"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited 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by",editors:[{id:"70569",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",middleName:null,surname:"Heinbockel",slug:"thomas-heinbockel",fullName:"Thomas Heinbockel"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"67669",title:null,name:"Balwant Singh",middleName:null,surname:"Gendeh",slug:"balwant-singh-gendeh",fullName:"Balwant Singh Gendeh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/67669/images/system/67669.png",biography:"Dr Balwant Singh Gendeh is a senior consultant ENT surgeon with sub-specialty interest in rhinology (allergy, Sino nasal diseases, endoscopic sinus, anterior and ventral skull base surgery and functional and cosmetic nasal surgery). He was an ENT registrar at the Royal Infirmary, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom in 1993 and subsequently a JW Fulbright scholar at the University of Pittsburgh, USA in 1997. During his Fulbright experience, he also worked at the Hospital of University of Pennsylvania (HUP), Philadelphia and St Joseph’s Hospital, Chicago, USA with sub-specialty interest in rhinology and aesthetic nasal surgery. Dr BS Gendeh retired after 38 years government service as a consultant ENT surgeon at the National University of Malaysia Medical Centre (UKMMC) in 2014, and presently is a Visiting Professor at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery at UKMMC and is a resident ENT consultant at Pantai Hospital Kuala Lumpur since 2014. Is an executive member of numerous National and International bodies including Board Chairman of Malaysian American Commission on Educational Exchange (MACEE) from 2013-2015. Due to his vast contribution to the academia in research and clinical publication, he was elected as a Diploma of Fellowship Academy of Medicine Malaysia (FAMM) in October 2000, International Fellow of the Academy of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery in April 2004, Fellow of the Academy of Sciences Malaysia (FASc) in April 2016 and as Fellow of Malaysian Scientific Association (FMSA) in September 2017. He has written 96 scientific papers with more than 550 citations and editor/co-editor of 8 books and 37 book chapters an H index of 15.",institutionString:"Pantai Hospital Kuala Lumpur",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"6",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:null},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7891",title:"Meniere's Disease",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dda64b6335a1f85313b965777842c80a",slug:"meniere-s-disease",bookSignature:"Fayez Bahmad Jr.",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7891.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"77351",title:"Prof.",name:"Fayez",middleName:null,surname:"Bahmad Jr",slug:"fayez-bahmad-jr",fullName:"Fayez Bahmad Jr"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8680",title:"Advances in Rehabilitation of Hearing Loss",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"068c9f4790e4843b9cbb8dcf86002bea",slug:"advances-in-rehabilitation-of-hearing-loss",bookSignature:"Diego Zanetti and Federica Di Berardino",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8680.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"219687",title:"Dr.",name:"Diego",middleName:null,surname:"Zanetti",slug:"diego-zanetti",fullName:"Diego Zanetti"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7844",title:"Voice and Swallowing Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a81e27eb29c12553e9524f20a93b57d",slug:"voice-and-swallowing-disorders",bookSignature:"Monjur Ahmed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7844.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"206355",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Monjur",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"monjur-ahmed",fullName:"Monjur Ahmed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7894",title:"The Human Auditory System",subtitle:"Basic Features and Updates on Audiological Diagnosis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a7c43fdbbbca096fea1c40c0a1928343",slug:"the-human-auditory-system-basic-features-and-updates-on-audiological-diagnosis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Stavros Hatzopoulos, Andrea Ciorba and Piotr H. Skarzynski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7894.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"174266",title:"Prof.",name:"Stavros",middleName:null,surname:"Hatzopoulos",slug:"stavros-hatzopoulos",fullName:"Stavros Hatzopoulos"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7062",title:"Rhinosinusitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"14ed95e155b1e57a61827ca30b579d09",slug:"rhinosinusitis",bookSignature:"Balwant Singh Gendeh and Mirjana Turkalj",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7062.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67669",title:null,name:"Balwant Singh",middleName:null,surname:"Gendeh",slug:"balwant-singh-gendeh",fullName:"Balwant Singh Gendeh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7461",title:"Management of Tinnitus",subtitle:"The Enriching Views of Treatment Options",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9626e5a89247b934de503a3d08752e14",slug:"management-of-tinnitus-the-enriching-views-of-treatment-options",bookSignature:"Tang-Chuan Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7461.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"201262",title:"Dr.",name:"Tang-Chuan",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"tang-chuan-wang",fullName:"Tang-Chuan Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7131",title:"Selected Topics in Facial Nerve Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0c16c1a947ded4fae51c047243593fbf",slug:"selected-topics-in-facial-nerve-disorders",bookSignature:"Isam Al-Zwaini and Mohammed Jalal Hussein",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7131.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"30993",title:"Prof.",name:"Isam Jaber",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Zwaini",slug:"isam-jaber-al-zwaini",fullName:"Isam Jaber Al-Zwaini"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7245",title:"Challenging Issues on Paranasal Sinuses",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"67a331ebb2dd2b8f73228fa4daa7382f",slug:"challenging-issues-on-paranasal-sinuses",bookSignature:"Tang-Chuan Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7245.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"201262",title:"Dr.",name:"Tang-Chuan",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"tang-chuan-wang",fullName:"Tang-Chuan Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:22,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"33875",doi:"10.5772/32762",title:"Cochlear Implants in Children: A Review",slug:"cochlear-implants-in-children-a-review",totalDownloads:4967,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:19,abstract:null,book:{id:"1393",slug:"hearing-loss",title:"Hearing Loss",fullTitle:"Hearing Loss"},signatures:"Julia Sarant",authors:[{id:"92583",title:"Dr.",name:"Julia",middleName:null,surname:"Sarant",slug:"julia-sarant",fullName:"Julia Sarant"}]},{id:"49574",doi:"10.5772/61835",title:"Classification of Hearing Loss",slug:"classification-of-hearing-loss",totalDownloads:5395,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"Hearing loss is the partial or total inability to hear sound in one or both ears. People with hearing loss make up a significant 5.3% of the world’s population. The audiogram is an important tool used to determine the degree and type of hearing loss. This chapter presents hearing loss classification, which can aid in clinical diagnosis and help in finding appropriate therapeutic management. Hearing loss is classified based on ear anatomy, type of hearing loss, degree of the disease, and configuration of the audiogram. When the hearing loss is fully characterized, appropriate medical intervention can be assigned.",book:{id:"4654",slug:"update-on-hearing-loss",title:"Update On Hearing Loss",fullTitle:"Update On Hearing Loss"},signatures:"Waleed B. Alshuaib, Jasem M. Al-Kandari and Sonia M. Hasan",authors:[{id:"174550",title:"Prof.",name:"Waleed",middleName:null,surname:"Alshuaib",slug:"waleed-alshuaib",fullName:"Waleed Alshuaib"},{id:"174551",title:"MSc.",name:"Jasim",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Kandari",slug:"jasim-al-kandari",fullName:"Jasim Al-Kandari"},{id:"174552",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia",middleName:null,surname:"Hasan",slug:"sonia-hasan",fullName:"Sonia Hasan"}]},{id:"49108",doi:"10.5772/61217",title:"Hearing Loss and the Voice",slug:"hearing-loss-and-the-voice",totalDownloads:3357,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"The voice varies according to the context of speech and to the physical and psychological conditions of the human being, and there is always a normal standard for the vocal output. Hearing loss can impair voce production, causing social, educational, and speech limitations, with specific deviation of the communication related to speech and voice. Usually, the voice is not the main focus of the speech-language pathology therapy with individuals with hearing loss, but its deviations can represent such a negative impact on this population that it can interfere on speech intelligibility and crucially compromise the social integration of the individual. The literature vastly explores acoustic and perceptual characteristics of children and adults with hearing loss. Voice problems in individuals with this impairment are directly related to its type and severity, age, gender, and type of hearing device used. While individuals with mild and moderate hearing loss can only present problems with resonance, severely impaired individuals may lack intensity and frequency control, among other alterations. The commonly found vocal deviations include strain, breathiness, roughness, monotone, absence of rhythm, unpleasant quality, hoarseness, vocal fatigue, high pitch, reduced volume, loudness with excessive variation, unbalanced resonance, altered breathing pattern, brusque vocal attack, and imprecise articulation. These characteristics are justified by the incapability of the deaf to control their vocal performance due to the lack of auditory monitoring of their own voice, caused by the hearing loss. Hence, the development of an intelligible speech with a good quality of voice on the hearing impaired is a challenge, despite the sophisticated technological advances of hearing aids, cochlear implants and other implantable devices. The purpose of this chapter is therefore to present an extensive review of the literature and describe our experience regarding the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of voice disorders in individuals with hearing loss.",book:{id:"4654",slug:"update-on-hearing-loss",title:"Update On Hearing Loss",fullTitle:"Update On Hearing Loss"},signatures:"Ana Cristina Coelho, Daniela Malta Medved and Alcione Ghedini\nBrasolotto",authors:[{id:"174260",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Ana Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Coelho",slug:"ana-cristina-coelho",fullName:"Ana Cristina Coelho"},{id:"174643",title:"Dr.",name:"Alcione",middleName:null,surname:"Brasolotto",slug:"alcione-brasolotto",fullName:"Alcione Brasolotto"},{id:"174644",title:"MSc.",name:"Daniela",middleName:null,surname:"Medved",slug:"daniela-medved",fullName:"Daniela Medved"}]},{id:"33864",doi:"10.5772/33569",title:"The Mongolian Gerbil as a Model for the Analysis of Peripheral and Central Age-Dependent Hearing Loss",slug:"the-mongolian-gerbil-as-a-model-for-the-analysis-of-peripheral-and-central-age-dependent-hearing-los",totalDownloads:2370,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:null,book:{id:"1393",slug:"hearing-loss",title:"Hearing Loss",fullTitle:"Hearing Loss"},signatures:"Gleich Otto and Strutz Jürgen",authors:[{id:"96191",title:"Dr.",name:"Otto",middleName:null,surname:"Gleich",slug:"otto-gleich",fullName:"Otto Gleich"},{id:"96195",title:"Prof.",name:"Jürgen",middleName:null,surname:"Strutz",slug:"jurgen-strutz",fullName:"Jürgen Strutz"}]},{id:"55472",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69089",title:"Paranasal Sinus Anatomy: What the Surgeon Needs to Know",slug:"paranasal-sinus-anatomy-what-the-surgeon-needs-to-know",totalDownloads:5713,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Performing a smooth and clean sinus surgery goes hand in hand with a perfect understanding of the nasal and paranasal anatomy. Within this chapter, the paranasal and related structures surgical anatomy will be extensively reviewed, with emphasis on the anatomical landmarks and the normal anatomical variations, which have a significant impact on the function, pathology, and surgical procedures of the paranasal sinuses.",book:{id:"5911",slug:"paranasal-sinuses",title:"Paranasal Sinuses",fullTitle:"Paranasal Sinuses"},signatures:"Abdulmalik S. Alsaied",authors:[{id:"199716",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulmalik",middleName:"Saad",surname:"Alsaied",slug:"abdulmalik-alsaied",fullName:"Abdulmalik Alsaied"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"63699",title:"Management of the Complications of Maxillary Sinus Augmentation",slug:"management-of-the-complications-of-maxillary-sinus-augmentation",totalDownloads:7815,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Dental implant rehabilitation of the posterior maxillary region has always been a challenging issue due to both alveolar ridge atrophy and sinus pneumatization. Maxillary sinus augmentation is a well-known and predictable procedure in vertical deficiencies of the posterior maxilla. To date, various techniques have been described based on the physiology of intrasinus bone repair to obtain better outcomes. Nevertheless, these procedures could also be associated with several intra- and postoperative complications such as perforation of the sinus membrane, hemorrhage, infection, graft resorption, and loss of the graft or implants. The aim of this chapter is to review the contemporary methods for maxillary sinus augmentation and to present both recommendations for prevention and management of the associated complications.",book:{id:"7245",slug:"challenging-issues-on-paranasal-sinuses",title:"Challenging Issues on Paranasal Sinuses",fullTitle:"Challenging Issues on Paranasal Sinuses"},signatures:"Alper Sindel, Mehmet Mustafa Özarslan and Öznur Özalp",authors:[{id:"244837",title:"Dr.",name:"Alper",middleName:null,surname:"Sindel",slug:"alper-sindel",fullName:"Alper Sindel"},{id:"244918",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet Mustafa",middleName:null,surname:"Özarslan",slug:"mehmet-mustafa-ozarslan",fullName:"Mehmet Mustafa Özarslan"},{id:"244919",title:"Ms.",name:"Öznur",middleName:null,surname:"Özalp",slug:"oznur-ozalp",fullName:"Öznur Özalp"}]},{id:"55472",title:"Paranasal Sinus Anatomy: What the Surgeon Needs to Know",slug:"paranasal-sinus-anatomy-what-the-surgeon-needs-to-know",totalDownloads:5708,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Performing a smooth and clean sinus surgery goes hand in hand with a perfect understanding of the nasal and paranasal anatomy. Within this chapter, the paranasal and related structures surgical anatomy will be extensively reviewed, with emphasis on the anatomical landmarks and the normal anatomical variations, which have a significant impact on the function, pathology, and surgical procedures of the paranasal sinuses.",book:{id:"5911",slug:"paranasal-sinuses",title:"Paranasal Sinuses",fullTitle:"Paranasal Sinuses"},signatures:"Abdulmalik S. Alsaied",authors:[{id:"199716",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulmalik",middleName:"Saad",surname:"Alsaied",slug:"abdulmalik-alsaied",fullName:"Abdulmalik Alsaied"}]},{id:"69430",title:"Concurrent Rhinoplasty and Endoscopic Sinus Surgery",slug:"concurrent-rhinoplasty-and-endoscopic-sinus-surgery",totalDownloads:1201,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Combining rhinoplasty and endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) was first reported in 1991 by Sheman and Matarasso. Since then, many authors have documented a large series showing the overall efficacy of combining the two procedures. The focus of this manuscript is to document the author’s recent experience with combining rhinoplasty and endoscopic sinus surgery and highlight the changes that have occurred during the author’s 2-years experience. A retrospective data review was performed on 53 (31 females and 22 men, age range 16–55 years) patients who underwent combined rhinoplasty and ESS between January 2016 and December 2018 at Pantai Hospital Kuala Lumpur by the same surgeon. The mean age was 31.8 years. All patients had severe nasal obstruction with chronic rhinosinusitis and were followed up for a minimum of 6 months post-surgery and underwent ENT workup, which included history, office rigid endoscopy, CT scans of paranasal sinuses and preoperative photography. Initially, the ESS was performed followed by the open rhinoplasty with or without osteotomy. The ESS consisted of middle turbinate reduction [15/53 (28.3%)], maxillary antrostomy [36/53 (67.9%)], ethmoidectomy [38/53 (71.6%)], frontal sinusotomy [7/53 (13.2%)], and sphenoidotomy [9/53 (16.9%)]. Most of the sinus symptoms resolved postoperatively with 47 (88.6%) of 53 patients describing their improvement as significant. Fifty (94.3%) of 53 patients stated that they would recommend the concurrent procedure. The benefits of these advances are illustrated by a review of the literature with good results (functional and cosmetic) and minimal complications.",book:{id:"7062",slug:"rhinosinusitis",title:"Rhinosinusitis",fullTitle:"Rhinosinusitis"},signatures:"Balwant Singh Gendeh",authors:[{id:"67669",title:null,name:"Balwant Singh",middleName:null,surname:"Gendeh",slug:"balwant-singh-gendeh",fullName:"Balwant Singh Gendeh"}]},{id:"49574",title:"Classification of Hearing Loss",slug:"classification-of-hearing-loss",totalDownloads:5388,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"Hearing loss is the partial or total inability to hear sound in one or both ears. People with hearing loss make up a significant 5.3% of the world’s population. The audiogram is an important tool used to determine the degree and type of hearing loss. This chapter presents hearing loss classification, which can aid in clinical diagnosis and help in finding appropriate therapeutic management. Hearing loss is classified based on ear anatomy, type of hearing loss, degree of the disease, and configuration of the audiogram. When the hearing loss is fully characterized, appropriate medical intervention can be assigned.",book:{id:"4654",slug:"update-on-hearing-loss",title:"Update On Hearing Loss",fullTitle:"Update On Hearing Loss"},signatures:"Waleed B. Alshuaib, Jasem M. Al-Kandari and Sonia M. Hasan",authors:[{id:"174550",title:"Prof.",name:"Waleed",middleName:null,surname:"Alshuaib",slug:"waleed-alshuaib",fullName:"Waleed Alshuaib"},{id:"174551",title:"MSc.",name:"Jasim",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Kandari",slug:"jasim-al-kandari",fullName:"Jasim Al-Kandari"},{id:"174552",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia",middleName:null,surname:"Hasan",slug:"sonia-hasan",fullName:"Sonia Hasan"}]},{id:"56237",title:"Caffeine and Meniere’s Disease",slug:"caffeine-and-meniere-s-disease",totalDownloads:1765,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Meniere’s disease is characterized by recurrent vertigo, fluctuating hearing loss, and persistent tinnitus. Caffeine consumption in modern society is a widespread and culturally accepted habit; however, there is no consensus about its mechanism of action in various organs and systems, including the auditory and vestibular. The few clinical studies have shown that abstention from caffeine has little effect in patients with Meniere’s disease, both in relation to vertigo, tinnitus and hearing loss.",book:{id:"5454",slug:"up-to-date-on-meniere-s-disease",title:"Up to Date on Meniere's Disease",fullTitle:"Up to Date on Meniere's Disease"},signatures:"Alleluia Lima Losno Ledesma, Monique Antunes de Souza\nChelminski Barreto and Carlos Augusto Costa Pires de Oliveira",authors:[{id:"68849",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos Augusto C. P.",middleName:null,surname:"Oliveira",slug:"carlos-augusto-c.-p.-oliveira",fullName:"Carlos Augusto C. P. Oliveira"},{id:"175482",title:"Dr.",name:"Monique",middleName:null,surname:"Barreto",slug:"monique-barreto",fullName:"Monique Barreto"},{id:"194400",title:"Dr.",name:"Alleluia",middleName:"Lima",surname:"Losno Ledesma",slug:"alleluia-losno-ledesma",fullName:"Alleluia Losno Ledesma"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"192",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82305",title:"Nonreceptor Protein Kinases and Phosphatases Necessary for Auditory Function",slug:"nonreceptor-protein-kinases-and-phosphatases-necessary-for-auditory-function",totalDownloads:12,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105425",abstract:"Phosphorylation is one of the most common posttranslational protein modifications. It has multiple roles in cell signaling during development as well as for maintenance of diverse functions of an organism. Protein kinases and phosphatases control phosphorylation and play critical roles in cellular processes from cell birth to cell death. Discovery of hearing-loss-associated gene variants in humans and the study of animal models have identified a crucial role of a plethora of protein phosphatases and kinases in the inner ear. In this review, those nonreceptor kinases or phosphatases are discussed, which are encoded by genes implicated in causing inherited hearing loss in humans or in mouse mutants. These studies have served to highlight the essential roles of protein kinases and phosphatases pathways to the function of the auditory system. However, the inner-ear-specific substrates for most of these enzymes remain to be discovered, as do the mechanisms of disease due to the variants in the genes that encode these proteins.",book:{id:"11232",title:"Auditory System - Function and Disorders",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11232.jpg"},signatures:"Sadaf Naz"},{id:"82266",title:"Structure and Physiology of Human Ear Involved in Hearing",slug:"structure-and-physiology-of-human-ear-involved-in-hearing",totalDownloads:14,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105466",abstract:"Hearing is the fundamental sense based on the normal functioning of the hearing organ “the ear,” which plays a vital role in social interaction and the ability of learning. The human ear is divided into three parts: the outer, middle, and inner ear. Defects in outer and middle ear can cause conductive hearing loss, while the defective inner ear may lead to sensorineural hearing loss. So, it is important to study the structure and physiology of the human ear. When a sound of particular frequency enters the outer ear, it passes through the auditory canal and strikes the tympanic membrane. It vibrates and passes these vibrations to three ossicles present in the middle ear. The ossicles amplify the vibrations of sound and send them to the cochlea in the inner ear. Cochlea contains organ of Corti, which converts these vibrations into electrical signals by its hair cells. The neural signals in turn are interpreted by the brain, which one can hear and understand. The aim of this chapter is to review the basic structure and physiology of different parts of the human ear that are involved in the hearing process.",book:{id:"11232",title:"Auditory System - Function and Disorders",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11232.jpg"},signatures:"Alishbah Sheikh, Bint-e-Zainab, Kanwal Shabbir and Ayesha Imtiaz"},{id:"82244",title:"A Short Overview on Hearing Loss and Related Auditory Defects",slug:"a-short-overview-on-hearing-loss-and-related-auditory-defects",totalDownloads:9,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105222",abstract:"Hearing is the ability of a person to recognize sound in the surroundings and it makes communication possible. Ear is the human organ serving as a transducer that perceives signals from the environment and converts it into detectable forms for interpretation by the brain. The auditory system is among one of the most highly studied systems. Researchers have described the physiological function of the system in detail but due to its complexity, the genetic mechanisms and genes implicated in auditory function are still being revealed. Numerous studies on the genetics of hearing indicate hearing loss as one of the most common and prevalent disorders as it affects approximately five million people worldwide. Besides hearing loss, there are several other pathologies of auditory system which are common and have an established genetic basis. In this chapter, we will introduce the genetics of some common auditory pathologies including syndromic and non-syndromic hearing loss, auditory neuropathy, age-related hearing loss, and tinnitus. These understandings will 1 day lead to better diagnosis, management, and cures.",book:{id:"11232",title:"Auditory System - Function and Disorders",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11232.jpg"},signatures:"Hina Khan, Hafiza Idrees, Zunaira Munir and Memoona Ramzan"},{id:"81485",title:"Hearing Restoration through Optical Wireless Cochlear Implants",slug:"hearing-restoration-through-optical-wireless-cochlear-implants",totalDownloads:25,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104622",abstract:"In this chapter, we present two novel optical wireless-based cochlear implant architectures: (i) optical wireless cochlear implant (OWCI) and (ii) all-optical cochlear implant (AOCI). Both the architectures aim to decisively improve the reliability and energy efficiency of hearing restoration devices. To provide design and development guidelines, we document their main components, discuss the particularities of the transdermal optical channel, and provide the analytical framework for their accurate modeling. Building upon this framework, we extract closed-form formulas that quantify the communication, the stimulation, and the overall performance. An overall comparison of OWCI and AOCI, as well as conventional cochlear implants, accompanied by future research directions summarizes this chapter. Our findings reveal that both the OWCI and the AOCI outperform conventional cochlear implant approaches; thus, they are identified as promising architectures for the next generation of cochlear implants.",book:{id:"11232",title:"Auditory System - Function and Disorders",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11232.jpg"},signatures:"Stylianos E. Trevlakis, Alexandros-Apostolos A. Boulogeorgos and George K. Karagiannidis"},{id:"80337",title:"Short-Latency Evoked Potentials of the Human Auditory System",slug:"short-latency-evoked-potentials-of-the-human-auditory-system",totalDownloads:55,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102039",abstract:"Auditory Brainstem Responses (ABR) are short-latency electric potentials from the auditory nervous system that can be evoked by presenting transient acoustic stimuli to the ear. Sources of the ABR are the auditory nerve and brainstem auditory nuclei. Clinical application of ABRs includes identification of the site of lesion in retrocochlear hearing loss, establishing functional integrity of the auditory nerve, and objective audiometry. Recording of ABR requires a measurement setup with a high-quality amplifier with adequate filtering and low skin-electrode impedance to reduce non-physiological interference. Furthermore, signal averaging and artifact rejection are essential tools for obtaining a good signal-to-noise ratio. Comparing latencies for different peaks at different stimulus intensities allows the determination of hearing threshold, location of the site of lesion, and establishment of neural integrity. Audiological assessment of infants who are referred after failing hearing screening relies on accurate estimation of hearing thresholds. Frequency-specific ABR using tone-burst stimuli is a clinically feasible method for this. Appropriate correction factors should be applied to estimate the hearing threshold from the ABR threshold. Whenever possible, obtained thresholds should be confirmed with behavioral testing. The Binaural Interaction Component of the ABR provides important information regarding binaural processing in the brainstem.",book:{id:"11232",title:"Auditory System - Function and Disorders",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11232.jpg"},signatures:"Gijsbert van Zanten, Huib Versnel, Nathan van der Stoep, Wiepke Koopmans and Alex Hoetink"},{id:"80409",title:"Precocious Auditory Evoked Potential Recording with Free-Field Stimulus",slug:"precocious-auditory-evoked-potential-recording-with-free-field-stimulus",totalDownloads:65,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102569",abstract:"The aim of this study is to determine the thresholds of normality in the recording of precocious auditory evoked potentials with free-field stimulation and to compare them with conventional stimulation with insertion headphones. For this purpose, we have carried out a case series study of children with normal hearing stimulated with insertion headphones, who underwent Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR) and Auditory Steady-State Response (ASSR) with free-field stimuli. Fifty-four ears with normal criteria of children between 6 months and 24 months of age were assessed. The latencies found with free-field stimulation in ABR were significantly longer than the latencies with insert earphone stimulation (p<0.05), and no differences were found in the inter-latencies. No significant differences were found in the thresholds of the ASSR response. We conclude that the ABR thresholds obtained in the free-field correspond to the delay due to the distance of the sound source to the eardrum and, therefore, are superimposable, being applicable to patients where it is not possible to stimulate with insert phones.",book:{id:"11232",title:"Auditory System - Function and Disorders",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11232.jpg"},signatures:"Juan Bautista Calero del Castillo, Alberto Guillén Martínez and Francisco García Purriños"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:9},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",issn:"2631-6218",scope:"\r\n\tThis book series will offer a comprehensive overview of recent research trends as well as clinical applications within different specialties of dentistry. Topics will include overviews of the health of the oral cavity, from prevention and care to different treatments for the rehabilitation of problems that may affect the organs and/or tissues present. The different areas of dentistry will be explored, with the aim of disseminating knowledge and providing readers with new tools for the comprehensive treatment of their patients with greater safety and with current techniques. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This series of books will focus on various aspects of the properties and results obtained by the various treatments available, whether preventive or curative.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/3.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 14th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"419588",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergio",middleName:"Alexandre",surname:"Gehrke",slug:"sergio-gehrke",fullName:"Sergio Gehrke",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038WgMKQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-06-02T11:44:20.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sergio Alexandre Gehrke is a doctorate holder in two fields. The first is a Ph.D. in Cellular and Molecular Biology from the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil, in 2010 and the other is an International Ph.D. in Bioengineering from the Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche/Alicante, Spain, obtained in 2020. In 2018, he completed a postdoctoral fellowship in Materials Engineering in the NUCLEMAT of the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil. He is currently the Director of the Postgraduate Program in Implantology of the Bioface/UCAM/PgO (Montevideo, Uruguay), Director of the Cathedra of Biotechnology of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain), an Extraordinary Full Professor of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain) as well as the Director of the private center of research Biotecnos – Technology and Science (Montevideo, Uruguay). Applied biomaterials, cellular and molecular biology, and dental implants are among his research interests. He has published several original papers in renowned journals. In addition, he is also a Collaborating Professor in several Postgraduate programs at different universities all over the world.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"1",title:"Oral Health",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/1.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"173955",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Marinho",slug:"sandra-marinho",fullName:"Sandra Marinho",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRGYMQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-06-01T13:22:41.png",biography:"Dr. Sandra A. Marinho is an Associate Professor and Brazilian researcher at the State University of Paraíba (Universidade Estadual da Paraíba- UEPB), Campus VIII, located in Araruna, state of Paraíba since 2011. She holds a degree in Dentistry from the Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL), while her specialization and professional improvement in Stomatology took place at Hospital Heliopolis (São Paulo, SP). Her qualifications are: a specialist in Dental Imaging and Radiology, Master in Dentistry (Periodontics) from the University of São Paulo (FORP-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP), and Doctor (Ph.D.) in Dentistry (Stomatology Clinic) from Hospital São Lucas of the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (HSL-PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS). She held a postdoctoral internship at the Federal University from Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys (UFVJM, Diamantina, MG). She is currently a member of the Brazilian Society for Dental Research (SBPqO) and the Brazilian Society of Stomatology and Pathology (SOBEP). Dr. Marinho's experience in Dentistry mainly covers the following subjects: oral diagnosis, oral radiology; oral medicine; lesions and oral infections; oral pathology, laser therapy and epidemiological studies.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"State University of Paraíba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/2.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"179568",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Wen Lin",middleName:null,surname:"Chai",slug:"wen-lin-chai",fullName:"Wen Lin Chai",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRHGAQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-05-23T14:31:12.png",biography:"Professor Dr. Chai Wen Lin is currently a lecturer at the Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Malaya. She obtained a Master of Dental Science in 2006 and a Ph.D. in 2011. Her Ph.D. research work on the soft tissue-implant interface at the University of Sheffield has yielded several important publications in the key implant journals. She was awarded an Excellent Exchange Award by the University of Sheffield which gave her the opportunity to work at the famous Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Gothenburg, Sweden, under the tutelage of Prof. Peter Thomsen. In 2016, she was appointed as a visiting scholar at UCLA, USA, with attachment in Hospital Dentistry, and involvement in research work related to zirconia implant. In 2016, her contribution to dentistry was recognized by the Royal College of Surgeon of Edinburgh with her being awarded a Fellowship in Dental Surgery. She has authored numerous papers published both in local and international journals. She was the Editor of the Malaysian Dental Journal for several years. Her main research interests are implant-soft tissue interface, zirconia implant, photofunctionalization, 3D-oral mucosal model and pulpal regeneration.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaya",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},editorTwo:{id:"479686",title:"Dr.",name:"Ghee Seong",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"ghee-seong-lim",fullName:"Ghee Seong Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003ScjLZQAZ/Profile_Picture_2022-06-08T14:17:06.png",biography:"Assoc. Prof Dr. Lim Ghee Seong graduated with a Bachelor of Dental Surgery from University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur in 2008. He then pursued his Master in Clinical Dentistry, specializing in Restorative Dentistry at Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK, where he graduated with distinction. He has also been awarded the International Training Fellowship (Restorative Dentistry) from the Royal College of Surgeons. His passion for teaching then led him to join the faculty of dentistry at University Malaya and he has since became a valuable lecturer and clinical specialist in the Department of Restorative Dentistry. He is currently the removable prosthodontic undergraduate year 3 coordinator, head of the undergraduate module on occlusion and a member of the multidisciplinary team for the TMD clinic. He has previous membership in the British Society for Restorative Dentistry, the Malaysian Association of Aesthetic Dentistry and he is currently a lifetime member of the Malaysian Association for Prosthodontics. Currently, he is also the examiner for the Restorative Specialty Membership Examinations, Royal College of Surgeons, England. He has authored and co-authored handful of both local and international journal articles. His main interest is in prosthodontics, dental material, TMD and regenerative dentistry.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaya",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:49,paginationItems:[{id:"83087",title:"Role of Cellular Responses in Periodontal Tissue Destruction",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106645",signatures:"Nam Cong-Nhat Huynh",slug:"role-of-cellular-responses-in-periodontal-tissue-destruction",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:null,totalDimensionsCites:null,authors:null,book:{title:"Periodontology - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11566.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"83073",title:"Dental and Orofacial Trauma Impacts on Oral-Health-Related—Quality of Life in Children: Low- and Middle-Income Countries",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105845",signatures:"Yolanda Malele-Kolisa, Nazia Khan, Mpho P. Molete, Maphefo D. Thekiso and Mzubanzi Mabongo",slug:"dental-and-orofacial-trauma-impacts-on-oral-health-related-quality-of-life-in-children-low-and-middl",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Trauma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11567.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"82938",title:"Trauma from Occlusion: Practical Management Guidelines",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105960",signatures:"Prashanth Shetty, Shweta Hegde, Shubham Chelkar, Rahul Chaturvedi, Shruti Pochhi, Aakanksha Shrivastava, Dudala Lakshmi, Shreya Mukherjee, Pankaj Bajaj and Shahzada Asif Raza",slug:"trauma-from-occlusion-practical-management-guidelines",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Trauma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11567.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"82654",title:"Atraumatic Restorative Treatment: More than a Minimally Invasive Approach?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105623",signatures:"Manal A. Ablal",slug:"atraumatic-restorative-treatment-more-than-a-minimally-invasive-approach",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Caries - The Selection of Restoration Methods and Restorative Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11565.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"6668",title:"Dental Caries",subtitle:"Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6668.jpg",slug:"dental-caries-diagnosis-prevention-and-management",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan",hash:"b0f7667770a391f772726c3013c1b9ba",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Dental Caries - Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7139",title:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7139.jpg",slug:"current-approaches-in-orthodontics",publishedDate:"April 10th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Belma Işık Aslan and Fatma Deniz Uzuner",hash:"2c77384eeb748cf05a898d65b9dcb48a",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",editors:[{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"7572",title:"Trauma in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7572.jpg",slug:"trauma-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"July 3rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Serdar Gözler",hash:"7cb94732cfb315f8d1e70ebf500eb8a9",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Trauma in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. 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Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. 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Presently he is working as a associate professor in the Dept of Prosthodontics, Rural Dental College, Loni and maintains a successful private practice specialising in Implantology at Rahata.\n\nEmail: drdeepak_mvikhe@yahoo.com..................",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204110",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed A.",middleName:null,surname:"Madfa",slug:"ahmed-a.-madfa",fullName:"Ahmed A. Madfa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204110/images/system/204110.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madfa is currently Associate Professor of Endodontics at Thamar University and a visiting lecturer at Sana'a University and University of Sciences and Technology. He has more than 6 years of experience in teaching. 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Dr. Madfa also regularly attends international conferences and holds administrative positions (Deputy Dean of the Faculty for Students’ & Academic Affairs and Deputy Head of Research Unit).",institutionString:"Thamar University",institution:null},{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif is working at the Faculty of dentistry, University for October university for modern sciences and arts (MSA). Her areas of expertise include: periodontology, dental laserology, oral implantology, periodontal plastic surgeries, oral mesotherapy, nutrition, dental pharmacology. She is an editor and reviewer in numerous international journals.",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null},{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"256417",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Sadry",slug:"sanaz-sadry",fullName:"Sanaz Sadry",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256417/images/8106_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null},{id:"202198",title:"Dr.",name:"Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Aybar",slug:"buket-aybar",fullName:"Buket Aybar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202198/images/6955_n.jpg",biography:"Buket Aybar, DDS, PhD, was born in 1971. She graduated from Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, in 1992 and completed her PhD degree on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Istanbul University in 1997.\r\nDr. Aybar is currently a full-time professor in Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. She has teaching responsibilities in graduate and postgraduate programs. Her clinical practice includes mainly dentoalveolar surgery.\r\nHer topics of interest are biomaterials science and cell culture studies. She has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books; she also has participated in several scientific projects supported by Istanbul University Research fund.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178412",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guhan",middleName:null,surname:"Dergin",slug:"guhan-dergin",fullName:"Guhan Dergin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178412/images/6954_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gühan Dergin was born in 1973 in Izmit. He graduated from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1999. He completed his specialty of OMFS surgery in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry and obtained his PhD degree in 2006. In 2005, he was invited as a visiting doctor in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the University of North Carolina, USA, where he went on a scholarship. Dr. Dergin still continues his academic career as an associate professor in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry. He has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178414",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Emes",slug:"yusuf-emes",fullName:"Yusuf Emes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178414/images/6953_n.jpg",biography:"Born in Istanbul in 1974, Dr. Emes graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry in 1997 and completed his PhD degree in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in 2005. He has papers published in international and national scientific journals, including research articles on implantology, oroantral fistulas, odontogenic cysts, and temporomandibular disorders. Dr. Emes is currently working as a full-time academic staff in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"192229",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ana Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"De Carvalho Felippini",slug:"ana-luiza-de-carvalho-felippini",fullName:"Ana Luiza De Carvalho Felippini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192229/images/system/192229.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"University of São Paulo",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"256851",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:null,surname:"Gülşen",slug:"ayse-gulsen",fullName:"Ayşe Gülşen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256851/images/9696_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ayşe Gülşen graduated in 1990 from Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ankara and did a postgraduate program at University of Gazi. \nShe worked as an observer and research assistant in Craniofacial Surgery Departments in New York, Providence Hospital in Michigan and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. \nShe works as Craniofacial Orthodontist in Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi, Ankara Turkey since 2004.",institutionString:"Orthodontist, Assoc Prof in the Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi",institution:null},{id:"255366",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosun",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"tosun-tosun",fullName:"Tosun Tosun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255366/images/7347_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Turkey in 1989;\nVisitor Assistant at the University of Padua, Italy and Branemark Osseointegration Center of Treviso, Italy between 1993-94;\nPhD thesis on oral implantology in University of Istanbul and was awarded the academic title “Dr.med.dent.”, 1997;\nHe was awarded the academic title “Doç.Dr.” (Associated Professor) in 2003;\nProficiency in Botulinum Toxin Applications, Reading-UK in 2009;\nMastership, RWTH Certificate in Laser Therapy in Dentistry, AALZ-Aachen University, Germany 2009-11;\nMaster of Science (MSc) in Laser Dentistry, University of Genoa, Italy 2013-14.\n\nDr.Tosun worked as Research Assistant in the Department of Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul between 1990-2002. \nHe worked part-time as Consultant surgeon in Harvard Medical International Hospitals and John Hopkins Medicine, Istanbul between years 2007-09.\u2028He was contract Professor in the Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DI.S.C.), Medical School, University of Genova, Italy between years 2011-16. \nSince 2015 he is visiting Professor at Medical School, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. \nCurrently he is Associated Prof.Dr. at the Dental School, Oral Surgery Dept., Istanbul Aydin University and since 2003 he works in his own private clinic in Istanbul, Turkey.\u2028\nDr.Tosun is reviewer in journal ‘Laser in Medical Sciences’, reviewer in journal ‘Folia Medica\\', a Fellow of the International Team for Implantology, Clinical Lecturer of DGZI German Association of Oral Implantology, Expert Lecturer of Laser&Health Academy, Country Representative of World Federation for Laser Dentistry, member of European Federation of Periodontology, member of Academy of Laser Dentistry. Dr.Tosun presents papers in international and national congresses and has scientific publications in international and national journals. He speaks english, spanish, italian and french.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"260116",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Yaltirik",slug:"mehmet-yaltirik",fullName:"Mehmet Yaltirik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260116/images/7413_n.jpg",biography:"Birth Date 25.09.1965\r\nBirth Place Adana- Turkey\r\nSex Male\r\nMarrial Status Bachelor\r\nDriving License Acquired\r\nMother Tongue Turkish\r\n\r\nAddress:\r\nWork:University of Istanbul,Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine 34093 Capa,Istanbul- TURKIYE",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"272237",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",middleName:"Kiymet",surname:"Karataban",slug:"pinar-karataban",fullName:"Pinar Karataban",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272237/images/8911_n.png",biography:"Assist.Prof.Dr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban, DDS PhD \n\nDr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban was born in Istanbul in 1975. After her graduation from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1998 she started her PhD in Paediatric Dentistry focused on children with special needs; mainly children with Cerebral Palsy. She finished her pHD thesis entitled \\'Investigation of occlusion via cast analysis and evaluation of dental caries prevalance, periodontal status and muscle dysfunctions in children with cerebral palsy” in 2008. She got her Assist. Proffessor degree in Istanbul Aydın University Paediatric Dentistry Department in 2015-2018. ın 2019 she started her new career in Bahcesehir University, Istanbul as Head of Department of Pediatric Dentistry. In 2020 she was accepted to BAU International University, Batumi as Professor of Pediatric Dentistry. She’s a lecturer in the same university meanwhile working part-time in private practice in Ege Dental Studio (https://www.egedisklinigi.com/) a multidisciplinary dental clinic in Istanbul. Her main interests are paleodontology, ancient and contemporary dentistry, oral microbiology, cerebral palsy and special care dentistry. She has national and international publications, scientific reports and is a member of IAPO (International Association for Paleodontology), IADH (International Association of Disability and Oral Health) and EAPD (European Association of Pediatric Dentistry).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"172009",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Uzuner",slug:"fatma-deniz-uzuner",fullName:"Fatma Deniz Uzuner",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/172009/images/7122_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Deniz Uzuner was born in 1969 in Kocaeli-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1986, she attended the Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. \nIn 1993 she attended the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics for her PhD education. After finishing the PhD education, she worked as orthodontist in Ankara Dental Hospital under the Turkish Government, Ministry of Health and in a special Orthodontic Clinic till 2011. Between 2011 and 2016, Dr. Deniz Uzuner worked as a specialist in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University in Ankara/Turkey. In 2016, she was appointed associate professor. Dr. Deniz Uzuner has authored 23 Journal Papers, 3 Book Chapters and has had 39 oral/poster presentations. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"332914",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Saad",middleName:null,surname:"Shaikh",slug:"muhammad-saad-shaikh",fullName:"Muhammad Saad Shaikh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jinnah Sindh Medical University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"315775",title:"Dr.",name:"Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Luo",slug:"feng-luo",fullName:"Feng Luo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"344229",title:"Dr.",name:"Sankeshan",middleName:null,surname:"Padayachee",slug:"sankeshan-padayachee",fullName:"Sankeshan Padayachee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"315727",title:"Ms.",name:"Kelebogile A.",middleName:null,surname:"Mothupi",slug:"kelebogile-a.-mothupi",fullName:"Kelebogile A. Mothupi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"423519",title:"Dr.",name:"Sizakele",middleName:null,surname:"Ngwenya",slug:"sizakele-ngwenya",fullName:"Sizakele Ngwenya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"337613",title:"Mrs.",name:"Tshakane",middleName:null,surname:"R.M.D. Ralephenya",slug:"tshakane-r.m.d.-ralephenya",fullName:"Tshakane R.M.D. Ralephenya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419270",title:"Dr.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Chianchitlert",slug:"ann-chianchitlert",fullName:"Ann Chianchitlert",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419271",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane",middleName:null,surname:"Selvido",slug:"diane-selvido",fullName:"Diane Selvido",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419272",title:"Dr.",name:"Irin",middleName:null,surname:"Sirisoontorn",slug:"irin-sirisoontorn",fullName:"Irin Sirisoontorn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"6",type:"subseries",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Novel Viruses, Virus Transmission, Virus Evolution, Molecular Virology, Control and Prevention, Virus-host Interaction",scope:"The Viral Infectious Diseases Book Series aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends and discoveries in various viral infectious diseases emerging around the globe. The emergence of any viral disease is hard to anticipate, which often contributes to death. A viral disease can be defined as an infectious disease that has recently appeared within a population or exists in nature with the rapid expansion of incident or geographic range. This series will focus on various crucial factors related to emerging viral infectious diseases, including epidemiology, pathogenesis, host immune response, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical recommendations for managing viral infectious diseases, highlighting the recent issues with future directions for effective therapeutic strategies.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11402,editor:{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188"},editorialBoard:[{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"188219",title:"Prof.",name:"Imran",middleName:null,surname:"Shahid",slug:"imran-shahid",fullName:"Imran Shahid",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188219/images/system/188219.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Umm al-Qura University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"214235",title:"Dr.",name:"Lynn",middleName:"S.",surname:"Zijenah",slug:"lynn-zijenah",fullName:"Lynn Zijenah",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSEJGQA4/Profile_Picture_1636699126852",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zimbabwe",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"178641",title:"Dr.",name:"Samuel Ikwaras",middleName:null,surname:"Okware",slug:"samuel-ikwaras-okware",fullName:"Samuel Ikwaras Okware",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178641/images/system/178641.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Uganda Christian University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Uganda"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:17,paginationItems:[{id:"82751",title:"Mitochondria-Endoplasmic Reticulum Interaction in Central Neurons",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105738",signatures:"Liliya Kushnireva and Eduard Korkotian",slug:"mitochondria-endoplasmic-reticulum-interaction-in-central-neurons",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82716",title:"Advanced glycation end product induced endothelial dysfunction through ER stress: Unravelling the role of Paraoxonase 2",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106018",signatures:"Ramya Ravi and Bharathidevi Subramaniam Rajesh",slug:"advanced-glycation-end-product-induced-endothelial-dysfunction-through-er-stress-unravelling-the-rol",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82195",title:"Endoplasmic Reticulum: A Hub in Lipid Homeostasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105450",signatures:"Raúl Ventura and María Isabel Hernández-Alvarez",slug:"endoplasmic-reticulum-a-hub-in-lipid-homeostasis",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82103",title:"The Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Its Regulation in the Progression of Neurological and Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105543",signatures:"Mary Dover, Michael Kishek, Miranda Eddins, Naneeta Desar, Ketema Paul and Milan Fiala",slug:"the-role-of-endoplasmic-reticulum-stress-and-its-regulation-in-the-progression-of-neurological-and-i",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"80954",title:"Ion Channels and Neurodegenerative Disease Aging Related",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103074",signatures:"Marika Cordaro, Salvatore Cuzzocrea and Rosanna Di Paola",slug:"ion-channels-and-neurodegenerative-disease-aging-related",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"81647",title:"Diabetes and Epigenetics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104653",signatures:"Rasha A. 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