Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
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We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\n
Throughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\n
We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5756",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Intensive Care",title:"Intensive Care",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The book Intensive Care is composed of ten chapters, which are the day-to-day practice diagnosis as well as rare disease and pediatric sepsis. It is written very well by the experts from the respective fields. We are sure and confident that this book will not only help the critical care physicians but also help acute care physicians, general practitioners, surgeons, and paramedical critical, intensive care, and acute care staff.",isbn:"978-953-51-3360-5",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3359-9",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4752-7",doi:"10.5772/65191",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"intensive-care",numberOfPages:226,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"c15f872f6c0158a19bf64f081fe1e854",bookSignature:"Nissar Shaikh",publishedDate:"July 12th 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5756.jpg",numberOfDownloads:22745,numberOfWosCitations:6,numberOfCrossrefCitations:5,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:10,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:21,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 19th 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 8th 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 31st 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"March 28th 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"May 30th 2017",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"107703",title:"Dr.",name:"Nissar",middleName:null,surname:"Shaikh",slug:"nissar-shaikh",fullName:"Nissar Shaikh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/107703/images/system/107703.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nissar Shaikh is a dynamic intensive care physician. He has been working in intensive care for more than three decades as an exemplary clinician and medical teacher, receiving great respect from his juniors and peers, specialists, fellows, and residents. Research being his hobby, he has around 150 publications in peer-reviewed national and international medical journals, and has written a few book chapters, as well as a medical book. He is also a reviewer for 30 peer-reviewed international medical journals. Currently he works as an assistant professor at Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar and as a senior consultant in the surgical intensive care unit at Hamad Medical Corporation in Doha, Qatar. He is also an associate program director for the surgical intensive care fellowship program at Hamad Medical Corporation in Doha, Qatar.",institutionString:"Hamad Medical Corporation",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"7",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Hamad Medical Corporation",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Qatar"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"993",title:"Pre-Hospital Emergency Medicine",slug:"critical-care-medicine-pre-hospital-emergency-medicine"}],chapters:[{id:"55848",title:"Airway Management in ICU Settings",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69166",slug:"airway-management-in-icu-settings",totalDownloads:2837,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Maintenance of patent airway, adequate ventilation, and pulmonary gas exchange is very important in critically ill patients. Airway management in intensive care patients differs significantly from routine surgical procedures in the operating room. The airway competence in intensive care unit (ICU) should be coping with the rapidly evolving advances in airway management. Therefore, efforts should be focused on the three pillars of airway master: airway providers as intensivists or critical care physicians, equipment, and operational plans. Not all institutions can afford all airway equipment in the market; however, they should make sure that critical care providers have a full access to the available tools and they are comfortable using it. Educational sessions and refresher courses should be tailored to meet the competence level of the ICU providers and equipment availability. Operational plan includes developing institutional airway protocols and implementing difficult airway guidelines. The protocols should consider different staffing models of ICU and make sure all the time at least one member of the team with the highest experience in airway should be always available. The aim of writing this chapter is to enable the intensivist to optimize their use of airway equipment and managing high‐risk patients in ICU.",signatures:"Nabil Abdelhamid Shallik, Mamdouh Almustafa, Ahmed Zaghw\nand Abbas Moustafa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55848",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55848",authors:[{id:"202782",title:"Dr.",name:"Nabil A.",surname:"Shallik",slug:"nabil-a.-shallik",fullName:"Nabil A. Shallik"},{id:"206965",title:"Dr.",name:"Mamdouh",surname:"Almustafa",slug:"mamdouh-almustafa",fullName:"Mamdouh Almustafa"},{id:"206966",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",surname:"Zaghw",slug:"ahmed-zaghw",fullName:"Ahmed Zaghw"},{id:"206967",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbas",surname:"Moustafa",slug:"abbas-moustafa",fullName:"Abbas Moustafa"}],corrections:null},{id:"55736",title:"Haemodynamic Monitoring in the Intensive Care Unit",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68591",slug:"haemodynamic-monitoring-in-the-intensive-care-unit",totalDownloads:3328,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Monitoring is a cognitive aid that allows clinicians to detect the nature and extent of pathology and helps assessment of response to therapy. The cardiovascular system is the most commonly monitored organ system in the critical care setting. It helps identify the presence and nature of shock and guides response to resuscitation by detection of cardiac rate and rhythm, evaluation of volume state, cardiac contractility and systemic vascular resistance. Newer technologies allow greater assessment of oxygen delivery to vulnerable tissues. We discuss the nature, history, modalities and interpretation of the most commonly available haemodynamic monitoring methods in clinical use currently.",signatures:"Mainak Majumdar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55736",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55736",authors:[{id:"86678",title:"Dr.",name:"Mainak",surname:"Majumdar",slug:"mainak-majumdar",fullName:"Mainak Majumdar"}],corrections:null},{id:"55014",title:"Abdominal Compartment Syndrome: What Is New?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68343",slug:"abdominal-compartment-syndrome-what-is-new-",totalDownloads:1992,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) and abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) are continuation of the same pathological and physiological processes that are largely unrecognized in critical patients. From an era of indistinct definitions and recommendations, this condition has been studied extensively and experts have come forward with clear definitions and recommendations for management. IAH is graded in four grades and ACS is IAH above 20 cm H2O with new organ dysfunction. IAH/ACS can present as acute, hyperacute, or chronic and aetiologically can be classified into primary, secondary and tertiary. It affects various body systems including respiratory, cardiovascular, central nervous, gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic systems adversely and results in deleterious consequences. Management of IAH/ACS is based on the evacuation of intra-luminal and extra-luminal contents, improving the abdominal wall compliance. There are various surgical techniques recommended for preventing the development of IAH/ACS and mitigating the negative consequences. New medical therapies such as octreotide, tissue plasminogen activator, melatonin and vitamin C are being investigated and non-pharmacological methods such as continuous negative abdominal pressure (CNAP) have been introduced recently but are still experimental and not recommended for routine use.",signatures:"Abdulgafoor M. Tharayil, Adel Ganaw, Syed Abdulrahman, Zia M.\nAwan and Sujith M. Prabhakaran",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55014",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55014",authors:[{id:"199923",title:"Dr.",name:"Adel. E. Ahmad",surname:"Ganaw",slug:"adel.-e.-ahmad-ganaw",fullName:"Adel. E. Ahmad Ganaw"},{id:"200584",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulgafoor",surname:"Tharayil",slug:"abdulgafoor-tharayil",fullName:"Abdulgafoor Tharayil"},{id:"204950",title:"Dr.",name:"Sujith",surname:"Prabhakaran",slug:"sujith-prabhakaran",fullName:"Sujith Prabhakaran"},{id:"204951",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed",surname:"Abdul Rahman",slug:"syed-abdul-rahman",fullName:"Syed Abdul Rahman"},{id:"204952",title:"Dr.",name:"Zia",surname:"Awan",slug:"zia-awan",fullName:"Zia Awan"}],corrections:null},{id:"55443",title:"Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68630",slug:"aneurysmal-subarachnoid-hemorrhage",totalDownloads:2919,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a devastating neurological syndrome, which occurs at a rate of 3–25 per 100,000 population. Smoking and hypertension are the most important risk factors of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Rupture of cerebral aneurysm leads to rapid spread of blood into cerebrospinal fluid and subsequently leads to sudden increase of intracranial pressure and severe headache. Subarachnoid hemorrhage is associated with neurological (such as re‐bleeding and vasospasm) and systemic (such as myocardial injury and hyponatremia) complications that are causes of high mortality and morbidity. Although patients with poor‐grade subarachnoid hemorrhage are at higher risk of neurological and systemic complications, the early and aggressive management of this group of patient has decreased overall mortality by 17% in last 40 years. Early aneurysm repair, close monitoring in dedicated neurological intensive care unit, prevention, and aggressive management of medical and neurological complications are the most important strategies to improve outcome.",signatures:"Adel E. Ahmed Ganaw, Abdulgafoor M. Tharayil, Ali O. Mohamed\nBel Khair, Saher Tahseen, Jazib Hassan, Mohammad Faisal Abdullah\nMalmstrom and Sohel Mohamed Gamal Ahmed",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55443",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55443",authors:[{id:"199923",title:"Dr.",name:"Adel. E. Ahmad",surname:"Ganaw",slug:"adel.-e.-ahmad-ganaw",fullName:"Adel. E. Ahmad Ganaw"},{id:"200584",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulgafoor",surname:"Tharayil",slug:"abdulgafoor-tharayil",fullName:"Abdulgafoor Tharayil"},{id:"198979",title:"Dr.",name:"Saher",surname:"Tahseen",slug:"saher-tahseen",fullName:"Saher Tahseen"},{id:"205193",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",surname:"Bel Khair",slug:"ali-bel-khair",fullName:"Ali Bel Khair"},{id:"205194",title:"Dr.",name:"Jazib",surname:"Hassan",slug:"jazib-hassan",fullName:"Jazib Hassan"},{id:"205195",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Faisal",surname:"Malmstrom",slug:"m.-faisal-malmstrom",fullName:"M. Faisal Malmstrom"},{id:"205787",title:"Dr.",name:"Sohel Mohamed Gamal",surname:"Ahmed",slug:"sohel-mohamed-gamal-ahmed",fullName:"Sohel Mohamed Gamal Ahmed"}],corrections:null},{id:"54955",title:"Acute Kidney Injury in the Intensive Care Unit",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68348",slug:"acute-kidney-injury-in-the-intensive-care-unit",totalDownloads:2434,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Acute kidney injury (AKI) is defined as an abrupt decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Incidence varies from 20% to as high as 70% in critically ill patients. Classically, AKI has been divided into three broad pathophysiologic categories: prerenal AKI, intrinsic AKI, and postrenal (obstructive) AKI. The clinical manifestations of AKI vary among a wide range of symptoms and metabolic abnormalities. A sudden decrease in GFR will result in rising concentrations of solutes in the blood, which are normally excreted by the kidneys. Recently, new urinary and serum biomarkers have gained a place in the diagnosis, classification, and prognosis prediction of AKI. The best treatment for AKI is prevention. Patients with prerenal azotemia should have intravascular volume deficits corrected and cardiac function optimized. Obstructive (postrenal) kidney disease is treated by mechanical relief of the block. The primary management of acute interstitial nephritis is discontinuation of the inciting agent. Renal replacement therapy (RRT) has emerged as a supportive mechanism rather than just as a lifesaving measure. Continuous techniques are preferable in treating critically ill patients, although every modality has its benefits, indications, and contraindications.",signatures:"Jose J. Zaragoza and Faustino J. Renteria",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54955",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54955",authors:[{id:"181646",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose",surname:"Zaragoza",slug:"jose-zaragoza",fullName:"Jose Zaragoza"},{id:"200843",title:"Dr.",name:"Faustino",surname:"Renteria",slug:"faustino-renteria",fullName:"Faustino Renteria"}],corrections:null},{id:"55162",title:"Brain Death in Children",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68468",slug:"brain-death-in-children",totalDownloads:1484,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Brain death (BD) is a distinct mode of death in pediatric intensive care units, accounting for 16–23% of deaths. Coma, absent brainstem reflexes, and apnea in a patient with acute irreversible neurological insult should alarm the attending physician to start the appropriate actions to establish or refute the diagnosis for BD. BD diagnosis is clinical, starting with the preconditions that should be met, and based on the examination of all brainstem reflexes, including the apnea test. Apnea testing should be conducted according to standard criteria to demonstrate the absence of spontaneous respirations, in the case of an intense ventilatory stimulus, setting at increased PaCO2 levels ≥60 and ≥20 mm Hg, compared to baseline. When elements of clinical examination and/or apnea test cannot be performed, ancillary studies to demonstrate the presence/absence of electrocerebral silence and/or cerebral blood flow are guaranteed. Two clinical examinations by qualified physicians at set intervals are required. Time of death is the time of second examination and ventilator support should stop at that time, except for organ donation. The use of check list in documentation of BD helps in the uniformity of diagnosis and fosters further trust from medical, family, and community personnel.",signatures:"Eleni Athanasios Volakli, Peristera‐Eleni Mantzafleri, Serafeia\nKalamitsou, Asimina Violaki, Elpis Chochliourou, Menelaos Svirkos,\nAthanasios Kasimis and Maria Sdougka",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55162",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55162",authors:[{id:"196176",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eleni",surname:"Volakli",slug:"eleni-volakli",fullName:"Eleni Volakli"},{id:"205898",title:"Mrs.",name:"Peristera-Eleni",surname:"Mantzafleri",slug:"peristera-eleni-mantzafleri",fullName:"Peristera-Eleni Mantzafleri"},{id:"205899",title:"Mrs.",name:"Serafia",surname:"Kalamitsou",slug:"serafia-kalamitsou",fullName:"Serafia Kalamitsou"},{id:"205900",title:"Mrs.",name:"Asimina",surname:"Violaki",slug:"asimina-violaki",fullName:"Asimina Violaki"},{id:"205901",title:"Dr.",name:"Elpis",surname:"Chochliourou",slug:"elpis-chochliourou",fullName:"Elpis Chochliourou"},{id:"205902",title:"Mr.",name:"Menelaos",surname:"Svirkos",slug:"menelaos-svirkos",fullName:"Menelaos Svirkos"},{id:"205903",title:"Mr.",name:"Athanasios",surname:"Kasimis",slug:"athanasios-kasimis",fullName:"Athanasios Kasimis"},{id:"205904",title:"Mrs.",name:"Maria",surname:"Sdougka",slug:"maria-sdougka",fullName:"Maria Sdougka"}],corrections:null},{id:"56283",title:"Fat Embolism Syndrome",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69815",slug:"fat-embolism-syndrome",totalDownloads:1625,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Fat embolism syndrome (FES) is a clinical syndrome characterized by signs and symptoms resulting from fat emboli and typically occurs after trauma, orthopaedic surgeries and non-traumatic conditions like acute pancreatitis. Literature reports an incidence of FES of up to 19% in prospective studies. Fat embolism refers to the presence of fat globules in pulmonary microcirculation and is often asymptomatic. The clinical syndrome of FES is characterized by systemic manifestations resulting from fat emboli which may manifest with a triad of lung, brain, and skin involvement in about 24–72 hours of asymptomatic period. The pathophysiology of fat embolism syndrome remains unclear. Two theories have been hypothesized: mechanical(disruptive) and biochemical(production of toxic metabolites). Universal agreement on the definition of FES is lacking. FES presents with nonspecific signs and symptoms;common to other critical illnesses and is often a diagnosis of exclusion. The clinical criteria proposed by Gurd and Wilson are popular. Biochemical tests and imaging may be of value in supporting the diagnosis. Treatment for FES is essentially supportive care in ICU. Principles of treatment include maintenance of adequate oxygenation, ventilation, hemodynamics, and organ perfusion. It may be prevented by early fixation of large bone fractures.",signatures:"Syed Abdul Rahman, Arif Valliani and Arshad Chanda",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56283",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56283",authors:[{id:"198944",title:"Dr.",name:"Arshad",surname:"Chanda",slug:"arshad-chanda",fullName:"Arshad Chanda"},{id:"211431",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Abdul",surname:"Rahman",slug:"syed-abdul-rahman",fullName:"Syed Abdul Rahman"},{id:"211432",title:"Dr.",name:"Arif",surname:"Valliani",slug:"arif-valliani",fullName:"Arif Valliani"}],corrections:null},{id:"56212",title:"Severe Acute Pancreatitis and its Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69217",slug:"severe-acute-pancreatitis-and-its-management",totalDownloads:2364,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) is a severe form of acute pancreatitis, which requires often intensive care therapy. The common aetiology varies with geographic locations. In Middle East, biliary pancreatitis is the commonest type. Initial phase of the disease is due to profound release of the proinflammatory marker, then the organ dysfunction takes over. It mainly divided into three types depending upon the pathological changes that are oedematous, necrotic and haemorrhagic. The common clinical presentation is typical abdominal pain radiating to the back and relieved by typical positioning i.e. sitting or leaning forwards. Raised pancreatic amylase and lipase with imaging will help to diagnose the SAP. The outcome of SAP is dictated by various criteria and scores. The commonly used scoring systems are Ranson’s and Glasgow scores, whereas the local complication is diagnosed and predicted by the Balthazar’s score. The management of SAP is mainly analgesia, prevention of complications and supportive care. Initially, laparotomy was recommended routinely for SAP complicated by necrosis of the pancreas and continuous lavage, but nowadays, minimal invasive image guided drainage is the recommended modality. The most common complications of concern are the abdominal compartment syndrome, Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and infection of the pancreatitis necrosis. SAP has a high mortality rate (up to 40%), but initial aggressive supportive management will improve the outcome.",signatures:"Arshad Chanda",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56212",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56212",authors:[{id:"198944",title:"Dr.",name:"Arshad",surname:"Chanda",slug:"arshad-chanda",fullName:"Arshad Chanda"}],corrections:null},{id:"54668",title:"Sepsis in Children",doi:"10.5772/68013",slug:"sepsis-in-children",totalDownloads:1568,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Sepsis is systemic inflammatory response syndrome due to a documented or suspected infection. Causative agents of sepsis include group B streptococcus, Escherichia coli, and Listeria monocytogenes in infants younger than 2 months, and community‐acquired organisms. Bacteremia may ensue in patients whose defense mechanisms have become vulnerable due to many factors. Sepsis and septic shock can be viewed as clinical pictures, which develop as consequences of proinflammatory processes/cytokines leading to a state that cannot be restrained by anti‐inflammatory processes/cytokines. As yet, a cytokine, which is uniquely associated with severe sepsis and septic shock and can be used as a biomarker, has not been discovered. Sepsis is a cytokine storm, which may adversely affect almost any organ system. Whether there is an association between the severity of sepsis or septic shock and cytokine gene polymorphisms is an important field of study. Mottled skin and prolongation of capillary refill time may help the physician recognize septic shock before hypotension emerges. The management of severe sepsis and septic shock involves (1) the hemodynamic support, (2) inotropes, vasopressors, and vasodilators, (3) antimicrobial therapy, (4) transfusions, and (5) corticosteroids as indicated. Hospital mortality of pediatric sepsis is 2–10%.",signatures:"Selim Öncel",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54668",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54668",authors:[{id:"200133",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Selim",surname:"Öncel",slug:"selim-oncel",fullName:"Selim Öncel"}],corrections:null},{id:"54793",title:"Intensive Care Unit Workforce: Occupational Health and Safety",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68308",slug:"intensive-care-unit-workforce-occupational-health-and-safety",totalDownloads:2198,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"There are many different work tasks and workplace hazards related to the ICU setting. The workplace hazards include the physical environment of the ICU, working conditions, psychosocial factors, ergonomic factors, biological factors and chemical factors that cause ICU workers to have health problems. The occurrence of occupational health problems in ICU workers not only leads to decreased job satisfaction and productivity but also increases absenteeism and burnout. Moreover, this situation adversely affects patient care and increases the cost of treatment. Recognising occupational hazards and risks arising from the work environment will assist in planning strategies to protect and promote health programmes for ICU workers. 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1. Introduction
Developing structural materials with both high-strength and ductility could mitigate the ecological and economical concerns for decreasing weight and improving energy efficiency. Unfortunately, these properties are generally mutually exclusive, i.e., increasing strength will inevitably lead to ductility loss, an effect referred to as the strength–ductility trade-off [1, 2, 3, 4]. Various strengthening mechanisms, including solid solution strengthening, dislocation strengthening, grain boundary strengthening, precipitation strengthening, twinning, and phase transformation-induced hardening, have been widely utilized to produce high-strength and high-ductility alloys that are based on one principal element [5]. Recently, a new idea—high-entropy alloys (HEAs), has appeared that shows great potential to overcome the strength–ductility trade-off, and thus break through the mechanical property limits [6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13]. HEAs were founded independently by two different research groups in 2004 [6, 7], which emphasize the unexplored regions in the center of multi-element phase diagrams, in which all elements are concentrated and there is no base element. HEAs are generally defined as an alloy that is composed of four or more elements in an equiatomic or near-equiatomic composition [7]. Each HEA can be considered as a new alloy base because its properties can be further optimized by minor elemental additions, similar to alloying in convention alloys. HEAs provide near-infinite new alloy bases for designing structural materials with excellent performance. Depending on the composition and microstructure, HEAs display attractive mechanical properties, and possible combinations of some properties, including high strength/hardness, outstanding wear resistance, excellent fatigue resistance, exceptional high-temperature strength, good structural stability, good corrosion and oxidation resistance, and high radiation tolerance [8, 10, 12, 14]. Particularly, single-phase face-centered cubic (fcc) HEAs and medium-entropy alloys (MEAs) based on the transition metal elements Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, or Ni generally display some of the best mechanical properties reported to date [9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25]. For example, equiatomic CrMnFeCoNi HEA and CoCrNi MEA possess exceptional combinations of tensile strength and ductility (tensile strength of ~1 GPa as well as ductility exceeding 60%) at 77 K, and ultra-high fracture toughness at both room temperature and 77 K (KJ1C > 200 MPa√m), making them one class of the toughest metallic materials reported so far [17, 23, 26]. Such exceptional mechanical properties are attributed to continuous steady strain-hardening, resulting from extensive dislocation activities and deformation-induced nanotwinning [18, 21, 22, 27]. These fcc-structured HEAs can be used as ideal alloy bases to design high-strength and high-ductility structural materials through further compositional and microstructural engineering.
Intensive studies have been invested in overcoming the strength–ductility trade-off of the single-phase fcc CrFeCoNi-based HEAs through tailoring the chemical composition and microstructure [9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24]. It has been reported that metastable high-entropy dual-phase alloys can overcome the strength–ductility trade-off by interface hardening and transformation-induced hardening, realized by reducing the stacking fault energy (SFE) via tailoring chemical composition [15, 19, 24, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33]. The tensile strength and ductility are simultaneously enhanced due to heterogeneous microstructures, such as gradient nanotwins, gradient nano-grains, or recrystallized and non-recrystallized grains arranged in hierarchical structures with characteristic dimensions spanning from submicron scale to micro-scale, that are obtained by cold-rolling and annealing [9, 16, 27, 34, 35]. Note that single-phase fcc CrFeCoNi-based HEAs often have a very low SFE, which promotes deformation-induced nanotwinning and martensitic phase transformation [36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42]. The simultaneous increase in tensile strength and ductility is related to the enhanced strain-hardening capability enabled by nanotwinning and/or phase transformation. However, they generally possess very low yield strength since the nanotwinning and phase transformation cannot be activated at the early stages of plastic deformation [12].
Multiple strengthening mechanisms (such as solid solution strengthening, dislocation strengthening, grain boundary strengthening, and precipitation strengthening, et al.) show great potential to enhance the yield strength and tensile strength of fcc CrFeCoNi-based HEAs while maintaining their excellent ductility and strain-hardening capability [43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62]. In addition, some new strengthening mechanisms are also proposed to improve the mechanical properties, such as magnetic hardening [60]. This chapter summarizes recent works on realizing strength–ductility combinations of fcc CrFeCoNi-based HEAs by incorporating multiple strengthening mechanisms, achieved through compositional and microstructural engineering. The abundant plastic deformation modes of fcc HEAs, including slips associated with Shockley partial dislocation and full dislocations, twinning, martensitic phase transformation, deformation-induced amorphization, and dynamically reversible shear transformation, are also summarized. We also demonstrate some HEA design strategies to provide guidelines for exploring the enormous number of HEA compositions and their microstructures to realize exceptional strength–ductility combinations.
2. Strengthening via tailoring composition and microstructure
2.1 Ductile nanoprecipitates
Single-phase fcc HEAs generally exhibit excellent ductility and strain-hardening capability but low yield strength at room temperature. Extensive studies demonstrate that nanoprecipitation strengthening is one of the most effective approaches to strengthen HEAs without apparent ductility loss. For example, Ming et al. [61] introduced highly dispersed nano-sized, coherent precipitates in the grain interior of coarse-grained fcc CrFeCoNi-based HEAs (grain size ~ 1 mm) via alloying a small addition of Al and Ti elements, which realizes exceptional combinations of strength and ductility (Figure 1). Yang et al. [47] produce a CrFeCoNi-based HEA with a superb yield strength of above 1.0 GPa while maintaining 50% ductility in tension at room temperature via introducing high-density ductile multicomponent intermetallic nanoparticles with coherent phase boundaries, enabled by alloying a small addition of Ti and Al elements. The size and distribution of nanoprecipitates can be tailored by the content of alloying elements (Ti and Al), aging temperature, and aging time [61]. As shown in Figure 1a–g, the strength and ductility can be optimized corresponding to the aging time-dependent size and spacing of nanoprecipitates in an Al0.2Co1.5CrFeNi1.5Ti0.3 HEA. When aged at 800°C for 1–5 h, numerous uniformly dispersed, nano-sized, spherical L12 precipitates are formed in coarse grains (grain size ~ 1 mm), which results in a significant increase in both yield strength and ultimate tensile strength without apparent sacrificing of ductility (Figure 1a,b,f). With increasing aging time, the average diameter of precipitates increases from 6 nm at 1 h of aging to 51 nm at 100 h of aging (Figure 1e). Figure 1f presents that aging time does not show a significant effect on the yield strength and ultimate tensile strength, but increasing aging time results in an apparent decrease in ductility. As shown in Figure 1g, the strain-hardening rate obviously increases with increasing aging time, in particular, for the aging time equal and longer than 5 h. The samples aged for 1–5 h exhibit superior combinations of strength and ductility (yield strength of ~760 MPa, ultimate tensile strength of ~1160 MPa, elongation of ~40%).
Figure 1.
TEM images of the Al0.2Co1.5CrFeNi1.5Ti0.3 HEA after aging at 800°C for: (a) 1 h (b) 5 h, (c) 50 h, and (d) 100 h, with the corresponding selected area electron diffraction patterns inset. (e) Influence of aging time on the diameter of the precipitate (D), separation distance (L) between the centers of neighboring precipitates, and edge-to-edge inter-precipitate distance (l). (f) Engineering stress–strain curves of the solution-annealed and aged samples. (g) Variation of strain-hardening rates with plastic strain [61].
The nature of dislocation interaction with the nanoprecipitates in Al0.2Co1.5CrFeNi1.5Ti0.3 HEA samples is revealed by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis, as shown in Figure 2. The TEM bright-field image of the sample aging at 800°C for 1 h (Figure 2a) shows high-density dislocations tangled with stacking faults after tensile deformation to fracture. As shown in Figure 2b, original spherical precipitates have changed to an irregular shape after tensile deformation, which indicates the dislocations cutting through precipitates. In contrast to dislocation cutting through nano-sized precipitates, dislocations bypass relatively large precipitates by looping them in the sample aging at 800°C for 50 h, as demonstrated in Figure 2c. Figure 2dschematically illustrates that dislocation cutting through precipitates is the primary strengthening mechanism for the 1 h and 5 h aged HEA with small precipitates (diameter < 10 nm), while the dominant strengthening mechanism is dislocation bypassing precipitates by looping them in HEAs aged for >25 h with large precipitates (diameter > 30 nm). Based on the tensile testing and TEM characterizations, it can be concluded that nanoscale coherent precipitation strengthening is a very effective approach for strengthening coarse-grained fcc-structured HEAs without loss of ductility. The exceptional combinations of strength and ductility can be achieved via introducing uniformly distributed, nano-sized, coherent precipitates in the coarse-grained HEAs, where gliding dislocations cut through nano-sized coherent precipitates. In contrast, with increasing the size of precipitates, the ductility is reduced due to the strong barrier of large precipitates to dislocation motion where gliding dislocations bypass a precipitate by looping it, resulting in dislocations pileups at precipitate-matrix interfaces which generate high stress/strain concentration and micro-crack initiation.
Figure 2.
(a) TEM image of the 1 h aged Al0.2Co1.5CrFeNi1.5Ti0.3 HEA at a tensile strain of 36%, (b) HRTEM image of a precipitate with an irregular shape. (c) TEM image of the 50 h aged sample at a tensile strain of 3%. (d) Variation of precipitate shearing stress (σsh) and Orowan dislocation looping stress (σOr) with aging time [61].
It should be noted that the sluggish diffusion effect in HEAs enables easily tailoring the size of precipitates by adjusting aging processing and optimizing compositions. Recently, the coarsening kinetics and thermal stability of nanoscale precipitates in HEAs at elevated temperatures have also been widely studied to explore their applications at high temperatures [63, 64, 65, 66]. In a word, precipitation strengthening is one of the most promising approaches for enhancing the mechanical properties of fcc HEAs to meet the requirements for engineering applications both at room temperatures and high temperatures.
2.2 Brittle intermetallic compounds
The original concept employed in the HEAs design is to suppress the formation of brittle intermetallic compounds which can lead to poor ductility [6, 7]. Unfortunately, most HEAs reported to date contain various brittle intermetallic compounds [63, 64, 65, 66]. Therefore, it is required to manipulate the intermetallic compounds to reconcile the strength and ductility of HEAs. It has been shown that the brittle but hard intermetallic compound μ phase can be effectively used as a strengthening unit in CrFeCoNiMo HEAs while relieving its harmful effect on ductility by manipulating its dimension and distribution via tailoring Mo contents [62, 67, 68, 69]. Moreover, by further coupling solid solution hardening and nanotwinning induced hardening, a superb yield strength-tensile strength–ductility combination is realized [62]. As shown in Figure 3, the dimension and distribution of the μ phase can be tuned through thermal-mechanical processing and annealing. The μ phases grow mainly at boundaries (grain boundaries, triple junctions, and annealing twin boundaries), and secondarily in the interior of grains. The corresponding engineering stress–strain curves in Figure 4a,b demonstrate that dual-phase (fcc matrix + nanoscale μ phase) Cr15Fe20Co35Ni20Mo10 (Mo10) HEA displays high strength (yield strength of 0.8–1.3 GPa and ultimate tensile strength of 1.1–1.4 GPa) but moderate ductility (elongation to fracture is approximately 13–28%). The single-phase fcc Cr12.5Fe20Co42.5Ni20Mo5 (Mo5) HEAs have superb ductility (elongation to fracture of 45–75%) but moderate strength (yield strength of 0.3–0.8 GPa and ultimate tensile strength of 0.7–1.0 GPa). Figure 4c demonstrates that dual-phase Mo10 HEAs annealed at 850–1000°C exhibit a higher strain-hardening rate than single-phase Mo5 HEAs, and Mo10 HEA annealed at 1150°C as the true strain is less than half the maximum elongation. The high strain-hardening rate in Mo10 HEAs annealed at 850–1000°C is ascribed to the formation of distributed μ phase precipitates while the low strain-hardening rate in Mo10 HEAs annealed at 1150°C is due to the decomposition and disappearance of clustered μ phase precipitates. Figure 4d compares the mechanical properties of the dual-phase Mo10 HEA and single-phase Mo5 HEA with various other fcc HEAs [70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75]. An exceptional combination of strength and ductility of Mo10 and Mo5 HEAs is attributed to the synergetic effect of solid solution strengthening, precipitation hardening, and twinning-induced hardening. The solution strengthening effect of the Mo addition in single-phase Mo10 alloys is evidenced by the higher strain-hardening rate of single-phase Mo10 alloy after true strain exceeds 13% (Figure 4c). Figure 5a,b demonstrates dislocations are bowing out or piled up at the μ phase interfaces. It is noted that μ precipitates are plastically non-shearable by gliding dislocations, which accounts for the high strength of Mo10 alloy according to the precipitation strengthening mechanism and the high strain-hardening rate at the early stage of plastic deformation. As demonstrated in Figure 5c, numerous deformation nano-twins are observed in single-phase Mo10 alloy at a strain of 25%, which provides a steady source of strain-hardening by blocking the motion of dislocations.
Figure 3.
TEM images of cold-rolled Mo10 HEAs after annealing at 800°C for (a1) 5 min, (a2) 1 h; 900°C for (b1) 5 min, (b2) 1 h; 1000°C for (c1) 5 min, (c2) 1 h [62].
Figure 4.
Engineering stress–strain curves for the (a) homogenized and recrystallized Mo10 alloys and (b) Mo5 alloys. (c) the strain-hardening rates of Mo10 and Mo5 alloys as a function of plastic strain. (d) Comparing the yield strength and elongation of the Mo10 and Mo5 alloys with various HEAs [62].
Figure 5.
TEM bright-field images of annealed Mo10 alloy at tension strains of 15–25%, (a) bow-out of gliding dislocations, (b) pile-up of dislocations at interfaces, and (c) high-density deformation nano-twins [62].
Other brittle intermetallic compounds, such as the sigma phase, Laves phases, have been also frequently observed in HEAs, which generally deteriorate the ductility [76, 77, 78, 79, 80]. Similarly, if the size, distribution, and morphology of intermetallic compounds can be tailored via controlling the chemical composition and thermomechanical treatment, an excellent combination of strength and ductility can be achieved in multi-component HEAs.
2.3 Hierarchically heterogeneous microstructures
Hierarchically heterogeneous microstructures at scales from a few nanometers to hundreds of micrometers can be easily produced in fcc HEAs by conventional cold work and annealing treatment, which could generate superior mechanical properties to those with simple microstructures due to the hetero-deformation induced strengthening [81]. As shown in Figure 6, single-phase fcc Cr20Fe6Co34Ni34Mo6 HEAs with hierarchical microstructures that comprise high-density annealing nanotwins in recrystallized fine grains (grain size ~ 1 μm), and dislocation walls and stacking faults in non-fully recrystallized fine grains are produced by cold-rolling and annealing [82]. The formation of numerous annealing nanotwins and stacking faults is obviously attributed to the very low SFE of the Cr20Fe6Co34Ni34Mo6 alloy. The addition of Mo in the Cr-Fe-Co-Ni system is found to be very effective in retarding the recrystallization and grain growth, promoting the formation of recrystallized fine grains. Such hierarchical microstructures can be generated in various single-phase fcc HEAs with low SFE by cold-rolling and annealing.
Figure 6.
TEM images of the cold-rolled Cr20Fe6Co34Ni34Mo6 HEAs after annealing at (a) 675°C for 1 h; (b) 700°C for 0.5 h; (c) 700°C for 1 h; (d) 800°C for 1 h. (e) Higher magnification micrograph of the interface between fully recrystallized grain and non-fully recrystallized grain, showing high density of dislocations, (f) selected area electron diffraction pattern patterns corresponding to non-fully recrystallized grain in (e) [82].
Comparing the mechanical properties of the samples with hierarchical microstructures and fully recrystallized coarse-grained microstructures, the former exhibit exceptional combinations of yield strength-ultimate tensile strength–ductility. As shown in Figure 7a, the single-phase HEAs with hierarchical microstructure (annealed at 675–800°C for 3 min, 0.5 h, 1 h, 5 h, or 10 h) exhibit a very high strength (YS = 0.95–1.1 GPa and UTS = 1.2–1.3 GPa, Figure 7a1) as well as a high ductility (EL is around 30–40%), which is much superior to that of the HEAs (annealed at 800–1150°C for 1 h) with simple fully recrystallized microstructures (Figure 7a2). Such high yield strengths exceeding 1.0 GPa at enhanced ductility (30%) in single-phase HEAs are comparable to the nanoprecipitation strengthened HEAs (Figure 7b1,b2) [17, 23, 70, 71, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89]. This indicates that enhancing yield strength while retaining good ductility of single-phase fcc HEAs can be achieved by developing hierarchical microstructures. The grain boundaries, annealing nanotwins, and dislocation walls play important roles in enhancing the strength, ductility, and strain-hardening capability of the annealed sample with hierarchical microstructure. Figure 7c plots the yield strength (σy) as a function of the grain size (d), which follows the well-known Hall–Petch relationship, σy = σ0 + k·d−1/2. The σ0 is 246 MPa. The Hall–Petch coefficient k = 743 MPa·μm1/2 is higher than that of most fcc metals (600 MPa·μm1/2) [90], which indicates that the grain-boundary strengthening mechanism is very effective for improving yield strength. Microstructure characterizations reveal that both twin boundaries and dislocation walls act as strong barriers for dislocation motion, strengthening the alloy, as shown in Figure 8. Figure 8a shows a large number of stacking faults (marked by red arrows) around twin boundaries. The enlarged HRTEM image in Figure 8b shows high-density stacking faults in the twin and matrix, indicating slip transmission associated with dislocations crossing through the coherent twin boundaries (CTBs). Consequently, atomically flat CTBs develop stepped or serrated CTBs that contain interface defects. These interfacial defects along stepped or serrated CTBs then provide sources for nucleating and blocking dislocations. Figure 8c,d shows that dislocation walls act as sources for dislocations and deformation twins at large deformation stages, contributing to strain-hardening by continually introducing new interfaces and blocking the motion of dislocations. The enhanced strength enables the production of dislocations at serrated/stepped CTBs, preventing the early onset of necking instability. Therefore, the strength is enhanced without apparent ductility loss.
Figure 7.
(a1, a2) engineering stress–strain curves of the cold-rolled and annealed Cr20Fe6Co34Ni34Mo6 HEAs at various temperatures of 675–1150°C. (b1, b2) yield strength and ultimate tensile strength versus uniform elongation of annealed alloys compared with various HEAs. (c) the variation of yield strength with average grain size [82].
Figure 8.
(a, b) TEM micrographs of the recrystallized grains in annealed Cr20Fe6Co34Ni34Mo6 HEAs (700°C for 1 h) at a strain of ∼30%. (c, d) TEM micrographs of non-fully recrystallized grains at strains of 15–30% [82].
Other hierarchically heterogeneous microstructures, such as gradient grain structure, gradients in twin and dislocation densities, hierarchical nano-twins, could be introduced into fcc HEAs via surface mechanical grinding treatment, which contributes to the strain hardening capability and thus exceptional strength–ductility combinations, owing to the hetero-deformation induced strengthening. These results demonstrate that engineering the hierarchical microstructure should be an efficient strategy for enhancing the strength and ductility of single-phase fcc HEAs with low and medium SFE.
2.4 Shear transformation bands
Depending on chemical composition and deformation temperature, fcc HEAs with relatively low SFE generate various types of nanoscale shear transformation bands during plastic deformation, including stacking fault bands, nanotwin bands, phase transformation bands, deformation bands with ultrahigh density dislocation, and amorphous bands [10]. The shear transformation banding plays an important role in enhancing strain-hardening capability and thus contributes to enhanced strength and ductility simultaneously. The typical examples are twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) and transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) effects in metastable HEAs, which could overcome the long-standing strength–ductility dilemma [18, 21, 22, 27]. For example, the strength, ductility, and toughness of single-phase fcc CrMnFeCoNi HEAs can be improved simultaneously with decreasing temperature from room temperature to 77 K, owing to the transition of deformation mechanisms from dislocation slip to nanotwinning [17, 20, 21, 23]. As shown in Figure 9, the formation of stacking faults, nanotwinning, and martensitic phase transformation could be generated sequentially in a non-equiatomic CrMnFeCoNi HEA with increasing tensile strains at low temperatures, leading to the formation of various nanoscale bands [91]. Such shear transformation banding, by continually introducing new interfaces and decreasing the mean free path of dislocations during tensile testing (“dynamic Hall–Petch”), produces a high degree of work-hardening and a significant increase in the ultimate tensile strength [92, 93, 94].
Figure 9.
TEM images of the single-phase fcc CrMnFeCoNi HEA after tension to different strains at 93 K, show the sequential formation of stacking faults, nanotwinning, and martensitic phase transformation [91].
Recently, amorphous bands (one type of shear transformation bands) have been observed in a non-equiatomic CrMnFeCoNi HEA under tensile deformation at 93 K [91]. These amorphous bands are generated by deformation-induced solid-state amorphization, as summarized in Figure 10. The nanoscale amorphous bands, stacking fault bands, nanotwin bands, phase transformation bands can be generated simultaneously in HEAs, which contributes to enhanced strength, ductility, and strain-hardening rate synergistically. In particular, the nanoscale amorphous bands exhibit much higher thermal stability than nanotwins and phase transformation bands. Amorphous bands ensure the enhanced strength and good ductility of high-temperature tempered samples. Amorphous bands can plastically co-deform with the matrix. The interfaces between the amorphous band and fcc matrix provide not only strong barriers for dislocation motion, strengthening materials, but also natural sinks of dislocations, disrupting stress concentrations and delaying decohesion and fracture initiation. These results demonstrate that engineering amorphous bands could be an efficient strategy in remaining enhanced mechanical properties of fcc HEAs at high temperatures.
Figure 10.
(a, b) TEM images of the non-equiatomic CrMnFeCoNi HEA after tension to a strain of 36% at 93 K, (c, d) the corresponding high-resolution TEM images showing the amorphous bands. (e–g) TEM images show the interactions of stacking faults, nano-twins, and amorphous bands [91].
In addition, Ming et al. design nano-laminated dual-phase structures in a non-equiatomic CrMnFeCoNi HEA via dynamically reversible shear transformations associated with reversible martensitic phase transformation and nanotwinning. The detailed mechanism for dynamically reversible shear transformations can be seen in the following sections. The nano-laminated dual-phase structures could evade the strength–ductility dilemma due to the synergistic operations of the TRIP effect, TWIP effect, and associated with “dynamic Hall–Petch” effect. In a word, the abundant deformation mechanisms of fcc HEAs, as described below, enable us to design various types of microstructures to achieve an exceptional combination of strength and ductility.
3. Deformation mechanisms
Similar to conventional fcc metals and alloys, fcc HEAs plastically deform through three deformation mechanisms: dislocation slip, twinning, and phase transformation. Recently, some unique deformation pathways of deformation-induced amorphization and dynamically reversible shear transformations which rarely occur in conventional materials are found in fcc HEAs.
3.1 Deformation-induced amorphization
Various mechanical processes can partially or fully amorphized crystalline materials, including high-pressure treatments, severe plastic deformation, or mechanical alloying [95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103]. From the thermodynamic driving force perspective, amorphization starts from the massive displacement of atoms into metastable positions and occurs when the free energy of the crystalline phase is higher than that of the amorphous phase [104, 105, 106]. From the kinetic hindrance perspective, the formation of a metastable amorphous phase requires the kinetic hindrances which block the formation of a more stable equilibrium crystalline phase [104]. It should be noted that deformation-induced soild-state amorphization under stresses can take place in the elastic regime at an extremely high strain rate, or in the plastic stage at severe strain [95]. At an extremely high strain rate, there is no enough time to activate plastic deformation modes such as dislocation slips or even the faster twinning mode. Thus, the large elastic strains promote the crystalline phase mechanically unstable due to the loss of shear rigidity, which leads to amorphization [107, 108, 109].
Interestingly, Ming et al. [91] for the first time observed deformation-induced amorphization in a non-equiatomic Cr26Mn20Fe20Co20Ni14 HEA at cryogenic temperature. Such deformation-induced amorphization was later observed by several groups [110, 111, 112, 113]. The deformation-induced amorphization generates extensive nanoscale amorphous bands, as shown in Figure 10a–d. The formation of extensive nanoscale amorphous bands is attributed to the significant dislocation accumulation in a constrained region inside shear bands, which raises the free energy of the original fcc phase to a point higher than that of the amorphous phase, then the energy difference drives amorphization. Subsequently, the deformation-induced amorphization was also observed in equiatomic CrMnFeCoNi HEA under severe plastic deformation through swaging followed by either quasi-static compression or dynamic deformation in shear [110]. In addition, the deformation-induced localized amorphization can also occur at the tip of cracks, which enhances the toughness significantly by blunting cracks and impeding the expansion of cracks [111]. Subsequently, the nanoscale origin of the mechanism of amorphization is revealed by using molecular dynamics simulation [112, 113]. The amorphization originates from the formation of multi-dislocation junctions due to the low SFE, which results in high lattice resistance to dislocation glide and facilitates nucleation of amorphous nuclei. The deformation mechanisms in the amorphous/crystalline dual-phase regions include high-density Shockley partial dislocations, multi-dislocation junctions, and nanotwinning in the crystalline region (TEM observations in Figure 10e–g), as well as radiation-shaped shear bands and amorphous bridges in the amorphous region.
Based on the mechanism of deformation-induced solid-state amorphization in HEAs, nanoscale amorphization bands can be introduced into HEAs to optimize mechanical properties. It is demonstrated that the yield strength of the HEAs could be enhanced without apparent loss of ductility by introducing high-density nanoscale amorphous bands. TEM characterizations (Figure 10e-g) reveal that introducing nanoscale amorphous bands can achieve three key benefits: (i) amorphous-crystalline interface (ACI) hardening, i.e., ACIs not only act as high-capacity sources for dislocations nucleation but also barriers for dislocation motion; (ii) large stress concentrations at the ACIs can be disrupted and relieved by the amorphous bands since ACIs act as natural sinks of dislocations, averting dislocation pileups at ACIs, which delay decohesion and fracture initiation at the ACIs; (iii) high thermal stability of amorphous bands enables to increase strain-hardening capability through the tempering at relatively higher temperatures without sacrificing the high yield strength. Wang et al. [111] observed the formation of the amorphous area ahead of the crack tip after amorphization in equiatomic CrMnFeCoNi HEA by using in situ straining TEM experiments and found that the amorphous bridges in the crack wake provided effective toughening of the HEA. Ji et al. [112] provided atomistic insights, via molecular dynamics simulations, into the origin of the solid-state amorphization ahead of a crack tip and report the deformation mechanisms contributing to cryogenic damage-tolerance. It is believed that a much better combination of yield strength, ductility, and toughness can be achieved through optimizing the amorphization. These results demonstrate that engineering amorphous bands could be an efficient strategy in remaining enhanced mechanical properties of fcc-structured HEAs.
3.2 Dynamically reversible shear transformations
Traditional shear transformation banding, such as deformation-induced {111} twinning and martensitic phase transformation (fcc-γ → hcp-ε), has been widely observed in fcc HEAs with low SFE. Recently, Ming et al. [114] found two dynamically reversible shear transformation mechanisms in a CrMnFeCoNi HEA under uniaxial tension at 4.2 K, featured by γ → ε → {101¯1} twin → γ/γtw and γ → ε → γ/γtw. When deformed at cryogenic temperature, the lower SFE promotes γ → ε shear transformation, forming hcp grains which gradually deplete the original fcc grains. Meanwhile, high-density {0001} stacking faults and {101¯1} nanotwinning are activated to accommodate plastic deformation, as shown in Figure 11a,b. More intriguingly, reverse hcp → fcc shear transformations are stimulated within {101¯1} twin and surrounding hcp matrix by deformation-induced local dissipative heating (Figure 11c). When the {101¯1} twins transform into fcc structure, Shockley partial dislocations are activated on {111} planes, leading to formation of {111} SFs and {111} nanotwins in the newly formed fcc domain. Figure 11c shows two fcc domains with {111} twin orientation inside an {101¯1} twin. This shear transformation mechanism is described by γ → ε → {101¯1} twin → γ/γtw.
Figure 11.
(a–c) TEM images a CrMnFeCoNi HEA after uniaxial tension to fracture at 4.2 K, showing the reversible shear transformation mechanism featured by γ → ε → {1↔1} twin → γ/γtw. (d, e) the reversible shear transformation mechanism of γ → ε → γ/γtw [114].
In addition, for high-density basal stacking faults in the hcp-ε phase, the faulted regions can transform back into fcc structure through correcting SFs via nucleation and glide of Shockley partial dislocations, which is energetically favorable since the process will reduce the density of stacking faults. It is noted that fcc laminates frequently have two orientations, forming a {111} twin orientation relationship (Figure 11d,e). This shear transformation mechanism is described by γ → ε → γ/γtw. The reversible fcc↔hcp shear transformations and both {101¯1} and {111} nanotwinning lead to dynamic nano-laminated dual-phase structures, which advance the monotonic “dynamic Hall–Petch” effect in enhancing strength, strain-hardening ability, and ductility by dynamically tailoring the type and width of shear transformation bands.
3.3 Nano-segregation of multi-principal elements
The unique multiple principal elements endow HEAs with adjustable microstructures and corresponding excellent mechanical properties. Extensive efforts invest in tailoring the chemical compositions of fcc-structured HEAs to optimize the strength and ductility simultaneously. When designing the compositions of HEAs, one should realize two important facts. The first one is that the stronger HEAs are not necessarily the ones with the most elements. The nature of the constituent elements is also important, with the Cr-containing alloys, in general, being the strongest in a family of equiatomic binary, ternary and quaternary alloys based on the elements Fe, Ni, Co, Cr, and Mn [71]. Secondly, when designing the compositions of HEAs, nano-segregation of principal elements at grain boundaries (GBs) should be cause for concern since it could deteriorate the ductility significantly. As shown in Figure 12, nanoclustering Cr, Ni, and Mn separately at GBs, as detected by atom probe tomography, reduce GB cohesion, and promotes crack initiation along GBs, leading to ductility loss in the CrMnFeCoNi HEA [115]. The GB segregation engineering strategy is then proposed to avoid ductility loss by shifting the fast segregation of principal elements from GBs into preexisting Cr-rich secondary phases. Such GB decohesion by nanoclustering multi-principal elements is a common phenomenon in HEAs. Linlin Li et al. also found that Ni and Mn co-segregate to some regions of the GBs along with the depletion of Fe, Co, and Cr, while Cr is enriched in other regions of the GBs where Ni and Mn are depleted [116, 117, 118].
Figure 12.
Atom probe tomography of the GB in a CrMnFeCoNi HEA after uniaxial tension to fracture at 700°C: (a) atom map of the tip showing Cr (24 at %) and Ni (23 at %) isocomposition surfaces viewed with the GB edge-on. (b) 1D compositional profiles along the cyan arrow E and the orange arrow F are indicated in (a). (c) Fracture lateral surface of the tensile sample after tensile tests at 700 °C, showing many cracks along the GBs [115].
Generally, only nano-segregation of several elements occurs in fully annealed HEAs with coarse and clean grains after short-time annealing treatment, which can lead to GB decohesion and thus ductility loss. However, with very long-time annealing, such as annealing at intermediate temperatures for tens to hundreds of days, intermetallic phases are precipitated at GBs in coarse-grained HEAs [119, 120]. When the grain size of HEAs is decreased to the nanoscale, annealing at intermediate temperatures for mere minutes can lead to precipitation of nanoscale intermetallic phases at GBs, such as Cr-rich phase, NiMn phase, and FeCo phase in equiatomic CrMnFeCoNi HEA [121]. The formation of intermetallic phases at GBs will reduce the ductility significantly. Therefore, the nature of the constituent elements and their nano-segregation behavior should be considered when we design high-strength and high-ductility HEAs.
4. Conclusion
This chapter summarizes recent works on realizing strength–ductility combinations in fcc CrFeCoNi-based HEAs via composition and microstructure engineering: (I) Nanoprecipitation strengthening associated with tailoring the size, distribution, and morphology of second phases via alloying a small addition of Ti and Al elements; and (II) The synergistic operations of multiple strengthening mechanisms, such as solid solution strengthening, dislocation strengthening, grain boundary strengthening, precipitation strengthening, TWIP/TRIP effect, and amorphization-induced strengthening. The abundant deformation mechanisms, including slips associated with Shockley partial dislocation and full dislocations, nanotwinning, martensitic phase transformation, deformation-induced amorphization, and dynamically reversible shear transformation, are also summarized. Among them, the recently reported deformation-induced amorphization and dynamically reversible shear transformation are highlighted in terms of their nanoscale origins and strengthening effects for overcoming the strength–ductility trade-off. Finally, this chapter points out that the nature of the constituent elements and their nano-segregation behavior should be considered when we design high-strength and high-ductility HEAs via engineering the compositions.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52002109), the Natural Science Foundation of the Hebei province (No. E2020202088), and the Overseas Scientists Sponsorship Program by Hebei Province (C20210331).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing financial interests.
\n',keywords:"high-entropy alloys, strength, ductility, twinning, phase transformation, amorphization, reversible shear transformation",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/82128.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/82128.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/82128",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/82128",totalDownloads:51,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"April 4th 2022",dateReviewed:"April 5th 2022",datePrePublished:"June 6th 2022",datePublished:null,dateFinished:"June 6th 2022",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Strength and ductility are the most fundamental mechanical properties of structural materials. Most metallurgical mechanisms for enhancing strength often sacrifice ductility, referred to as the strength–ductility trade-off. Over the past few decades, a new family of alloys—high-entropy alloys (HEAs) with multi-principal elements, has appeared great potential to overcome the strength–ductility trade-off. Among various HEAs systems, CrFeCoNi-based HEAs with a face-centered cubic (fcc) structure exhibit a great combination of strength, ductility, and toughness via tailoring microstructures. This chapter summarizes recent works on realizing strength–ductility combinations of fcc CrFeCoNi-based HEAs by incorporating multiple strengthening mechanisms, including solid solution strengthening, dislocation strengthening, grain boundary strengthening, and precipitation strengthening, through compositional and microstructural engineering. The abundant plastic deformation mechanisms of fcc HEAs, including slips associated with Shockley partial dislocation and full dislocations, nanotwinning, martensitic phase transformation, deformation-induced amorphization, and dynamically reversible shear transformation, are reviewed. The design strategies of advanced HEAs are also discussed in this chapter, which provides a helpful guideline to explore the enormous number of HEA compositions and their microstructures to realize exceptional strength–ductility combinations.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/82128",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/82128",signatures:"Kaisheng Ming, Shijian Zheng and Jian Wang",book:{id:"11468",type:"book",title:"High Entropy Alloys - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"High Entropy Alloys - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Yong A Zhang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11468.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-80356-111-0",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-110-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-112-7",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"203937",title:"Prof.",name:"Yong",middleName:"A",surname:"Zhang",slug:"yong-zhang",fullName:"Yong Zhang"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Strengthening via tailoring composition and microstructure",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 Ductile nanoprecipitates",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2 Brittle intermetallic compounds",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"2.3 Hierarchically heterogeneous microstructures",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"2.4 Shear transformation bands",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7",title:"3. Deformation mechanisms",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"3.1 Deformation-induced amorphization",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"3.2 Dynamically reversible shear transformations",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"3.3 Nano-segregation of multi-principal elements",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11",title:"4. Conclusion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_12",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"},{id:"sec_15",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Ritchie RO. The conflicts between strength and toughness. Nature Materials. 2011;10:817-822. 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DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2015.06.025'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Kaisheng Ming",address:null,affiliation:'
State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, China
State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, China
Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA
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UK Research and Innovation (former Research Councils UK (RCUK) - including AHRC, BBSRC, ESRC, EPSRC, MRC, NERC, STFC.) Processing charges for books/book chapters can be covered through RCUK block grants which are allocated to most universities in the UK, which then handle the OA publication funding requests. It is at the discretion of the university whether it will approve the request.)
UK Research and Innovation (former Research Councils UK (RCUK) - including AHRC, BBSRC, ESRC, EPSRC, MRC, NERC, STFC.) Processing charges for books/book chapters can be covered through RCUK block grants which are allocated to most universities in the UK, which then handle the OA publication funding requests. It is at the discretion of the university whether it will approve the request.)
Wellcome Trust (Funding available only to Wellcome-funded researchers/grantees)
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They also pay attention to the 3D interrogation zone (IZ) that is the main parameter in which multitude technical aspects of the RFID systems are gathered simultaneously, as regards the theoretical synthesis as well as market needs.",book:{id:"5368",slug:"radio-frequency-identification",title:"Radio Frequency Identification",fullTitle:"Radio Frequency Identification"},signatures:"Piotr Jankowski-Mihułowicz and Mariusz Węglarski",authors:[{id:"5982",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Piotr",middleName:null,surname:"Jankowski-Mihułowicz",slug:"piotr-jankowski-mihulowicz",fullName:"Piotr Jankowski-Mihułowicz"}]},{id:"66114",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85075",title:"Combined Deep Learning and Traditional NLP Approaches for Fire Burst Detection Based on Twitter Posts",slug:"combined-deep-learning-and-traditional-nlp-approaches-for-fire-burst-detection-based-on-twitter-post",totalDownloads:828,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"The current chapter introduces a procedure that aims at determining regions that are on fire, based on Twitter posts, as soon as possible. The proposed scheme utilizes a deep learning approach for analyzing the text of Twitter posts announcing fire bursts. Deep learning is becoming very popular within different text applications involving text generalization, text summarization, and extracting text information. A deep learning network is to be trained so as to distinguish valid Twitter fire-announcing posts from junk posts. Next, the posts labeled as valid by the network have undergone traditional NLP-based information extraction where the initial unstructured text is converted into a structured one, from which potential location and timestamp of the incident for further exploitation are derived. Analytic processing is then implemented in order to output aggregated reports which are used to finally detect potential geographical areas that are probably threatened by fire. So far, the part that has been implemented is the traditional NLP-based and has already derived promising results under real-world conditions’ testing. The deep learning enrichment is to be implemented and expected to build upon the performance of the existing architecture and further improve it.",book:{id:"8511",slug:"cyberspace",title:"Cyberspace",fullTitle:"Cyberspace"},signatures:"Konstantinos-George Thanos, Andrianna Polydouri, Antonios Danelakis, Dimitris Kyriazanos and Stelios C.A. Thomopoulos",authors:null},{id:"66610",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85362",title:"Text Mining to Facilitate Domain Knowledge Discovery",slug:"text-mining-to-facilitate-domain-knowledge-discovery",totalDownloads:1080,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"The high-precision observation and measurement techniques have accelerated the rapid development of geoscience research in the past decades and have produced large amounts of research outputs. Many findings and discoveries were recorded in the geological literature, which is regarded as unstructured data. For these data, traditional research methods have limited functions for integrating and mining them to make knowledge discovery. Text mining based on natural language processing (NLP) provides the necessary method and technology to analyze unstructured geological literature. In this book chapter, we will review the latest researches of text mining in the domain of geoscience and present results from a few case studies. The research includes three major parts: (1) structuralization of geological literature, (2) information extraction and visualization for geological literature, and (3) geological text mining to assist database construction and knowledge discovery.",book:{id:"8511",slug:"cyberspace",title:"Cyberspace",fullTitle:"Cyberspace"},signatures:"Chengbin Wang and Xiaogang Ma",authors:null}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"68505",title:"Research Design and Methodology",slug:"research-design-and-methodology",totalDownloads:24839,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:16,abstract:"There are a number of approaches used in this research method design. The purpose of this chapter is to design the methodology of the research approach through mixed types of research techniques. The research approach also supports the researcher on how to come across the research result findings. In this chapter, the general design of the research and the methods used for data collection are explained in detail. It includes three main parts. The first part gives a highlight about the dissertation design. The second part discusses about qualitative and quantitative data collection methods. The last part illustrates the general research framework. The purpose of this section is to indicate how the research was conducted throughout the study periods.",book:{id:"8511",slug:"cyberspace",title:"Cyberspace",fullTitle:"Cyberspace"},signatures:"Kassu Jilcha Sileyew",authors:[{id:"292841",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassu",middleName:null,surname:"Jilcha Sileyew",slug:"kassu-jilcha-sileyew",fullName:"Kassu Jilcha Sileyew"}]},{id:"72160",title:"5G Road Map to Communication Revolution",slug:"5g-road-map-to-communication-revolution",totalDownloads:862,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The goal of this chapter is to give researchers, practitioners, and students a pedestal to get a comprehensive look at the new technology of communication named 5G. The chapter will present an introduction that shows the importance of 5G to the different uses of the Internet. Then, the chapter will present two essential aspects: (1) 5G research in academia and real world and (2) timeline of Gs. Then, the chapter will discuss three aspects of 5G which are, namely, (1) Regulations, (2) security, and (3) the 5 enabling Technologies. Then, the chapter will discuss the real-life case of South Korea mobile carrier.",book:{id:"8511",slug:"cyberspace",title:"Cyberspace",fullTitle:"Cyberspace"},signatures:"Evon Abu-Taieh, Issam H. Al Hadid and Ali Zolait",authors:null},{id:"68561",title:"Cyberspace and Artificial Intelligence: The New Face of Cyber-Enhanced Hybrid Threats",slug:"cyberspace-and-artificial-intelligence-the-new-face-of-cyber-enhanced-hybrid-threats",totalDownloads:1236,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"While, until recently, cyber operations have constituted a specific subset of defense and security concerns, the synergization of cyberspace and artificial intelligence (AI), which are driving the Fourth Industrial Revolution, has raised the threat level of cyber operations, making them a centerpiece of what are called hybrid threats. The concept of hybrid threat is presently a key concern for the defense and security community; cyber-enabled and cyber-enhanced hybrid operations have been amplified in scope, frequency, speed, and threat level due to the synergies that come from the use of cyberspace and machine learning (ML)-based solutions. In the present work, we address the relevance of cyberspace-based operations and artificial intelligence for the implementation of hybrid operations and reflect on what this cyber dimension of hybrid operations implies for the concept of what constitutes a cyberweapon, the concept of hybrid human intelligence (hybrid HUMINT) and possible responses to the hybrid threat patterns.",book:{id:"8511",slug:"cyberspace",title:"Cyberspace",fullTitle:"Cyberspace"},signatures:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",authors:[{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves"}]},{id:"52156",title:"Case Study: Installing RFID Systems in Supermarkets",slug:"case-study-installing-rfid-systems-in-supermarkets",totalDownloads:2471,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Radio frequency identification technology (RFID) is considered as the reference technology for wireless identification and item traceability. Supermarkets are one of those scenarios where the RFID potential can be harnessed. In theory, RFID in supermarkets shows several advantages compared with traditional barcode systems, offering real‐time inventory, stock control, cash queues, among others. In practice, its massive and global implementation is still being delayed due to the high quantity of factors that degrade the RFID system performance in these scenarios, causing uncontrolled items and identification losses and, at the end, economical losses. Some works in the scientific literature studied a single or a set of problems related to RFID performance, mostly focused on a specific communication layer: antennas and hardware design, interferences at physical layer, medium access control (MAC) protocols, security issues, or middleware challenges. However, there are no works describing in depth the set of factors affecting RFID performance in a specific scenario and contemplating the entire communication layer stack. The first challenge of this chapter is to provide a complete analysis of those physical and environmental factors, hardware and software limitations, and standard and regulation restrictions that have a direct impact on the RFID system performance in supermarkets. This analysis is addressed by communication layers, paying attention to the point of view of providers, supermarket companies, and final customers. Some of the most feasible and influential research works that address individual problems are also enumerated. Finally, taking the results extracted from this study, this chapter provides a Guide of Good Practices (GGPs), giving a global vision for addressing a successful RFID implementation project, useful for researchers, developers, and installers.",book:{id:"5368",slug:"radio-frequency-identification",title:"Radio Frequency Identification",fullTitle:"Radio Frequency Identification"},signatures:"María-Victoria Bueno‐Delgado, Francesc Burrull and Pablo Pavón‐\nMariño",authors:[{id:"186584",title:"Dr.",name:"M.V.",middleName:null,surname:"Bueno-Delgado",slug:"m.v.-bueno-delgado",fullName:"M.V. Bueno-Delgado"},{id:"194375",title:"Dr.",name:"Francesc",middleName:null,surname:"Burrull",slug:"francesc-burrull",fullName:"Francesc Burrull"},{id:"194376",title:"Prof.",name:"Pablo",middleName:null,surname:"Pavón-Mariño",slug:"pablo-pavon-marino",fullName:"Pablo Pavón-Mariño"}]},{id:"52083",title:"A Methodology for Evaluating Security in Commercial RFID Systems",slug:"a-methodology-for-evaluating-security-in-commercial-rfid-systems",totalDownloads:1711,totalCrossrefCites:15,totalDimensionsCites:29,abstract:"Although RFID has become a widespread technology, the developers of numerous commercial systems have not taken care of security properly. This chapter presents a methodology for detecting common security flaws. The methodology is put in practice using an open-source RFID platform (Proxmark 3), and it is tested in different fields, such as public transportation or animal identification. The results obtained show that the consistent application of the methodology allows researchers to perform security audits easily and detect, mitigate, or avoid risks and possible attacks.",book:{id:"5368",slug:"radio-frequency-identification",title:"Radio Frequency Identification",fullTitle:"Radio Frequency Identification"},signatures:"Tiago M. Fernández-Caramés, Paula Fraga-Lamas, Manuel Suárez-\nAlbela and Luis Castedo",authors:[{id:"186818",title:"Dr.",name:"Tiago M.",middleName:null,surname:"Fernández-Caramés",slug:"tiago-m.-fernandez-carames",fullName:"Tiago M. 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He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. 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Completed the Course Medical Mycology, the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Netherlands (2006). International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) Fellow, and International Emerging Infectious Diseases (IEID) Fellow, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA. Diploma of Dermatological Scientist, Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Ph.D. of Juntendo University, Japan. Bachelor’s and Master’s degree, Medicine, West China University of Medical Sciences. Chair of Sichuan Medical Association Dermatology Committee. General Secretary of The 19th Annual Meeting of Chinese Society of Dermatology and the Asia Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (2013). In charge of the Annual Medical Mycology Course over 20-years authorized by National Continue Medical Education Committee of China. Member of the board of directors of the Asia-Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (APSMM). Associate editor of Mycopathologia. 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He is currently a rated researcher by the National Research Foundation of South Africa at category C2. He has published widely in the field of infectious diseases and has overseen several MSc’s and PhDs. His research activities mostly cover topics on infectious diseases from epidemiology to control. His particular interest lies in the study of intestinal protozoan parasites and opportunistic infections among HIV patients as well as the potential impact of childhood diarrhoea on growth and child development. He also conducts research on water-borne diseases and water quality and is involved in the evaluation of point-of-use water treatment technologies using silver and copper nanoparticles in collaboration with the University of Virginia, USA. 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His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:58,paginationItems:[{id:"81961",title:"Antioxidants as an Adjuncts to Periodontal Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105016",signatures:"Sura Dakhil Jassim and Ali Abbas Abdulkareem",slug:"antioxidants-as-an-adjuncts-to-periodontal-therapy",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Trauma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11567.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"82357",title:"Caries Management Aided by Fluorescence-Based Devices",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105567",signatures:"Atena Galuscan, Daniela Jumanca and Aurora Doris Fratila",slug:"caries-management-aided-by-fluorescence-based-devices",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Caries - The Selection of Restoration Methods and Restorative Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11565.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"81894",title:"Diet and Nutrition and Their Relationship with Early Childhood Dental Caries",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105123",signatures:"Luanna Gonçalves Ferreira, Giuliana de Campos Chaves Lamarque and Francisco Wanderley Garcia Paula-Silva",slug:"diet-and-nutrition-and-their-relationship-with-early-childhood-dental-caries",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Caries - The Selection of Restoration Methods and Restorative Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11565.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"81595",title:"Prosthetic Concepts in Dental Implantology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104725",signatures:"Ivica Pelivan",slug:"prosthetic-concepts-in-dental-implantology",totalDownloads:27,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:8,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"6668",title:"Dental Caries",subtitle:"Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6668.jpg",slug:"dental-caries-diagnosis-prevention-and-management",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan",hash:"b0f7667770a391f772726c3013c1b9ba",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Dental Caries - Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7139",title:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7139.jpg",slug:"current-approaches-in-orthodontics",publishedDate:"April 10th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Belma Işık Aslan and Fatma Deniz Uzuner",hash:"2c77384eeb748cf05a898d65b9dcb48a",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",editors:[{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"7572",title:"Trauma in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7572.jpg",slug:"trauma-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"July 3rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Serdar Gözler",hash:"7cb94732cfb315f8d1e70ebf500eb8a9",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Trauma in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7060",title:"Gingival Disease",subtitle:"A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7060.jpg",slug:"gingival-disease-a-professional-approach-for-treatment-and-prevention",publishedDate:"October 23rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",hash:"b81d39988cba3a3cf746c1616912cf41",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Gingival Disease - A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",editors:[{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"11570",title:"Influenza - New Approaches",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11570.jpg",hash:"157b379b9d7a4bf5e2cc7a742f155a44",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 10th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"139889",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyyed Shamsadin",surname:"Athari",slug:"seyyed-shamsadin-athari",fullName:"Seyyed Shamsadin Athari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11569",title:"Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infections - New Findings, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11569.jpg",hash:"069d6142ecb0d46d14920102d48c0e9d",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 31st 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"189561",title:"Dr.",name:"Mihaela Laura",surname:"Vica",slug:"mihaela-laura-vica",fullName:"Mihaela Laura Vica"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11568",title:"Staphylococcal Infections - Recent Advances and Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11568.jpg",hash:"92c881664d1921c7f2d0fee34b78cd08",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"July 8th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"59719",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime",surname:"Bustos-Martínez",slug:"jaime-bustos-martinez",fullName:"Jaime Bustos-Martínez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:10,paginationItems:[{id:"82380",title:"Evolution of Parasitism and Pathogenic Adaptations in Certain Medically Important Fungi",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105206",signatures:"Gokul Shankar Sabesan, Ranjit Singh AJA, Ranjith Mehenderkar and Basanta Kumar Mohanty",slug:"evolution-of-parasitism-and-pathogenic-adaptations-in-certain-medically-important-fungi",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11400.jpg",subseries:{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82367",title:"Spatial Variation and Factors Associated with Unsuppressed HIV Viral Load among Women in an HIV Hyperendemic Area of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105547",signatures:"Adenike O. 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He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:null},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"338856",title:"Mrs.",name:"Nur Alvira",middleName:null,surname:"Pascawati",slug:"nur-alvira-pascawati",fullName:"Nur Alvira Pascawati",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Respati Yogyakarta",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"441116",title:"Dr.",name:"Jovanka M.",middleName:null,surname:"Voyich",slug:"jovanka-m.-voyich",fullName:"Jovanka M. Voyich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Montana State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"330412",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Farhab",slug:"muhammad-farhab",fullName:"Muhammad Farhab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"349495",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Ijaz",slug:"muhammad-ijaz",fullName:"Muhammad Ijaz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"95",type:"subseries",title:"Urban Planning and Environmental Management",keywords:"Circular economy, Contingency planning and response to disasters, Ecosystem services, Integrated urban water management, Nature-based solutions, Sustainable urban development, Urban green spaces",scope:"
\r\n\tIf we aim to prosper as a society and as a species, there is no alternative to sustainability-oriented development and growth. Sustainable development is no longer a choice but a necessity for us all. Ecosystems and preserving ecosystem services and inclusive urban development present promising solutions to environmental problems. Contextually, the emphasis on studying these fields will enable us to identify and define the critical factors for territorial success in the upcoming decades to be considered by the main-actors, decision and policy makers, technicians, and public in general.
\r\n
\r\n\tHolistic urban planning and environmental management are therefore crucial spheres that will define sustainable trajectories for our urbanizing planet. This urban and environmental planning topic aims to attract contributions that address sustainable urban development challenges and solutions, including integrated urban water management, planning for the urban circular economy, monitoring of risks, contingency planning and response to disasters, among several other challenges and solutions.
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Since 2015 he heads the research department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Research and Technology (Eawag).",institutionString:"Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Switzerland",institution:null},editorTwo:{id:"290571",title:"Dr.",name:"Rui Alexandre",middleName:null,surname:"Castanho",slug:"rui-alexandre-castanho",fullName:"Rui Alexandre Castanho",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/290571/images/system/290571.jpg",biography:"Rui Alexandre Castanho has a master\\'s degree in Planning, Audit, and Control in Urban Green Spaces and an international Ph.D. in Sustainable Planning in Borderlands. Currently, he is a professor at WSB University, Poland, and a visiting professor at the University of Johannesburg, South Africa. Dr. Castanho is a post-doc researcher on the GREAT Project, University of Azores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal. He collaborates with the Environmental Resources Analysis Research Group (ARAM), University of Extremadura (UEx), Spain; VALORIZA - Research Center for the Enhancement of Endogenous Resources, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre (IPP), Portugal; Centre for Tourism Research, Development and Innovation (CITUR), Madeira, Portugal; and AQUAGEO Research Group, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil.",institutionString:"University of Johannesburg, South Africa and WSB University, Poland",institution:{name:"University of Johannesburg",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorThree:null,series:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:null},editorialBoard:[{id:"181486",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",middleName:null,surname:"Trillo",slug:"claudia-trillo",fullName:"Claudia Trillo",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSAZHQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-14T08:26:43.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Salford",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"308328",title:"Dr.",name:"Dávid",middleName:null,surname:"Földes",slug:"david-foldes",fullName:"Dávid Földes",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002nXXGKQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-11T08:25:45.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Budapest University of Technology and Economics",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"282172",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Oropeza-Perez",slug:"ivan-oropeza-perez",fullName:"Ivan Oropeza-Perez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/282172/images/system/282172.jpg",institutionString:"Universidad de las Américas Puebla",institution:{name:"Universidad de las Américas Puebla",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:14,paginationItems:[{id:"82457",title:"Canine Hearing Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105515",signatures:"Peter M. 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Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. 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Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. 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